SUMMER 1956
A, ~
14;i ~
C ,. ~;
RESEARCH
7N0 tZe4 d4C-Quality Pastures Are Money
Savers New Remedy for Roundworms in
Poultry Systemics May Be Future Control of
External Parasites .. . Single Design for Low-Cost
Barns . . . Improved Sorghums Produce High
Yields of Silage and Syrup . . . Trend Toward
L rir Form, in Ala,:min Pin NIil 7!nr T,
. 4 \ "
' ~a:
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION SNSTEM
of the AIABAM POLYTECHNIC INSTITLITF
'e 't A
K. i-
S E R V I N G A LL o f A L A B A M A
I':
A
I
I
HIGHLIGHTS
of
AGRICULTURAL
B
VOL 3 NO 2
"~"I~;
i
sIt
~ e~
4.-
Note absence ot clover in unfertilized plot
at right; plot at left received adequate
lime, potash, and potassium.
X (i if) XillAi M HUti T \ ((laX lj Xt it lit-
He(l l w IXnIiti it .til Ic it i le
Xycitic i f \()[i llII(( i' p (XX ti n titi l
Itt 1 (till i ( I p wI ct i l ((1( lwt ill-
c itXcdI 
t' 
I II(XI 
IiI 
i X 
li '
Takeli it w it s (d It .1 i ti X ilil w (C ( i X 11(1s
it i iti (v lp Mill I i~ i I ilt (XX ] t *tlt
High~tim' Qaity~w Pastres eriizL
(41l sX ( ilwcctt pi~ i IXX ti IX X(\ (i , llilt
io tilt tit it (w p tttilitv ) (IX c (iii ti
lttXX i r hi l (( I CX % Ii C lit it k s t Itc
to ii ( t li XI. I1 (11 II (i i 1si X ' to t iii4 IX
iictXd i . c thiol ito pili w i ii i l ] (X Cal
XX X I ii XI iii C I X ' X I 1 C X I II (- Ii tI f I I-S i1Co\
t(X I Ii (l t iii li I st I I r(C XX s Ill
Zeakrq P AS T UR ES
au MONEY SAVERS!
E. M. EVANS, Associate Agronomist
Ill lth ll 11TX tte i Ii ( 11csi ol that 1 ((X 11
Itti',I I S iti I tdti 1w) (4IXXX Ist itt ii e
h"II, IX Ili(4d I lIl I it (i t ,t tI I it tX (w I XI lait
'I 111 IX Mii I ()1 l r C IX IX ToL i t I~ lh
Ii h i 12 )l~ Citi 1 (. llt I l I .S i" t bv
ditr iilX XiiCiIw to lt(l ttilc /,1w X I CI
Iii s" (t i s tiiit iI til im l ii titi Ittk
lil
1
WIVt lit' ((((4 
1 lat c i 1-a I S tt t 
si' I(( I
tit .X 1( Ii ti it Ii ( (l it ] s XX il crI Ii,
so ilt 111 b ui l 11)XXIX.c t(Tl ta
fItr dii -b per(c1X l((X Iilial It lt I w(1 )it(rI -i
prdcost Pastue Impovement). \It
(d~i im itla t Nil' tii IIiI II 'X .1i1111le ttk crltm i( e
l l XII(il I \\jtlI~X~i i I XX 
II ITlt
Bl11X1XtiIX (,iIt 'IIc /l X
1 
aI t
I li llil ;IsloicsXI.'ri e p~w al
I, t [I A\ I i Noli
h t itIlI ii
(lit k I ,K Ik IT 111
0). Lb. 1JIt. lit1. 
/lit)
1,7:12 2, 10l :1,Y) I 1l7 
5, 1:28
2,i 6 3 1 PT: 4,:). 8 5,26T
(;1((\\1I (Il S ('l i l 11W 11 l fili t i \ ( oIX 1Itt s il.
