TWENTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE.
Agricultural Experiment Station
OF THE
ALABAMA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE
AUBURN, ALABAMA
JANUARY 31, 1914
OPELIKA, ALA:
THE POST PUBLISHING COMPANY
1914

ALABAMA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE
Auburn, Ala.,-January 31, 1914.
GOVERNOR EMMET O'NEAL,
Executive Department,
Montgomery, Ala.
Sir:-1 have th6 honor herewith to transmit to you the Twenty-
sixth Annual Report of the Agricultural Experiment Station of-
this College.
The report of the Treasurer, herewith included, is for the fiscal
year ending Jcine 30, 1913.
This report is made in accordance with the provisions of the.
act of congress (approved March 2, 1887), establishing Agricul--
tural Experiment Stations in the several States and Territories.
It contains the report of the Director, tire Chemists, the Veteri --
narian, the Agriculturist, the Botanist, the Horticulturist, the
Entomologist, the Plant Pathologist, and the Animal Husband7-
man, for the year ending December 31, 1913.
Respectfully,
CHAS. C. THACH,
President.
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.
TRUSTEES.
His Excellency, Emmet O'Neal, President .. - Ex-Officio
W. F. Feagin, Superintendent of Education Ex-Officio
A. W . Bell..... . - - . Anniston, Ala.
Harry Herzfeld -- - Alexander City, Ala.
Oliver R. Hood -- Gadsden, Ala.
H. L. Martin .. ..---- Ozark, Ala.
W. K. Terry - .. Birmingham, Ala.
J. S. Frazer - - - - - Mobile, Ala.
R. B. Barnes . . ..- .. Opelika, Ala.
R. F. Kolb - --------- Montgomery, Ala.
J. A. Rogers .. . . ... . Gainesville, Ala.
C. M. Sherrod . . - - - - Courtland, 
Ala.
STATION COUNCIL.
C. C. Thach ------------------------------------------- President
J. F. Duggar-... Director and Agriculturist
B. B. Ross ...--- ------ Chemist and State Chemist
C. A. Cary -------.. -Veterinarian and Director of Farmers' Institutes
J. T. Anderson Chemist, Soil and Crop Investigations
C. L. Hare - Physiological Chemist
W. E. Hinds--------------- _------------------------Entomologist
L. N. Duncan (a) Agricultural Entension Work
F. A. Wolf ------------- Plant Pathologist
J. S. Caldwell ------------------------------------------- Botanist
J. B. Hobdy (a) Agricultural Extension Work
George S. Templeton---------------------- Animal Husbandman
Ernest Walker -------------------------------------- Horticulturist
ASSISTANTS.
T. Bragg--------- ------------------------------ Assistant Chemist
J. B. Jackson ---------- --------- . -Analyst
E. F. Cauthen __Associate Agriculturist and Recorder
I. S. McAdory Assistant Veterinarian
J. E. Buck Assistant in Entomology
M J. Funchess---- Assistant Agriculturit
A. B. Massey -------------------------------- Assistant in Botany
J. C. C. Price ----------------------------- Assistant in Horticulture
J. T. Williamson -------------------- Field Agent in Agriculture
G. V. Stelzenmuller Field Agent in Horticulture
E. S. Girton -------- Assistant in Animal Industry
S. S. Jerdan_ ------------------------------ Assistant in Beef Industry
Mrs. B. I. Robinson (a) - --- Assistant in Girls' Demonstration Work
L. J. Hawley ---------------------------- Field Agent in Agriculture
S. Adler ---- Assistant in Chemistry
G. W. Ells ----------------------------- Field Agent in Entomology
I. B. Kerlin (a) -------------- Assistant in Agricultural Extension Work
H. B. Tisdale -Assistant in Agriculture
A. R. Gissendanner --------------------- Assistant in Animal Industry
J. A. McLeod ------------------------- Assistant in Swine Husbandry
A. H. Kierce - - -- - Secretary to Director
(a) In co-operation with U. S. Department of Agriculture.
REPORT OF HATCH AND ADAMS FUNDS FOR .19t2-1913
Receipts
Hatch Adams
To amount from U. S. Treasury ------------- $ 15,000.00 $ 15,000.00
Disbursements
By- Salaries -------------------------------- $ 8,092.94 $ 10,133.80
By Labor - ------------------------- 1,337.26 1,840.39
By Publications----------------------------- 1 279.45
By Postage and Stationery-------------------- 427.15 74.19
By Freight and Express -- ----------- 135.33 68.27
By Heat, Light, Water and Power ----- 692.61 296.34
By Chemicals and Laboratory Supplies ---- 599.25 633.57
By Seeds, Plants and Surldry Supplies- 390.46 256.12
By Fertilizers ------------------------------- 333.33 220.44
By Feeding, Stuffs------------------ ----------- 361.17 382.05
By Library---------------------------------- 516.31
By Tools, Machinery and Appliances 241.18 53.08
By Furniture and Fixtures--------------------- 31-15 125.75
By Scientific Apparatus and Specimens---------- 111.67 168.*37
By Live Stock ------------------------------- 200.00 220.76
By Traveling Expenses ------------- 51.48 354.87
By Contingent Expenses ---------- 
37.75
By Buildings arid Land----------------------- 161.51, 172.00
Total ---------------------------- $ 15,000.00 $15,000.00
State of Alabama:
Lee County.
