TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
Agricultural Experiment Station
OF THE
ALABAMA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE
AUBURN, ALABAMA
JANUARY 31, 1913
OPELIKA, ALA:
THE POST PUBLISHING COMPANY
1913

ALABAMA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE,
Auburn, Ala., Jan. 31, 1913.
GOVERNOR EMMET 
O'NEAL,
Executive Department,
Montgomery, Ala..
Sir :-I have the honor herewith to transmit to you the
Twenty--fifth Annual Report of the Agricultural Experi-
ment Station of this College.
The report of the Treasurer, herewith included, is for the
fiscal year ending June 30, 1912.
This report is made in accordance with the provisions of
the act of congress (approved March 2, 1887), establishing
Agricultural Experiment Stations in the several States and
Territories.
It contains the report of the Director, the Chemists, the
Veterinarian, the Agriculturist,.the Botanist, the Horticul-
turist, the Entomologist, the Plant Pathologist, and the
Professor of Animal Industry, for the year ending Decem-
ber 31, 1912.
Respectfully,
CHAS. C. THACH,
President.
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.
TRUSTEES.
His Excellency, Emmet O'Neal, President ..... Ex-Officio
H. J. Willingham, Superintendent of Education. Ex-Officio
A. W. Bell.........................Anniston, Ala.
N. D. Denson........... ............ LaFayette, Ala.
W. F. Feagin.......................Montgomery, 
Ala.
H. L. Martin...........................Ozark, Ala.
W. K. Terry.......................Birmingham, 
Ala.
J. S. Frazer................. .. ......... Mobile, Ala.
R. B. Barnes..........................Opelika, 
Ala.
R. F. Kolb........ .............. Montgomery, 
Ala.
J. A. Rogers.........................Gainesville, 
Ala.
C. M . Sherrod..........................Courtland, 
Ala.
STATION COUNCIL.
C. C. Thach ------------------------------------------- President
J. F. Duggar - Director and Agriculturist
B. B. Ross-- - - Chemist and State Chemist
C. A. Cary ------------- Veterinarian and Director of Farmers' Institutes
J. T. Anderson-
C. L. Hare
W. E. Hinds
L. N. Duncan (a)
F. A. Wolf
J. S. Caldwell (b)
E. P. Sandsten (c)
J. M. Jones (d)
T. Bragg _
C. S. Williamson
J. B. Jackson
J. B. Hobdy (a)
E. F. Cauthen
I. S. McAdory
W. F. Turner
M. J. Funchess
C. S. Ridgway-
J. C. C. Price
L. W. Shook_
J. T. Williamson _
H. M. Conolly
L. W. Summers
S. S. Jerdan_
A. R. Gissendanner __
C. D. Allis_
S. I. Bechdel (a)
Mrs. B. I. Robinson (a)
L. J. HawleyI
S. Adler_
J. A. Dew
I. B. Kerlin (a)
J. F. Duggar, Jr.
J. M. Johnson-
F. L. Jenkins -
A. H. Kierce_
- Chemist, Soil and Crop Investigations
-- Physiological Chemist
_ -- --- -Entomologist
-- Agricultural Extension Work
-Plant Pathologist
----- Botanist
-- Horticulturist
----- - -- Animal Industry
ASSISTANTS.
-Assistant Chemist
Assistant Chemist
- - -_ 
Analyst
Agricultural Extension Work
___Associate Agriculturist and Recorder
Assistant Veterinarian
------ ----.- - ------ Assistant in Entomology
Assistant Agriculturist
-Assistant in Botany
Assistant in Horticulture
Assistant in Animal Industry
Field Agent in Agriculture
Field Agent in Horticulture
-Assistant in Animal Industry
Assistant in Beef Industry
Assistant in Swine Husbandry
Assistant in Poultry
Assistant in Agricultural Extension Work
..... Assistant in Girls' Demonstration Work
Field Agent in Agriculture
Assistant in Chemistry
Field Agent in Entomology
Assistant in Agricultural Extension Work
--Assistant in Agriculture
-Assistant in Animal Industry
. Assistant in Animal Industry
- -_ - Secretary to Director
In co-operation with U. S. Department of Agriculture.
F. E. Lloyd, resigned.
P. F. Williams, deceased.
Dan T. Gray, resigned.
(a)
(b)
(c)
d
REPORT OF HATCH AND ADAMS FUNDS FOR 1911-1912
Receipts
To amount trom U. S. Treasury
Hatch Adams
$ 15,000.00 $ 15,000.00
Disbursements.
By Salaries_ $ 7,645.24
By Labor ------------------------- 1,463.67
By Publications 429.15
By Postage and Stationery -,-529.31
By Freight and Express -- -281.47
By Heat, Light, Water and Power 421.51
By Chemical Supplies 304.79
By Seeds, Plants and Sundry Supplies --- 481.54
By Fertilizers . . -- - - - - - - -- -229.52
By Feeding Stuffs -- 1,512.97
By Library - - 528.48
By Tools, Implements and Machinery - - 238.54
By Furniture and Fixtures - - - 137.00
By Scientific Apparatus - -19.59
By Live Stock - - - - --- - - 107.00
By Traveling Expenses 188.50
By Contingent Expenses ....--- 25.00
By Buildings and Repairs - 456.72
$ 9,967.49
2,161.68
168.53
182.78
183.04
514.42
316.39
146.70
28.17
58.91
120.69
307.27
351.74
120.65
75.09
296.45
$ 15,000.00 $ 15,000.00Total_--
State of Alabama:
Lee County.
Personally appeared before me, Welborn Jones, a Notary Public in and
for said county, M. A. Glenn, known to me 4s Treasurer of the Alabama
Polytechnic Institute, who being duly sworn, deposes and says that the
above foregoing account is true and correct. Witness my hand this 31st
day of January, 1913.
WELBORN JONES,
[Seal] Notary Public, Lee County,
This is to certify that I have compared the account with the ledger ac-
count of the Treasurer, and this is a correct transcript of the same.
C. C. THACH,
President Alabama Polytechic.,Institute.
REPORT OF DIRECTOR AND
AGRICULTURIST
J. F. DUGGAR
Dr. C. C. Thach,
President Alabama Polytechnic Institute.
Sir:
I respectfully submit the following report for the past
year of the work under my charge as Director and Agricul-
turist of the Alabama Experiment Station.
PUBLICATIONS.
During the calendar year 1912 the publications of the
Alabama Experiment Station consisted of the annual re-
port, six bulletins, nine circulars, and six press bulletins.
The titles and authors are given below:
Bulletin No. 162.-Local Fertilizer Experiments with
Cotton in North Alabama in 1911; by the Director and As-
sistants. (From Local Experiment Fund).
Bulletin No. 163.-Steer Feeding in Alabama; by the
Animal Husbandman and the Junior Animal Husbandman.
Bulletin No. 164. Cotton Worm or Caterpillar; by the
Entomologist. (From Local Experiment Fund).
Bulletin No. 165. Southern Bur Clover; by the" Asso-
ciate Agriculturist.
Bulletin No. 166.-Curing Meat on the Farm; by the An-
imal Husbandman and Assistant. (From Local Experi-
ment Fund).
Bulletin No. 167.-Wintering Pregnant Ewes; by the An-
imal Husbandman and the Assistant.
Circulars No. 5-6-7.-The Boll Weevil; (Reprint). (From
Local Experiment Fund).
Circular No. 14. Part 1: Vegetable Growing in Ala-
bama; by the Horticulturist and the Assistant. (From Lo-
cal Experiment Fund).
Circular No. 14, Part 2-Vegetable Growing in Alabama;
by the Horticulturist and the Assistant. (From Local Ex-
periment Fund).
Circular No. 15.--The Southern Pine Beetle and Its Con-
trol; by the Entomologist. (From 
Local Experiment
Fund).
Circular No. 16.-Rules and Regulations of the Alabama
,State Board of Horticulture Governing the Importation of
Articles Liable to Cbntain the Mexican Cotton Boll Wee-
vil; by the Entomologist. (From Local Experiment 
Fund).
Press Bulletin No. 54.-Cotton Boll Weevil Infested Area
in United States and Quarantine Line in Alabama, 1911 to
1912; by the Entomologist. (From Local Experiment
Fund).
Press Bulletin No. 55.-Mosquito Control; by the En-
tomologist. (From Local Experiment Fund).
Press Bulletin No. 56.-Fight the Fly; by the Entomolo-
gist. (From Local Experiment Fund).
Press Bulletin No. 57. Grass Worm or Fall Army
Worm; by the Entomologist. (From Local Experiment
Fund).
Press Bulletin No. 58.- Grass Worm or Fall Army Worm
Outbreak in Alabama; by the Entomologist. (From Local
Experiment 
Fund).
Press Bulletin No. 59.-The Boll Weevil Advances; by
the Entomologist. (From Local Experiment Fund).
STAFF.
In the summer of 1912 Professor F. E. Lloyd resigned
his position as Botanist of the Experiment Station, to ac-
cept a professorship in McGill University. His successor,
Prof. J. S. Caldwell, began work in the fall of 1912.
The death of Professor P. F. Williams, December 
5th,
1912, removed from the Station Staff one who had for sev-
eral years successfully directed the 
Horticultural Depart-
ment. Professor Williams' work with the pecan and the
satsuma orange has attracted wide attention. His succes-
sor, Dr. E. P. Sandsten, enters in January, 1913.
At the end of the calendar year 1912, Professor D. T.
Gray resigned his position as head of the Department of
Animal Industry, to take up experimental work in North
Carolina. His successor, who has not yet entered upon
his duties, is Professor J. M. Jones.
LOCAL EXPERIMENT WORK THROUGHOUT.
THE STATE.
By. means of a State .appropriation 
made in February,
1911, the ,Alabama Experiment Station is enabled to extend
its work throughout the State; 1912 was the first year in
which it was possible to carry on this work throughout 4n
entire calendar year. The general supervision of this lo-
cal experiment work was entrusted to the Director, who, as
Agriculturist, has also immediate charge of fertilizer exper-
iments .with field crops, plant breeding 
away from Auburn,
and work with drainage and farm machinery.
To the heads of the Departments of Entomology, Hor-
ticulture, Plant Pathology, Extension, and Animal Indus-
try, were assigned the duties in their special lines provided
for under this law.
The poultry work was also assigned to the Animal Indus-
try Department.
The local experiment work has been continued in the
same general lines as mentioned in the twerity-fourth An-
nual Report. This work is also the.subject of a special re-
port to the Governor each year.
AGRICULTURAL DEPARTMENT.
In accordance with our policy of drawing conclusions
from field experiments only after they have been repeated
for a number of years, the work on the Station Farm at Au-
burn was in 1912 largely a iepetition of experiments begun
in former years. One new line of work, however, begun in
1912, was subsoiling with dynamite, the effects of which
are being tested with cotton, alfalfa, and corn. .
The experiment in determining the crop producing value
of the new form-of nitrogen, calciumn cyanimid, whichhas
been under way for 
several years with 
oats and sorghum .as
the test crops, was this -year -exparided so as to use ,,also
cotton as one of the three test crops.
The work in breeding barley has also been somewhat in-
creased with the hope of securing a strain of beardless bar-
ley that will add another practicable-grain crop to oui-agri-
cultural resources.
SPlant breeding with cotton;. corn; an-d oats has 
required
10
more time than any other single line of effort. Consid,r-
able progress has been made in this work. For example,
after six years of breeding, we now have, in the Experi-
ment Station yellow corn, a variety which is much more
resistant to corn weevils, and which produces nearly 60
per cent. greater number of ears per hundred plants than
was the case with the old variety when this work was be-
gun. Several farmers who have grown this improved corn
from this Station express great satisfaction with it.
A variety of corn which has been improved by systematic
breeding on this Station for several years is Henry Grady.
One strain of Henry Grady corn improved by this Station
was more productive than any other of the 16 varieties
tested at Auburn in 1912.
Three varieties of cotton, namely, Cook, Cleveland, and
Poulnot, are being systematically 
bred on the Station Farm,
and satisfactory progress is being made with each.
Among 30 varieties of cotton tested in plots on the Sta-
tion Farm in 1912, strains of Cook and Poulnot which had
been systematically bred by the Alabama Experiment Sta-
tion were the four most productive kinds. The seed cotton
of one of these strains of Cook afforded 49.3 percentage of
lint cotton, while the average outturn, at the gins through-
out Alabama is usually considered to be about 33 per cent.
Progress was also made in reducing the amount of boll rot
on some strains of Cook cotton, but more work has yet to
be done in this line with this variety, which is extremely
susceptible to this disease. These improved strains will be
largely used in the local experiment work done by this Sta-
fion throughout the state in 1913, thus getting these im-
proved seed into the hands of the most painstaking farm-
ers.
The Agricultural Department is also co-operating with
the Chemical Department by growing and keeping records
on strains of Cook cotton bred for increased percentages of
oil in the seed.
Each year a number of varieties of cotton are crossed,
so as to conibine the desirable qualities of each. Much
time has been given to testing these hybrids, of which more
than twenty apparently promising kinds were 
grown in
1912. Among these are several which promise 
to be es-
pecially adapted to boll weevil conditions.
The following is an incomplete list of field experiments
conducted on the Station Farm at Auburn in 1912:
Cotton, effects of planting light and heavy seed.
Cotton, variety tests.
Cotton, tests of long staple varieties.
Cotton, best time for applying nitrate of soda.
Cotton, effects of different forms of phosphate.
Cotton, calcium cyanimid vs. other forms of nitrogen.
Cotton, subsoiling both with the, plow and with dynamite.
Corn, variety tests.
Corn, Williamson vs. other methods of cultivation.
Corn, subsoiling with dynamite.
Corn, best rotation for.
Cowpeas, varieties for seed and for hay.
Cowpeas, best plant for sowing with this legume.
Cowpeas, for soil improvement.
Clovers, tests of species and varieties.
Clovers, best plant for sowing with this legume.
Forage crops, tests of a great number of species and
varieties.
Grasses, tests of species and varieties.
Millets, varieties and best mixtures.
Nitrogen, best forms for cotton, oats, and sorghum.
Oats, variety tests.
Oats, time of sowing.
Oats, fall strains vs. spring strains.
Oats, effect of different phosphates.
Oats, calcium cyanimid vs. other forms of nitrogen.
Phosphates, best forms for cotton, oats, and soybeans.
Soybeans, and cowpea mixtures for hay.
Soybeans, effects of different phosphates.
Sorghum, tests of varieties.
Sorghum, best plants for mixing with this plant.
Sorghum, calcium cyanimid vs. other forms of nitrogen.
Sorghum, drill vs. broadcast sowing.
Velvet beans, varieties.
12
Vetch, varieties and bet.mixtures.
Wheat, varieties.
The luxuriant growth of the new soil improving- 
pant,
kudzu, has attracted much.attention. This promises to be
especially useful for growing on extremely poor sandy land,
and for covering gullies and gall spots in worn out fields.
Sudan Grass. One of the most interesting plants grown
in 1912 is Sudan Grass, which; 
is practically Johnson grass
without the root-stock that makes the latter plant .such an
aggressive weed. Sudan 
grass made a luxuriant 
growth,
and was cut twice, It seems to have most of the advan-
tages of Johnson grass without the difficulty of eradication.
LOCAL EXPERIMENT WORK IN THE
AGRICULTURAL DEPARTMENT.
The drainage investigatibns have been confinued in co-
operation with the Drainage Division 'of the Office of Ex-
periment Stations, United 'States Department of Agricul-
ture. The work has thus far consisted chiefly in testing
the effects of tile drainage on soils in several different coun-
ties. In addition, expert advice has been given to all appli-
cants for information on drainage, and some of these have
been aided through a visit and personal advice by the
Drainage Engineer. Plans are on foot for extending this
work in the next year and including some topics additional
to the use of clay tiling
In farm machinery, tests of machines for the sowinig of
oats by the open furrow method were continued. Cotton
choppers were tested in five different 1calities, uiising three
different kinds of machines. A fertilizer mixer was test-
ed, and notes and observatiois made of new and unusual
agricultural machinery employed 'ii the differit couities
of Alabama, with a view later of making a stuidy of power
tractors and other lines of agricultural 
-imachinery.
In plant breeding', the principal work has consisted in
testing in a number of localities varieties and strains,-which
had been selected and bred at Auburn in previous years.
The .followipg is a list of the local experiments (that .is,
experiments conducted elsewhere than 'at Aubiin) u nder-
taken in the Agriculttral Depafitmefit duriig the calendar
year 1912:
13
Cotton, fertilizer test.
Corn, fertilizer test.
Cotton, variety test, extensive.
Corn, variety test, extensive.
Cotton, variety test, short.
Cotton, tests of different phosphates.
Corn, variety test, short.
Corn, special nitrate experiment.
Cotton, special nitrate experiment.
Corn, complete nitrate experiment.
Corn, isolation test (Plant breeding).
Cotton, isolation test. (Plant breeding).
Soy bean test.
Lyon and Velvet bean test.
Cowpeas, tests of wilt-resistant varieties.
Cotton, wilt test, extensive tests of wilt-resistant varieties.
Cotton, tests of wilt-resistant varieties.
Peanuts, fertilizer experiments.
Peanut, variety test, extensive.
Sugar cane, regular fertilizer experiment.
Sweet potatoes, regular fertilizer experiment.
Lime, experiments (various crops).
Wheat, variety test.
Winter forage crops, extensive.
Bur clover, tests.
Oats, method of seeding.
Machinery for seeding oats.
Cotton choppers, tests of.
Oats (Burt vs. Red).
Canada peas and spring sown Oregon vetch.
Oats, variety test.
Rotation and special phosphate experiment.
Phosphate and lime experiment with cotton, corn, and oats.
Tile drainage, experiments.
Subsoiling with dynamite.
Alfalfa, inoculation test.
Japanese sugar cane 
(for North Alabama).
Johnson grass fertilizer test.
Vetch, experiments.
Cotton, complete nitrate experiment.
Crimson clover test.
Forage crops, miscellaneous.
Respectfully submitted,
J. F DUGGAR,
Director and Agriculturist.
REPORT OF THE CHEMIST
B. B. Ross
Dr. C. C. Thach,
President Alabama Polytechnic Institute.
Sir:
I beg to submit the following report with regard to the
work of the Chemical Department of the Experiment Sta-
tion for the past year.
The work performed in the laboratories of this Depart-
ment embraces experimental and investigation work car-
ried out under the provisions of the original Hatch Act and
under the later Adams Act, together with inspection work
conducted under the requirements of State laws. A large
amount of analytical work on miscellaneous samples is
also performed in this laboratory, many samples sent inby
citizens in various portions of the State having been analyz-
ed during the past year. These samples included marls,
natural phosphates, miscellaneous minerals, soils, insecti-
cides, waters, etc.
The reports of Dr. J. T. Anderson and Prof. C. L. Hare
set forth in detail the character and scope of the investiga-
tions conducted by them in their special lines of work, the
attention of the former being given to investigations under
the Adams' Act, while the latter is carrying on work under
the provisions of both the Hatch and Adams Act.
Analytical work has also been performed in connection
with experiments and investigations conducted by other
departments of the Experiment Station, the materials
analyzed-having embraced samples of farm products, fer-
tilizers, insecticides, etc.
Investigations have also been continued by this Depart-
ment with regard to determining the availability as plant
food of the basic slag obtained as a by-product in the manu-
facture of steel in this State by the open hearth process,
immense quantities of this material at present-being thrown
aside as a waste product.
The laboratory has also conducted investigations as to
15
the availability of certain classes of organic nitrogenous
Mnaterials that are used for fertilizing purposes, some of
these materials being of doubtful value and utility for this
purpose. These investigations are being continued during
the present year by Prof. Hare.
The fertilizer work of the past season was much heavier
than that of any previous year, the total number of official
and unofficial samples analyzed being nearly 2,000. Near-
ly 400 samples of feed stuffs were analyzed under the pro-
visions of the feeding stuff law, while about 200 samples of
foods and drugs were also examined chemically during the
past year. As all analyses are made in duplicate, the work
accomplished is equivalent to the analysis of 5,000 or more
samples.
Samples of illuminating oils have been collected in every
county of the State and a bulletin giving results of these
oil tests has been published.
Three bulletins giving the results of the analysis of fer-
tilizers, feed stuffs, foods, etc., have been published by the
State Department of Agriculture, a large part of the mat-
ter appearing in these bulletins having been prepared in
this office.
Very respectfully,
B. B. ROSS,
Chemist.
REPORT OF VETERINARIAN
C. A. CARY
Dr. C. C. Thach,
President Alabama Polytechnic Institute.
Sir:
I respectfully submit the following as a synopsis of the
work done in the Veterinary Department for 1912.
A study of the action of china berries and china berry
leaves when fed to pigs and sheep. We have founc that
china berries produce distinct intoxication when fed to pigs
and if this diet is continued for some time it produces path-
-ological changes in the organs of the body, especially the
-liver and the kidneys. Further work is now being done
:along this line.
The effect of cockle burs on pigs is also being studied.
It is our aim to determine the action of the young and
green cockle burs and also the dried bur itself. The phy-
.siological and pathological actions are being studied.
It has been claimed that the common ground ivy is the
cause of death of cattle that occasionally eat it. At pres-
,ent we are making a test of this plant to determine wheth-
er or not it is toxic for cattle.
We are also continuing the study of the effects o[ pea-
nuts as a single ration for hogs and pigs. It is a well
known fact that peanuts produce a soft or oily lard in hogs.
It has further been determined that there is possibly some
changes in the bones and nervous system which develop
frequent cases of paralysis, especially 
of the hind limbs.
This may be due to the effect of the oily content of the
feed.
We are also continuing the test to determine the effect of
cotton seed meal when fed to pigs.
The pathological changes and the bacteriology of cows'
-dders have also been studied as a continuation of the
work of previous years.
The observation and records on osteo porosis in horses
17
and mules and rachitis in pigs are being continued..
A study of the prevalence of animal parasites in domestic
animals is made by determining the occurrence and the
kind of parasites that are most common in the various
domestic animals.
The biology of the cattle tick that was worked out 
by
the Bureau of Animal Industry in co-operation with the
Veterinary Department has been published by the Bureau
of Animal Industry and will be published in part at an
early date by the Veterinary Department.
The,record for the Farmers' Institutes for 1912 will be
seen by viewing the following table:
Farmers' Institutes Held 18
No. of Counties Visited 16
Number of Sessions 29
Average attendance 128
Total attendance 3720
The Round Up Farmers' Institute and the Summer
School for farmers was held at Auburn during the first ten
days of August. During this time 75 lectures and demon-
strations were given, beginning at 8.a. m. and ending at 10
p. m. every day. At this Institute there was a large num-
ber of farmers' wives in attendance who received instruc-
tions in domestic science, health and home life. This fea-
ture of the round up farmers' institute 
was very attractive,
interesting and most profitable to all in attendance. The
total enrollment at the Summer School was 900.
C. A. CARY,
Veterinarian and Director of Farmers' Institutes.
REPORT OF CHEMIST OF SOILS AND
CROP INVESTIGATIONS
JAS. T. ANDERSON
Dr, C. C. Thach,
President Alabama Polytechnic Institute.
Sir:
J-erewith is respectfully submitted the report of the work
done in this division of the Chemical Department during
tihe year 1912.
.The study of the fertilizer requirements of soils by the
chemical analysis of the cotton plant grown in them, was
continued from previous years. All in all several hundred
analyses have been made of plants grown under varying
conditions of fertilization and in soils of many kinds and
grades of fertility, and from the mrass of data thus accumu-
latedl, several conclusions, it would seem, may safely be
drawn.
First, That the potash content of the young cotton plant
at a definite stage of growth, say the four-leaf, when grown
in a soil rich.-in potash, is materially higher than that of the
plant at the same stage of growth grown in a soil that is
poor. in potash.
Second, That the plant grown in a poor soil which has
been fertilized with potash, has a higher potash content
than one whlich has been grown in the same soil without
fertilization.
There is ground for the belief that the conditions which
give an increase in the fertilizer content of the plant also
give a corresponding increase in the crop yield. Wnether
there be an ascertainable relation, fixed and definite, be-
tween the two, was the subject for investigation during the
past year.
The effect of fertilization on the crop producing power of
soils is being studied in quite a variety of soils in different
parts of the state in a series of co-operative experiments
conducted by the Agricultural Department of the Station.
Samples of some of these soils were brought to Auburn for
19
use 'in cdincin earthnae Is iti ich plants for 
aly
sis could be grown under the same system of fertilization
as in the field tests. In this way comparison may be made
between the effect of the same fertilizer application on the
compositioP of the' plant and on the yield. It would be un-
safe to draw any conclusions in so complex- a matter fr6m
a few isolated experiments. As tlhe subject is deemed
worthy of further investigation, the results already obtain-
ed will be withheld for 
the present.
As usual, the fertilizer inspection work for the Station
claimned Our attention .from about the first of March to the
first of August. During this period no opportunity 
is af-
forded for any analytical work conducted with the Adams
Project. Respectfully submitted,
JAMES T. ANDERSON,
REPORT OF PHYSIOLOGICAL CHEMIST
C. L. HARE.
Chemist, Soils and Crop Investigations.
Dr. C. C. Thach,
President Alabama Polytechnic Institute.
Sir:
I beg to submit herewith report of the work of this divi-
sion of the Chemical Department during the year 1912.
The investigation of the effects of feeds upon the proper-
ties of lards has been continued. During the course of the
work more than two hundred lards have been examined and
are still being studied.
The work to date indicates that, insofar as the excellence
of the lard is concerned, as indicated by its chemical and
physical properties, corn is a 
satisfactory ration for harden-
ing fats that have been produced from such feeds as soy
bean and peanut pastures. Such lards have also keeping
qualities equal to those of any other.
It appears from results so far obtained that lards pro-
duced from feeds which render the lards oily possess poor
keeping qualities.
The results further establish the fact that, contrary to the
general belief, lards from young pigs have generally the
same properties as those from older animals.
It has also been found from the rations studied, that high,
medium and low protein rations have practically the same
effect upon the properties of lards.
The breeding of cotton for seed of high 'oil content has
been continued.- Little encouragement has so far attended
the efforts. However in those cases where the oil content
has been increased there has been no sacrifice of staple. It
has been noted that the percentage of protein decreases to
some extent with increase of oil.
The experiment has been extended to include the breed-
ing of cotton seed with high protein content.
Respectfully submitted,
C. L. HARE,
Physiological Chemist.
REPORT OF ENTOMOLOGIST
W. E. HINDS
Dr. C. C. Thach,
President Alabama Polytechnic Institute.
Sir:
The Entomological staff of the Experiment Station dur-
ing the year of 1912, has included beside the writer, Mr. W.
F. Turner, Assistant Entomologist, Mr. J. A. Dew, Field
Assistant, beginning work early in February, 1912, and Mr.
N. C. Powell, Secretary to the Entomologist. Mr. Turner
has resigned, his resignation to become effective January
15, 1913.
CORRESPONDENCE
Entomological correspondence during the past year has
included more than 4,000 dictated letters beside several
thousand copies of a circular nature.
PUBLICATIONS
We have issuied during 
the year the following 
publica-
tions: Press Bulletins Nos. 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59 and 60;
Circulars Nos. 15 and 16; a revision and new edition of Cir-
culars 5, 6 and 7; Bulletin 164 and also a revision and new
edition of Bulletin No. 159.
Numerous other articles have been published in popular
press and scientific journals.
OTHER PUBLICITY WORK
This has included numerous lectures with or without
stereopticon illustrations on the boll weevil and other im-
portant insects and methods for their control. Numerous
requests for such addresses have had to be declined because
of lack of funds to cover necessary traveling expenses. The
Department has made rather extensive exhibits at the agri-
cultural fairs at Montgomery and Mobile, Ala.
IMPORTANT INSECT PROBLEMS
During the past year, especially through the appointment
of a Field Assistant, it was possible to do more in the mat-
22
ter of demonstra.tional work in methods, of insect controI
than could heretoforebe attempted. A anuimber of"aluable
demonstrations comlined ..with important experimental
work in nearly every case ! e beerc conducted applying
principally to the following problems: 1. The 
control of the
San Jose scale and plum curculio upon the peach and of the
codling motlhupon the apple. 2 The control of white flies
and scale insects which seriously threaten the rapidly grow-
ing satsuma orange industry in south Alabama. 3. Inves-
tigation of life history and determination and demonstra-
tion of most effective methods of control of the grass worm
or fall army worm (Laphygfrugiperda) which appeared in
great numbers in the southern part of the State early in the
spring of 191 2 and spread rapidly doing great damage to
corn, sorghum and other forage crops, also in many cases
to cotton, cow peas, etc. A full report on this Work is
practically ready for publication.
The cotton worm (Alabama argillacea) appeared again
in the state earlier in the season than it was noted
in 1.911 when such extensive damage was done. It did not
become as serious, however, probably for two principal
reasons. First, the abundant development of parasites on
the grass worm earlier in the season providing a very ex-
tensive check upon the earlier generations of the cotton
worm when that species appeared. Second, a period of ex-
tremely hot, d(ry weather during the latter part of July and
first of August was unfavorable for the development of the
cotton worm.
MEXICAN COTTON BOLL WEEVIL
The advance of this pest, outlined in our Press Bulletin
No. 60, deserves especial mention as the territory newly in-
vaded in 1912 produced the preceding 
year more thani 375,-
000 bales, whereas that reached by the weevil in 1910 and
1911 combined produced about 90,000 bales. The advance
of this serious pest was closely followed and a careful study
has been made of its injury in older infested territory under
climatic conditions similar to those prevailing in various
sections of Alabama. Some progress has been made in the
organization of a co-operative campaign against the weevil
23
by which business interests may be effectively enlisted in
bringing about the adoption of such methods as will most
surely prevent and reduce serious loss from the advent of
this pest.
ADAMS FUND INVESTIGATIONS
The two principal projects previously started have been
continued with important results. The study of the life
history of the rice weevil (Calandra oryza) and field (xper-
imental work has indicated several ways in which the great
damage done by this pest may be largely reduced. Publi-
cation of the resutilts of this work could be made at any time
were funds available. This is also true of many phases of
the project on fumigation.
Respectfully submitted,
W. E. HINDS, Entomologist.
REPORT OF PLANT PATHOLOGIST
F. A. WOLF
Dr. C. C. 
Thach,
President Alabama Polytechnic Institute.
Sir:
I herewith respectfully submit a brief statement of the
work of the department of plant pathology of the Alabama
Agricultural Experiment Station for the year just closed.
Since this is the first year of the existence of this depart-
-ment, this phase of the station work has been limited both
in scope and in effectiveness.
The investigation of the department has been carried on
under the subvention of the Adams fund, special attention
being given to the leaf spot and rot of peanuts. The na-
ture of the latter trouble is now quite thoroughly known
but it is the present intention to withhold publication until
the work on both of'these maladies is completed.
Work, either in the nature of demonstration or experi-
mentation relative to the control of some of the more com-
mon diseases, has been conducted under the Local Experi-
ment Fund. Several demonstrations in co-operation with
the department of Entomolog.y upon the control of the
plum curculio, brown rot and scab of peaches gave most
satisfactory results. Some interesting data relative to the
control of lettuce wilt or drop is at hand. Work 
is now in
progress upon the rot of egg plants, stem rot of asters, leaf
blight of Persian walnuts, certain persimmon diseases and
a physiological disorder of figs. Some of this work can
be finished from the experiments now in progress in the
greenhouse and some of it will necessitate duplication with
the employment of field conditions. As these problems
are completed they will appear either in botanical journals
or in station publications.
During the past year the following papers have appeared:
1. A disease of the cultivated fig, Ficus carica L. Ann.
Vilyc. 9: 622-624, figs. 3, Dec., 1911.
25
2. The brown leaf :spot of colt's foot, Tussilago Farfara
L. Ann. Myc. 10: 65-67, figs. 7, 191'2.
3. Spore formation in Podspora anserina (Rabh) Win-
ter. Ann. Myc. 10: 60-64, figs. 11, 1912.
4. Some fungous diseases of the prickly pear, Opuntia
Lindheimeri Engelm. Ann. Myc. 10: 8-34, pls. 3 and figs.
8, 1912.
5. Gummosis, Plant World 15: 60-67, 1912.
6. A plant disease survey in the vicinity of San Antonio,
Texas. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bul. 226, 1-129, pls. 19 and figs.
2, 1912, (with F. D. Heald).
7. Some apple diseases, Proc. Ala. State Hortic. Soc. 9:
9-75, 1912.
8. Oedema on manihot, Phytopathology 2: 131-134, pl.
11 and fig. 1, 1912, (with F. E. Lloyd).
9. The perfect stage of the rose Actinonema. (extract)
Science n. s. 35: 151, 1912. Paper read before the Botani-
cal Society of America at Washington, D. C.
10. A field method for distinguishing certain orange
stock, Agr. Exp. Sta. Circular 17: 88-93, 
pls. 3 'and figs. 6,
1912.
11. The perfect stage of Actinonema rosae. Bot. Gaz.
54: 218-234, pl. 13, 1912.
12. Notes on the anatomy of Opuntia Lindheimeri Eng-
elm, Plant World 15: 294-299, figs. 10, Dec., 1912.
13. A new species of Gnomonia on hickory. Ann. Myc.
10: 488-491, pl. 15, 1912.
14. Black spot of roses. Ala. Exp. Sta. Bul. (In press).
Respectfully submitted,
FREDERICK A. WOLF,
Plant Pathologist.
REPORT OF THE BOTANIST
F. E. LLOYD, J. S. CALDWELL
Dr. C. C. Thach,
President Alabama Polytechnic Institute.
Sir:
The work here reported -upon was that done 
during the
portion of the year 1912 included 
between the date of the
last. annual report and September 1, 
when my resignation
from the chair of Botany and from 
the office of Plant Phy-
siologist -to the Station took effect. At 
the courtesy of the
Institute and Station, I continued my work 
upon the arti-
ficial ripening of persimmons during the first half of Sep-
tember, the cost of apparatus and experimentation 
during
that time being charged to the appropriate 
fund.
TRANSPIRATION IN COTTON, 
GOSSYPIUM
HERBACEUM.
The work of the previous year 'was repeated 
during the
summer of 1912 with the assistance 
of Assistant Professor
C. S. Ridgway at Auburn, while supplementary 
work was
done at the Desert Botanical Laboratory, 
Tucson, Arizona.
Acknowledgements are due to the Carnegie 
Institution of
Washington for courtesies extended.
The objects especially 
in view were (1) to check 
the re-
sults of 1911 and (2) to extend them by 
comparison to an-
other definite and widely separated variety 
of cotton. For
the latter purpose Dixie and Dillon were 
used, the latter be-
ing a marked cluster type. The pure seed 
was supplied by
the Bureau of Plant Industry, with 
which the work was
done in co-operation.
A partial report of results is in process 
of publication in
the forthcoming issue of the Bulletin of 
the Torrey Botani-
cal Club. In this paper a new type 
of microscope is de-
scribed, which serves the purpose 
of studying living
stomata in situ, in the manner referred 
to in my previous
report. The remainder of the work is 
in process of elabor-
ation leading to publication, and when 
this occurs, the re-
sults given will be properly credited 
to the Adams Fund
27,'
appropriation :for the 
Department of Plant 
Physiology of
this Station.
ARTIFICIAL RIPENING OF PERSIMMONS.
The.experimentation of 1912 was directed toward 
determ.
ining the relation of rate-of becoming 
non-astringent to dif-
ferent pressures of carbon dioxide. 
A special apparatui
was devised for the purpose, 
and pressures up to 90 lbs.
were obtained and kept constant 
for the periods of treat-
ment required. It was found 
that the relations in question
when plotted in a graph take 
the form of an hyperbola, and
it seems probable, if more 
data were. made available, 
that
this form of graph would properly 
describe such relations.
It was found possible to reduce 
the period required to ren-
der persimmons non-astringent 
to about 15 hours with 45
lbs. pressure. The chief results 
have been embodied in a
preliminary paper now in press 
and soon to appear in
Science. The first public announcement of them was 
made
in general terms in the McGill-University 
Lecture for 1912,
upon taking up my duties as. 
McDonald Professor of Bot-
any in that institution. There is 
in process of preparation
a paper which includes all the 
protocols of experiments
done by me at Auburn, together with 
such practical sug-
gestions as have been indicated, the whole 
to be submitted
for publication as a Bulletin 
of the Station. I have to
thank Dr. F. A. Wolf for hearty co-operation during 
the
work of last September, and Mr. 
C. L. Coleman, Fairhope,
Ala., for a supply of fruits of Tanenashi 
persimmons for
use in the experimental work.
PUBLICATIONS.
(1) Tannin-colloid complexes 
in the persimmon. Johns
Hopkins University Circular, Feb., 
1912.
(2) The association of tannin with 
an emulsion colloid
in the acorn of Quercus laurifolia 
Michx, Ibid, Feb., 1912.
(3) Artificial process of ripening 
persimmons. Trucker
and Farmer pp. 20-21, Feb., 1912, also 
in Proc. Ala. Hort.
Soc., 9th Annual Meeting, pp., 57-63, 1912.
(4) Oedema in Manihat, with F. 
A. Wolf. Phylopath-
ology 2 :131-134 with plate, 1912.
28
(5) Leafwater and stomatal movement in the cotton,
Gossypium herbaceum, and a method of direct visual ob-
servation of stomata. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club (in press).
(6) Guayule, a desert rubber plant. Pop. Sci. Mo. 81:
313-330, Oct., 1912.
(7) The acclimatization of Guayule. (Digest in India
Rubber World, 47: 183-184. Jan., 1912). The entire
paper in press in the same.
(8) The artificial ripening of bitter fruits. (McGill
University Lecture, October, 1912). Science N. S. 36:
879-889, Dec. 27, 1912.
(9) The induction of non-astringency in persimmons at
supra-normal pressures of carbon dioxide. Science (in
press).
(10) The cotton plant in Egypt. Plant World, (in
press).
Respectfully submitted,
FRANCIS E. LLOYD.
The writer entered upon his duties as Plant Physiologist
on September 9th, 1912. A rather full statement of the
work undertaken since that time, or projected for the com-
ing year is submitted herewith, in order that subsequent
reports may have the character of reports of progress rath-
er than statements of purpose of work already well toward
completion.
Mr. C. S. Ridgway continued his investigation of the oc-
currence of callose in roothairs during the year, and has
demonstrated the presence in roothairs of plants grown in
a number of soils and under a considerable variety of con-
ditions of a substance possessing all the physical proper-
ties and giving all the micro-chemical reactions of typical
callose as found in the sieve-tubes of the higher plants. A
publication giving in detail the results thus far obtained is
in press, and a further study 4intended to discover the con-
ditions which induce the formation of callose in roothairs
is in progress.
The principal lines of work now in progress and planned
as objects of attention for the next year are the following:
29
1. A study of balanced solutions with especial refer-
ence to the higher plants. Current theories as to the rela-
tions existing between the commoner elements, as sodium,
potassium, magnesium, and calcium, which are present in
the soil water, are based almost wholly upon the general
fact that these elements exist in sea water in such relative
concentrations as to form an antagonistic or balanced solu-
tion which is non-toxic for marine organisms, although any
one of the salts present would be speedily fatal if present
alone in the same concentration occurring in the mixture.
The existence of antagonistic relations between a consider-
able number of toxic elements, as notably in the mammal-
ian blood, has been demonstrated by animal physiologists,
and the studies of Loew, some twenty years since, showed
the existence for plants of a similar antagonism between
calcium and magnesium. The conception has in recent
years been considerably extended by Osterhout, working
with seed plants grown in watercultures. This investiga-
tor has announced the existence of some thirteen antagon-
isms between as many pairs of elements, including both
metals and non-metals, each member of any pair being de-
cidedly toxic when alone, but entirely harmless when the
other is present in definite volume relations with it.
The profound significance of these conclusions in their
bearing upon agriculture is immediately obvious. Should
such antagonistic relations between elements everywhere
present in cultivated soils hold for the normal conditions of
growth of land plants as for water cultures, it follows that
the soil solution is a balanced solution, in which each salt
has a definite role to play in antagonizing the injurious ef-
fects of other salts. Should this be true, it would follow
that our principal concern in maintaining soil fertility
should be to discover and to preserve the proper balance
between the various constituent elements of the solution.
That there is great need for investigation to determine in
what measure the antagonisms announced by Osterhout
may .hold for plants growing in known and controlled con-
ditions in the soil is manifest.
The writer undertook the investigation of this problem
3V
almost three years ago, has been at work practically con-
tinuously since, and has already obtained a yery consider-
able body of results of a definite character. The work
thus far done has involved the following out of several
closely related lines of study, among which are (a) the
determintion of the exact limits of concentration at which
inhibition of germination 
ceases, the limits of toxic 
effects,
and the range of concentration within which inhibition and
stimulation of growth of root or of top occur. These have
been fairly completely worked out for sixteen elements,
ised in the form of chlorides, both in water and in ground
quartz cultures. (b) The effect 
of absorption by a soil in
lowering the concentration at which each of these effects
occurs. (c) The working out of cultural methods, employ-
ing ground quartz in lieu of soil, which permit the main-
tenance of constant concentration 
of the salt or salts used
during the entire period of growth of the plant. (d) The
determination of the ratios between the elements of pairs
of salts at which antagonism is manifested, if present.
The present investigation, which will be conducted as an
Adams project, will be chiefly concerned with the fourth of
these lines of study, work on the others having been prac-
tically completed prior to my appointment in this station.
The following pairs of salts have already been rathej ex-
haustively studied with relation to the presence or absence
of an antagonistic relation between them: sodium chloride
with potassium chloride, sodium chloride with chlorides of
calcium, barium, lead, magnesium, and ammnonium, potas-
slum chloride with chlorides of calcium, barium, lead, mag-
nesium, and ammonium, and magnesium with ammonium.
The results of the studies will appear in a series of papers
which are now in process of preparation for the press.
2. A study of the relation of the wilting co-efficient for
1Iants grown in various soils to the environmental condi-
tions under which the plants are grown. This study,
Which was begun in the summer of 1911 at the Desert Bot-
anical Laboratory of the Carnegie Institutioin, has yid'lded
some very interesting results. These indicate the neces-
srity for material modification of the conclusions reached by
31
Briggs and Shantz that environmental conditions and con-
:sequent rates- of evaporation are without discovrablef.-
fect upon the -percentage of soil moisture remaining when
lermanent wilting of the plants 
growing in the soil has
occurred. The results thus far obtained show tliat the per-
centage of soil moisture at permanent wilting is a variable,
reaching a minimum tinder conditions which inhibit trans -
piration, as approximate saturation of the atmospher , and
increasing steadily as the "rate of transpiration is increased.
Comparative study of watef-content of leaves and of soil
have shown that while the water-content of the soil at
vilting is a variable, as just stated, that of leaves is inii ery
high degree constant regardless of the conditions under
which wilting occurs, and it appears that in the water-con-
tent of leaves at permanent wilting we have a physiological
constant of considerable value in studies of the water re-
quirements of plants and the availability of soil moisture.
A paper embodying the results thus far obtained is now in
press, and further work will be done during the approach-
ing summ.ner.
3. A Study of transpiration in cacti. The Cactaceae, in
contrast to. other green plants, present rates of transpira-
tion which are relatively or absolutely higherduring dark-
ness than in day. A study of the causes of this peculiarity
led to the d(iscovery that the marked nocturnal rise in trans-
piration is due to the effect of increasing acidity resulting
from imperfect oxidation upon the water-holding power of
the contained mucilage The mucilage has been isolated,'
freed from the associated protein and carbohydrate impur-
ities, and its physical behavior, especially with relation to
the variation in its power to absorb water and to withstand
dessication under varying conditions of acidity or alkalin-
ity of the medium in which it is dissolved, has been studied
somewhat in detail. The chemical composition of the mu-
cilage has also been studied, and its general likeness to the
collodal plant gums studied by O'Sullivan and Robinson
has been demonstrated. Pure preparations of the mucilage
as a barium salt have been made, these have been subjected
to grad(lual hydrolysis, and the percentages of pentose and
32
of hexose sugars which occur in combination with an or-
ganic acid nucleus in the molecule have been determined.
The organic acid which forms the nucleus of the complex
molecule has not been definitely determined, as the ab-
sence of facilities for, the chemical aspects of the work
necessitated its abandonment at this point. The very
strong similarity, both in physical behavior and in chemical
composition, between this mucilage and those from which
certain adhesive gums of commercial importance are made,
indicates that the work may have some immediately prac-
tical bearings, and it is a matter of great regret that it is
impossible to continue the chemical side of the investiga-
tion.
4, Further investigation of some phases of the problem
of boll shedding in cotton is planned for the approaching
summer. This Work will probably take the form of (a) at-
tempts to produce boll shedding at will under artificially
controlled conditions; (b) a detailed histological study of
the tissues concerned; (c) the study of relation of disturb-
ances of nutrition to shedding; (d) a study of the relation
of age, size and number of bolls on the plant to the process
of shedding; (e) further investigation of varietal differ-
ences with respect to shedding of bolls.
Respectfully submitted,
JOSEPH S. CALDWELL.
REPORT OF ANIMAL HUSBANDMAN
JESSE M. JONES
Dr. C. C.: Thach.
President Alabama Polytechnic Institute.
Sir:
During the past year one circular and three bulletins
have been issued from the Animal Industry Department,
,dealing with the following subjects:
Circular 18: (1) Feeding and Managing Dairy Cattle.
(2) Feed and Care of the Calf.
(3) Selection and Care of the Bull.
(4) Silo and Silage.
Bulletin 166 Curing Meat on the Farm.
Bulletin 167 Wintering Pregnant Ewes.
Bulletin 168 Fattening Hogs in Alabama.
Bulletin 168 is a partial report of the work done at the
Station and also a partial report of the work done at the
District Agricultural Schools with which the Station is co-
,operating.
The work has been largely- a continuation of the work
.carried on during the past year. Some new problems how-
ever, have also been undertaken.
SWINE.
First, the study of the economic results of finishing hogs
on green pasture crops in comparison with 
dry lot methods,
with the school at Albertville, has been discontinued. Work
has been continued at the other schools and on the farms
where work has been undertaken.
Second, work in co-operation with the Department of
Chemistry concerning hardening of the flesh and the lard
of hogs, after they have been grazed on green pasture
crops, is still in progress.
Third, the study of the effect of some southern feeds
on the frame work of the body has also been continued in
co-operation with the Department of Chemistry.
Fourth, determining whether some of the high priced
34
concentrates can be economically used n connection with
green pasture crops, and the best amount to feed.
Fifth, the work on home curing of meats has been carried
on during the year with interesting results.
Sixth, the work has been enlarged during the year on the
two hog farms. One farm is in Henry county and one in
Sumter county. The value of various southern feeds is be-
ing studied under farm conditions, and other problems in
connection with growing pigs are also being studied.
Seventh, work has been undertaken to determine the cost
of keeping brood sows during winter and surmmer when
fed on various feeds.
Eight, the subject of the cost of raising grade and pure
bred pigs has also been undertaken.
BEEF CATTLE.
The co-operative work with the Bureau of Animal Indus-
try at Washington has all been placed on Mr. O. E. Cobb's
farm in Sumter county and is progressing 
satisfactorily.
The questions still under consideration are:
First, the cost of raising beef calves under farm condi-
tions.
Second, the study of the question of supplementing sum-
mer pasture with cotton seed by-products in fattening
steers.
Third, investigating the fattening of calves, during 
the
winter, on feed and silage. About 50 calves are on feed at
the present time.
Fourth, to test the results of feeding hays along with cot-
ton seed by-products in fattening steers.
Fifth, arrangements have been made to begin studying
the cost of maintaining pure bred beef cows at the Station.
DAIRY COWS.
The dairy herd is of sufficient size now to begin experi-
mental work and arrangements are being made to study the
following questions:
First, the value of various home-grown feeds for milk
pi oduction.
35
Second, the study of the value of various concentrates
for milk production.
Third, the cost of raising pure bred calves and of main-
taining dairy heifers.
POULTRY.
The work at the Hamilton School is in progress and 
oat
and rye pasture are being tested for increasing the laying
capacity of hens.
The flock record work has been discontinued with 
Mr.
Allis, and arrangements are being niade to begin work 
with
Mr. R. L. Todd of Montgomery, who has a flock of about
400 hens.
L. W. SUMMERS,
Assistant Professor of Animal Industry.
...R.... 'REPORT- OF HORTICULTURIST
E. P. SANDSTEN.
Dr. C. C. Thach,
President Alabama Polytechnic Institute,
Sir.:
I respectfully submit the following reportof work in the
Horticultural Department for the year ending December
31st, 1912.
In making this report I have fully availed myself of the
valuable help of Prof. J. C. C. Price, Assistant in Horticul-
ture, and Mr. H. M. Conolly, Field Agent of the Depart-
ment. My own connection with the Department has been
too recent to acquaint myself with the various lines of work
now in progress.
INVESTIGATIONS UNDER THE ADAMS ACT.
Peach Breeding for Resistance Against the Brown Rot.
This work has been in progress for a number of years
:and a large number of crosses have been made and the seed
of these crosses have been planted for future fruiting. The
very nature of this work makes progress slow and tangible
results obtainable only after several years of work. We
have encountered considerable difficulty in obtaining fer-
tile seed from the crosses, and consequently the cross seed-
lings are relatively few.
Irish Potato Investigation.
The object of this experiment is to find some means by
which the second crop of potatoes can be successfully
stored for planting the following year and also to devise
some means by which the first crop of Irish potatoes can
successfully be utilized for seed for the second crop. Con-
siderable progress has been made in this 
work and to fur-
ther extend it, we are planning a new kind of storage and
some means for treating the first crop so that it will pass
through a short dormant period before the 
same is used for
seed for the second crop. Considerable progress has been
37
made and much valuable faiadctimul ated. This is an im--
portant problem to the ,ruckes and 'farmers of the State
and should be pushed to an early completion.
"INVESTIGATION UNDER THE HATCH FUND.
Citrange Investigation.
Due to the unfavorable weather conditions during the
blooming time in the, spring of 1912, no crosses were ob-
tained. -No report has yet "been received from the Bureau
of Plant Industry in Washington from the cross bred seed
that were sent to it and it will undoubtedly take several
years yet for trees from these seeds to produce fruit. It is
the plan of the Department to make further crosses the
corning spring and extend this promising line of work.
In tonnection with plant breeding work in the Depart--
netit, it is necessary to work with a large number of plants
as the chances of obtaining valuable 
seedlings are relatively
small and to facilitate this work it is important that the
Department be provided with more land on which the new
seedlings obtained: can be tried out.
The work on canning vegetables and fruits on the farm
for home use has been tried and proved successful. A
small circular will be issued in the near future upon this
subject. The canning of sweet potatoes has proven entire-
ly successful and this will open up a comparatively new
industry in the State as it will be possible to utilize the
sweet potato crop in the 'fall, when the market is dull and
prices low, to good :advantage.
Fertilizer tests on various vegetables have been conduct-
ed during the present season and valuable data have been
obtained, which will appear later in publications.
Greenhouses.
The work in forcing vegetables under glass is being con-
tintiued and extended to cover fertilizer, variety and soil
tests.
Orchard ..Fruits.
The work with orchard fruits has been along the lines of
properc.thard managem..ent, the coiontrol of 
J3light, Brown.
Rot, and Borers.
38
PUBLICATIONS
The following publications were issued by the Depart-
ment:
Circular 14--Parts 1 and 2: "Vegetable Growing in Ala-
bama."
LOCAL EXPERIMENTAL WOkK
This work has been carried on by Mr. H. M. Conolly un-
der provisions made for the expenditure of the funds appro-
priated for this particular purpose. The line of work taken
up during the year has been that of fertilizer and vegetable
tests and has been distributed over fourteen counties and
23 places in all. Besides, sixty of the counties in the State
have been visited and 10,000 miles been covered by rail and
1500 by other conveyances. In addition 22 Farmers' In-
stitutes and farmers' meetings were attended and valuable
information was thus brought direct to the farmers and
growers.
Most of these experiments were concentrated in sections
where horticultural crops formed the main source of in-
come and where information upon the best methods is at
present badly needed. This line of work is much appre-
ciated by the vegetable growers as relatively little work
has been done along this line.
Spraying demonstrations for the control of insect pests
and fungus diseases were also carried on in many counties
and interest stimulated in the raising of clean fruit. The
following lines of work were undertaken and considerable
progress made:
(1) Truck and fruit survey of the State.
(2) Fruit and vegetable region of the State with 'varieties
suited to each region.
(3) Collection and study of the promising seedling fruits
and nuts of the State.
(4) Developing the home vegetable garden and the home
fruit orchard.
(5) Demonstrations in 
spraying.
(6) Improving school grounds and farm homes.
(7) Testing of varieties of vegetables and fertilizers for
the same.
39
(8) The use of a commercial storage house 
for the keep'
ing of sweet potatoes.
(9) Testing the keeping qualities of various varieties of
sweet potatoes.
,(10) The economical production of cabbage in the Mobile
district.
STATE NURSERY INSPECTION,
The State nursery inspection for the past year was done
by J. C. C. Price and IH. M. Conolly of this Department.
Due to illness of the late Prof. Williams, he was unable to
participate in the work and due credit should be given to
these gentlemen for performing the work efficiently.
The inspection of the State nurseries and the issuing of
certificates and official tags, both for nurseries in the State
and outside nurseries, entails a large amount of field and
office work. The field work, unfortunately, comes at a
time when the experimental work of the Department is in
full swing and hence interferes greatly with it.
The number of nurseries in the State is about the same
as last year and the same holds true with outside nursery-
men doing business in the State.
The following are the lists of nurserymen in the State
.and nurserymen outside of the State and dealers to whom
certificates and official tags have been issued:
CERTIFICATES ISSUED 1912-1913.
Alabama Nurserymen.
1. Chase Nursery Company, Huntsville.
2. Oaklawn Nurseries-A. W. Newson, Prop., Hunts-
ville.
3. Garth Rolfe, Huntsville.
4. Huntsville Wholesale Nurseries-Huntsville & Glad-
stone.
5. Sugg Nursery Co., Gladstone.
6. J. O. Kelly and Sons, Jeff.
7. Fraser Nursery Co., Huntsville.
8. J. B, Stevenson, Madison.
9. Cullman Nurseries-C. S. Biggers, Prop., Cuilmrnan.
10. Birmingham Nurseries, Birmingham.
40
11. W.D. Summerfield, Birmingham.
12. Glen Iris Nurseries, Birmingham.
13. H. :W. Luther,, Birmi.ngham., "
14. Carlos Reese, Birmingham.
15. Colmanti Nurseries, Birmingham.
16. Horticultural Sales Co., Sterrets.
17. W. W. Gravlee,. Newtonville.
18. J. B. Earnest, Roanoke.
19. Lipp Nturseries, Roanoke.
20. .Elmrnood Cemetery Nurseries, Birmingham.
21. Owen Nursery---W. L. Owens, Ashland.
22. J. VIM. Joiner, Roanoke.
23. Morningview Floral Co.,-H, 
L. Von Trott, Montgy
24. Rosemont Gardens, Montgomery.
25. Cliff A. Locke, Eufaula.
26.. Alvin Japanese Nursery Co., Grand Bay.
27. Griffing Bros. Co., Branch 6, Grand Bay.
28. Fairhope Nursery-A. M. Troyer, Fairhope.
29., J.,. aylord, Barnwell.
30. H. E. Scott, Battle Wharf.
31. I. C. Beatty, Sr., Birmingham-Dolcito.
3, -Industrial School Gardens, Mobile.
33. Saibara Nurseries, Mobile.
34. Irvington Nursery-A. H. Daves, Irvingtol.
35. Little Gem Floral Garden-H. P. Loding, Mobile.
36. Mobile Nurseries, G. W" DeVaughn, Prop., Mobile.
37. Roseview Nursery-F. E:: Welch, Crichton and Chun-
chula.
38. Mrs. M.,.A. Farnham, Citronelle. ,
39. Mrs. L. P. Lilly, Citronelle.
40. Citronelle Nursery and Orchard Co., Citronelle..
41. Slhad rick _Stephenson, Ru ssell.
42. William Wake, Flomaton.
43. L. M. H. Whetstone, Autaugaville.
44. Sneed Brothers, Pronto. .
45. L. H. Reed and Company, Deer Park,
46. Eagle Pecan Co.,--Willis Thompson, Pittsview.
47. Cusseta Nursery-.-W. -L, Morris, Prpp., Cusseta.
48. R. H. Dickie, Citrorelle.
41
49. Alpha Orchard and Nursery Co., Yellow Pine.
50. Frank Holman, York.
51. R. E. Shaw, Whatley.
52. Revier and Sons, Mobile.
53. Long View Pecan Groves-W. H. Moulthrop,
Eufaula.
54. Paul Hoffman, Waverly.
Alabama Dealers.
1. Geo. E. Luffman, Birmingham.
2. C. S. Biggers, Cullman.
3. J. M. Crutchfield, Cullman.
4. Colmant Nurseries, Birmingham.
5. J. B. Earnest, Roanoke.
6. A. M. Preston, Blountsville.
7. Central Nursery and Orchard Co., Jasper.
8. Loveman, Joseph and Loeb, Birmingham.
9. J. J. Holmes, Montgomery.
10. Judson Strock, Verbena.
11. John B. Stroud, Pass Christian, Miss.
12. C. H. Kennedy, Arley.
13. D. C. Calkins, Foley.
14. E. Day, Birmingham.
15. M. M. Dawson, Montgomery.
16. A. M. Troyer, Fairhope.
17. H. L. Oppenborn, Swift.
Nurserymen Outside the State.
1. Griffing Bros. Co.-Port Arthur and McAllen, Tex.
2. Southern Nursery Co., Winchester, Tenn.
3. VVm. Warner Harper-Andorra Nurseries, Chestnut
Hill, Pa.
4. The Morris Nursery Co.,-Westchester, Pa.
5. Biltmore Nurseries, Biltmore, N. C.
6. T. S. Hubbard and Co.-Fredonia, N. Y.
7. Jackson and Perkins Co.-Newark, N. Y.
8. Hoopes Bros. and Thomas Co.-Westchester, Pa.
9. Henry A. Dreer, Inc., Riverton, N. J.
10. L. Roesch and Son, Fredonia, N. Y.
11. Commercial Nursery Co., Winchester, Tenn.
12. A. A. McElveen, Concord, Ga.
42
13. Smith Bros., Concord, Ga.
14. The Josselyn Nursery Co., Fredonia, N. Y.
15. Ellwanger and Barry, Rochester, N. Y.
16. Stark Bros. Nurseries and Orchards Co., Louisiana,
Mo.
17. The New England Nurseries, Bedford, Mass.
18. Storrs and Harrison Company, Painesville, Ohio.
19. Schmidt and Botley-=Springfield, Ohio.
20. Richland Nurseries, Rochester, N. Y.
21. Chase Brothers Co., Rochester, N. Y.
22. Perry Nursery Co., Rochester, N. Y.
23. Georgia Nursery Co., Concord, Ga.
24. Brown Bros. Co., Rochester, N. Y.
25. W. W. Thomas, Anna, Ill.
26. Continental Plant Co., Kittrell, N. C.
27. Cedar Hill Nursery Co.,, WinChester, Tenn.
28. Thomas Meehan and Sons, Germantown, Pa.
29. W. N.-Scarff, New Carlisle, Ohio.
30. J. C. Hale Nursery Co., Winchester, Tenn.
31. Excelsior Nurseries, G. H. Miller and Sons, Proprs.,
Rome, Ga.
32. The Griffing Bros. Co., Macclenny, Fla.
33. Bobbink and Atkins, Rutherford, N. J.
34. J. Van Lindley Nursery Co., Pomona, Kernersville
and Spout Springs, N. C.
35. Wild Bros. Nursery Co., Saracoxie, Mo.
36. Thomas Meehan and Sons, Dresher, Pa.
37. Peter Henderson and Co., Jersey City, N. J.
38. Summitt Nurseries, Monticello, Fla.
39. Greensboro Nurseries, Greensboro, N. C.
40. Lynnville Nurseries, Lynnville, Tenn.
41. Tennessee Nursery Co., Humboldt, Tenn.
42. Woodlawn Nursery, Prospect Station, Tenn.
43. The Frank H. Wild Floral Co., Saracoxie, Mo.
44. L. W. Peck, Hartwell, Ga.
45. Franklin Davis Nursery Co., Mullikin, Md.
46. Easterly Nursery Co., Cleveland, Tenn.
47. Piedmont Nursery, Hartshorn, R. D. No. 1, N. C.
48. The J. Steckler Seed Co., Ltd., New Orleans, La.
43
49. A. D. Williams, Yatesville, Ga.
50. The Fresno Nursery Co., Inc., Fresno County, Cal.
51. Marble City Nursery Co., Knoxville, Tenn.
52. The Florida Nursery and Trading Co., Paxton, Fla.
Postoffice, Florala, Ala.
53. Glen Brothers, Rochester, N. Y.
54. Mount Hope Nursery Co., Smithville, Tenn.
55. Lone Oak Vineyard, