VOL 3 NO. 4WITR95
HIGHLIGHTS
of
AGRICULTURAL
RESEARCH
~I'~,
~~~~0.
~ .f
*0~~~ 0A
ft 41r
'909~ 1! 
4
e 64-Ce Light for Broiler How Much
2
I.Alahamoa's Chajnging Agriculture .. Nitrogen
Nat Guilty .. ,Wild Garlic and Wild Onion Now
Can Be Cantralled .Sericea--Short A,, A
Nutritive Raughage Man-Made Weather far
Cotton Research Fertility Important to Quality
PrnduCtion
AGRICULTURAL EXP[RIMENT STATION SYSTEM
of the ALABAMA POLYTECHNIC INSTITULTE
E RV IN G A LL 0of A LA BA MA
S
"A*,i
'~ 'A
WINTER 1956
\ I],lii too ,-\%I I KA ~ (I , I i) I li
HOW MUCH?
I I ir I It t I I it I I II II
Is )
IIS
CLAUDE H. MOORE, As~ociate Poul/try Husbaridra,
FR ED MOULTRIE, Poultry I-Iusba,,dman'
riliI I II 
I l t I~i( I 
I\ I tl A 
x i i tu 
ii Ii i
1.5 hum Ia tt iii 11 1 fill Iii ip tut li
l )Iiii III (IIiii it itt its iiiii ti \i \ ith
IIi1liiil . I iutil(, "lti lo-it 111 t ti it
,III ils i id ilt I I I \1\ I xI (,( I fI
i i I I i x I *l II t II sI I it i I or fi 1))1 \I I l
15 hom ol i ii . turid111 iolit iti ct iit ii . s
il\i~tiiiitl i iiit x ' t. xi
I igit t t I ix xi.( i Ilot ixtilli ol si xhi i I.
Il h i )\\ c\ .1 hiIlo t (of it i ( lx i t i Loc (
ii(. 9\iI to il I i t il ii ii tilii l (dit
li'-(ii CIl tilt (-' I ()\tII lli it l w\ Itlt i
I tll itt )( t i od (d S x i iI it Ic til tIll
i I(. It I I t~ it wx (, I It' h iii I I I lt
lit (it I If 2 I ( I ( I I 111 ( (sI i 1 1 ,, li x . -,
1 i .t 2. iI I S I (- 1 ll t S ii i It1 ioI ( ( [ .i I
II I 1( IccIs d II
il) 2f hit it iii .11,1 1 2 ii I )\ s I x
1. 2, 6 1ii 111 s ix i ll lIi I I S off
TIiilw i 1o(41 tjitl tlitt liwlts t. 1 i 2,
Itti l it x io diS 12. lit ii li lititi of lxx it
tii wi i t sxix I ftii 12 i. l itd H Iii b hr \It I
Results of Experiment
xi tutu litr x ) it - c (dxik xi i t ii tiii
\\ 111 it
2.21
2. 35
2.:39
2.239
2A .32
of' tainplictihi llil c lit ti ti dli \\ ithi
I2 I I.I. ii I12 I % i x i ti it tilt Ilti Ii II
i 1, 1ii I) .ili 2 1 1 1,, ( f - )IIIiI IIi I-
I Is
One of the 16 experimental d -, tho- stuidy 
of tlgttii fr bri Jtrx. Vnrtat,
heat, and light are controlled automatically .n these units.
:1 wipit tli ti tiijliit to ut i CliIl
xi iitci il l (of it ii tio liii ii / it ti l(Iii it (t
it iiil ill 1111 bititi This tittix iiti itt
I 'Ii I x ( (. ittli ( I i I , tI ((. ill x i i4Il itx,
(t ii iii trc iiwits ittIii pctiix x(i to-i
(I t CI iii ) fixl, i b ill I i l litll xi6ti xi i
ti i 2 I 1 m r (ofi litx I l it i(fill]\ i it I I(i I l I I ()t
z It l Ii I i . u it I iitxx iti I (I I liit\Ce
I s l I t(, II ii I tIlt, s Ix uix I I i I iF
Iti It -zIx iliterti ll ti Is N\~ (11 i I s I I
ROOM-
CHANGING
AGRICULTURE
J. H. YEAGER, Associate
Agricultural Economist
F ARMING ain't what it used to be!