Personally appeared before me, Welborn Jones, a Notary Public in and
for said county, M. A. Glenn, known to me as Treasurer of the Alabama
Polytechnic Institute, who, being duly sworn, deposes and'says the above
foregoing account is true and correct. Witness may hand this 28th day of
January, 1914. WELBORN JONES,
Notary Public, Lee County.
This is to certify that I have compared the account with the ledger ac-
count of -the Treasurer, and this is a correct transcript of the same.
C. C. TH/kCH,
President Alabama Polytechnic Institute.
REPORT OF DIRECTOR AND AGRICUL-
TURIST.
J. F. DUGGAR
Dr. C. C. Thach,
President Alabama Polytechnic Institute.
Sir:
I respectfully submit the following report for the past
year of the work under my charge as Director and Agri-
culturist of the Alabama Experiment Station:
PUBLICATIONS.
During the calendar year 1913 the publications of the Ala-
bama Experiment Station consisted of the annual report,
seven bulletins, six circulars, and nine press bulletins. The
titles and authors are given below:
Bulletin No. 168.-Fattening Hogs in Alabama; by the
Animal Husbandman and Assistants. (From Local Experi-
ment Fund).
Bulletin No. 169.-Local Fertilizer Experiments with
Cotton in South Alabama in 1912; by the Director and As-
sistant3. (From Local Experiment Fund).
Bulletin No. 170.-Local Fertilizer Experiments with Cot-
ton in North Alabama in 1912; by the Director and Assist-
ants. (From Local Experiment Fund).
Bulletin No. 171.-The Biology of Life History of the
Cattle Tick as Determined at Auburn, Alabama; from the
Veterinary Department; Dipping Vats and Dips; by the
Veterinarian.
Bulletin No. 172.-Black Spot of Roses; by the Patholog-
ist.
Bulletin No. 173.-Oats; Experiments on Culture, Varie-
ties and Fertilizers; by the Director and Associate Agricul-
turist.
Bulletin No. 174-Fertilizer Experiments With Cotton in
South Alabama' in 1913; by the Director and Assistants.
(From Local Experiment Fund).
Circular 19.-Annual Report of the Director of the Ex-
periment Station on Work Done Under the Local Experi-
ment Law in 1911. (From Local Experiment Fund).
Circular 20.-Annual Report of the Director of the Ex.
periment Station on Work Done Under the Local Experi-
ment Law in 1912. (From Local Experiment Fund).
Circular 21.-Boys' Pig Clubs; from the Extension De-
partment. (From Local Experiment Fund).
Circular 22.-Alabama Boys' Corn Club Day; from the
Extension Department. (From Local Experiment Fund).
Circular 23.-How to Organize and Conduct a Girls' Can-
ning Club; from the Extension Department. (From Local
Experiment Fund).
Circular 24.-Information on Corn Growing For Corn
Club Boys; from Extension Department. (From Local Ex-
periment Fund).
Press Bulletin No. 60. Cotton Boll Weevil Infested Area
in United States and Quarantine Line in Alabama 1912-
1913; by the Entomologist. (From Local Experiment
Fund).
Press Bulletin No. 61.-Tests of Varieties of Corn in
1912; by the Director and Associate Agriculturist.
Press Bulletin No. 62. -Tests of Varieties of Cotton in
1912; by the Director and Associate Agriculturist.
Press Bulletin No. 63.-Control of White Fly and Scale-
Insects on Citrus Fruits; by the Entomologist. (From Lo-
cal Experiment Fund).
Press Bulletin No. 64. Boll Weevil Control in Early
Summer; by the Entomologist. (From Local Experiment
Fund).
Press Bulletin No. 65.-Fall Campaign Against the Boll
Weevil; by the Entomologist. (From Local Experiment
Fund).
Press Bulletin No. 66-Oats; Conclusions from Seven-
teen Years' Experiments at Auburn; by the Director and'
Associate Agriculturist.
Press Bulletin No. 67.-Oat Smut; Directions for Pre-
venting it by Treating Seed Oats with Formalin; by the:
Director.
9
Press Bulletin No. 68. -Tests of Varieties of Corn in
1913; by the Director and Associate Agriculturist.
Mention should also be made of Circulars Nos. 17 and
18, published in 1912 and accidentally omitted from previ-
ous list, and of a reprint of Bulletin No. 159, made in 1913.
Bulletin No. 159.-Heading Off the Boll Weevil Panic;
by the Entomologist.
Circular 17.-A Field Method For Distinguishing Cer-
tain Orange Stock; by the Pathologist.
Circular 18.-Feeding and Managing Dairy Cattle, etc.;
from Animal Industry Department.
STAFF.
Record was made in my previous report of the resigna-
tion of Professor D. T. Gray, formerly Animal Husband-
man of the Station. His successor, Professor Jesse M.
Jones, was promoted to a position in the U. S. Department
of Agriculture, and was succeeded, in September, 1913, as
head of the Department of Animal Industry by Professor
G. S. Templeton.
Dr. E. P. Sandsten resigned as Horticulturist in July,-
1913, to accept a more lucrative position in another insti-
tution. His successor is Professor Ernest Walker, formerly
of the Arkansas University and Experiment Station. Pro-
fessor Walker's appointment took effect in October, 1913.
Vacancies in the position of assistants in the several de-
partments have been filled by the following appointments:
In Botany, A. B. Massey; in Horticulture, G. V. Stelzen-
muller; in Animal Industry, E. S. Girton, A. R. Gissen-
danner and J. A. McLeod; in Agriculture, H. B. Tisdale;
in Entomology, G. W. Ells.
