idi
-v-
VOL. 4 NO. 4
HIGH LIGHTS
of
AGRICULTURAL
RESEARCH
9 
0 , -i4ca -Wide-Open Market fcr High
Quality Christmas Trees . New Process Produces
Superior Jam and Jelly . . . Quality Broilers at
Lower Feed Costs . . . Work-Free Dairy Feeding ...
A Word of Caution about Insecticidal Residues...
What's Your Woodlot Worth? . . . Crimson Clover
-Still The Top Forage Producer
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION SYSTEM
of the ALABAMA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE
* 0
PA LA
W'INTER 1957
S R V I G A L L
I A A 
3 & .
Weide-oen 
MARKET
CHRISTMAS TREES
BEN F. ALVORD, Statistician
but find
bamna.
'IIIILsTMAS TREES are big business
in this countrv. About 38 million were
produced or imported in 1955. These
were valued at above $1:3 million when
grouped for shipment in producing
areas and at about 826 million when
delivered in large wholesale quanti-
ties. Their retail worth was about 848
million.
Probablv over a half million of these
trees were used to decorate Alabama
homes and places of business. Users
may have paid as much as a million
dollars for them.
Alabama Production Low
Although the big national Christmas
tree market is "xwide open." Alabama
producers supplied only about a third
of the trees used in the State 
in 1956.
Yet, the State has enough idle and
seni-idle ladl to produce several 
times
the number used in the entire nation.
Furthermore, climate is favorable for
rapid tree growth and to harvest at
Christmas time, when ample labor gen-
erallv is available.
One of the three species most used
in t:e United States, the eastern 
red
cedar, growvs wild over practically 
all
of Alabama. It is particularlv numer-
ous in the lime soils of the 
Black Belt
and limestone valleys.
The Arizona cypress sl-ecies 
(see
title photo), which is well receiv 
ced
by Christmas tree risers, is popular 
as
i plantation tree in the State, but d)es
not supplv much of the market. 
Pines
of sexeral kinds are easily produced
only a limited market in Ala-
Local Trees Popular
Many Alabama residents prefer one
of the locally produced species. All
like the freshness that comes with the
late December harvesting practice in
Alabama as contrasted with fall har-
vesting usually done in northern areas.
Despite the preference for local trees
in the State, cedars led all species in
the proportion left unsold on Christ-
mas exve in 19.56. Also. cedars retailed
at lower average prices than imported
trees of the same size. In addition, no
locally produced trees appeared to
compete effectively in the expanding
market for ornamentals (small tinted
trees for table use.)
It was apparent why many trees were
unsold. Scraggy limbs and foliage,
badly unbalanced growth, large gaps
in foliage, crooked stems, or other de-
fects were common.
In contrast. limited offerings of Ala-
bamla-growln \rizona cvpress and pines
Eastern red cedar, a.,
popular species for
Christmas trees, grows .
wild in most sections
of Alabama. However,
quality of these cedars
is generally low. In ; ,
the field shown here, ,
there are hundreds of -.
cedars growing, but
only one tree is sale-
able (inset). Many of
these cedars woul:d1f4: . r
have grown into good .A
Xmas trees if they had
received proper care.
apparently were more carefully selected
land leftovers were not numerous.
Cedars were priced at about three-
fourths that of impolrted trees of com-
parable size. undoubtedly because of
the many substandard trees. Prices of
Arizona cypress were generally equal
to those of imported trees.
Quality Handicap to Sales
Poor quality trees probably offer the
biggest handicap to sale of greater
numbers of local trees. In addition.
lack of grading, standardizing, 
and
bundling trees handicap retailers itn
handling and pricing.
All natural-color imported trees are
at least bundled and graded 
byl size
for convenience in handling, pricing,
and selling. In addition, imported orna-
mentals for table display are tinted.
treated to retard drying out, 
and
mounted in convenient stands.
Local producers must undoubtedly
compete not only in quality, but in or-
derly handling to get volume sellers,
such as chain stores, to niove Alabama
trees into the large market outside the
State. This is especially important with
small ornamentals. This part of the
market has expanded in recent years.
