HIGHLIGHTS
fAGRICULTUR
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH
IN A:
t 
.
ot fc4d e444-Cotton Insects Can Cost Growers 
$50 Million a Year .
Cotton Insecticides of Little Value If Not Properly 
Applied . . . Seed Treat-
ment Protects Oat Seedlings Against Disease 
. .. V-Type Parlor Cuts Milking
Time 25 . . . Research Provides Timber 
Owners Better Methods for Higher
Returns . . Freeze Surplus Eggs 
for Home Use and Market . .
. Discolored
Camellia Leaves Indicate Nutrient 
Deficiency.
VOL. 2, No. 2 -- SUMMER 1955
S ER V IN G 
A LL L o f 
A L A B A M 
A
AGRICUL
STATION
of the
TURAL E
SYSTEM
XPERIMENT
ALABAMA 
POLYTECHNIC 
INSTITUTE
I'
r i
.. 5
P' ~
A Single Year
F IFTY MILLION is t icap o ittncY.
tro tlled iii at siiigle year of abunidance,
that is xxhat they xxili cost von and
other farmer s.
Jist ho\xx this loss caml ibec recric-ed or
pralcticllx eliiniated diepe-nds On the
exteint of usce of iccommiended control
measures biackedi I)x research of the
API Agricultural Ex periment Station.
Control and Soil Fertility
(:timiti-tl of ctttoni iinsects has provedc
]light,,- profitaileu il land Caipale of
5 icid inig tine-lial bal ,iIe or more pei acre.
61n poor lanld, control dolesn't pitx'.
TIhese con ciis itis ,tre fitoti an earls,
experiment ( 1924-4:3) iii xx iicl calciuim
arseinate xwas uisedl xs thle insecticide.
Stiimariled here arc the results of
that 20 sea r experinicrit cindulicted he-
forec the comnig of oi ic inisectic-ides:
Oii 1/1It) lde land, gain from dusting
as cragyec iiiii 50) pouinids of seed cottoni
per acre; ont bl land, 240J pound(s;
0]i 4 -bale land, :3:35 pouniids; amid il
I-hale land], 456 pimmids.
Control With Organics
Riesearchl resuilts slit x that org anic
insecticides are inure effectiv e thani cal-
ciiim arsenate inl contirolling cotton inl-
F. S. ARANT, Head, Dept. of
Zoology-En tomo0/09y
sects iii Alabama. Twxo of the mnexw
Organ ies, toxaphene and Bfi( -DDT'
mixtiie, have b~eenl tested for 8 ycamrx
iii the State. Well fcitilized plots treated
xxith these matemrials aixci aged oxver one-
hliif balie more cotton per acre than
uiitreaitedl plots. Axverage vieids from
these ti catinenits are gix en inl the table.
Timing Applications
IBcsnlts from time (if application cx-
l)ciimnts conducted foi manY xYearsx iii
Aiahaia shox that pre-s(
1
iulie tir(at-
meni ts f ailedcc to iicrease coitttoin xYieid
mu rch ai lox tha ,t of cm mit rca) e cli eck
plots. Ft rtlicm mom e. they- (lid not m educe
thle mommbcihe of applications ineedled later
ill the scisonl. (Sec photos.)
Dusts Vs. Sprays
R~esearch iresults shoxx that dusts and
spnax s aire abou~tt equialix cflectix e iii
coitrioll inrg cottot i insects inl Al abaxma,
Effects on seed cotton yields by timing
applications: (A) untreated checks aver-
aged 337 lb. per acre; (B) cotton treated
with toxaphene at 4 weekly intervals be-
ginning at 2- to 4-leaf stage with no
further treatments averaged 390 lb.: (C)
cotton treated same as (B) plus 13 appli-
cations during maximum fruiting averaged
1,507 lb.; (D) cotton treated 13 times
during maximum fruiting, 1,426 lb.
oiix ced the treaitmnits are applied
pi opet ly. A 2-ycar ax ciage vieldl of seed
cotton from spra 'vedl plots was 1,567
pouiids lxr acre as comparedl with
1, 144 pounids from dutsted areais and(
Spounds froii untreatedl plots.
Sprays c an lhe applied, howver, with
gi00d results wheni iir cuiiiients are too
s tiong for efctixe dusting.T
Effective Materials
A vmj(.(\ d ilisi-eticicles has ()roxecl
effectix e against cci tain cotton pests.
Inl anl 8-year test, toxaphene and a
131IC DI)T iixtiii hav~xe giv en excel-
lenlt coiitio1) of (lie. tinree most importaint
insects-b 1)11xxccx ii. hlalxxoi in and cot-
toli aphids. Ijici-i 1)1)1 and endi i
also haxve gix ci good results, althouigh
tested for at slhmrter peijod. Alclriii-IJ )1
cind heptaci loi 1)1)T mixtures ,viii cl(i-
trol 1)o)1 x nd cc :iiiiollixxli. Hoxx-
ever, isc of these twxo mixtures mnay
mesuit iii at build tip of cotton aphids.