AGRICULTURAL DEPARTMENT
(Work Under Hatch and Adams Funds.)
In accordance with a principle well recognized by experi-
menters with field crops, namely the necessity for long-
continued repetition of field experiments in order to arrive
at averages that are reliable, much of the work in this de-
10
parturenit is a continuation of the lines of experimentation
heretofore reported. Among the new lines of work may
be mentioned liming experiments with alfalfa and tests of
different phosphate with this crop, and the rate at which
nitrification proceeds in the soil when variously cropped
and tilled.
As usual, plant breeding with cotton, corn, and oats has
employed more of the time of the staff in this department
than any other single line of investigation. -Very satis-
factory progress has been made in this line of endeavor,
where, from the nature of the case, results are slow in
maturing. For example, a more extensive test by farmers
in many parts of the State of the variety of corn, Experi-
ment Station Yellow, which has been bred up on the Station
farm for resistance to weevil and for increased productive-
ness, has brought forth many expressions of approval of
this variety and has resulted in the growing of a sufficient
area by farmers to supply the probable demand for seed in
1914.
One strain of Henry Grady corn, resulting from the
breeding work on this station, led all varieties in produc-
tiveness in the variety test on the Station farm in 1912, and
also ranked first in yield in the variety test made at the
Alabama Canebrake Station in 1913. Likewise, two strains,
ibred up on the Station farm from the Cook variety of cotton,
ranked first and third in productiveness among the large
number of varieties tested here in 1913.
Several of the cotton hybrids made on this station within
the past few years and tested out by farmers in 1913 have
given increased evidence of promise and have been grown
by the co-operating farmers in sufficient amounts to fur-
nish seed for a considerable acreage of these improved
kinds in 1914.
The following is an incomplete list of field experiments
-conducted on the Station farm in 1913:
rCotton, effects of planting light and heavy seed.
(Cotton, variety 
tests.
(Cotton,, tests of long staple varieties.
11
Cotton, best time for applying nitrate of soda.
Cotton, calcium cyanamid versus other forms of nitrogen.
Cotton, subsoiling, both with plow and dynamite.
Corn, variety tests.
Corn, Williamson versus other methods of culture.
Corn, subsoiling with dynamite.
Corn, best rotation for.
Corn, best time of applying,nitrate of soda.
Cowpeas, variety tests.
Cowpeas, for soil improvement.
Clovers, tests of species and varieties.
Clovers, effects of liming.
Clovers, best plants for sowing with these legumes.
-:orage crops, tests of a large number of species and
varieties.
Grasses, tests of species and varieties.
Hog crops, (chufas, peanuts, soybeans, etc.).
Nitrogen, best sources of, for cotton, oats, and corn.
Oats, variety tests.
Oats, time of sowing.
Oats, fall versus spring strains.
Oats, breeding experiments.
Oats, tests of Auburn-made hybrids.
Fhosphates, best form of, for soybeans and cowpeas.
Rotation experiments.
Soybean and cowpea mixtures for hay.
Soybeans, effects of different phosphates.
Soybeans, varieties.
Soybeans, best dates for planting.
Sorghum, tests of varieties.
Sorghum, drilled versus broadcast sowing.
Subsoiling.
Sugar cane, Japanese, as a forage crop.
Velvet beans, varieties.
Vetches, varieties and best mixtures.
Wheat, varieties.
Yokohoma beans, varieties.
The most notable among the new crops are Kudzu,
12
Rhodes grass and Sudan grass. The latter has made an
extremely luxuriant growth from seed and seems to com-
bine most of the advantages of Johnson grass with the
added quality of being easily exterminated, since it dies
completely each winter and is propagated only by seed.
LOCAL EXPERIMENT WORK THROUGHOUT THE
STATE.
Nineteen thirteen was the third year during which the
Experiment Station had the opportunity, under a state ap-
propriation, to conduct experimental work in all parts of the
State. This work has been continued along the same gen-
,eral line as heretofore reported, each department of this
local work being under the charge of the correspondinig
.head of the department in college and station.
This local work has embraced work in crops and fertilizers
(mentioned in more detail in a later paragraph of this re-
port) in horticulture; in animal industry, including feed-
ing experiments with cattle, hogs, mules and poultry; in
entomology, including the enforcement of boll weevil quar-
:antine regulations and the giving of information on the
boll weevil and other insect pests; in plant diseases; in
extension work, including boys' corn and pig clubs, and
girls' canning clubs; and in drainage and farm machinery.
Detailed information on all these lines of work is contained
in a separate report which will soon be submitted as pro-
vided by law.
LOCAL EXPERIMENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL
DEPARTMENT.
In plant breeding the principal work has consisted in
testing in a number of localities those varieties and strains
of cotton, corn, oats, and other plants, whch have been se-
lected and bred at Auburn in previous years.
Drainage investigations have been continued in co-oper-
ation with the Drainage Division of the Office of Experi-
ment Stations, U. S. Department of Agriculture, and field
results have been collected on the drainage plots put in
13
,during previous years. Some of. these results show a re-
markable increase due to drainage.
Tests of and notes on farm machinery have been con-
tinued.
The following is a list of the local experiments (that is,
experiments conducted elsewhere than at Auburn), under-
taken by the agricultural department during the calendar
year 1913:
Cotton, fertilizer experiments.
Cotton, complete nitrate experiment.
Cotton, time of applying nitrate of soda.
Cotton, variety tests, extensive.
Cotton, variety tests, short.
Cotton, extensive tests of wilt-resistant varieties.