Ornamentals appear to be the fav:orite
ty pe tree handled by mass sellers, par-
ticularlv chain stores. Their orderly
handling has been efficient. It has led
to small marketing margins and 
ap-
parently modest and attractive retail
prices, considering the quality and
durability of the product.
The adaptability of locally produced
trees to processing, handling, and use
similar to those of ornamentals now sold
and their acceptability in the market is
uncertain. Howexer, importance of the
market seems to justify test marketing
by producers of local trees as orna-
mentals.
Itea ftoree.1Ina'rdcea
SUPERIOR JAM
"d JELLY
HUBERT HARRIS, Associate /
4
orticulturist
A AA B.'sxx'.iLAxCKBERRY (.0055 LS are
finding news markets as the result of at
freeze.
This time it isn't the weather.
Rather, it is it man-made freeze used
in making jam and] jelly fromt hlack-
berries. The process, which may also
be usedl on other fruits, wxas developed
in the horticultural hiod lahoratories of
the API \gm rc oltai~ 1'AJ)Expeim1ent Sta-
Grocery store customer prefers Chlco jelly
mode by freeze concentrate process over
leading commercial brands on shelf.
become that sexeral pioicessiors are in-
terestedl iin using the mnethoid.
Market
lRccentlx , resuilts froim studies of con-
suiuer preference 
and acceptance 
of
the jam and delx ii \iMitgromerv 
xwere
repolrted in StatPin Circula ,r 119. These
resu lts shoxw that conum iers favored
the experimental proiduicts iixer leaclitri
ciimmercial b raid (15xxitli xxiiich ciomi
pared. The expeimiental products xxerc
sold uiuccr the name oif "CHILCO."
forined from Chiilton and couniuty.
Frozen blackberries and mu;-
codines ready to be made
into jam and jelly in Auburn
processing laboratory.
Freeze Concentration Process
The freeze process retains inuch of
the natural flavor of fruit lost in hoil-
ingr. In making jam and jelly, it I s
usUally niecessar x to remove at part oIf
the wyater from the fruit. 'Water re-
max al bhx hoiling causes flax ors to es-
cape. The newv process remoxves excess
wvater bv freezing, thus eliminatin1ir
lhiilina. This iresults in high retention
ot flaxvors. These flavor improvements
are evident f rum at stuidv of the flax or
scrson jelly prepared by differeint
prolcesses. (See table.)
Concentration of the fruit by freezing
is dlone bvextracting a concentrated
juice or p ulp from a frozen fruit or
nt-it product after condlitioningy to at
suitakle. partially frozen consistemcv.
Thie dilute icy fraction left behind max'
he concentrated by hoiling and returned
t the other portion. Th~e jelly or jamn
sthen finished hx' adding and dlissiilx
1
aw the co rec t arnouiits of poectill. sut
Here packaged for consumer acceptance
testing are Chilco jam and jelly made f-.om
Chilton County blackberries.
FLAxxon RATINGS. OF FRIiT JELLIE S PnIE-
CPxREiD iiy DIFFEFRENT MELTHODS
Kind of jelly
Axverage flavor scores,
1(1 judges,
Open V 'acuum 
Freeze con-
pan h 
iil cnrto
boili rtii
Muiscadine 1.3.8 163. I 19.4
Blackberry 1.5.9 19.8 21.5
Apple -__ 15.8 16.3 18.9
A\xerag-e 15.2 17.6 19.9
1S cores of 1-5 mean poon 6- 10 tfuir: 11-
15 g-ood 16-20 xery' good; and 21-25
excellent.
grar. and acid xxhile the temperature is
maintained at about 190) F.
A problem enciounteredl in the nexv
process xvas separation of the concen-
trated portion friom the dilute icy frac-
tion. Studies on this probhlem resulted
in the dexvelopment of practical mneth-
Ods or sparting diferent kinds of
fruits and different frozen packs in
making products. The methods aie
designed to utilize the frozen state of
the fruit xvhen removed from storage.