There have been important changes
in Alabama agriculture during the last
quarter century. Farm operators, their
facilities, machinery, crops, and live-
stock have undergone considerable
change. These changes have great sig-
nificance not only for farmers but also
for townspeople.
Cotton and cottonseed accounted for
73% of all cash farm receipts as an
average for the 5-year period, 1925-29.
During 1950-54, cotton and cottonseed
accounted for only 40% of all cash
farm receipts. Peanuts comprised about
2% of Alabama farmers' cash receipts
25 years ago and approximately 5%
today. All crops made up 85 cents of
each dollar of cash farm receipts in
1925-29, but only 60 cents of each
dollar in 1950-54, Figure 1.
In 1955, a good crop year, the com-
%of total cash
farm receipts 
1925-29
85% 1950-54
70
621 6o0
30
20
10
0
50
40 ,
All crops Livestock and
livestock products
position of cash farm receipts from
crops, and income from crops as a per-
centage of all cash farm receipts were
almost the same as that during 1950-54.
Income from Livestock Up
Livestock and livestock products
have become increasingly important as
sources of income. In 1955, livestock
and livestock products accounted for
41.6% of the total cash farm receipts.
During 1925-29, they made up only
15 cents of every cash farm receipts
dollar.
In the last 25 years, all major classes
of livestock have shown increases in
the proportion of cash farm receipts
they comprise. In 1955, the percentage
of income from broilers, chickens, and
eggs combined was 14.5% of total cash
farm receipts. That from cattle and
% of acreage
planted U.S. 
91%
so -
78%
708
60-
40
30%
20 -18%
F MEN? A
1940 1950
* Less than I%
Fig. 2. Percentage of corn acreage planted
with hybrid seed, Alabama and U. S.
calves was 11.8; hogs, 7.6; and dairy
products, 7.0%.
Along with livestock farming have
come changes in how farms are oper-
ated. In 1930, about 65% of Alabama's
257,395 farmers were tenants. Today,
only one out of three is a tenant. Cash
tenants and croppers have declined
more proportionally than share tenants.
Farms Larger
Alabama farms are getting larger, as
an average. In 1980, the average Ala-
bama farm was 68.2 acres in size. In
1955, it was 117.6 acres. There are
6,530 more farms of 260 acres or larger
today than in 1930. In that year, only
640 farms were reported to be 1,000
acres or larger. The 1955 Census re-
ported 2,365 farms 1,000 acres or over
in size.
Fig. 3. Percentage of cotton ginned of I
in. or longer staple length, Alabama.
Much of the machinery and equip-
ment, commonplace on Alabama farms
today, did not exist 25 years ago. Al-
though many farmers have not mech-
anized completely, the number of trac-
tors on farms increased from 4,664
in 1930 to 65,175 in 1955. Also re-
ported on farms were 65,360 trucks,
5,086 combines, 2,974 corn pickers,
and 3,016 pickup balers.
Better Living Conditions
Work and farm life have been made
easier with new and improved facili-
ties. Last year, almost 90% of all
farms reported electricity, 38% had
running water, 16% had home freezers,
and 18% reported television sets. Nev-
ertheless, rural farm population con-
tinues to go down. In 1930, one out
of every two persons lived on farms,
whereas 20 years later the ratio was
one out of three. The urban population
of Alabama in 1950 accounted for
43.8% of the total.
Varieties of crops, breeds of live-
stock, amounts and kinds of fertilizer,
and farm practices have changed. As
recently as 1940, less than 1% of the
corn acreage in the State was planted
with hybrid seed, Figure 2. In 1956
70.5% of the acreage was in hybrids.
Tremendous improvement has been
made in staple length of cotton. In
1980, approximately 1% of the cotton
ginned in Alabama was 1 in. or longer
in staple. In 1955, cotton 1 in. or
longer in staple length accounted for
97% of the total, Figure 3.
Changes are taking place daily. Nev-
ertheless, agriculture remains a basic
industry in supplying food and fiber
for the population.
% of cotton
ginned
80-
60-
40-
20-
1930 19409
*Less- than 1%
Fig. 1. Receipts from all crops and live-
stock and livestock products as percent-
ages of all cash farm receipts, Alabama.
