HIGHLIGHTS
of
AGRICULTURAL
-1' Ai ~
~ot t~ci i e-Pines Pay . . .
Results Tell Time for Planting Oats 
.. Hybrid
Vigor at Lower Cost .
. . Grow or Buy Nitrogen 
for Corn . . . Peanuts, 
a
Favorite Delicacy of Stored 
Food Insects . What 
Happens to Peanuts During
Storage? . . Research 
Points to Arrest of Plant 
World Thugs.
S E R V I N G A L L
VOL 2, No 3 -- FALL 1955
o f A L 
A B A M A
AGRICULT
STATION
of the
URAL E
SYSTEM
XPERIMENT
ALABAMA 
POLYTECHNIC 
INSTITUTE
RESEARCH
Evet a 4adogtted' coraz ear
P IN ES
PAY
S I I N' i 11A )II ('1 1 )11 1 1 1i i Itli (''t
1( 1ilt'' l I( )II li I I ('ito ( p ) )I- I :
1
)il -ill('t
t i\ ili. 11 I Il tiI' lli X Ii XiX i iii
Ha(11 il X IiiI X 11 Xto 9 pe c li i c i' ill i tll
il(( liXIl 0111 191 tIar lt .111 i l II)'. d
b\ "Ls Itplpwaoitd Y )is ilolc
XiIId' at X
1  
dlii 11. iti X fiI d I ' j .te 111
[oI l" (It(11 111 'Ill h X Xoii XX lstI 1(1 ilt' 1.1(1
sili ' I III X ii4i i b_\iIX s liii' IX i .114' II'c 1
I jI 111(1 X i l ilt' l i 1111 x 11 is pc '.1.p (t ) .iii
IXX('Ill.] til'an 4n tha xf ti( a111111 X
1
h[iba14X
Lill li i 1X i~t lit)\ Il 'l ' 1 pIIc b it the
bIII PIX XlIt' If th 111 Iil \(i'1111 'ht ex1 i
111(114 k 11111 ) ll t - 'I Xo~l I'll (I op".(I Il
1(1 .1l~l 'Il i' Xii ill tt, fr t 1 illit XXIiti ('it i
\601 .pa ili i'X
1 
l'(I dI wII tillst' (Illlit XX \. t'i
1111 iX ll iItiXX re11111 i sh \\Iil/IIi.it
tii111((111;l\ of Il I (IX III tilal 1111 ('Xt ll
d cI' ll Ili( (Xl t i 11 ll i h X cllct' ii( ii
KNOX LIVINGSTON -d J. E. CAROTHE1RS
D~atmn of Foretry
1111 (1l X IiJ l ,I, h l. "iI~ 1 1 ._)( ) 1)111 (1, 1 i
sI il( I I t t'P'lC I I( ('lii ~
1
X 0(21
\l~ soI 111 XIpc .' it i i l I al i t't4S 1. ( li pe c r I I
pii Ic 11 1 iX ( ( I 1)d 1 s l I att ~ i(e. X tl
iill 'XI tl i'ilt11p'X II I ('t Il onX (1
I Xi t diic. icliii iiet'i XIII ttl cL IIsli(
XXill (i i t ill' e iile l i Xtili. i (' Acc lt
Ei IX hlii (
p I i II XId l
p(Iia I 
272:3 1 l
27 T23 1'1
1211) 6X6
1,2101 6X6
908) (6X8
GS5 I 8X8
t68
1  
8X88
18:3 91!, X
:30.3 12 12
1 _0 It WK 16
1 2) 19\/ I
Abovc Scdlirgs on worn-out crop land,
below-6X8, 19 year-ald plantation that
paid 9%o compound interest on investment.
Stal 1111 't il stllt
1  
T1111.1
1rittill t1(1 0 i- II114' it II I )
itn.19 N al
N 11111
I I. Iclil
II lii 1.1.11
N llc
Ni lic
N iii
15.2 15. 2
85 :35.1 15. 1
41,8
1.2 .3 1.