This eliminates a special freezing pro-
cess.
Temperatures required fior best re-
suilts in separating, dlifferenot frozen
rlts varx xxith the kind of firuit or
fruiit product, s ohlublI solids coiitent
1W(oded in the conceiitrate, and method
of separation.
Considerable research has been done
hx the Experiment Station on suitabil-
itx oif kinds and xvarieties of Alabamri
truits fur Commercial pi eserx 0g(,. Ciur-
rently, researchers are studx ing frozen
processes to make jaiu and jelly from
muhscadimes. The daxy mnay- not he fai off
xxhlen there xxill he at natinia market
for numbers of Alaliamna fruits as the
result of this newy processing method.
BROILERS ae
LOWER FEED COSTS
G. J. COTTIER,
Poultry H4usbandman
C , Ax LABAM~A CRiOWERS produce
better quality broilers at lower feed
cost per pound?
The answer must be "vex" if Ala-
bamna remains a leading b~roiler state.
Housexvives demand mosre quality iii
broilers. 'With federal inspection onl
the wvay, more stress wvill be placed onl
quality. And finally. competition is
keen and lower feed costs per 11). ( if
gain are necessarxy for profitable broiler
oiperaLtionis.
Finish-Feeding Tests
Realizing, problems tacing g ,oxNcis,
the APN AgTricultural Experiment Sta-
tioii. condnicted studies to find better
and cheaper methods oif finishing broil-
ers. Different teedingt methods xwere
cimparedl nliringr the finishing, period
-the last 14 days of a broiler's life.
Broilers in) the studies xvere either
Whlite Rocks or New Hampshires and
sexes were equal in each test. Broilers
xwere fed a 207o proitein, high energy
mash prior to start of finishing period.
The holloxwing feeding methods xvere
coimparedl in the finishing period.
Pen 1. All mash, same ax that fed
before finishing periodl protein 20%.
Pen 2. All pellets, identical to pen
1 except ted in pellet torm.
Pen 3. All crumbles, same as pen
I except feol in crumble torm.
Pen 4. Broiler mash 20' protein)
:3 parts inixed xvith I pairt velloxv corn
met
1
; calculated protein 171,4q.
Pen. 5. Broiler mash (205% protein)
2 parts Mixed xxith 1 part xyelloxw coirn
meal; calculated protein 1613%,.
Pen 6. Brioiler majsh 3,4, cracked
corn 5 : cracked x'elloxx corn feni along
wcith broiler mamsh at rate of 14 of ra-
tioii; calculated proteini 1714 %.
Broiler with desired finish, conformation
(left) compared with poor broiler. Good
bird's full, meaty thighs and breast are
what economy-wise shoppers look for.
Pen 7. Broiler Masxh 2,cracked
corn 1i; cracked yelloxv corn suipple-
mentedl broiler mash at 1 to 2 ratio in
ration; calculated prntein 161 %
Pen 8. Broiler mash 3,broiler pel-
lets 13; regular pellets fed at ratio oif
I to 2 in ration; calculated protein coin-
tent 20%.
Pen 9. Broiler crumbles 2a cracked
ciirii 13: ximilar to pen 7 except crimi-
Illes xwere uised inl place of mash; cal-
culated plro~tein content 161-.,
Results
Finishing, period grains ran ged from
0.70 lb). iii pen 2 xwhere the all-pellet
systemn xxas used, to 0.81 lb. in pen 9
that xyas fed '.- cracked x'elloxx corn
and 23~ broiler crumbles. Broilers xwere
slow getting~ accustomed to pellets.
The mash-pellet ( 21'3-l3) feeding svstem
\%Is 1'Uiperior to the all pellet method
( on timn I1 ig broilers oin the a Il-broiler
mallsh xw.as suj-wri r in rate of gTain to
all-pellets or to broiler mash-cracked
corn ( 2:-. 3) feeding methods, hot was
nferior to other methods. Feeding
too much cracked corn to b~roilers (pen
%sx . pen 6) iresulted in pooi (rains.