1955
I Y o
S[ER IC EA-4atir a14
a aatozu~t'e 
fr"4
I I I( I tx .1, i fjIttI-tsil II
li i .) I .I( ( I li, Ix t I I I Itixi' Iit( I I ,I sl
i lk I i iis It I Ii I I I i tit I I t h .\ Ix I
1
(.
(it] li' I tI(,\ tII lt' t Iitx . liih i tIc i t I I C. i it' id,
mill i t t i () I it tt'I I t *i Il i Iit t f , It \ c
It tIsc I tI i] s lit dii l kI I t Ct lxI
tl I )I ,\ ()II it t l iIc' Ila ittt i I(t \I lt itt H it
It i i't x c t n t i Ixt (if I t l u t i xl )IIII
xi~l st I'it I I I I It I i' (I i t I( it it
Ii t i I i Ii i t tI i I i I c i t it
1  
is. tIl
li xt xt Il I I Iti xx I I l I t t t t Iif I to
itH loI I t ttil l ' t 111 tI Ii i(lflil x I'i'ic ll I It )
I t ii . 2 1). t 15 d itit ii t pt' ii lx o
t o ii \% ( v 
k t 0tI it i tt. lil 
:i x i ' tl
xx iti ill 11). i til I li6 tt11 111 iI tI . tailx
I IIt iIt ,) i ( ,tI lii t o II I xIi t I. )1 t l itit Ill
(ilit ' IIi 2 I. I
t 
Ii t ,t i I I 't' I i II
lil ti It tll tI I t I to i )I I it I I t it elI xII
0I5 till itt t I fl ff \ 0 g o
hicii it alli I xcittl di ti 1i ) t f I tt itt I dil
il ;t i iiix II'hll t i l I it itti t 1tt\
I II III IIk I I I ,,1 itt it\ \ - i t lit I
IYfIIiI ;IL I ; C (~i ~ d~il
dr p c 1 , l t t - - II
s ,I sIIIIII IIIII A . t
titi' It)\ lii t llt til I liii * i lx \\ as ttI
Ofi ",1 Ofiiti I it t' n t' if Iti xx - i I I I II Ii x c a x
I ( i t i lI itIIt t lli 1 it l I I ( i i ,it t i s-t
hu ll~ it I1 ill\ cs1I1'ittit Ii\\ i I ( It iiic
it I I It i i ilk 111 , (()\s I tI I Io, It t I Ii 11111
x Ii I'l I ix t i Is xii itt '.1 I l,iil)( xif f11 IT-
elii i tt i il l Ii l ttt titxt'i'i t ittii tt I I It 31
tli ' l i ii' pi tii\it] td s l i (- ii t Ii u I.\ sI I I I I )(
4] ite \\ it iixli t itti d l t o i itt 1 ().x
lit xx tx ti ' ti ti It-\ii (1 th I it l Oi
il ii.tI " ImI (i i tlp Iwd itt i lit i' l'
ilt t lt i t If. )III it s ti ii t i itt ilt It(
iisi t ithaix t ittiki i i p O lxi t
xii ll ilit itt iit xxc it s, \ itilx I tl
I ito I ' xl O\ i t ha t t ii iii it ilt l ix .1
ittitliiiI til it
1
ittiii 1111 l 1 11) I Of t i
I()\ (, I r t i t i 's ii io d O I I IIIxix
IT
5 1 ''-
\~
-' ~ .- v*~
Colt at left was tcd serico hay as I he only roughage;, one at rightt received sericea hay
supplemented with cottonseed meal.
VIFT
NITROGEN-
C S. ROHER IS, Arir,, Patboloqi',
I ( , I I I ; I I I I s I , I \ s I I I
I I I I I I ) I A I i I I I I I fit
i I I I I I I-s 'I I ,st s I I I I I - I I I s n )X 
I( le
I I i g I I I pillat; I I do, itild I I I I I r I )Its )].it 
t (
I I ri 11 g \\ I I Itc] I I I I I I s I( (11'ii I I I
a t it I I I illil I I I 1 11 1, ;111( 1 \\ i If I I )l I I sc r i( of I sl
I I I I ( l I cl it I I \\ i I I I t I Ici r i(']( I )I _ I ;I it I
)I. I I I I,, I-cas( If I, ;Wricultill al Icialcr's
llit\ c ellco(lragcd tlic philtilig of
ilcrci ,'cs ()I oats alid Micilt.