:3 .1.39
.2 2(6. S
2.3~
22.1
185
1 -. 01
I I it I I'Xt
Ii ill ii , lii
Pr 11111t
15.5
90
(.5
6I
A tiilt. ;I. () Ik
XXI ild l i llIi
19 XI';t it 0Wi
IL77
(1.21I
.11
l li li 7.5 , i t ll'.. ilc t( t 3 p l c n m l oild i) r s o 1 c r \ 
)1
Ylvlms \-,I) 14 it'llss IIio\I SI'v"ll Pisv 
\Iiltltv \1 \Iik\I\
I'llIp\\()od \i(-I(l
1 .X
W ITH NO ADDED COSTS you can step
up your yield of forage and grain as
much as 25% to 50% by planting oats
at the right time.
In general, this crop is planted 20 to
30 days later than what research results
show to be the best planting dates for
top yields in Alabama.
Time-of-Planting Tests
What planting dates are best for
grain only and for grazing and grain,
and what are the advantages from ear-
lier plantings are answered in the re-
sults from the oats date-of-planting tests
by the API Agricultural Experiment
Station. Nortex 107 and Victorgrain 48-
93 have been the test varieties used in
this 4-year experiment conducted at
several locations throughout the State.
Starting August 20, the two varieties
were planted at 20-day intervals con-
tinuing until November 10.
In addition to plots grown for grain
only, companion plots were planted to
the same variety and at the same dates.
These plots, fertilized in the fall with
additional nitrogen, clipped until March
1 to simulate grazing, and then allowed
to make grain, were used to determine
forage yields and total animal feed pro-
duced per acre. In order that all re-
sults from these tests were on the same
basis, the forage yields were converted
to bushels of grain per acre. The con-
version factor used was roughly 500
pounds of green weight of forage
equaled 3 bushels of oats in feed value.
Therefore, total yields of feed from the
grain-forage plots are expressed in
bushels per acre.
Results
Four years' results from this experi-
ment show that the best time for plant-
ing oats varies (1) for different parts
of the State and (2) for use to be made
of the crop - for grain only or for grain
e4cdt4 tdt t'e TIME
OPLANTING OATS
F. S. McCAIN and F. L. SELMAN
Department of Agronomy and Soils
and grazing. The best time to plant oats
for grain only in northern and central
Alabama is later than that for forage
and grain. However, in the southern
part the best planting dates are the
same for grain only and for grain and
forage. (See Figures 1, 2, and 3.)
In general, grain yields decreased
from north to south regardless of plant-
ing dates. Clipping until March 1 did
not materially affect the grain yield in
northern and central Alabama. How-
ever, in southern Alabama clipping un-
til March 1 reduced grain yields of the
NORTHERN A L A 8 A MA
100-.O for grain and
conduted a f,,,,~80
for grain only 0 0 ,
' 
I- SEPT. 
20
to OCT. to
8/20 9/10 9/30
PLANTING DATES
10/20
FIGURE 1
September 30 planting as much as 10
bushels per acre. On the other hand,
the total grain equivalent from that
planting date (forage converted to
grain plus grain harvested) was greater
in southern Alabama than in other parts
of the State.
YIELD OF OATS PLANTED FOR GRAIN ONLY AND FOR GRAIN AND FORAGE AT DIFFERENT
PLANTING DATES, SIX LOCATIONS, 1954
Planting date
Northern Alabama Central Alabama Southern Alabama
For For grain For For grain For For grain
grain and forage grain and forage grain and forage
Bu. Bu. Bu. Bu. Bu. Bu.
August 20 -- 67.3 93.3 44.1 89.4 34.4 69.3
September 10 -62.2 100.6 48.1 91.1 85.2 100.2
September 30 72.8 92.5 51.0 88.4 39.2 113.9
October 20 - 64.8 79.5 52.7 70.5 37.6 109.2
November 10 . -- 47.2 60.8 32.9 76.7
Bu. CENTRAL A L A B A NA
90 - for grain and
80 
AUG. 
20 to
L SEPT. 30
70 "
60
so AI SEPT. 20
40 L to OCT. 30
8/20 9/I10 9/30 10/20 1110
PLANTING DATES
FIGURE 2
Forage yields increased from north
to south, with the major increase oc-
curing between central and southern
Alabama. Fall application of nitrogen
and clipping until March 1 significantly
increased the total feed produced over
that of oats grown only for grain regard-
less of location or date of planting. Al-
though forage yields were greatest in
southern and central Alabama, farmers
throughout the State should graze their
oats to make maximum use of total feed
produced.