Althoughi all-mash feeding was one
of the poorest in rate of gain, it was
the most efficient method (lb. feed per
lb). gain ). Satisfactory efficiency was
olitained when these methods were
used: nmash 2--pelletS a;3 moash 
3
14-corn
meal 14; cruilbeS -a-crackeil corn 1
The most economical lb). (if meat
were produced wvhen broilers were fed
brIoiler mi ash and corn me~al at a ratio
of 3) to 1. This method was only
'lightly cheaper inl producingy meat than
biroiler crmimliles and cracked corn fed
at a ratio of 2 to 1. Feeding,, all-pellets
xx as the most expensixve method of pro-
doicing a lb). if mneat. Protein content
of rations ted in the 2 most e' o'4omical
methods wxas 1 71,5r and 16' 3%, re-
spectix elx'v Th is is the protein neededl
for S to I)) x cc
1
-olcl broilers.
Recommendations
Cost pcrilb. of meat is the final test of
a feedingt method. Therefore, grow~ers
should use g.ood grade, xellow corn ill
cracked iir meal form to supplement
Mash or crumbles at inot more than a
third of the ration for the last 2 weeks.
This reduces the cost oif producing1
broilers and( inicreases x elloxx color oif
skin an1( fat.
Hormones increase market quiality of
broilers when irnplantecl 4 to .5 weeks
before marketinc!. Hoxwever. (_ainls mav
oir max not resu lt. These drugs are
mo re u setful in po d icing high qual itv
rioasters for the xxvinter holiday seasoni.
COMPAISOxNio F FINIxH-\NG NiETlim ie' lullI~LEsS Dci'a 2-YE xo PEIOD
NMethod
All-ioash broiler
AII-jx'llets broiler
AII-cruniblex broiler
Broiler m1ash 
3
4-corn meal ,1 14
Broiler 11oaxh 
3
3,-corn mleal ,I
Broiler ma~ish 
3
4-craickecl corn 14
Broiler inash 
2
3-cracked corn 1,i
Broiler inltsli 3-liroiler pelle ts 13-
Broiler cruomblex 2
3
a-crackcdm corn 13
Prote'in 
Ga in lb.d 
mpiii
Per cent LI1). Lb.
2- 0.74 :3.21
200 70 :3.67
20 .78 :3.45
61:: .75 :3.45
[714 .78 '3 .
61;.7 t .3.8s9
200 Y8) :3.29
1617 .1 3.:):
l',(,d cost
per 11). gi.no
Cents
14.45
16.88
15.531
14.0.3
14.32
115.09
16. 14
14.97
14.15
* Giuaranteed, others calculated.
Price teed per ton : broilecr mash Ii$90. broiler cr1iililc )i pelBets.9. cor Inicmal or
cracked corn, $70.
WORK-FREE
dairy feeding
CHARLES A. ROLLO,
Associate Agricultural Engineer
Early to bed, late to rise,
To get more rest, mechanize.
That sounds better than the old ver-
sion abouiit early rising. And, it should
be music to the ears of dairymen who
work many extra hours.
This reworded jingle fits what has
been developed at the Dairy Research
Unit of the API Agricultural Experi-
ment Station. An all-electric feed proc-
essing system that was installed in 1956
takes the work out of feed mixing,
handling, and feeding.
The mechanized operation takes grain
and protein supplement from storage
bins and delivers correctlv-mixed feed
to bins above the milking parlor - all
by pushing a switch. In fact, a time
clock handles all but one step.
Processing Plant Features
The processing plant has several fea-
tures combined to make a continuous
flow process: I ) bulk-grain 
storage,
(2) stored grain aeration. (3) material
handling, (4) mixing and grinding, (5)
feed storage, and (6) controls.
Grain is stored in four 1,000-bu.
metal bins equipped with perforated
floors to facilitate aeration. Bins are on
two courses of concrete blocks laid on
a 4-in. reinforced concrete slab. Corn
/
To
troughs
To feed Feed
bin storage
C1_,
*
,:
At left are the bulk-grain storage bins. Mixer-grinder and ground feed storage bins are
at right. Man in background operates system with push-button controls.
and oats are purchased xwxhein cost is
favorable and stored for later use.