A scriolis dirc;tt h) Hlu lisc ()I oilts
alld wh(%tt lot \\ illt( I ,,I il/ill" has dc-
chye( I ill I ccel It ('al.s. \111111w] s off
cattle triazilig, dws(I smid) oritills I ka\
dicd Irmll it dis('asc I-csciliblill" (r] itss
Wtitill\ . I 'osscs I tit\ c I )(.(,I I I cpm tud 11 ()Ill
IllillIV iticils (If Ille Stilt(. dill-illo tit(. picst
('it I it I I t I Ic If I( )"t le itt I Is 1)(.il I(, it I
I I I I i I illd s I ) I I I I I c I I I I i k I I; I I I I i I . \ Its-
s s I I I' I I I I s s :tIld r i; I z I. I S(
r I I I I h )ss( f I.( )I I I I-c( -7 1 1 lilt
ilild Iwilt
S()Ili(' pcoldc liit\ c ed I I lilt I I Ic
p )is( )I ill ig \\ its cilliscd 1) itl)1)1\ ill(,' Ili-
tI()gcII-c()IItiIiIIiII(,' 1('l tilizCrs to ()ilts illid
heilt. sillc( fliti-mycli I,,, c"sclitiiii for
t r;lill th;lt I s to I w o, ra/( I I I
A 1) 1 111111 it I E'XI )(-]'I I I Icl I t S t it t I( )l I i s
c( )I I( I I I( -t if I o I ( S( ;i I-cl I to d et (.1.111111(
I'(1CMIMICIldc(l allwillits ()I Iliti (qrcll c;tit
calisc (If(, discitsc.
14'stilts 11.( )111 \\ ()I k Iccciltk cmu-
ix iii it t AI IIIiti i tit ()lll it'i ti i i
i' x xI IIc S( tl ut tiui t tt'lx oit l iili
\ii\ x i tit 'k twis i l lt' I tit'c~ I ci' iliitit
ox ti itss t t it tilti it r t Iix iii c i tit
xTtx''
1
twsc i if lititti t i lxx x i itIC
isI o t t It cli iitiltcd t t'xtu a pici on ofii t
Iliii t] " i toi Iill l _itt iii t x x tili's ixi
Syimtp~t. tomsitiikiix i t
I'
II
Oats and wheat can
be sidedressed with ni-
trogen without danger
of causing green oat
or wheat poisoning. In
Alabama tests, no cat-
tle were lost from this
disease on oats that
were sidedressed with
up to 600 lb. of am-
monium nitrate per
acre.
- ' ' ' I ' -''V
'4
''ii . ~5
- ~ , 1'
)1 '. -
Cow down with green oat poisoning looks
similar to animal with milk fever.
I it it ut I t til I(- I tt 1111 :11 'xl ( III-t I I I co 1
ti I i I III(sto tIl 2 tt (. Xil r It li te t it'o
Niroe Notd Ivolve ili
Itlwt i lim lO t itt s it c hat, ctttittc
I tit Ii ll il (I p isi ih lll- do no tldc-
cb li ti ix tu
4
x f i i ~ tx tlit (- ii'z i tsi
)il ii ll li ii f r t o t 3 wcckttt t hes it ftx I(-
lilt ii't .'I till x.1tt Abix u tiii i ltiili
ix clixxiilx til
lv.
-- 4,
ONOS a ' 'v
4e CONTROLLED
V. S. SEARCY, Assistant Agronomist
toi 1111 of xilti tgii lit' aliut x\ ilti
oiiliiil. is i cre I And' .i i. it caillit bc doll
xx it Ii clsi iii ii li ii xx)\ cti xt1
lix t'xfittwk Ii j liii(j. x \ l )xli ill x \ tts ix jix
Ilaix t' iil h ft' xx \\ith x% iih tti, fi(t l fit
Thul itt t' iii iltc xxii catll fOinit x\ ut
1
ititiii. \tfiillx flux ut' txxi tdixtiiit
l:1 t' tit 'thi x)c oft te i ift i dt iS ti I I I
Research in Alabama
i i fii ii xxit l liy th m t' xx \cil ' H' 'itxiixN
A(I xic i I il li' i E i l lt i t I itt' tit has
ci t i f it lx x il ii \itl i wit' 'ticIitts
it'liti ftxf't dwif x'eiiitiii icIift 2. I)
li ii it-Icl lil t l, lis i lf f e t
oll\\il](riili Rdesu l wi~ co s
This plot was given no
herbicide treatment.