PLANTING DATES
FIGURE 3
HYBRID VIGOR at ower cot
FRED MOULTRIE
G. J. COTTIER
D. F. KING
Department of Poultry Husbandry
CROSSING OF NONINBRED strains offers
excellent possibility for production of
low-cost, high-producing layers.
Since about 1940, the trend in breed-
ing for higher egg production has been
toward crossing inbred lines to produce
chicks with hybrid vigor. Birds pro-
duced by this system generally are ex-
cellent egg producers. However, be-
cause of the years of inbreeding and
testing necessary for development of
suitable parent lines, chick prices for
the resulting "hybrids" are considerably
higher than for standardbred chicks.
Within the past few years, consider-
Fig. 1. Laying-house mortality of pure strair
able interest has been shown in the
crossing of noninbred strains. Many
breeders have found that crossing of
certain strains produces chicks with a
great amount of hybrid vigor. This sys-
tem of breeding, being less complicated
and less expensive, permits the sale of
good chicks at lower cost.
Since 1949, the API Agricultural Ex-
periment Station has been crossing the
disease-resistant Auburn Strain White
Leghorn (Strain A) with another White
Leghorn strain (Strain D), which also
has been bred for several years at this
station.
Each year chicks of the two pure
strains and of the strain-cross (A X D)
have been hatched, reared, and housed
together to 500 days of age, or until the
end of their first laying year. During F
each test year, a study was made of
their performance with respect to sev-
eral characteristics, the two most im-
portant being (1) laying-house or adult
mortality, and (2) first-year egg pro-
duction.
Over the 5-year period, Strain A
averaged 16.5 per cent adult mortality,
and Strain D averaged 81.6 per cent.
Mortality of the strain-cross averaged
19 per cent, indicating that livability of
this particular cross was almost as good
as that of the better parent, Strain A,
and far superior to that of Strain D.
Figure I shows laying-house mortality.
ns and strain crosses housed, 1949-53.
Egg production averages, based on
number of pullets housed and number
of survivors, are shown in Figure 2. On
a survivor basis, Strains A and D were
the same, averaging 205 eggs per bird.
Strain-cross birds averaged 221 eggs or
16 more than their purebred parents.
On a pullet-housed basis, where both
livability and egg production influenced
results, Strain A averaged 185 eggs per
bird, Strain D averaged 167 eggs, and
the strain-cross birds averaged 196 eggs
or approximately one dozen more per
bird than the better parent strain.
Both parent strains used in making
this successful cross are good strains
that have resulted from many years of
selection for superior performance.
Strain A has been selected at Auburn
since 1985 for livability and egg pro-
duction. Strain D, although not as dis-
ease resistant as Strain A, is an ex-
cellent egg producer and originated
from one of the leading commercial
strains in the country.
It is well known that crossing just
any two good strains does not guarantee
good results. It also is well known that
crossing a good strain with an average
strain or even crossing two average
strains may result in an outstanding
strain-cross bird. Poultry breeders who
want to profit from the hybrid vigor ob-
tainable by strain crossing can set up
systematic crossing and testing pro-
grams for identifying those strains that
"nick" or 
combine well.
PER CENT MORTALITY
30
25
20
I 5
I0
5
0 
A 
D 
AXD
STRAIN
NUMBER EGGS 
PER PULLET 
HOUSED
225 PER SURVIVOR
200
,., .: .
175
150 
A 
D 
AxD
STRAIN
ig. 2. First-year egg production of pure strains and strain crosses housed, 1949-53.
I I I\ ~II
Difference between 14 and 54 bu. per acre
from olots at riqkt and left due to commer
cial nitroge'n or to vetch.