The stored grain is aerated with a
fan driven bv a :3-hp single phase elec-
tric motor. (Fan capacity 5.500 c.f.m.
at 1
1
2-in. static pressure.) The portable
fan can be moved from bin to lin. It
is emphasized that grain stored in metal
bins must be aerated to prevent mois-
ture damage.
Material handling is done with au-
gers. Grain is moved in a continuous
flow operation from stora e bins to a
grain-holding 
bin above the 
mixer-
arinder dsee diagram). After the grain
is mixed and ground, a vertical auger
elevates it to a feed storage bin above
the milking parlor. Another auger con-
vevs the feed to the parlor metering
devices for feeding.
The mixer-grinder consists of a pro-
portioning unit and a small hainmmermill
mounted on the shaft of a :3,45
0
-r.p.m.,
2-hp single phase electric motor. Four
small, separate compartments in the
upper part of the mill are equipped
with feed augers for proportioning the
grain and sunplement into a mixing
hopper from which it flows into the
hammermill. If cottonseed meal is used
as the sutplement. an electric vibrator
is needed on the supplement-holding
bin to ensure a continuous flow. No
vibrator is needed if 4 -in. cottonseed
meal pellets are used.
Storage
hopper
Storage bins
I % 
I,-.
Truck
Mixing 8 grinding mill
The ground feed storage bin holds
:3 tons and is equipped for bagging.
Push Button Control
All electric motors are controlled by
push-button switches mounted on a
control panel in the grinding room.
Safety features prevent activation of
the outside storage bin augers unless
the auger that delivers grain to the
mixer-grinder is operating. Pressure
switches shut off the mixer-grinder if
any mixer compartment runs empty.
The grinding and storing process is
controlled by a time clock. The only
labor required is when the grain-
holding bin is being filled. All the
operator does is position the discharge
spout over the proper 
bin compartment
and wait for it to fill.
Installation Cost
Cost of installin the feed processing
svstem for the 150-cow Experiment
Station herd was 85.400. A feed stor-
age room xwas remodeled to house the
mixer-grinder. grain-holding bit. ground
feed storage bin. and controls.
Cost of processing 1 ton of 1:3% di-
(gestible protein feed made of 52% c:in,
29% oats, and 19% cottonseed meal is
shown below.
Itemi
Fixed cost
Electricity
Labor
Grain and supplement
Interest on grain
Total
Cost
8:3.50
.07
.74
54.40
1.63
860.34
Fixed cost includes depreciation, re-
pairs and upkeep, insurance, taxes, and
interest on facilities. The total cost of
86.:34 per ton was based on process-
ing 1.50 tons per sear. For 100 tons.
cost would increase to 861.30 and for
59 tons to $65.'30 per ton. Initial cost
could be reduced at least $1,200 for
the 50 tons per year. since less storage
space would be needed.
r~
-I._
;4 cceord 4 caCtion 
a4out
INSECTICIDAL RESIDUES
'3E07.-_ E 4 3LA.K2, *- a, - E.rtc-o,'o )ist
D OES IT DISTURB uou to bite into an
apple anid find a worm? Of course it
does! But do you realize that chemical
compounds used to ensure worm-free
apples, peas, beans, tomatoes, and other
edible crops can also create problems?
Insecticides deposited 
on crops byv
dustiiing or sprayint operations for con-
trol of insects remain on the leaves and
fruit for periods ranging from 
several
hours to several weeks. How long they
last depends upon the kind and 
amount
of insecticide applied and weather 
con-
ditions following application. Deposits
of insecticides that remain oni the crops
are called "insecticidal residues."
Residue Problem
Insecticidal residuies on crops are nic-
essary for effective control of insec i-
and when Experiment Station 
rec n-
mendations are followed, the 
inse(ii-
cides are safe for use. Howevexr,
problem 
develops 
when excessive
aniounlts of insecticides or insecticides
inot rcommended are used, since the
residues may persist until time of har-
%est of edible crops.