Cotton, short tests of wilt-resistant varieties.
Cotton breeding, tests of Auburn hybrids and pedigreed
strains.
Corn, fertilizer experinments.
Corn, time of applying nitrate of soda and amount.
Corn, complete nitrate experiment.
Corn, variety tests, extensive.
Corn, variety tests, short.
Corn breeding, tests of Auburn pedigreed strains.
Forage crop tests, extensive.
Alfalfa, fertilizer experiments.
Alfalfa, lime experiments.
Cowpeas, tests of wilt-resistant varieties.
Clover, bur, California versus Southern variety.
Clover, crimson, best methods of inoculation.
Clover, Alsike, for acid soils.
Clover, Ladino versus white clover.
Grasses, varieties.
Machinery, notes on tractors, ditching machines, etc.
Kudzu, as a forage crop.
Oats, breeding experiments (Local tests -of Auburn
strains).
Oat smut, prevention of, by treatment with formalin.
Oats, variety tests.
14
Oats, methods of seeding.
Peanuts, fertilizer experiments.
Peanuts, variety tests.
Rotation experiments.
Soybean tests.
Sugar cane, Japanese, in North Alabama and as a forage
crop.
Sweet potatoes, fertilizer experiments.
Tile drainage, results of.
Vetch, tests of varieties.
Wheat, tests of varieties.
Velvet beans, versus Lyon and Yokohoma beans.
Respectfully submitted,
J. F. DUGGAR,
Director and Agriculturist.
REPORT OF CHEMIST
B. B. Ross
Dr. C. C. Thach,
President Alabama Polytechnic Institute.
Sir:
I beg to submit the following report as to the work of
the Chemical Department of the Experiment Station for the
year just ended:
The work carried out in the laboratories of this depart-
ment embraces experimental and investigation work con-
ducted under the provisions of the original Hatch Act alid
under the Adam3 Act of 1906, together with inspection work
performed under the requirements of State laws. A large
amount of analytical work on miscellaneous samples is also
done in this laboratory, many samples of possible agricul-
tural value or interest being sent in by citizens in various
portions of the State, the results being reported direct to
the senders. Many analyses of this character have been
made during the past year, and the samples examined in-
cluded natural phosphates, marls, soils, limestones, insecti-
cides, waters, etc.
The reports of Dr. J. T. Anderson and Prof. C. L. Hare
present detailed information with regard to the nature and
scope of the investigations conducted by them in the special
lines of work which they have in hand, the investigations
carried out by the former being under the provisions of the
Adams Act, while the latter is giving attention to work that
is being done under the authorization of both the Hatch
and Adams Acts.
In addition to the above work, analytical work has been
performed in connection with experiments and investiga-
tions conducted by other departments of the Experiment
Station, whenever the co-operation of this department. has
been requested.
The laboratory has also continued investigations as to
the availability of certain classes of organic nitrogenous
16
materials employed for fertilizing purposes, this work being
done under the direction of Prof. Hare.
This department has conducted some experimental work
each season for a number of years with a view to introduc-
ing improved and more economic methods in the manufac-
ture of syrup from the sugar cane, and during the past
season has co-operated with cane growers in an investiga-
tion of the composition and quality of sugar cane grown
in the southern portion of the State.
The fertilizer work of the past season was quite heavy and'
a large number of samples of feed stuffs was analyzed un-
der the provisions of the feeding stuff law, while many
samples of foods and drugs were likewise analyzed. Three
bulletins, giving the results of the work of this laboratory
along the above lines, have been prepared for publication in
this office. 
Very respectfully,
B. B, ROSS,
Chemist
REPORT OF VETERINARIAN
C. A. CARY
Dr. C. C. Thach,
President Alabama Polytechrlic Institute.
Sir:
The following is a report of the Veterinarian for the year-
1913:
A study of animal parasite- of the hog, cat, dog, horse,.
chickens and rat is being continued.
The pathology of the cow's udder and the bacterial flora.
of the cow's udder are under investigation.
Testing the effect of cotton seed meal on hogs and mules.
and horses is also continued.
The effect of moldy corn on mules and horses has been,.
studied and tested, some new and interesting data having-
been secured.
We have also tested modiola caroliniana. It has-been re-
peatedly reported to me by farmers that the plant (com-
monly and erroneously called ground ivy) is poisonous to-
cattle. I thoroughly tested this plant and find it is not toxic-
or poisonous when fed in large quantities to calves or cows.
I have also tested hydrocotyle Umbellata, a plant that
has been repeatedly reported to me by farmers of Alabama
as being toxic for cattle. Some authors report it as being-
an emetic. Thorough test upon the dog fails to produce
any emetic action. Our tests on cows and calves have dis-
covered it to be a deuretic, increasing the quantity of urine,
increasifig the water without an increase in the salts or-
solids of the urine.
I have also continued the study of the action of china.
berry seed and leaves on hogs and horses and mules. So-
far the tests show that they produce under certain condi-
tions intoxication, salivation and fatty degeneration of the
liver and kidneys. Some tests indicated that the seed have.
vermicidal effects on intestinal parasites.
18
-During the year 1913 Farmers' Institutes were held in
-seventeen counties of Alabama.
Total number in attendance, 5,254.
Number of sessions, 45.
Average attendance per session, 117.
The Summer School or Round-up Farmers' Institute was
held at Auburn, Augt4st 1 to 9, 1913. Nearly all of the
counties of the State were represented and seven other
States. The interest taken by the men, women, boys and
girls was all that could be desired. This work has been
most successful and the growing demand is such that it is
most difficult to meet the requirements with the funds at
our disposal.