(; (XX l n) ((ii li t ll (it ,i la l i i ll~ I Xt (I
7 (Th
(7
'~X
l/ee' remedoy dn#
ROUNDWORMS e POULTRY
S. A. EDGAR, Poultry Pathologist
I -
X\ lt (11) ( (l'I (ofl IL it' lxx cix codo\jll
\vitt 11(1ii-iii' l(lii X iir till do~c
i'l'(i'(i' i(I' r ici l' t ii r pril li 111 :11(
i1i it ci ci ill' I IX t I (\ te~ III of5 (11i t lii'
ilj\li r tI li t-ilt't l Iii s vII Iii ioi I 'I
id 51(181 11155i~tiil tli icdtie th ,1 N hiv
5lo S('81 l( i ll \\tt r the 11111(11 ixlis :3 t
r i (( l it ti tiiii fo X '11(r il thet XIXc
iiii1)11ili'C (Il iii elillu 0li "I XX e'I l I
ili sia iiiiot I illi(X iii fcXX ioii jiit iX'.
o~ci iji (Iii ll o thX (1111('s r~c x ic ,IX .11)1
iiixx x. t \ r fc t~ . h m lloli
I ) Dr'ii ciitil ii be iflsee (111(
iuith I 'Iii('(((te orX ll tce tlt iicidiit
(2) (Sixt xilu iid l clit is\c'ec'cl ixt s 1
t :1 )iIx Foi ('i- i(l i I 11 s f I x f (x.1 XX Is
ilhl) i t ii f iieit i s te iii th tiixoilt
Untreated pullet shows typical symptoms
of roundworm infestation.
Ipili.1ilic' ) pcr gilil I ofi (i 11 (4n xx\-t
xxo I I I. 0I' (ritIiiiii is xiilfic'iit tol btre
6it liiX: 100t to 12.5, 6- toi 8-XXI'(k-old(
Thi c c-i ratii ul' i ii l\\ a h t 1 1XX H iii'
Long worms are the large roundworms and
small ones are cecal worms; both are com-
mon, important parasites in poultry.
XXll 1i(i t10 I li iIll 1)I' it 1 i itt II' ik il1
)e lt 'iii ( il(ii c 'iii iin o if i XX I'll' 0I
n '' ii X itil5 o9' ,0 ~CiliWt~'
iLijhi I il II' c'I-iiiX
1
i M orei t till ', til
the ii (Ills iX l i (11te tcr passe Ii iii i
ill(, the first 6X ill' h ot i'Itl' cti I . \i(4i t-
('lii XXariioiX ii t cX 1i1l iiiie tunifor
dii ilitk ('Il Ix '((11( ilite dil',IiSC
of tc lot- iI li'(4iII'd pcio o :' ti itx ti(4iiI
\u\ ul X t
11
(,I i II" \\ 1' .I,(, Ilot XX\\I ic sill- c'iic'
O'I IcIi piit ~lle(:01x cmpo tild I 8(vc ii itf
II I ( ti''I () ' i!I i i'll
I ii' ('u i
I III ((lxills \\I XXIIIi11
\ ir i i d'i
111 i'd lX I 11il 1)" I Is i
Pullet after treatment with piperazine.
\ollii 1:3
hI G' t i r G6IIX 20 12
i 1t 21 flIIiIiX 9- T5 2:3 12
8i 24 hour,0 98 87 19) ItI
ll (Il~ll(
Il (ikilig xvati'r
I I FJ: I I \ FN I SS 0 1 P1 1) vliXzl -, 1 I I I v\ 11) lm,\ I I I N H I'l \1 I \ \ I I -\ (; T I I ii I 1, S Iq (,I vs () v
H ou -, I)\\ ()to % I,, I. im -\ I 2-.\ 1 o\ I I I-( )I A) S I \(; 1, 1, ( I() N I to \Vl I I I I 1A (, I I(M \ ( 1oCK Flo I L,
~tcaarr & extemae 
Amoa'zace4
T. R. ADKINS, Jr. Graduate Assistanti 
n Entomology
I ) i f Ii 
Ix H II K 
tiiit xuti..i' 
" I
I I ii'Y xI .t ittiw'"I it 
i dI l t I' \\I I i
tit i i a iti t i lic l eti. 