Residues of insecticides may occur
Inot onl on i vegetable and fniit 
crops
but also in meats, milk, and milk 
prod-
Iets. Some of the insecticides 
used oil
aiimnals are absorbed thlroidgh the skin
and stored in fatty tissues or excreted
inl milk. Fat storage or milk excretion
of insecticides may also ,ccur whenr
the animals eat ha., silage, or pasture
crops that have been treated for in-
sect control. These residues, which
may have no noticeable effect on the
alinlials, are consumed I\ humans along
with residues on vegetables and fruniit.
alid in turn, may be stored in the hu-
man blody.
IL(, pro!)lent confronting 
en(tomolo-
,. then, is to determine not only
\what insecticide to use but also how to
use it for both effective insect control
and safety to consumers of treated
products. 
The M\iller 
Bill (Public 
Law
51:3) established residue tolerances of
various insecticides on mlts, fruits,
vegetables, forage and hay crops, and
in milk and animal products that are
safe when the products are eaten. Small
amounts of certain insecticides are not
harmful to humans and are allowed by
the law to be present in or on all of
these except milk. No insecticidal resi-
dues are permitted in milk, since milk
may be the principal diet of 
babies.
Entomologists of the API Agricultural
Experime(nt Station. its \vcll s those in
Which hand holds beans with residue of
insecticides? Troublesome residues usually
cannot be seen.
other parts of the United States, are
working to learn more about insecti-
cidal residues so that recommendations
for insect control may conform to thee
established residue tolerances.
Toxicity Studies
B'esearch was conducted for 3 \ears
byv the API Agricultural Experiment
Station to determine the toxicity of
toxaphene, DDT, and methoxvchlor to
sheep and cattlc grazing on ticated
areas. The animals were placed on pas-
tures at intervals after treatment with
various rates of the insecticides. Ob-
servations were made of effects of the
insecticides on the animals, and sam-
ples of fatty tissues of the animals were
analyzed for insecticidal residues. Al-
though the residues were high in ani-
inals grazing on areas treated with rec-
ominended rates of the insecticides, the
residues disappeared from the fatty tis-
sues if the animals were allowed to
graze on untreated pasture for 1 month.
As a result of the increased empha-
sis placed on pesticide residues by the
Miller Bill, a residues laboratorv was
established in 1956 at the Experiment
Station. The purposes of this laboratory
are to determine (1) insecticidal resi-
lues that may affect the marketability
of agricultural crops, and (2) residues
that result from experimental applica-
t ins of insecticides in order to make
recommendations that are safe for con-
,iimer use. Studies of residues on nut,
fruit, and vegetable crops are under
ax. An example of results to date is
the finding that malathion may he safely
applied to blackberries one day before
harvest.
Experiments on insect control estab-
lish the insecticides and rates at which
they are effective for insect control: the
residue studies determine the interval
necessary between date of last insecti-
cidal application and harvest of the crop
to be sure residue tolerances are not
exceeded. The residue studies also
permit detection of excessive residues
that result when recommendations are
ignored or when insecticides are im-
pronerly applied.
Alabama recommendations for insect
control are based on studies made in
the State and in other parts of the
country. When these recommendations
are followed, there will be little danger
of products having residues in excess
of tolerances set by the Miller Bill.
'Riqht, The 20-year-old stand of slash
an nl o - ,ume ,t 25 -crds ocr acre.
WHAT'S
YOUR
WOODLOT
WORTH
+?
AROLD I. CHRISTEN,
Forester
A >FARinER CAN COUNT his "tree
money" before harvesting his timber.
It is a simple method, based on the
svstem used in estimating the worth of
a farm crop. Research of the API Ag-
ricultural Experiment Station has shown
that five factors are involved. If a
farmer applies these, he can determine
the value of his timber and how much
he can earn from it. Furthermore, the
process can be a guide in proper man-
agement of timber stands.