C. A. CARY,
Veterinarian.
REPORT OF CHEMIST OF SOILS AND
CROP INVESTIGATIONS
J. T. ANDERSON
Dr. C. C. Thach,
President Alabama Polytechnic Institute.
Dear Sir:
I herewith beg to submit our report for the year 1913.
The project which has claimed our attention for several
years, the study of the fertilizer requiriements of soils by the
chemical analysis of the plants grown in them, was con-
tinued. The data accumulated during this year but con-
firm the conclusions announced in previous reports.
This does not mean that there were no exceptions to the
rule. The frequent, and often inexplicable, departures from
the uual trend would seem to justify, indeed to make ad-
visable, a contintiation of the investigations.
As announced in a previous report, the results thus far
obtained clearly warrant, we think, the conclusion that the
chemical composition of a plant is affected by the amount of
available plant food in the soil. There is 
a marked differ-
ence, for instance, in the potash content of a cotton plant
grown in a soil known 'to be poor and in another soil known
to be rich. It is, also, well established that a cotton plant
grown in a poor soil which has been fertilized with potash,
has a higher potash content than one grown in the same soil
without potash fertilization. In other words, the addition
of available plant food to a soil needing fertilization means
an increased percentage of the fertilizer constituents in the
plant. If these facts are related to each other as cause and
effect, and are not merely accidental coincidents, the higher
percentages of the fertilizer constituents in the plant should
indicate higher productivity of the soil. The solution to
this problem is to be had only by repeated and painstaking
comparisons of the analytical method with the direct meth-
cd of determining soil requirements by field tests.
20
In its*co-operation fertilizer experiments with cotton, the-
Agricultural Department of the Station is applying the di-
rect method of determining the fertilizer requirements of
soil. We propose to parallel their work with our analytical
method. The soils that they, test in their plots we use in
earthenware pots for growing our sample plants, using the-
same system of fertilization as they and the same test
plant, cotton. A beginning in this co-operative work was
made .during the 19113 season, but only a beginning, as rela--
tively few samples. of soil for investigation purposes were
obtainable. Better arrangements for procuring the soils.
have been made for the coining season.
In addition to growing and analyzing the plants, the soils
themselves are carefully studied, each being subjected to a.
complete chemical analysis, and, besides, the available plant
food is determined by approved methods.
As usual, the fertilizer inspection 
work claimed our at--
fention from about the first of March to about the first of
August. During this period no analytical work connected
with the research investigations is attempted, but sufficient-
time for the cultivation, curing and preparing the sample-
plants for subsequent analysis is devoted thereto.
Respectfully submitted,
JAMES T. ANDERSON,
Chemist of Soils and Crop Investigations,
REPORT OF PHYSIOLOGICAL CHEMIST
C. L. HARE
Dr. C. C. Thach,
President Alabama Polytechnic Institute.
Sir:
During the year just closing, this Department has pur-
sued the investigations which it has had under way for the-
past several years.
The effort to breed a strain of cotton seed with high oil
content has as yet met with little success so far as concerns
a permanent increase in the amount of oil carried by the
seed.
It may be noted, however, that the strains in the breeding
experiment have, during no year of the four years of the ex-
periment, shown a lower oil content than did the initial
parent plants.
The analytical results secured indicate that seed high in
oil may be expected to contain somewhat below the aver--
age amount of protein.
This decrease in protein is relatively small and the conse-
quent lower valuation of meal from such seed is much more
than compensated by the increased yield of oil.,
The investigations also show that an increase of oil or
protein in the seed does not affect the quantity of the fibre,
there seeming to be no relation between these three quanti-
ties.
The breeding experiments have, during the year, been
extended to include efforts to breed seed high in protein.
They have been further extended so as to determine if pos-
sible the effects of differing amounts of certain fertilizing
ingredients upon the oil and protein; and it is planned dur-
ing the coming year to run parallel experiments upon three
or four different types of soil in a search for some definite
information as to the effect of soil types upon oil, protein,.
and lint.
There is at present in progress the analysis of a large
22
number of lots of cotton seed with a view to determining if
any. well defined relations exist 
between amounts of oil,
protein or lint and amounts of some of the more important
inorganic plant constituents.
During the Atlanta meeting of the A. A. A. S. a paper sum-
marizing the above investigations was read before the
chemical section of that body.
Investigations upon the effects of feeds upon the proper-
ties of lards has been interrupted for two years, due to
changes in the Department of Animal Industry, but the co-
operative work with this department will be resumed dur-
ing the coming year.
Study of the old samples of lards is being continued. Dur-
ing the year there was published in the Journal 
of Indus-
trial and Engineering Chemistry a paper setting forth some
of the information secured during the course of this investi-
gation. Respectfully,
C. L. HARE,
Physiological Chemist.
REPORT OF ENTOMOLOGIST
W. E. HINDS
Dr. C. C. Thach,
President Alabama Polytechnic Institute.
Sir:
I submit herewith the annual report for the Department
of Entomology in the Alabama Experiment Station for the
year ending Dec. 31, 1913:
STAFF.
Mr. W. "F. Turner resigned on January 15, 1913, to ac-
cept an appointment in the 
U. S. Bureau of Entomology.
The position of Assistant Entomologist was filled, beginning
March 1, 1913, by the appointment of Mr. J. E. Buck, a
graduate of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute. A large
part of Mr. Buck's work has been devoted to our Adams
Fund projects. Mr. J. A. Dew, Field Assistant, resigned
October 31, 1913, and this position was filled by the appoint-
ment of Mr. G. W. Ells, a graduate of the Massachusetts
Agricultural College, who began work November 1, 1913.