Note the large popu-
lation of wild garlic,
which is typical Of
many postures in t he
State.
xt.riuifit ut wi uutiiil ill xx lit u.'ii li 'xIS
illi ii flit iltlt'x tct'x. \\ ilii g'iilit' hils
tcaicil. hiii tltt' 2 1 - tti xi i \1 f)1
\ct tilti it'f 'it'iiit'. il fi clsxxii'ii
ig flit ct'ixf tt 21-1) utut'\1ii 4ff. 2,4-1)
ii
-'S-.-~ I
1'~
74")
Recommendations
I i Ix ltN ()hiilimti'(I ""I-1) ix
(d xx iitt . 11 i miiiii i in ()1 2,4-1) is
Iitil.d b)' i lt' fto M id 1/4 11) (d t tjit i
liltisiht l d ii1( (ifi I ii if t t 50 ,al. ()I 'slit i
i1.t fit iitil flit' 2.11)
11 all t'',til- iti t ()1 2.it 1 t ii ts] tix i llt'
Iivftt ('ii t is iii t 'itx Fm i ll, i pti o-
duti i l, ' t c if ( i I ti I7 I wl I i ~ I wii t x tI
2.4o I) x ill lwc'sl \i xt't iiiiixlx' t ilg(
tit' n4 ii I\tlit i t - all .It m il i s no~xxit
111 ! ('i i w i ii x l 'iilit ' b\i it aiiw 1 ti bii-
,I \ to ap l II' - -' 
Thti ~ ~ W 2-1.rt ) 2 -)w l o
Ile:
AI ''
.4 x
455
I vs41
I 4
In a 2-yeor period, wild garlic in plots w~as controtled most eftectively by treatments
with MH-40 (above) and with 2,4-D (below).
V
'it (1 1 )( )(I \ i .(- I i t I s( Xits ii I S. I"(
C;I I ,i ,li (IX , I I ((Xi tr i hs' li
Ii , I "o"i XI Ii ()I
1  
I(t;il i I Ii ii\
i(tXtit(, S ialiits :1 5-1) *iIrt"
11111 pIX~ M1) \icit , ii i i X it lit 1
1 
.II 1
ducc X i l ii tiiiiliths cscii~ IX X II i ii't t
lo siiit 01 i IX tllicili ii iii iiii lci 11,111
ici t), gIicX toi (iitiiilii XXt.itilir
SoftIor itd drollii beX l i X ij liil-
I I 'l \I1 i(,I lt IX .I V ~ pei l i XicIIt
ii .t 
1
1 XX 111(1 XX CXX t i i'. 111( foi. it ii ((Iii
MAN-MADE
WEATHER ao
COTTON
RESEARCH
R. D. ROUSE and W. F. SOWELL
Depart-ent of Agronony and So i
I i ~t and t -4 a \it It if Ica ) I d seto
Xlii i I I I i )S Ij i ( 1 5I i fI i i XI _i . If i tI~ itI( 8
Ii 4t.~ a o tii flrlc \ ti. Thc oi p iii tht tii
tIiI(I ti i I i A ii2 't i It I Ii i ifro tie
s n 11ll y o d i\ill 11c h l h r
'1.-
~I. a'
4 ~
j
I -
V
/t
~ I~ ~,i
Fig. 2. Chamber-grown
plants that failed ta set boils
at 72 F. as indicated by the
absence of boils on lower
part of plants. However, they
set an excellent crop with
temperature raised to 85 F.
Best Conditions Determined
i~ttil piiiiii ts X i iitii ii liii hoi iii t
XtiliiiX itt hi ut lo t i tsil l iXXls griIiX i
1iii(ti t coiip
1
lotIc i iti ilitt cnrt cniionIX.