Factors Affecting Values
Factors in the "money counting" sys-
tem are: (l) amount of timber per acre;
(2) quality of trees; (3) location of
timber with relation to manufacturing
plants and transportation; 
(4) produc-
tivity of land supporting the woodlot;
and (5) operating expenses needed in
handling the woodlot.
The amount of timber present oni
each acre is largely governed by the
number of trees per acre and their age.
For anv given age of a forest stand, the
number of trees per acre largely deter-
mines the volume present. Photo above
at right shows a stand of 20-year-old
slash pine on an acre of aserage pro-
ductilitv. It has a volume of 25 cords
per acre at present, or a value of $150
per acre in timber. This is equal to a
gross return of $7.50 per acre per year.
The above photo at left shows a stand
of the same age on land of like pro-
ductivity. However, it has only 5 to 6
cords per acre worth $30 to $35. The
main reason for the difference in value
is the number of trees per acre. In the
first illustration, there are 400 trees and
in the second only 75 trees per acre.
To get the greatest return from the
woodlot, it is necessary to use the land
fully just as you plant to a full stand
of cotton or corn.
Tall, straight, limb-free timber brings
a better price as sawtimber and poles
from buyers. Here again we find values
involved in the woodlot do not differ
from those on the farm. Quality of the
agricultural crop also determines its
value to as great an extent as does the
amount.
Location is a factor over which the
farmer has no control. As a rule, buyers
pay more for products close to the plant
on good transportation routes because
freight costs are cheaper.
High productivity of the land means
more timber. However, unlike land for
farm crops, it is seldom possible for the
owner to greatly increase the natural
productivity by application 
of fertilizers.
In considering operating expenses,
cost of labor is usually the most imnpor-
tant. In some areas labor is plentiful
and relatively cheap, in others the re-
verse is true. The high cost of scarce
labor often cuts deeply into a farmer's
gross return in harvesting a timber crop.
Le+t Stand .i ame age on 'and tf like
productivity has vclume of 3 to 6 cords.
ices of when and how he shall har-
vest his timber crop, according to results
of Auburn studies.
Woodlot Harvesting
First, the owner may decide to cut
all the timber at one time and start a
new crop. This may often give him
the most money, but there is a long
wait between incomes and income taxes
may eat up a big share of his profit.
Second, he mav decide to harvest
periodically-possibly removing growth
every 5 or 10 years. Under this svs-
tem, he may not get as much money,
but he always has a backlog of value
that he can tap if he finds himself in
need. This is like money in the bank.
Third, he may decide to harvest an-
nually as he does his farm crop - re-
moving each year about what he grows.
This svstem works well if the acreage
of the woodlot is large enough to make
it worthwhile for a timber buver to
operate in it each year. Often, the
woodlot is too small for an annual
harvest.
Decisions
The landowner must decide whether
to invest in his woodlot in order to
increase the number of trees and their
quality. How much he can invest will
be governed by location and produc-
tivitv of the woodlot and byv lah r costs
in his communitvy.
He must decide upon his harvcstin
method. Shall it be once in the life of
the woodlot, periodically, or annuallv?
If the decisions are made wiselv,
timber resources can add much to the
farm income.
Flit 1AS .11 SOI 1oil. ItiLi)LB
oiitstandini. hira'-e le .Tluime
That's the history ot crini
in Alabama. Today this dad
eriuag clover i~s still a topf
ilocer ev en though many oth
hav e been much heralded
diiced lil recent %ears.
Crimson clov er was lbrotn
country from southern Eur
1819. During tile latter p
century and the early 1900'
wsas ighly regarded as a s(
\Vnting ii anl API Agricuiltu
mneut Station blle]tinl inl 190
Director J. F. Doggar des
clover's value for soil imnpro-,
During the 19:20's, Ala
searc hers and leading, farm
recognizing the possibility
as a forage prodlucer. Pre% io
ers had not u(sed crimson
because the clover ss as most
iii the spring, when land I
broken for c~itton and other ci
thle rise of lisvestoick farm iii
bamna. crimson (loser becar
portanit pr oduicer f taorage.