All of these comipouiids ame iccoin-
mended for uise oii cotton inl Alabarria:
none wxill coiitirol spider mites.
New, Promising Insecticides
Sexveia inimex compounds offer con-
siderable piromise ats conti ols of cotton
insects. Amrong these are Basyer 17147
(a berizo tliiaziiie cleiatix e of at (itlio
phosphoric aci inicthivl ester), mncth I
patrathion, aiid lrlilion. Basecr 171417
xxias liglilxv cffectiv e againist 1)011 xx ex ii
it) pi ciimiiiai experiinents. It xxvas a
faist killer anld remnainied toxic loniger
than to\,i
1
llcie ( residual). Although
less ies icinaI, in etlix parathion aniid
chio tiiion xwiii conrtrol cotton aphidls
and spideri mites inl addition to b)o)1
xx ccxii. (Jii1omtliiomi is toxx- inl toxicit\ to
xx ,i mibloodedl amlimnais.
AAx E YxIEL VaiOF SEED C(Ii N Oii\tN AitiAs TRiEATED i mii Txwoi INSEC TIC IDES, 1947-5-1
Treaitncnit
Vntri-,tch chick
B01 1)1)1
iitrt-ated( c-heck
Toxipiric
Trials Y id per acre Xit-id im-ease oxer chec k*
Ii tonber Pouiinds 
P'onds Pcr 
ci t
7.3
7:3
1.202
2,044
1,09:3
1,925
1 lie axverage yield increaise fromt use of cailc-ium arsc-natc )x s .39.1 ",, 1924-43.
COTTON INSECTS Can Cost
State's Growers $50 Million in
(I! ION lNSu l( 11)1 5 art' of 10 Value
uniIcss tlit' are pro
1
lt'i i applied.
EnitoinologTists liaxe dterciminedl the
proper att's, timei, and freqt'(itcn 'yof
i
1
pplicatin for moost cfit'etji C co"it rol
for the iiaiiv tifiltit insectticitdes. Se-
lett joil, ad(ju stilint, andit ope'rationl of
('(jii~nt is imporltaint iII order to ap-
the cliIto 01111( i sts.
Sprax er s anti (lusters amet the txx o
genle! a typ~es (of applicationl ('(fipileilt
used. 'Pests have shiown, that spray anti
dust are ablout equall ' effectiv e for ct-
toin isect control. (See opposite page.)
Each method of application has its ad-
x ilitages and tiisatlxantages.
Advantages of Spray Method
Spraxys tan usually be applied
thru lghoult the day, but cifeetix c tdust
app
1
litcation! is oft cii restrictedl tto eai l
1mo0!inlg, late ex ening, or night hours
\Ow1n1 thlt'!e is little or no wvind. The
longel xx oiking time with a sprayer per-
inuts poIining (of more 
atres per tlaY
anid incereases the chances of bleing able
to poison onl schedule.
Spring\'i t'ojilpincll has poIsibilitites
ofI 1101 CIIvsidcr uIsc, thlain dsting eqiip-
liltt. It t-ail also bet usetd for 51)!ax iig
lix tstock, chlickcen hlouses and~ other in-
scet-iilfcstetl areas andt for applyving pre-
andl~ pIost-t'in~' citcc t'liit'cals for wvcet
u sedl for sprax, \ilg co tttlli shld 11t not lbe
used to appix 2,4-i), 2,4,5-T, anti sim-
ilar rrater ials.
With inlcreasing use (of pre- and post-
tint'!eneitt cheicials for wecti cointrol
ill colttonl, 11101e cspr!axciers \ill lecllnc
ax a ilahIe for0 inlsectt con troll. A sp1 a cive
illax niot be' eclioomical foor small aer'e-
'Cop'rato'.c0 stout\ Xl itl FLiit Mach. D i\
\ !i 1IgOin. Hecs. fir. A.HR ()f t'S.I).A.
COTTON INSECTICIDES-
Are of Little Value If
Not Properly Applied
T. E. CORLEY, C. M. STOKES, F. A. KUMMER
Department of Agricultural Engineering
ages of ctotton unless it canl be used for
other purposes.
Spray application is less olbjectiton-
able to tile operator than tdust applica-
tion. Dust applied tduring calm wveather
mnax remain suspciende in the air anld
hecome objectionable to thle tiractor
tirix cr throulghout tile tllistinlg opelra-
oil tile planlts.
Disadvantages of Spray Method
One tdisatdvantage of s1)1 axv appica-
5
tioni is thlat tile farmer inuost inli his
oxxii spiray iil correct propor titons. Tile
a 1111(1lt (If tilu ted spia ay for effect ive
contlilt 1) !l\ x-arv conllsidex ablv ( firom I
to 10 gall ons per acre for totton ) as
Ion g as thle correct a mon t of' techiical
i1la~tc! ial is asppliedi.
Mlixing the coincentirate wviti xx atcr iii
irctpr opoort ins is relat ix cly simiplte
if tile st re th oI(f thle coilcen trate andlt
th e amount tof spiraxy applieti by thle
spr!ax Cl ai c knowni. StrengIth (of tilecn
cenitrate is mairked onl the conltainler andt
is uisuall x Cpiesseti in potundts of tech-
11itcal material1 per gallonIl.
The xolune (If spr!axy applied per
at!e c'ain he tletei milled I' cattchinlg
andlt illeasli iil thle solutionl fiom a i1017
Ae \vlilt thle tequipmenlt is operatctd
(,\(, a1 loliso eti distance loltirci tll-
tlitiois simlilar to those 
that xvill prevail
tiriing actual1 5j)!ax ilg.
Volume (If spirax applieti dependts on
size of nIozzle opciilg. speetd 
of tiractor,
and pressure usetd. 'The trator speetd.
pressuire, or nolOLe olpt'ing caii lbt
chanlgetd tol get the tiesireti xvoilme. It
a l argfe chanige il x oltiet is ilecessai x,
tilt size (If noll) e opeing lathler thanl
tractor speeti or pr essuire shloulti le
chanigetd. 'I le pressure sholdlt le maiii-
taliit't Ibetxx een 30 anidt 60 poulntds, ando
tilt tracttor opera.tte(] at tilt mlost satis-
fi atorx spt'et.
Spl axing alt iIxv irates is mlost eco-
\x ,tl'r ai'e ittjpif Ie, bu~t as tile inozzlt'
olpt'ing is det're'ased( for! lov 
raltes,
tilt tchanes of cloggiiog ilt! tc15t. Ap-
ply ing 5 galloins pt'r acle ills pi 115t't
Anlothecr tlisaitl .ltage of' spralx tis
comparetd xxitil tlnstei s is thle largt'i
numbel~tr (If troublt'soime palrts. A spia axy
cr ilas suchl parts as inozlest', strainers,
hoses, a pi tssure gauoge. andlt a pumip
thlat cause trouible bx clgging, C~r-
rotlilg, andt rusting.
Tractor Wheel Shields
l).lllagt' to c'ottonl lx tracetors andlt
lalrgte planits. Bc'use' (If tilis taal~ge',
lnl.v fa rmlers stop poIisonhlin g betforet tilie
to op is ma~ture.
T'ests hlave slloxx i thlat tile late ap-
Daillge tain be reduced by' 
usinlg trac-
tor! xxvlctl shitetds, 6- to -roxx t'qlipl-
incout. andt spray'ers ailti duosters xxitli
igli tclranle.
Cobhntrol (If inlsets is imlpoIrtanit he-
,1115e highi, xielos alt' nece'tssalry for t'1ii-
S t'stinlu. Nt',rlx as mucih tille is rt'
Iui!e totIn) lciliailx harxvtst anl at!re
of ioxx-x it'liig tottonl as an acri t'(f
I igh-ielitli gcottoni. Also, illseettldanll
aigt't boils rt'tuce hlarvester efficiency.Tractor sprayer rig equipped with wheel shields to reduce injury to plants.
SEED TREATMENT Protects
Seedling Oats Against Disease
and Results in Better Stands
J. A. LYLE, N-ead
Department of Botany and Plant Pathology
C HESIII AL seed treatment has become
a standard p)ractice in the production
(of many nmajor crops. It should also he-
come a standaird practice for oat pro-
Good seedl gerinatio n Ilf oats is
0l1Nk the first step towxard getting~ a gioni
standl. Manyv hai mliil olrganlisms exist iii
the seed and in the soil, readxN to at-
tack the youing plants as soon as the
seed beginl to s[prout. These oi ganiPSms1
cause seedl irot, seedling blight, daip-
ing off, and other dliseases.
Oats, Important Crop
Winter olats is ilne of the muost 'ii'
factoiry pastulre, anl( grain, hax', mll
wxinter coxer crops fo thl e enioe State.
This is especiallx- tirue xxith the buttci
adlapted x arieti es noxw axvailable. SincE.
oats sae gene iall l' cons ideired to be oneII t
of the hest croups that xxill gTix eai lx
fall and wxinter grazing, aiy ecoii-
cal practice that incereases the proidiltc
tix e efficiencx ofI this crop shoumld lie
fllowexdci. Seed treatment xw'ould lo'
classified as such a management pi ac-
tice.