I \\ It "ii CI o
I it ilI i ifII o i rI I li tI li 
ilI tt t d of Ii It I I
l Ii ikt I. -Iii t t It it it i( t It 
ix \ ~i wk
New Type Parasite Cantrol
lii li ii' t i i tl i li ittx 
ill 'x xt'ii its
dci l iil i \ itt' I ]It-\ iti tl i 
ii -(I titI] id it i
t Ili it liii it ii l l " I I t' li 
x. i it '' ti ks lit
St l tit] illt I (i tx Ii Ii ti k I 
I I t i xA t lii
Mtxt t11,itlx. \ ik l iu ll 
t (Iku t i l x
'i1i1 11 lit iil Ii x Ii it it tlii 
Ii 'tt I )it II I(
ix iI I xx 'il i t tI - I I ' I 
I I i xxI
t I If, t \\ ( o t )\ ici t i ('s. T] I i s t ' N pc 
of cwih (d
if (I is( it m i I I I sil I (r parils i t ('s (11-11 (-'s i
act 11,111 piti;tIlcl to (.( )I 
I t I ( d ( if ectopiLl'i-
sitcs 1) stcTl lic illsect 
i(,i( I(".
Research at Auburn
I I A N A('ricl it t I I I 1 1 F\pt.1 i I I to T it
I I I itilillial s\ st (.11 if(. iv sc'll 
(.11
1 )53 '. Ili tlic if iiiiial s\ stcmic 
]ill)-
wittol \ at AIII )111 it, ( lot. do ill I(istic I abl )it
Ida\ " tll(- I dc its iiii c\Iwl illiclitill 
I I( )"t
it I li I I lit] ill I I i(.I I \ itri( it Is d wil licills ill 
c
scl cel Icd I ( or s\ "tclilic act i\ it\ . Rabbits
el c (.It( )m'l I I)ccitlisc It 1(,.\ ' ill c I ilil
"lls(vptildc to \ al-jolis lit )is( it Is, tll('\ cill 
I
bc cem Illitilitiii1wd ill "lliall
t I (i . t i I i , x tt I Iii I IIt I I ' )(x x I 
i
S(
t  
It I( rI Iiiil -Iii it, I ~' Ix 11 i I ii~ii
tol tit -i tt )1( wii i Itsxh't11tx
at
-*iamb
'1I
*
2
Above: Ra
Cages housing rabbits in systemic
taberatory at Auburn.
t'iiot'x it iii t Iicit' iiiill ii i)t is to i it 
ii
I ii ii ii .]i tiithait x. I i i i 'iti ik i i~d
sli(Ii l x uits (. Itt Itx i i iiic .iiit
a v,~
Ixiii Ig t xIx i'l l d i I Ii I (~.(Iii Ii ill )its.4'
I ist i ,ii' it tli iA () l wtit ,t1ix i ii 
c
(t4i i ti xIi I iw , ii I ti il ittttt I it I
iit'x Ixit i i id \ ix h ixx t itI t x 
i t t oi
tt I i', t. 1 iii i'll (it tt iii iii ixit i ss;x
Bed bugs feeding an test rabbit.
9
bbit being dosed with . 1-
:A. A. L,
I 
i
Model of low-cast, multiple purpose pole barn 
showing struc-
tural detail. Inset shows method af attaching 
purlins ta raaf
rafters. Note the absence af diagonal 
bracing.
A i Xo I I \iti I (d \l It 
if] s~ (d
,(I \ wi.is I II Ii~ I)(li (-X I r1ix t 
MI . .
soII i' (, t Ax i I ,iii I I . . (,o (d e 
i I e
Il ( ' xi i' t t . i. . ] ; I low11 Cost, 
(lXii ~
ll s it f~ TiIIX i it li livs of i IXIIII1 
i i
I i 'I . N Ii it I II I si I 
( )r A xit I
Il I i I I ii~ X (t I I l \ t Il Iiii 'IIIt fr 
i tlII
I ('1 'iIIl i t .11 1 11 i l i i XX a ill I iiiX 
il(I
'iThe li i it i it ill X ii I ll (' s 
i is l iii (lit
Advanges s. D'tolisantage~ispwl
X'iii be X iiitii
3  
to i jiti iiiti.t -iiiX Iti illeill
of \i ii. i I I i (I t ii r I (I r (iti.ii 
w
\XII iti n It ofi tt I iliti'x, til jI Ili liiidc I IIIIt ill
tlilt(hi XX it IIit \\ jIiiii it i.w I t liftuu
rIi I'i iIt I p )('l tilit
1  
X I it Xi l Iti Ii iii it
t i i ii ( itit 8 i pli s i of) I No.(' ti I cIti (ii.
xiitii Iir i ii h ti x xit of' \\iii )i d ill i Lti
Sit ic X i 1 i arsl ill I i s(ii t i ti e t'h a'ti
11it I (i Xlt il' XX1 i .\ ii io slit' ili (to1 t'iit
ti (J 
1 
iii iii I li it' I c IX I'll tI siil'r't Xit'il
11.11 i Il i . iiii XIIi ilt
1
t
I a
(I
I cctl\ to t1w I lori/ol)Lil I lifililo, 1".