1) t i i.(t~ I -ii i t it It iii .t xitclx is
t xI t Ix lit t Ix lI E t i I
S Nit I II I I I ,t ft II N t Cxxr flis ItCO I II
III(,T I ti XX x tItI i Ii tii I X (1( \ iti t I It rt
lxI .i t ttq I I I )Itt i t-- II ltiI ]fxil
til 1I it I tltI t it It tX ( xii hilts ) l I t
t I tI tlI I i tip i flx i I t jittth-1ti1x1i
NI II Ito x ' lix t t i f Itt)p '( I ti
tI lIi (. f it lt i t l. (sit[ tX it I t 1i s (It till I
li s\~ti te IX i t il it t till I litt iiic It x
It 'm t{*t tit Lt tt \Ii. y III(1 '
Itt i -iiri ii (
1
Itt t C'i it iiluiri
Ilt I (- I( itl it it il [d t xx I 1(\ sl1 1( (.p t
( f it p I C t s u ii CI I tilt t fIl*t)\ .l I, ittx
'~
S
I,
'I.-
~
ix2J
i~t
GROW ot BUY NITROGEN
,reo CORN? 
J .CPJ
tik. \ it t X it lii il fiil, i~fit i tilt iI\ ix
(2it t Ii xx ti lm 12,00 tittt l li d of
1
)l
tilt. X It itt \\(I l - l i.I to fiax i pp \ut
thit 100 .xt I itlits (dit rm (l iilxt to t x lcl
\I iit( \Nt 
1
litali tt c l I l it ha\ c d1x'Ix
Ii it xxi ( li c (, tiltd \i h\x t it i littill lii
Cli til lIt ffla\ ti Itt o iii (1s l i t'e \N ii i iti
tl it til iliii (t i t (i I t ii I itt xx itt
iLitti itt itin xx ib I tu xi li it iii I l lt)
It ist I retit fIx t tttxl o tf i slxx i xxtittx.
I t tu( l t 111 l" I 'It Ix it it xc Iti itt l\ itl til . C
tifi(I t (iiittitlle t (illti lii tilt i ttril
lhit \N . li i t miii ri \111 I itt ,i p li ( o~, l
xt tlt ii Iti l itt w it o ti I , III t I ti' txl 211f
\ii \ ix, xi I 'Ituot I I,) ti xi lxx I\ Ai_\ Nii ixu M t19- V~
'xi ilt (I( ill
XX itt I
I ilOittli
7I \,(t(l
Ill ISl xii
6 1 \i ii
)i wdI) lx ittlt Io
tNill(
\ ili.
5: 3.t0
.
5IL:
17.(S
52.
flTit il
1.4
1.2
21.2
12.6
uil .ll
5.T)
6t .2
'10
XIIi i \(it x i i lx\ , It( 1~ o)5 tt 1 xi i i ~tt X I tit(x iilt
It! i is
13t1.
58. 1
I i i l if ll. "()ill tit l i if ill11 ttt iii ft
xaxlu ii t t iettiutil 15 1it S 2 f.ltt. Hills
(tw (A ti ( iiiit J Il d (Ai 1 it i l ogrel ix .11 oil
Six Xt llt e Clt fill tiditt i imi \ l mi iii ldt
ilvIrix ill i t itt itoCX li (1 t~ X
li t of liitrw l till ttl (-ix itilitligi
lik iii S( I itt cheaper lilti, i slidt illrCli tX i
li ~I 
1
t til e l does I it tix titl il
t lii liii1ls tixi xxi itt t tis tit I Il I ix x .1-'
iXillI .11 t d f)t It l lii i l
3
ism) ii . \ cr )I .
Iiph tit.XXit lt Ittmt t S2 til til Iltir xiwittt
Itll tult lirl li titil it, Itt iltltiso i it) fit
Iw" lii i 11 1 i it ()ri iii s iiiX i I px ilit
ililI 111i l 1tttt4 tl( i, I i tl tl t
x Itt To Itti lxxi x xlttttx. St 1i)\x it
liw ttxthspateCI. ot
to ti \\ i l tx i s it hmIit xxittt' alic
3ti pht ilis lilt fii 10i T ittli it ll i flit-
I ilt tii to x tttl txx)l t ha 11) d
:3 2. 7F ll l x xx\\ i i I I ()t/il XXI litii( x i l I(.-
116.01i x f till both i 
i lit ( iii g i 1(
.511.2 Cii ')ill it xi ii xi p o licc t ex fIX I x t if \ it lit
(d l li lx .) (((l h 11a"il-.Ia d e
%
\1
PEANIS-a Ovltr 
dtetmee
la arapted' ad 4at4ect4
L. L. HYCHE, Assistant Entomologist
B. WAYNE ARrH-UR, Assistant Entomo/og/st
Flout beetles on stored peanuts.