CRIMSON CLOVER
W. R. LANGFORD,
Associate Agronomist
fornice as a forage. In 18 tests, hairs'
thenas 11 etch 
%% as 83% ais 
productive as 
crimson
the .1 .13 t first barsvest and 88%T as productis e
in total sielci. It swas onls onl light
son clover sands sodl.s ii sotutheirn 
Alabama and onl
k reti flos- the high lime 
soils of thle Black Belt
o)1age pro- that hairs svetch 
outviclded crimson.
er leg'umies On Black Belt 
soils,' crimson clovcr
and intro- failed because 
of iiron deficiencsy.
Other legiines stuldied ssere much
oht thist lower in 
produictiotn at first barsvest 
and
itof ,t I lat.ielded 
considerably less total 
forage
ste ofp than 
did crimson closer. 
Results of
Il thierj tests 
conducted during the 
4-year pe-
ral Expe i iod of 19.5-3-56 
show the relativ e sYields
9. the late of crimson 
closer and 7 Other legtimes
1 i as follows5:
ciiie tile
emen t.
bamna re-
ers beirn
if crimison
isi v. farm-
tor forag.e
prodlictix e
-' aps. WXith
a in ,Ala-
Ile al Uln-
Crop and numbel)&r
of tests
Crimson clover
Ball clover. IS
Kenland red clover, 12)
Rose closer. .5
Mike clover, 12
La. S-I w. clover, 10
Button clover. 13
Subterranean.
Relative vit
1st harvest
Pct.
100
17
5I
14
25
8
19
17
Ze&aad -7c&e4
PUBLICATIONS
Listed here are timely and new' pulbliCa-
tions reporting research by the Agricultural
Esperiinent Station.
Bulletin 308. Sources of Nitrogen for Cot-
ton and Corn in Alabama.
Bulletin .309. Marketing Christmas Trees
in Alabama.
Leaflet 53. Peanut Hay for Milking Cows.
Leaflet 54. Reducing Losses from South-
ern Fusiform Rust.
Leaflet 53. Young Oat Forage-A High
Quality Dairy Feed.
Leaflet .56. Low-Cost Milking Barn for
Manufacture-Grade Dairy.
Progress Report 68. Breeding Meat-Type
Hogs for Alabama.
Fre (ct opie's may be obtained troim )your
ounty agent or by writing the API Agri-
cultural Experimnent Station, Aub~urn, Al-
HIGH LIGHTS
of
eId Published Quarterly 
by
Tot-il
Pct. Agyricultural 
Experiment Station
10 of the Alabama 
Polytechnic Institute
100 Auburn, Alabama
E. V. SMITH ------
COYT WILSON ------
CHIAS. F. SIMMONS
KENNETH B. Roy -
E. L. _McGRAw --
R1. E. STEVENSON _
-------Director
Assoc. Director
-Asst. Diirector
---- Editor
--Assoc. Editor
----Asst. Editor
Test Results
Results Of torag' pl odnctioiu tests
b emini in 19.5;3 at a nuimber of research
units of the A\PI Station Ss stemi show
that crimson clover produced eairl ier
pasturage aiud maore total forage than
.ms' other wviiiter leguiie inl the tests.
Other legumnes iii this stuidy sere li~ir
vetch. h all clover, MIike bs er. lose
closver, Louisiana and Kenlanci ied dlo-
t1's. sub ten anea n clove(5r. Lou isiainia S-I
swhlte clos er. and hiutton clover. These
crops were planted (hiring Septembe'r
or earls October each s\ear on sselI pie-
pared seedbeds and1( iniuet at fi ci tut
intervals cltiiintg the gyrowing season to
dIte orine n yvieltd of (',ch
I lairi s s c'tch swas the ((ill legi ime tli.
caine close to cirimson closer ill pci-
FREE Bulletin or Report of Progress
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
of the ALABAMA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE
E. V. Smith, Director
Auburn, Alabama
Permit No. 1 132-111/57-8M
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