Considerable additional labor in the conduct of our rice
weevil investigation has been necessary and this has been
employed by the day or hour as occasion required.
CORRESPONDENCE.
The unusually light insect occurrence for the past year
has been reflected in the decreased correspondence. About
2,500 dictated letters have been called for and between
2,500 and 3,000 circular letters have been sent out.
PUBLICATIONS.
During the year we have issued the following: Press
Bulletins Nos. 63, 64 and 65. The restriction in our num-
ber of publications has been due to the limitation of our
printing fund as we have considerable matter ready for pub-
lication that could not be printed by the Station. The man-
uscript for a bulletin on the life history and control of the
24
grass worm (Laphygma frugiperda) has been prepared by
Mr. J. A. Dew and should be issued as soon as possible.
Priority in a portion of this work has been lost to us through
the delay in publication which has already occurred. It is
.a subject of importance and has been worked out here more
thoroughly than at any other place so far as we yet know.
An article on this species by Mr. Dew has been published in
the Journal of Economic Entomology. A circular on the
oak Lecanium (Lecanium quercifex) was prepared by Mr.
W. F. Turner before he left this department. This shade
free pest is of widespread occurrence and the publication of
this circular seems advisable. Numerous articles growing
out of our work of the past year have been published in
scientific journals and agricultural and daily papers.
LECTURES.
Numerous lectures have been given as in former years
on the subject of the boll weevil and other important insect
pests. The traveling expenses for these have in most cases
been met by the local parties requesting the meetings. The
opportunity for.this type of work is much greater than it
-is possible for us to fulfill.
EXHIBITIONS.
This Department co-operated with the Agricultural De-
partment principally in supplying the exhibit made by this
Station at the Fifth National Corn Exposition held at Co-
lumba, S. C., January 27th to February 15th, 1913. The
exhibit presented especially our work with 
the rice weevil in
corn and the control of insects infesting stored grain3. No
exhibit was made at fairs within the state this season.
INSECT PROBLEMS.
The Mexican cotton boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis)
continued its advance during the past fall, but was checked
by extremely early killing frosts which occurred October
20th and 21st, so that the average advance this season was
a little less than 25 miles. In the southern part of the
State the weevil line for 1913 came within about 6 miles
25
-of the Alabama-Georgia State line.-The line now extends
diagonally across the State and includes somewhat more
than one-half of the cotton producing area of Alabama.
Insect pests of all descriptions were rather less abundant
than usual. The extremely hot, dry weather of the early
summer was a very important factor in checking the de-
velopment of the boll weevil so that it did less damage
than would normally have been expected. The cotton
worm (Alabama argillacea) appeared during the latter part
,of July in small numbers in several localities in Central
Alabama, but did not multiply so as to become a very im-
portant pest this past season. The grass worm or fall army
worm (Laphygnma frugiperda) which was extremely abund-
ant in 1912, attracted attention in only one locality 
and that
near Mobile. Advantage was 
taken of this occurrence to
supplement our observations 
of the previous season upon
the fall life history of this species. Work with the boll 
wee-
vil and other pests referred to in this 
paragraph has been
?conducted under Local Experiment Funds.
ADAMS FUND INVESTIGATIONS.
Work with our project on the life history and control of
the rice weevil (Calandra oryza) has 
constituted our prin-
cipal line of investigation. Important results were obtained
from the corn storage experiment 
instituted at Prattville,
Ala., in the fall of 1912. Numerous control methods 
have
been tested and it has been shown that several of 
the com-
mon practices in corn storage contribute directly to in-
creasing rather than decreasing insect injury to the stored
corn.
Fumigation work has been continued with the rice weevil
as its principal subject.
A new project, No. 5 for this Department, entitled, "An
investigation of the factors affecting the distribution, adhe-
sion, economy of application and insecticidal efficiency of
arsenical insecticides with particuLar reference to Arsenate
of Lead in its various forms," 
has been approved by the
,Office of Experiment Stations and work under it continued
26
during the past season at Franklin, Ala. Important: results
in this project have already been obtained and some entirely
new questions relative to the effect of the use of arsenical
sprays have been brought out. A paper dealing with the
control of insects in stored grain was presented by the
writer and one dealing with the Arsenate of Lead project
was presented by Mr. J. A. Dew before the American Asso-
ciation of Economic Entomologists at their last meeting and
these papers will appear in the Journal of Economic Ento-
mology at an early date.
Respectfully submitted,
W. E. HINDS,
Entomologist.
REPORT OF THE PLANT PATHOLOGIST
F. A. WOLF
Dr. C. C. Thach,
President Alabama Polytechnic Institute.
Sir :
I herewith respectfully submit a report of the work of the
Department of Plant Pathology of the Alabama Experiment
Station for the year 1913.
Some progress has been made in the investigation ol
peanut diseases conducted under the subvention of the
Adams Fund. With the installation of the gas machine
and gas apparatus it is to be expected that the work which
has previously been seriously handicapped may be carried
to completion.