Seed Treatment Tests
Seed treatment tests xwith oats hiax e
been conducted (luring the past 2 y'ears
at substations of the API Agiricultural
Experiment Station throughout the
State.
Five chemical seedi protectalots wer e
uisedl. These xwere Agrox, Cciesan MI,
Orthocide 75, Panogen, an(I Vancide
51 . Each material xxas applied to oat
sceni at the rate reco~mmended byv the
mamnufactumrer. The oats were seeded at
theL rate olf 2 bushels per acre.
In general, Ceresan NI xvas the most
effective seed prlotectant uisedl. This ma-
terial also was the most effectixve one
used in greenhouse anid lahorator' tests.
The difference in laboratory germina-
tion (of untreatedl and Ceresan NI-treated
(ot seed is illustirated in the accom-
panyinig photo.
Treatment of seed wxith chemnical pio-
tectants results in increased field stands
(If olats in two xx ax's: (I1) the chemicals
kill seed-homne diseases, and (2) thex
p)rotect the seed duing geirmination
friim silil-irlfesting disease olrganisms.
Ceresan NI and other oirganic mcer
(liomals lmx' piox '1 to hIe 1io' ('file
reduces the inatiural gei millahil ityx Nia
lbilitV, o~r v igor of oat seed. Further-
more, stands from the same lot of seed
may v ary in different parts of the samle
fi'ld, I egardless of ti ('atmlent 01 10o
tnI i) c1it.
Are Protectants
Scd-ltreating chemicals lie not [ci-
tilizers or nlutients. The\, doi not stim-
ulate or speed up germination and
growvth. These materials merely pro-
tect the seed agrainst certain dlisease
01rganisms and usatal improve
the chances for surv ival of 'each seed-
ling. Very often the protection gliven
xxekseeds by chemical treatment xxii]
enable them to germinate and prodnuce
seedilings, wh'lichl they Could ilot do
wxithoumt seed tireatment. As a result,
I cx er fi liic to 0) c t misd stal (di
Oats on right germinated better than those on left because they were treated with
Ceresan M, killing the seed-borne organisms.
tive for oat seed tireatment thani other
ty-pes of chemical seed protectants.
'these chemicals gixve off fumnes that
pen~etrate the huills of oat seed and kill
the organisms underneath. This xvas
demonstrated in both greenhouse and
laboratory tests, xxhere Ceresan MI xwas
very effectixve for control of Victoria
blight, the most serious seedling dis-
ease of oats in Alabama.
Nlanv factors such as xxeak seed, un-
faxvorable xweather, and unfavorable soil
conditions max' affect the oat stand ob-
tained from any' seeding. Seed treat-
ment provides protection against only
seed-homne and soil-horne organisms.
If these organisms are not present, or
are not actixve, seed treatment xxill nolt
increase the stand.
Lahoratorx tests hax e shoxxn that
are obtained.
Costs and Advantages
The cost of seed treatment v aries
xxith cost lit material, irate o~f applica-
tion per bushel, and amount of seed
used per acre. It max i v ange from 1 12
to 20 cents per bushel.
Seed treatment is xxorth mnany times
xxhat it costs. Advantages of seedl treat-
ment are:
(1) It destroys seed-homne organisms
that cause plant diseases.
(2) It checks organisms in the soil
that rot the seed or kill the seedling.
(:31 It results in better quality grainl
by eliminating seed-homne diseases that
shrixvel and otherwvise damage the ker-
nels.
NO STOOP - NO SQUAT!
V-Type Parlor Cuts Milking
Time 25% per Cow
J. H. YEA(3ER, MORRIS WHITE, and B. F. ALVORD
Department of Agricultural Economics
Hoxw muiti of the tlisagi ecable work
usualIly reqiriied for inilk in g coxws can
he elim.inlated?
The aiiswxer is found in the results of
a studyx conduictedi ii 19.53 compaiwi
da~iry clories inl a stanlchiont ' ype hall)i
wxith those in a V type milking pam loi on
Iihe cotti )iida i rx management uni t
the Sandl Mouiintain Substation, Crosx_
x Ile.
Tlie1se ieIstilts shoxw that stooping and1(
squattiing to wash uiddem s and attach
milker-s is elmimimiated andt wxalkimng (Is-
tance nor mallx reqjuiredl in a stainchion
1barn is redi itet inl tlit inilk inig parlor.
Stanchion Barn
Pior to, 195.3., the herd oltf 12 coxxs
was milked in a bairn xwith eight stanl-
chiomis, I'igumme 1. Oiie man dlit all the
chores and at simigle umiit milker wvas
iisetd. MIilk xvas cai iied to the milk
room, a dimstance of aut 25 feet from
the center (of the milking area.