I lich ill-c spilced I I ( )Ili I to 48 it 1( 
1 It's
I )I I (.(,I lt( l . SI wh extel it )I all illat('1-iills
its \ (,I tieJ roli"ll unt I I( )m (Is :old bilt-
Wits, exWl ior (rrad( buildil w boitl 
ds, oi.
Ilictill si(lill(, Illav h(i wwd. All\ I )l w of
tl It's(- \\ ill pro I\ c sitt isl I(-t( )],.\ illid 
"11( )111 ( I
bc sel( (-wd ()It tit(, bilsis of , 
(,o." t ;I% ail-
itbilitv, and citse ol, ilistalliltioll.
'I'll c roof pitch (ill] he dlipll)(,d \\ ith-
()fit it][\ Illitior ill stri](4111,11 
d(-
S i ,, I I . I I ( I cr. it sh ( )111 (1 C-( 
)] it I )I it I to
t1w [fill 111111 fill pitch )Illowl 1(1('(l 1) -\
dw lllilt( riid olitl fill a(.1 1 11 ul .
'Spiwilw (4 tll(' poles illoll" tit(' 1('Ilo ftll
of t I I (i I )I I it ( I i I I ill I I w \ ill ied I n )III I I
to I -, lo,,( t \\ itholit \ill\ ill(, tit(, tilldwr
'i/(-, of tll(, lift turs or pullills. Tlw ].oof
p oll lift \\ ill \ ill \ \\ ith tll(' I)()](-
spwilla tit(' pIII lills Itillst I ('ik(-l I
I I ( III I rill t(,I- to I rilf ter \\ it] I (,I )of I"'I I I )\ cr-
]ill) to it]]( )I- i I I w o ilill it ill I :if toil-
,piwil l(r. F\t ril S( Hiolls call 1w ztdded
to ifwrcil"w tit(, \\idtII of the buildiw-f
ill lillits of I I to 
1:,3 hct \\itll()Ilt \i1rv-
ill, , tifillwi siz('s of 
stilloill-ill fritTilill(f
'I'llc d(-'i"ll hits e\p'lilliciltalk
t(,St(,(l itild I ( )III III siltisfactol. Tlllv(
s1wh biLl-lis hil\ c lwcll hoilt h\ lift 
to
litbol Lit tll(. toll allot TIIsK(-(,(,
1)(TilflCot fi(ddis iold :It 111C Plillit 
BIVC(l-
ill(" ( Ilit Twill Tidliiss( (..
(:()Ilstl.ll(,tioIl plitils fol this poll' bill-11
Illit', he obtitilwd throll"ll ool. ( :()Illlt%
A(-relit FAWilsioli Hall \o. JPB6) .
,4 tc Ce deu'5 a aor
LOW-COST BARNS
WALTER GRUB, Associate Agricultural Engineer
l
2
mltzlaetea -dol7
9
6c(eem4 ft0rodge
HIGH YIELDS e' SILAGE 4~
W, R. LANGFORD, Associate Agronomist
1. E. STOKES, Agronomist, USDA
I1 11 mi \i A' X 1 X liii ii ,i auth Ilut toot
X u tr il X'igiii h ii ut(itit'd XX \ 11! kioNci
litt IllPHi Xi ightl i'. o111 tiili E i'XX
s\ -11tii til that) N. *' as cssi t t
i' ii it i ((4 I ite i't li\ iiti 11
tha i \ e Xii l o\ I c of soil I liiii i It ) I iibot
tiliX c iiX .1 s\it I i' Nl II t od ii i I j o h \ill i-
Iihc XX ilv prit! oduc'i iits X Xti '-siic tit 111111
Ii ilS I X 1( i IX' ( 'I' iii F i iil tX: o li li'
toll I 'i i(4 ill Xit'i i lt i ii it ~ li co p rIi li
lith I tiii' 2 IS )A. iii p1 itr'
I )iii iiitr the 3 x t'l'
ititiit il i are'
bI'ttt Itilt jlo iit )iii
itc of' SI r ar (I11 l
ill 1 11 ( il t XX Ilt I
it
I 1i 1 -, I " I t I II t It i t Itii t I o l IIt Ii
II 1i 11 i ct'X iX l t tlic I'l Xit 2i V o i il
XX iihsitiini \\t tilt 2Siii Iil( i i SIw i
25.1I tI 25 ) iiXI Ii Trioc its ciipit dl \\X i t ii It229 1o
Filc\ i ~i (Ii I :It Xd is 11(11 itt' i 1i
' t ici. I)ii114 JI fX i llit d l' t ill ti li
111 (XX l Xiii \c (4i i il XXI i i}) ii ii4t. i
laX I Xi t ii tiit't '' X it ii X (ii XI
i p a ts(1 il IXX g %\IX. ro wrtil
ii,
~ ~
~
Sort is a tate-maturing sweet sorghum.
Xii to 105 (it~r li t ti li jil l (' XX i l.( I X t it lit
tlic i IX ill t 11 tiil, i i ticIl Is 1.11 i lt
Ii it'o \ilitc it!,( iii,
r tiikX iiiIi clIX llt \ ill i iis cai ll hi
\~ A> ~Nt
~\XK ~
Tracy is a mid-scason variety, 40 to 55
days earlier than Sort. tUSDA phoato.)
EVERYTHING SEEMS to be getting big-
ger lately - TV screens, cars, crop
yields, businesses, and fishermen's sto-
ries, to mention a few.
Alabama farms are staying in step
with the times and getting larger too.
'he average size farm in the State has
icreased from 68 acres in 1930 to 118
in 1955. The census definition of a
farm has changed somewhat 
since 1930,
but there is substantial evidence of a
trend toward larger farms.
Analysis of farm records almost al-
ways shows that farm size influences
net earnings. In many respects, acres
act as a multiplier of net income. But
this does not necessarily mean that
small farms do not have a place in
our economic system.
Opportunities for Small Farms
The growing poultry enterprises in
the State show that volume of business
can be increased without adding acres.
Enterprises built on purchased feed
programs can often increase net income.
In addition, there are numerous cases
where the farm provides supplementary
income to that from non-farm sources.
By combining the two, a satisfactory
income is obtained.
In general, farms of less than 260
2res have decreased in numbers since
1935, while larger farms have become
more numerous. Actually, statistics
show that farms of less than 10 acres
increased from 1950 to 1955. This in-
dicates that general statements about
averages and trends in size do not pre-
sent a complete picture of what is hap-
pening. The table shows changes in
7rend toCar
LARGER FARMS i Aama
J. H. YEAGER, Associate Agricultural Economist
numbers of different size farms from
1985 to 1955.
Number of farms
Farm size 1985 1955 Change
Acres Thousands Pct.
Under 10 19.1 18.2 -4.8
10-49 142.4 71.4 -49.8
50-99 60.7 40.0 -84.0
100-179 32.6 24.5 -24.8
180-259 9.2 8.8 -4.3
260-499 6.5 8.0 28.6
500-999 2.1 8.6 78.8
1,000 and over .9 2.4 158.7
TOTAL 273.5 177.0 -85.8
Why has the average Alabama farm
increased in size? The answer, at least
in part, lies outside of agriculture. Be-
cause of industrial expansion, many
families have found it easier and
quicker to increase income by working
off the farm than by expanding their
farm capital investment and working
full time on the farm.
Fewer Farms Produce More
Along with industrial expansion came
more and better machines, fertilizers,
varieties, breeds, facilities, insect and
disease control measures, and work
methods that made greater agricultural
production possible with fewer farmers.
Fewer farmers are needed today than
in former years to produce food and
fiber for our population.
Alabama has lost 55,000 
farmers
since 1940. Tenants declined 55%
while owner-operators increased 
21%.
The increase in part owners 
was much
greater than the increase in 
full own-
ers. Cash tenants and croppers showed
a greater percentage decline 
than share
tenants.
What has happened to the 
land left
by those who quit farming? 