Under the Local Experiment Fund work, both in the
nature of demonstration and experimentation, has been
conducted. Successful control of apple black rot has been
demonstrated in a commercial orchard. No exact data on
the control of this form of the disease are available in pre-
.viously published accounts. A preliminary report of this
work has been prepared, however, and it is hoped that the
results of the present summer's work may make possible
the publication of a complete report. The work on egg
plant rots and a leaf blight of Persian walnuts, reported in
1912 as being in progress, has been finished and will soon
come from the press. One of the egg plant rots had not
previously been investigated and the walnut leaf disease
was found to be due to a new species of fungus. The study
of a physiological disorder of figs has been completed and
published. The work on aster stem rot is being continued.
In addition, co-operative work with planters in growing
cotton seed free from boll rot by the selection of disease-
free seed has been begun. Some work on a leaf disease of
bur clover is also being undertaken.
Besides the scientific notes and reviews which have been
28
prepared for several of the current botanical journals the
following papers have appeared:
1. Black Spot of Roses, Ala. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 172:113-
118, figs. 3 and pls. 2, 1913.
2. Abnormal Roots of Figs. Phytopathology 3:115-118,
pl. 11, 1913.
3. Notes on Diseases of Potatoes and Cabbage in Ala-
bama. -Proc. Ala. State Hort. Society 10:27-31, 1913.
4. The Control of Apple Black Rot. Phytopathology.
3:288-289, 1913.
5. Another Host for Rhodochytrium. Phytopathology
3 :311, 1913.
6. Internal Aecia. Mycologia 5:303-304, pl. 111, 1913.
7. Melanose. Phytopathology. 3:190-191, 1913.
8. The Satsuma Orange, Its Insect Pests and Diseases
(with J. A. Dew). Insecticide Department Van Antwerp's
Seed Store. Bul. 1:1-14, 1913.
9. A Leaf Disease of Walnuts. Mycologisches Central-
blatt (in press).
10. Egg Plant Rots. Mycologisches Centralblatt (in
press). Respectfully submitted,
FREDERICK A. WOLF,
Plant Pathologist.
REPORT OF THE BOTANIST
JOSEPH S. CALDWELL
Dr. C. C. Thach,
President Alabama Polytechnic Institute.
Sir:
The last annual report of this department outlined rather
fully four lines of work then actually in progress or tem-
porarily interrupted. The past year has been spentmainly
in continuing investigation in two of these lines.
The study of the effect of variation in environmental con-
ditions upon the wilting coefficient for plants growing 
in
several soils having widely differing physical properties has
been continued. The results of earlier studies have already
appeared. (The relation of environmental conditions to
the phenomenon of permanent wilting in plants. Physio-
logical Researches 1:1-56, 1913.) The work done during
the year has had as its primary purpose to ascertain the
range of variation in environmental conditions within which
the water content of the soil at permanent wilting of plants
rooted therein is a constant. The data in hand indicate
that the "wilting coefficient" for the six or seven species
used .is subject to considerable modification under compara-
tively small variations in intensity of evaporation, and also
bear out the previously published conclusion that the mois-
ture content of foliage at permanent wilting is in very high
degree constant, irrespective of environmental conditions.
prevailing at or preceding the time of wilting. Some atten-
tion has been given to the condition of the root hairs at the
time when permanent wilting has become fully established,.
and considerable difference in the capacity of root hairs of
different species to withstand reduction of the water content
to the wilting coefficient without injury have been observed..
Further study will be given this point in the coming spring
and summer.
Continuation of the work on the antagonistic relations
30
of certain salts along the lipes indicated in last year's report
has yielded interesting results. Antagonisms between four-
teen pairs of salts have previously been reported by investi-
gators working with solution cultures or with lower marine
forms, and of these fourteen, twelve pairs have, in the
course of the present investigation, been rather exhaustively
studied as regards their effects upon maize and cotton
plants grown in an artificial soil. The results obtained
show clearly that no conclusion as to the probable effect of
a given salt mixture upon plants rooted in the soil can be
drawn from observations upon solution cultures, the results
being profoundly different not only by reason, of selective
absorption by the soil, but also by reason of the lessened
susceptibility of the plant to the specific effects of individual
salts when grown in its normal habitat. A portion of the
results of this investigtaion was presented in summary
form before the Botanical Society of America at its Decem-
ber meeting. A paper giving in detail the results and con-
clusions from the earlier studies is in press, and a second is
at present in an advanced stage of preparation.
With the increased facilities for investigation in lines de-
manding accurately, controlled temperatures which have be-
come available during the year, it has become possible to
resume lines of work interrupted eighteen months since. It
is hoped that the problem of the chemical nature of the
organic acid nucleus of the cactus mucilage may be worked
out within the next year, and that certain problems sug-
gesting themselves in the course of the study may be taken
up. Respectfully submitted,
JOSEPH S. CALDWELL,
Bontanist.
REPORT OF ANIMAL HUSBANDMAN
G. S. TEMPLETON
Dr. C. C. Thach,
President Alabama Polytechnic Institute.
Sir:
I respectfully submit the following report of the experi-
mental work in the Animal Industry Department for the
past year:
The writer did not enter on his duties until September
1st, 1913, and the changes in the staff,-both at that time and
earlier in the year, interfered somewhat with the continuity
of the experimental work.
Those experiments mentioned below as being conducted
at Auburn are supported by the Hatch and Adams Funds
appropriated by Congress, while the work in Marion, Cham-
bers, Bullock, Henry, Sumter and Mobile Counties is sup-:
ported by the State appropriation contained in the Local
Experiment Law.
BEEF CATTLE.