I icic fi t h bes(I t coni d 1 itn XX r (FrIo\ti\-
filly cttiiJli it d iiI X X iim boX set.
XIti toiX. et i Iiiill Xdt I \\iitis liii it
tl ctI 1.11 l ws not (Xl hl i \I lii tii(
da,\ tcl-ilti l iii i tsiiX li t l \ i s T 2i 1i t '.
S5 .i li (.11T i i2 i tti\ it pii tt1 ii i tli
Xl th cil lii 1)1r tws X ph ill ti iitXc to i
lit. bolls it il2 F. ii it i i iLit I'. t t
tisl c( ofi boil lls Iitiiiiit. IXc XXiiI I'
thei lants. iii ot IXI l~~l bo i 1 tltl it Xc
S IIT l ivtil itcothu ti lr \\atsI ii iii ii lit
ITh ti i I oill plti it r \iiI i Xi t l i
a tlh ir i hll .p t soiithat ti( tiniX
Fig. t .Cotton at squaring stage in grewt ebamnbir at
is being studied under controlled environmental conditions.
Auburn where batl shedding
I lll I I liIl i /i llZ aplf))l i'ttji lix citi
iii '.t I a i lciix lt producion ( 4il ill i F
lii 111! i lit ii
2)Tisu hii l fwcl ttjt' l ii i 3 l i~ N il"
jeillw it stili li i ittt Iiilx
kxitd (Ii iti itilizi i'i I t ) it~ l (4 t sou i l,
()I itiila i t\ i'll" xxi\ lth i (((( fi I xxit
') ) 1i ititl f ilt~ x) Ijil l -i Ii t ii'u x i
This lis 'lijxssr ttii i Ifito 1 iipp I x\ ciil it
itt ()(7 liIfi ii f77il. hca\ f Ii it xx it ci
t ~ ti11lll iI xx x l ii I xii fl i t I .] III]i'tc
Sli lxxiutl )LtI t I illt xx iiil x ultcxxi
I I)IIt ilii ix i m 1(,i' tit xx iilltu xx ix 272
lit I to(.iltj xiii x lix t lb.i ill~ l f t '
th ciil xi xxI T x v il i it j i I t c fl*' its i
22:1' 11). andlf frit \ il pcrtlt ti tci' i
'fli8 1i) i s compi'- tiio x j it xx c ix \5 i.i
it it \its li I xx ix c 2x ) 1) .f i lt i' i
ti llli l llii x jl i 5 g eil Nti ITlii. ile 7'fi'
'l ii fI I le I\ (I iii I iui'l fill( it \\ its 27
Ill( aii ii _ ti c \\c~ tI l i lx iii '\itisi 15111).
li'xiiltx (I xtii xix ill 20) \iillbllil
xx ixltif l'fh'\( that ix \i litcrll (lix ii
ijlilii lii tic il iill tloxc iir \c xitcil
ati ippiiix j 50 tol 700 7111). oit S-8S
xper i i tll' xx jil ilt ii c11ff ifi. iii
(i IIicii I hiS~lit~rl"(It "Ill (flitil t\il.
\\ tcd li'l) aitiiix 51) 11)f 
illilil xx ix
x ix i
1
)fpljii fI(] ittr I t uh littil thu;I
Ilii'e 
I.
xi li afit lict iti' of 2i tioi : 11). of iiil
I tixihtti lit 1 t'I cc ii ili l. 'lt ~('itti
ni )s( i it A x1 11 ) 1 lit ' (,r '\\ e i i''i I I xi it I
1t)xix I x ilpit e.ie o-2 i
'4
/
Left -Growth
of 2-year-old
Elberta peach
tree on land
with no winter
legume turned
under: right-
2-year-old El-
berta on land
where manga-
nese bur clover
was used as a
winter cover
crop.
FERTILITY emzartt
94444q ftcdtedo
T. B. H-A6LER Associate H-orticulturits
C. C. CARLTON, Superintendent, Chilton Area H-orticulture Substation
E. V. Stuvili
(:OYT NVI\ISON
(tEAS. F. SINII\IONS
KE:NNETHi B. Roy--
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