Ani axe! age of 912' mimiuites anti nearly
200 feet of xwalking per coxw (incluiting
24 feet for calf feedling) xwere requiiredl
Fig. 1. Nearly a third of the
milking in the stanchion-typeb
spent in stooping and squatting.
for all dlairy thores per joilkim
tahle. )
Milking Parlor
fin the latter part of 19,53, at
V'-typ)e milking parlor of onici
coinstruiction wxas built at a t(
of Si1,T59. This buildiing has
room, milk room, anti rnilkim
The two stalls are 29 inches aI
floor on xxvhich the xxorker stan
tire 2. Cowxs enter the stalls 1w
door from a coveredi holdling pi
COMPR iISON 05, TiMEi AND NVAi KiNt lRiiQUiBEi Fort MILIiiNG. COWS IN A ST
13 \N WITH II IiiT REQUIE unI N A lxx o-S r si , V-Is PE PARLORii
A\ (rage per cowx per milking
I tcr-O
Preparation for mnilking
Turn cows in, fteed concentrates,
antI turn coxxs out
XX ash uddecr
XX ash and dry hands
lF restri p
\Milkcr onl coxw
Niachirit strip
Carrs mnilk to milk room, xweigh,
pnour tip, and record wxeight
Idle( time
Treat for mastitis
\X'ash utensils, Milk room, and
milk ing area
NMsce'llaneous~ jobs
TOAn
Stanchion harn
Time 
Distance
-walked-
Minutes Feet
.8 2
.5
A1
.4
(:3.2)
1.4
1.7
2.1
.9
Two-stall, V tx p
1)
xx
Time
.6
44 .9
11 1.0
(.3.9)
.9
.7
1.2
.9
9.5 199 7.1I
Fig. 2. Almost. no stoping or squatting
was necessary in the V-type milking par-
i0cr, which cut labbor 2500.
,Iioor for enti-Ni 
anti the txxo 
doors for
xiare (on trolledi by ropes.
Milking in the parlor is done bv the
,,ire man who milke,( in the stanichionl
ian, and the single-uinit milker is u sed.
Ani ax tm age of 7.1 minutes and 136
feet of wxalking per tow amre mrequired
fori all tiair , chores per milking in the
1urolor. (See table.)
Comparisons
time far Elimination of stooping anti stqnatting
amn was isone of the most important adx antages
of' milking coxws in elevatetd stalls. Milk-
igT. ( See mug in the stanchion 
barni requir ed work
in a squatting or stooping position
nearly one-thirtd of the total time.
whewreas almost no stooping( i- squat-
xo stall, ting is necessary iii the parlor.
te block Onl an annual basis, 116 man hooirs
ital cost and tI awalking dlistance of 27.5 
miles
a feetd per cowx I inclutding 3.3 miles for calf
igarea. feetding) were retquired in the stan-
)ox e the chion barn. In the parlor, 86 man hours
tis, Fig- anti a walking diistance of 18.8 miles
a single are requtiredi per cow per year. This
en. The amounts to a saxving of 251- in labor
anti 31, in xxalking diistance.
A\CHION' Verv little mastitis has occurred since
milking was begun in the parlor. Pos-
sibiy a better job of washing uddlters
anti cleaning up1 i's being doine. Time
c parlor requirement for washing udiders is
stance greater than in the stanchion barn.
alked flowvexer, less time per tow is husedi in
Feet washing utensils, the 
mnilk room, anti
6 the milking area.
Time betxween washing udders andI
27 attaching milker also is less in the
22parlor. InI the stanchion 
barii, sexveral
13 cows were preparetd 
for milking before
the milker was attached to the first
cow. Time for eating concentrates is
51 ample 
in the parlor.
Although a number of improvements
-could haxve been madie in the physical
lax out anti the routine useti in the
12 stanchion barn, only elxvateti 
stalls
xwousld hixve eliminatedi the stooping and
1.36 squatting.
A , l Xi ii stands a pine plaintation
onl an amrea that 28 - e-ars ago xvas eroded
land. Implressix e is the lesson taughlt
thousands of xvisitors by this living gex-
amnple of land reclamation xvith planted
pines.
Duriiing 30) years of forest research
lw the API Agricultural Experiment
Station, tours of the exper imental plots
hae plax r d a major part in the spread
of newx forestmx' informnation.
In 1927, slash, loblolly, and shortleaf
pines xvcre p)lanlted onl badly eroded,
abhandonedi(' farmn Ian d at Au burn. To)
lx 28veam s later the slamsh and loh-
lilly plan'tations am e ready for a third
thiinniing. The shoiimtaf pines. howNex em-
have not yet rechedc~ pulpwvoodl size.
Guide to Early Planting Programs
Ear ly planting programns in Alabamla
wvere gid~ed by results obltaminedl at Aui
bur n. Tree' plamlting woirk onl publ ic
lands, followsedl 1)5 reforestation onl cut-
ox er .Mid abiandoned pi isate lands, has
been huigh]mlx successful because only the
best m eeuimemnlatiomis wxere followedr.
Studies at Auburn slmoxxenl that black
locust, a dens irab le eroision ciin troil spe-
dies in 
soie ar 
eas, wxas 
essentiallx 
a
failuren. Caitalpam failed when under-
plamnted( ill pine' plalntamtions.
Results fi om tests in wxhich dliffere'nt
pine specie's xwenre planted in alternate
rowxs shoiiwerd that the m]lst x igo olis
species simmx xed cormpetitiomn; others
dlied(. Altermiate rowxs (if hardwvoond and
pin~e likewxise we rre uinsuccessful. Dif-
ferences iii rate of height groxvth and(
inpine tolerance caused most cormbina-
tiiims to) be unsuited.
Since large areas of land in Alabama
suppor t lowv grade hardxx oods, expcril
i('nts wvere begun at Auburn to deter-
mnine xxax s of comnvemrtinig such lands to
pine by uindem planting. Many visitors
hav e seen and haxve been guided by
the results of this successful wvork.
Fire is Worst Enemy
Fire, the No. 1 n'nemv of forest lands,
has been studied since 1926. The con-
trast betwveen aii acre burined ainnimalls
for 29 x ears and an unburned acr e is
verly marnkend. Grossth of pine stands,
both natural and planted, has been
stundiend in the Loxver and Upper Coast-
al Plains and in the Piedmont Area.
\'mitli the exception iif x oung_ lomugleaf
A6) '"4 4
THIRTY YEARS
RESEARCH-
Has Provided Timber
Owners Better Methods
for Higher Returns
W. B. DeVALL, Head, Department of Forestry
Above is the eroded, abandoned form land
near Auburn that was planted to pines in
1927. At right is the some area 22 years
later before second thinning. Per acre
thinnings totaled 171 4 cords of pulpwood,
with 161/4 cords remaining as standing
timber. At age 25 (1952) total growth was
3312 cords per acre, or about 1-1 3 cords
per acre per year from worn out land.
jpillt ilii iiig its fil st .3 toi 5 x iars, fii e' has
I i i Iit cd thle (Ti o\%tli of pine,;. A i ex-
cellenit example on the Lowxer Coastal
Plain Substation showvs that estab~lish-
licint of \ otllig louii~leaf pine stands ic-
pends onl proper nise of fire as 
a inan
a geinent tool. Slash pine, om the other
hand, canniot tolerate fire.
Provides Know How
1'll(e fir st 20) xears of researceh wxitlh
planted pines by the Agicultural Ex-
pci net Station estalished mu ebh
"know howx" andI several produetion
goals for land dev oted to growing trees.
Growvth in excess of 1 cordc of pulp-
wvoodl per acre per \-ear ean be oh-
tuiner. Expr essed in another wvax, more
than 2,000 pounds(l of wvood fibecr per
acre C[er ,ecar call be growen ill planited
loboly pnestands, spaced 6by 6
v estment, carried at 4% compound in-
terest, can earn bet\N-een 6 and 12%,
dependling onl the species and spacing.
MXien properly managed, pine trees
hasve earning power that is comparable
to the best financial investments. For
example. a pine tr ee measurinlg 6 incehes
in diameter at 412' feet aboxve the
groundl and growxing 2 inches in di-
amecter ex cry 6 x\ears is eax ningy 12%
coimpound~ intemrest. T'his returmn fromn
'3010 to .500 tr ees per acre gixves an ideam
of the xvaloe of pm opex lx managedl tr ees.
Forest research muist lbe at least 10
xNears ahead of application. 
'With the
plantations at Aubur n 28 sears old, the
storx of planted tr ees amid pmrogr ess of
l(search is being told exvery year to
isitol s representing farm intem ests,
1 .nk ina amid in xestmnen t com pamnies, and
lom ext pm odliets Iliustm i(s.
II N 0 
To 1( NE S 
or wxhat 
to do 
wvith \',
ti a eggs ctx elallv becom1es a pi ol:h'r
of (5 (I poulti 5 tiial.
()hb% ouslx . all surpltus. ctacd,
0(1(1shiaped. ext1 cindy large or small,
or siitll less egg,(s. anld egg(s xxith mleat
or blood( spots cannoit be( uised inlltO(li-
atel' lbv tile ax etagre POLltr\1xll \ citi.
tier call thley he matrketed pofitabl~
lii )xe\-er, such e'ggs can) le frozen for
f utitre homue use or for the mar ket.
Sine 19-47 the Aagmicuittral Experi-
met lit Stat io n of ti e AXlab a ma Poix teeb
toe Inostitutte has eonidutctecd reseatrch o11
freezing eggs. Two methods of pteserv-
ing( eggs hx\ fr-eZing( have evo01lved 
ftor
ti s re(seatrch: (1) special tt eatmet
of' wxhole eggs before freezing, and (2)
emulttsificatioti of eggs befotre ftreezitng
EggY(s preserv ed ili a homne-freezer or
freezer, locket retain their flav or and
edib)!e aIi lel txm c uIfifer th an those
pr eservxed at home inl any other way'.
The toetlnid utsed most often 01) the
fat tr is to enlsif , the eggs and then
ftreeze themo. I Ioxex er, the housexvife
\x]t wii xishes to presetrve the wxhole egg
Y'olk andl wxhite in~tact -ftnds enilsi-
f\ iti unde~lsirable.
The gtreatest prob~lem inl ft Cezitory
xwhole eggs itidis idoahlx is mfaititaiiiuog
the (ftaltx ot the x\A- after thaw 11g
gg x -olks that haxve lbeen frozen do) 
tI)ot
return11 to theit 01rigitnal consistetiev, after
thiaxitig hot are gelatin-like andf giti
Special Treatment Before Freezing
Resutlts of research by the Aut ictil-
titt ,l Expetimient Station shoxw that
mutch of the or iginal q
1
uality of the \olk
miay he retine~id if xx hoie eggs are given
aspecial tI eatinit b efore fre '/111g. III
FREEZE 'EM! Surplus
Eggs Can Be Processed for
Home Use and for Market
J. G. GOODMAN, Associate Poultry H4usbandman
tmost instatices, the thaxyccl eggs xvill he
of satisfactotl v (falits, for cooking. Al-
thoutgh tihe mecthod is sloxv 
atnd tediious,
it his mnetit 1f)1 those xwho xwish to pre-
serve itidix idual xwhole eggs. Briefly the
procedure is as folloxxs.
1. Break ft eshix7 laid eggs and re-
Types of surplus eggs that con be easily
frozen for home use and for market.
2.Soak eaeh itii idutal t'gg ti a
0t) ' salite i('salt ) soluition 
for 2() mit-
utes. U.s(e small conitainers so tha~t each
egg is xwell coxvetred xxith the soilutioni.
(;eitlx' txx in the containers sexeral times
to toake sore the solution is around all
the eggs.
:3. Remove the eggs from the solu-
tion. Care shookd be taken to remox e
any. excess salt soution. A ffiie-mesh
slimull sie'.e is suitaible for this puirpose.
Above: Sizes and types of containers satisfactory tor storing 
frozen eggs. Below: equip
ment for mixing small amounts of eggs for freezing, for larger 
quantities, an electric
mixer can be used.
-1' Paickagee ach egg inl anl itildixidu~l
'otitauiner. Be sure the egg is tightly
packaged.
5. F'reeze the eggs at inits It) F.
or loixxer. Stoite at tiortnal ftreezer teto-
Emulsified Frozen Eggs
A c-tv satisfactm method of pre-
('15 ili eggs is to c mulstfx and ftreeze
Oani. Procedure for this method is as
Break ftresh, clean, sound eggs it)-
mall dlishes to make sutre they hax'e
1,, f odlors.
2. Pour the biroiken eggs into a bowixl
oi o the i su 0it able c)ontainier atnd emuol sifyx
xx ithi a fotrk, hand biea ter-, or ce'ctlid'
chuittt beaoter. Beat just enough ti) mix
xyilks atnd xxhlte xxithout incoirpoirationt
o~f ait. Loxx' sp'eel beatitig is b~est. (if
the x \olks atid xxhites ate separated, it
is niot iec'essarx' to heat the xxhi e -
c'ause the thass ed xwhites xx'ill have as
high tqualitv as fresh ones. Hoxvxer,
the (liks must receixve the same treat-
ment as whiole eggs.)
3. Acdd a stabilizer to the egg(s as
they are bieaiten to pies cut the gotiiniiHu
liess inl thuaxxed yolks. Readily ax ailahlc
,taibilizet s are sucar, cor n situp, h)oil(,
mdsalt. Acdd 3%' sugar, cotrn sitrtp. ot
lotiex, o~r 1% sailt, to the mixed eggs tii
imptoxe yolk (jtalit\
4. Store the enuilsified xvhole c'ggs
"I s(prac olks and xxhites inl suit-
aiile cotitainlers of the desired sizes.
The frozen eggs shoulcd be usedc sooni
ifter thainitg. Therefore, the size mif
itintaitiets for packaging xwiii cdependl
Oi (
1
uatitity, to he used.
Care ill defrosting frozen eggrs is
1 ccessarx' to retain the biest qualities of
the pirocessecd eggs. Froze'n eggs haxve
cetrtain adv~antages oxver shell eggs, es-
peciallx' for lamrge-scale use. Thex, are a
itmiformu procduct, andI there is less loss
tnl cjuality doting storage than xxith
shell eggs.
BELIEVE in SIGNS?
Discolored Camellia Leaves Indicate
Deficiency of Plant Nutrients
H. P. ORR, Associate Horticulturist
W HAT ARE the characteristic symp-
toms of nutrient deficiency in camellia?
Both commercial and amateur growers
have long been puzzled by the varia-
tions in growth and appearance of the
camellia plant.
Is a certain coloration or discolora-
tion a sign of healthy or diseased con-
dition? Is such condition the result of
nutrient deficiency or excess of nu-
trients? Or, is the difficulty some physi-
ological disorder?
A study of the nutrient deficiency
symptoms of Camellia japonica was
begun by the API Agricultural Experi-
ment Station in 1949.
During the first year, few differences
were apparent in rooted camellia cut-
tings growing in different nutrient-de-
ficient media. Enough stored food may
have been present in the cuttings to
nesium. Nitrogen deficiency is common
on plants growing in light, sandy, non-
organic soils where light, infrequent
fertilization is practiced. Iron chlorosis
is often observed on plants growing in
slightly acid soils. Magnesium deficien-
cy is common on plants in sandy, acid
soils.
Fertilizer studies at Auburn indi-
cate that camellia plants develop satis-
factorily in a well-drained, organic-
containing soil with a pH of 5.0 to 6.0.
Best growth resulted when a fertilizer
containing approximately 6% nitrogen,
10% phosphoric acid, and 8% potash
was applied.
On a 100-square-foot basis, two ap-
plications of 2 lb. each of a 6-8-4 fer-
tilizer should be made, the last applied
in June. This rate amounts to 1/2 cupful
of the fertilizer per 3-foot plant.
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS OF CAMELLIA JAPONICA
Deficient 
Symptoms
element Growth 
Foliage
Nitrogen Weak, spindly Uniform yellow coloration, foliage small
Phosphorus Weak, spindly, short Dark green
Calcium Progressively smaller Top leaves begin to break down
Magnesium Orange-yellow chlorosis on older leaves
Zinc Slow rate Clear necrotic spots, some chlorosis
Iron Pure white chlorosis on young foliage
Copper Necrosis and white mottling of young foliage
Manganese Yellow-orange chlorosis of young foliage
Boron Orange-yellow chlorosis, sheaths of terminal buds die
Sulfur Very short internodes All foliage liage ight yellow
1fe," 76 "4
PUBLICATIONS
Listed here are new and timely publi-
cations reporting results by the Agricul-
tural Experiment Station:
Bul. 293. Production Practices of Com-
mercial Egg Producers in Alabama is a
report of replacement, feeding, housing,
and labor practices in Alabama.
Leaflet 46. Control of Leaf Spot and
Strawberry Weevil on Trailing Black-
berries.
Leaflet 47. A Comparison of Protein
Supplements in the Wintering Ration of
Beef Steers.
Progress Report 52. Three Years' Re-
sults from Creep Feeding Experiment,
Black Belt Substation, 1952-54.
Progress Report 53. Results of Experi-
ments with Crossbreeding of Beef Cattle,
Black Belt Substation.
Progress Report 54. Cost Comparisons
of Johnsongrass Silage and Hay, Black Belt
Substation, 1953-54.
Progress Report 55. Summary of a One-
Year Test on Cost of Producing, Harvest-
ing, Storing, and Feeding Caley Pea Si-
lage, Black Belt Substation, 1954.
HIGHLIGHTS
of
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH
Published Quarterly by
Agricultural Experiment Station
of the Alabama Polytechnic Institute
Auburn, Alabama
E. V. SMITH - Director
CHIAS. F. SIMMONS---- Assoc. Director
COYT WILSON ----------- Asst. Director
KENNETH B. RoY ------------ Editor
J. OLAN COOPER- . .---------Assoc. Editor
BEE LANDRUM ----- - Asst. Editor
sustain desired growth characteristics
for a short period. This may often be
true when camellia plantings are estab-
lished on infertile areas.
More of the "described deficiencies"
began to appear in the second year.
Leaves either dropped as chlorosis de-
veloped throughout the leaf or dropped
after partial chlorosis and severe sun-
burning. At the end of the 2-year pe-
riod, only the plants getting a complete
nutrient solution and a solution deficient
only in potassium were growing.
Deficiency symptoms most often ob-
served on camellia plants in Alabama
are those of nitrogen, iron, and mag-
FREE Bulletin or Report of Progress
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
of the ALABAMA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE
E. V. Smith, Director
Auburn, Alabama
Permit No. 1132-5/55-8M
PENALTY FOR PRIVATE USE TO AVOID
PAYMENT OF POSTAGE, $300
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