In many
cases it has been purchased 
or leased
by adjoining land owners. 
In the case
of farms once operated 
by croppers
who have left agriculture, 
it is a change
in type of operation, which 
amounts to
fewer and larger farms. Or 
if the land
was previously rented 
by two farmers,
it may now be rented by 
only one.
Most farmers who have increased
their land area have also expanded 
total
production. With relatively high 
initial
and operating costs on farm 
machinery,
they have spread these costs 
over more
acres or units of product. 
Possibly,
some farmers have purchased additional
land with the idea of expanding 
pro-
duction at a later date. They have 
con-
sidered land a good investment.
In many cases, farmers acquiring 
ad-
ditional land have completely 
reorgan-
ized their land-use program. 
Part of
the land acquired is being 
cropped
along with part of their original 
hold-
ing. Likewise, parts of both holdings
may have been put to 
forestry uses.
Other areas have been put to improved
permanent pasture. Total livestock
numbers have been increased. 
It ap-
pears that in making the 
decision to in-
crease size it is the additional 
income
from the whole farm rather than income
from the added part that swings 
the
pendulum in favor of enlarging.
HOGS
oteed Z IN C teiea!
H-OWARD F. TUCKER. Assistanit Animal H-usbandman
V )1lii \1\l. so\i 1\ Xi , i'X i d ut ( kill 14
iilii l. c ita l cm1iii (it ills IX )ii.- ii
.Xi to i tlXX 1i X i it sk l Xl~s ii i i ts lii
pilA t it 1is. 'Ii f I \itsc \ i diti I(l
stilft il s(1 11 )1.3 tl i tiXd sX I u i iilit
141 iltt \\isiiii i 
1
i fi iiiiw~c iitll I iii
pi i le XXX l ii(i. - l l li ' A P[ it tt ic i liX XXitt
F witi i ,iit 
1
H1t it XX i i i 1950 t ts
ill,-, ill icatcI it i \\as 151 .XX ll tiiXii
,Ii uitt tc )i l( illtX t I]) i i4. liii ill t I I c liit i
I tt titi t i1 ill Il ,iml lioX ifl ics
Piii ih itit sis is iiss i XXI t i t i i ii
XiX, \ Xill(, X. \]i t)]itvt~i ( t I ii cit N\il
lii Xy t I i til s i (d ~ ca I i ii it I I 1 5
1) 1Il \c-is d I "t/utIu.IdI t
lIit I oIia l iii\I i tI l i d i t lii XX
PiXi ii si i I(i \li ii i I I lsisi
I itc tiiii" laiiii
/iiclilgF~il
\XitiitX11) di(XXif(
6~
1 ft06 0
\Iil ilt XXX lilid I i 
tt ii d IX iii ifii i Ili 4t
ct i itiliii Ilo lol i ii it i f t w ii l i itlt iii.
I)Iif 111. I li it luillliit X Xil liit ( i 1 .111
(iIIt , lii iii liiit i t iii to II t liljt itickoi
.1 it 11111 i 
if I f 
fai u\ S s T111 
cI / t \ i l( ii 
ii ii
fii ( XX I fic lcX iilit~ d I i iikiih I l i . t
Xiiil i Iii li o ithe of ii li filX IX i tIil IX
Xii oiisIX I \ t ii c riX ti' li () it Ii 11-4X.I
FRE )II(iI II IrI sbulli t or Reort~l of Prog:i
S\ thle LABM OYEHf SfN)III ( lslmIS olT
I'dwil . SIlcc t miit'h o l Dir ctr rc
(.il ( ( Auburn I Aiic l m ho i-ls
,t ( t of )I I I ) ) )lII Is i l( i8 h li t
71w we 7eod4
PUBLICATIONS
l I!( I t, n lit, ) l X ii II I, i X ~I\ t
I \ I ) I i it f, I IIt lI II. I I pIil it ta m
Icattct 49. Restilts ol [ lit\ Ci isliig TIcst
4
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Editor
A.Xwct I-iliol
PENALTY FORl PRIVATE USE TO AVOID
P AYlIENT OF POSTAGE. $300
Abovc; Typicol symptoms of parakeratosis
due to insufficient zinc. Below: All pigs
treated with zinc carbonate. Pig in front
is same as one above after treatment.