I \ x s'x. Fivsii x 
i ~ ll i ix i ii' x,i 
t ixs!
Th isi i i i tillii )li 'tt x ( I ti l icir ithii lxti't
oP t heiitx I No
1
t' l liiot'a iii tiit I iii ba
tifa ~i ix! it'll xx i iiitit x or i' ba cii ii'ii. 'iii
tiN 'i' tiit itil xe c liipi it i 
1
iit'ttlo I 'I liii
ii I ' ted x ii it ." a ti Ix ii' t iiixiii \ it'
otlrpilInsetp Icts d Dam a ot (1
SI ii t\(i .it iii it t i I ,, n t
1 
ip i
con1) i l x Ic i \xt\i t'tt ixlit ' n its prbem . t il
xoli lg'l iiiix iiii xx ,li i i ti\ i'-p ii t t'i ii c u i
Iiiii itii i iii tIs i t's( xol id i iti lts xii diiii'
Insect ontrolag
iio\t li t iiit iiicds tt red x mil h t'id
pIoti t s drii ed Iix 't' t 't iii lit! l si toredt't
\t iiti iif ll(( rt, the floSir beii s 1 
t
SI)
Bin Preparation
Ai ix t i l c t)tI 1 itii p ii) oi i i itI i ti
~hrD
Left-kernels of peanuts keot free of in-
sects; right-results of insect feeding on
unprotected stored peanuts,
,tiitl t ld i k iitixl i from theit' ls ix i -i
'p wx i4x pt'x iiiit t'\ixtiiig inixect ill-
lixstitti ixs. F l.tu' i ij putposixt' 1)DT,
111(thoxN c FmiaidT EIon hl~ l\I
St x 1i ii1 i \ \ g Iu li'tt' Ii a i cd t it s 5ii Iii
emtiiulioxn lxiI iuijlx rte if 2' (rix. t'ei
itoo i stee btt iit'i ls.r : )'i :)-Ix lit\
t tildIic I g a l iip Iiiiiitx a it' rttIx' tIi
('alolis Prote000cnt Dust 
n 2
1ii t0 iiic liit pAni 48- iio iit'ix. rt
peiodii i i teel l i ix i x Fi xI. Ix I t nii
ixis li t ' i xiiul 1)i 111ila e at
prtrs bc65F
'Il( asso 'Uignt rutxct
Two important insect pests of stored pea-
nuts, Above-red-rust flour beetle adults
at right, larvae at left; below - Indian
meal math larvae, (Magnified 5 times.)
F~ ,FFF F~FFI *~,FS
I
I. - IV*'-''.
k "kWF77=
4ft - 0 9 2 53 b~S I
'F','-
'3---.-.-
A
.9
2 F F~,
F Qy S_ S F S 3 F
F3l F ll 
F
ea lzeaotcaf4 &oo~rz,6 alaozqeo?i
H-. S. WARD, Jr., Assciate Botanist
J. H-. YEAGER, Associate Agricultural Economnist
J. L. BUTT, Associate Agricultural Engineer
-7
1 
F A \ i t I ' I'S 
\1 F i t I F I 
FP , N Ft 1 t Ilt'" 
t A IF
'I).itFI I; , I I F F I-F[ IF wr I to)II ;I I F I ;. w( F, s~ ld
l Ii) I '1 (.FIF I F 1FF( FtI Ir if hF IFII itF s F IJ I 
tii IiI s i I s III(( d II t):5 1 1
(I ( I; I F Xts( i 1I 1 fi i ) I n )li I FI
tIX F r l l 1F (_, F1 195 1 1I l tFF X 111 F. \
t',F p IiF' 'I i\it I"F ti rll Fi. Cit llit a14tll'.
XtFi.FF4F iFl FFI Xla,( toil.Fit \x iiFII\t IiiF
.ill w(,1 IwloF i i'tiIF' 11111t tIF'it'iXtIlii
F Fli Fi,1ikF't11i1F IIII I4.11(fro IFit. IFF'i i 'iII'
I1toll ill]F'1 tI 1"i 1 Ft F Fiii il'twiiF s .1111 III (I
i t I FI I i t' r1 .I it 111', t Ii ',t F l FF c I' X I 'll It
ill fil 11i , ('1 [i l 11)1111 1 1111 \ X I lI
( I t ji I F iii ~ I (t I,, () i Ii I I
1  
i, FF' i('t'X
'IiI f, F I 1 1 if) I,, i' 1 Iii I', 11 t i I (r iI I ri'. vit
i C i i o i I I t I X tIIs' 1 1 . ( 1 il I tI iXI' I111I 1',
6 11,d', III 111FF l it I Fil FF1 Far FFFIit FX\\ Fd
1,1', it I i il l ( ~ l p 1111F X * i ( FF 111,11 tl il il
Ic St)\( t aeidmrkti gp~tic
dsi IFI IFFF FRIA
Ili it( fi ] of 19 2, t s oi i(, - eB- -
"'l si ttC Iw t 1.**l la ld \lt, \\ tl F
Fwi of 2ii li s / F i l 11 1 1 w p ii l
% i I k idII I( .9 li tIi c c IIt ii s I)(tw t(I
XI ti I ii I w t I i 1)1 'It 111
Ilt'l kIii t I tIFI (111 1.1FF
111' I ll 1111 FF1la IX 111
;1F( 11Ft ~( t KI i111 1.1 mii
tIFFii 2 X-l s'l' ill I iii 1F
'Fill. t' t er IXlI . ill Y am it
1 
11
di.Fti Ill FF11 bi11ll ht ()I
tIl iiI F" ' XXriw I I I t' fIF'I I I p
t1111 tX I Ivi w l-tX FIt 1)1 .if
fill Im il l XXt' I' uF pe lF\
XF Fil l II',I iltcIFI pli 111 t
t ri' li tli tit II li i k l
AI' l I ls 'F %(I. XXIp rX
,14 1 1ofii .tF I Ca,I I 1 Ft F i
"e IlillaiFF l (1fFill X IiFt(I '
Fi ( I it 1 dl \ t 'F I f ,,l.t
tilt' -ii tI IttF11 of to lti
XI of tillI' 11F Xs I Il l I F
to ll ' Ill p i 
1
'I I I ItIs. C'hFiI'c
d ItI ( 1 FI t i i o ff tlilld ('l~i livX t (wI Flt I I Iit w111 s Il 111.1
fIlo l i fiIfI I11121 tIF i )s ofiti .1 I i t]F x d IIFX I \X i 111 1 to 'Fill ill
1' c I4F I11 iat if11 )I F' I ('I F t C I if i I I fI 1 I lilt 1111' I, k(iri ('IX
I o, \ I Ilo l o 1 11 I t Ill. 'I )ltI w 111 tliit i 1' Ill ( tll'-
"I II tdwiIa . o illXli IX I It Fev FF1 II II iwc ll 'F Im11 t tinI
I i I I , II o \ till\ I I Xi IIr I t- 1 1 tifi 1 f1'. IFFXvpX IF iti
its IFtio II Ili 1( ' , XXi11 - s I ) III 1,iIFFF I' ( tt o 1
i' I hil. l l e li i IFIF~II th it F.)1 t I ill 11'i'F I IFoFti;FIF IFIFI't
I-( , II'.4t I oll off aXt IIIPr )x1 i i i t 1111\ i2 tl iitI ll X(I
141' 111,1111 it loss till %F ;1111, (1 li lo cFIFFFI l S:1
I~~~~tI I I. XX it 111 111Fl I I i.IF I' i wc Xl of11 111.
t~illJl~ii t lt F
4
'Is llk is I t I.Ftt'F itIX (F i( lit
1
t
F I~ 11.111' .11' .11 t k1( tlill c 'tFw F ia (11 Iwtill l't (ii
tt-
WHAT HAPPENS-
I
Reseac iAata t arres
PLANT WORLD THUGS
76eatenin WHITE CLOVER
E. A. CURL, Assistant
Plant Pathologist
G ANG WARFARE can destroy white
clover. At least 15 species of parasitic
fungi are known to cause diseases of
clover in Alabama, and several of these
may attack the plant at the same time.
Some fungi attack the leaves; others
attack the stolons; still others attack all
parts of the plant.
Leaf diseases of white clover appear
in the form of spots or dead areas of
various sizes and shapes depending up-
on .the organism causing the disease.
These spots may range from numerous
tiny flecks over the entire leaf surface
to a few large, scattered, irregularly
shaped spots that eventually kill most
or all of the leaf tissue. Leaf diseases
lower the palatability of leaves and
cause excessive defoliation during
growth. Examples of the more common
leaf diseases of white clover are Pseu-
doplea leaf spot or pepper spot, Cuvu-
laria leaf spot, Cercospora leaf spot,
Stagonospora leaf spot, black patch,
and Cymadothea 
leaf spot or 
sooty
blotch.
Stolon or stem diseases and root rots
may kill entire plants. Circular areas of
dead or dying plants can often be seen
in a field where these diseases are pres-
ent. Such diseases are caused by a com-
plex or group of soil-borne fungi such
as Rhizoctonia, Fusarium and Sclerot-
ium. These organisms may live in the
soil for several years after death of the
plant and attack succeeding clover
crops.
Experiments conducted at the API
Agricultural Experiment Station dur-
ing 1953 and 1954 showed that cli-
matic factors affect the incidence and
severity of white clover diseases. Leaf
spots are most likely to be seen during
cool moist weather in May and June
and again in January and February.
Some of these diseases, however, can
be found throughout the year particu-
larly in low wet pastures or during
periods of high humidity. Such environ-
mental conditions cause rapid growth
of the disease-causing fungi. Their
seed-like spores are spread rapidly from
diseased to healthy plants by wind and
splashing rains.
Stolon and root diseases get their
start in the early spring under condi-
tions of high moisture when the plants
are recovering from winter injury. The
greatest damage to stolons occurs dur-
ing the period of July to October when
temperatures are high and growth of
the plants are retarded. Experiments
have shown that disease damage to
stolons is greater than that to leaves.
Stolon diseases, being caused mostly by
soil-borne fungi, may be spread by the
trampling of cattle and by farm ma-
chinery.
Controlling diseases of clover poses
a difficult problem. At present, the
most promising is breeding for resis-
tance to specific diseases. The use of
fungicides for leaf disease control has
not been shown to be practical. Rota-
tions and deep plowing, such as used
in row croping, are not applicable for
clover in permanent pastures. Leaf dis-
eases are sometimes less severe where
clover is mowed or grazed.
Ongoing investigations of the disease
problems of clover at this Station point
to developing more effective means of
control.
1Zeew 'aad 7&te4
PUBLICATIONS
Listed here are new and timely publi-
cations reporting results by the Agricul-
tural Experiment Station:
Bul. 294. Merchandising Dairy Prod-
ucts in Alabama Retail Food Stores is a
report of efficiency of retailing dairy prod-
ucts in Alabama.
Bul. 295. Seasonal Variations in Prices
Received by Alabama Farmers reports
seasonal price changes for various Ala-
bama-produced farm products.
Bul. 296. Economics of Pastures in
Feeding Systems for Dairy Cows discusses
cost and feeding value of selected grazing
crops in Piedmont area of Alabama.
Bul. 297. Production and Marketing of
Cage-Laid Eggs in Alabama covers pro-
duction and marketing practices and costs
on Alabama farms.
Leaflet 41. Storing Shelled Corn in Ala-
bama.
Progress Report 56. Caley Pea Silage
and Johnsongrass Hay in the Ration of
Dairy Cows.
Progress Report 57. Summary of Perform-
ance Tests of Small Farm Mixer-Grinder.
HIGHLIGHTS
of
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH
Published Quarterly by
Agricultural Experiment Station
of the Alabama Polytechnic Institute
Auburn, Alabama
E. V. SMITH ......
COYT WILSON-
CHAS. F. SIMMONS
KENNETH B. Roy ..
R. E. STEVENSON
FREE Bulletin or Report of Progress
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
of the ALABAMA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE
E. V. Smith, Director
Auburn, Alabama
Permit No. 1132--8/55-8M
------- ----D irector
Assoc. Director
SAsst. Director
Editor
Asst. Editor
PENALTY FOR PRIVATE USE TO AVOID
PAYMENT OF POSTAGE, $300
f~ rrmnli~rr r\+ ~~+C l~ rrnrl hrr Cr\~m v