The beef cattle work in co-operation with the Bureau of
Animal Industry at Washington is being conducted on the
Cobb-Norvill farm in Sumter County. The questions under
consideration are:
First, the comparative value of 
cotton seed cake versus
corn and cob meal as;supplements to summer pasture for
fattening steers.
Second, to determine the relative values of the following
feeds for fattening beef cattle: (1) Cotton seed meal and
hulls; (2) cottonseed meal and corn silage, and (3) cotton
seed meal and hulls supplemented by half ration of corn
silage.
DAIRY CATTLE.
The problems being studied with the dairy herd, chiefly
on farm of Hall & Son, in Bullock Co., are as follows:
32
First, to determine the relative value of various concen-
trates for milk production.
Second, to determine the cost of rearing dairy heifers to
a producing age.
SWINE.
First, the work at Auburn in co-operation with the De-
partment of Chemistry to ascertain the influence of the
various concentrates and forage crops on the hardening of
the flesh and the lard of hogs, is still in progress.
Second, the work in Sumter and Henry counties is being
continued to determine the cost of raising and fattening
mcgs under farm conditions.
POULTRY.
The poultry work at the Sixth District Agricultural
School at Hamilton is still in progress. The value of rye
and oat pasture is being tested as influencing the cost of egg
production.
The work at Citronelle is a study of the various 
feeds to
determine the cost of egg production.
MULES.
A feeding test was started in Chambers County during the
year to determine the comparative efficiency of different
rations for farm work mules.
Respectfully submitted,
GEO. S. TEMPLETON,
Animal Husbandman.
REPOgT OF HORTICULTURIST
ERNEST WALKER
-Dr. C. C. Thach,
President Alabama Polytechnic Institute.
Sir:
The following is a brief report of work in the Horticul-
-tural Department of this Experiment Station for the past
-year:
The writer entered upon his duties as Horticulturist in
October. The continuity of the work was interrupted to a
-considerable extent by several changes in the staff, all of
which occurred in a period of but little more than a year.
Most of the time of Prof. J. C. C. Price, Associate Horticul-
turist, was taken up, during the summer, by nursery in-
spection work, also that of Mr. G. V. Stelzenmuller, Field
Agent, and of Mr. B. E. Evans, Graduate Assistant in Hor-
ticulture. I desire to acknowledge the valuable assistance
which Prof. Price has rendered in the preparation of this re-
-port.
WORK UNDER ADAMS FUND.
Under Adams work, that mentioned in the report for last
year relating to Irish potatoes, was continued and received
,all the attention possible. During the summer a small cel-
lar of special design was constructed and has been in use
during this fall and winter in this work. A number of notes
,and valuable data have been obtaned.
The Adams project relating to Peach Breeding for resist-
ance against Brown Rot received attention for several sea-
sons. A large number of crosses was made and recorded,
but great difficulty, it seems, was encountered in obtaining
viable seeds from the crosses and only a few grew.
WORK UNDER HATCH FUND.
-Under the Hatch Fund several lines of work were con-
tinued, relating to citranges, vegetables in the field and
inder glass, including varieties, fertilizers, the canning of
34
sweet potatoes, as well as various other yegetables and
fruits. The greenhouses afforded opporttuity for studies in
the forcing and management of vegetables under glass, as
well as certain floral crops.
Further data were gathered along the line of orchard
fruits and management and the control of certain diseases-
and insect pests.
A body of notes derived from some three seasons' work
with fertilizers and other tests with truck or vegetable
crops, has been gathered and awaits publication.
New work under the Adams and Hatch funds along two
or three lines is being carefully considered and plans made.
STATE NURSERY INSPECTION.
Attention to a large correspondence in connection with
nursery inspection, local experiment work, and other sub-
jects consumes much time. The same statement applies
also to nursery inspection, which must be done during the
summer. A full report on this work, as State .Horticultur-
ist, has been prepared separately and filed with the records
of the State Board of Horticulture.
Since the creation of the Federal Board of Horticulture,
the Department ha3 been called upon to inspect shipments
of nursery stock received from foreign countries by firms
and individuals in various parts of the State. This inspec-
tion of foreign nursery stock is done almost wholly during
the fall and winter. This added work has greatly increased
expenses for traveling and makes further inroads upon the
time of the staff. In this place a summary regarding nur-
sery inspection work may be of interest, and the same is
submitted. Certificates of inspection or licenses issued in
1913 were as follows:
Alabama nurserymen ........................ . 47
Alabama dealers ............. .. ............. 7'
Nurseries in other States ...................... 92
Total amount of nursery stock inspected in the
State the past year, including fruit, nut trees,
various ornamental trees and shrubs......... 24,896,473
Bulbous plants .................. .......... 250,00
35
This represents a large increase over the preceding year.
The increase is due to increased numbers of ornamental
shrubs, chiefly privet. Foreign stock inspected the past
fall has amounted to several hundred cases, and upwards of
three-quarters of a million plants.
LOCAL EXPERIMENT WORK.
A report relating to work carried on under the provisions
of the fund for local experiment work in various parts of
the State, outside of Auburn, has been prepared and filed
with Prof. J. F. Duggar, Director of the Experiment Sta-
tion. Mr. H. M. Conolly was in charge of this work until
June. The lines of work named in the last report received
attention and useful data were gathered relating to varieties
of vegetables and fruits adapted to various localities. Sweet
potato storage, a .very important subject, was included in
those studies and data gathered at four points in the State,
representing different conditions of climate. This work is
being continued and expanded.
Respectfully submitted,
ERNEST WALKER,
Horticulturist.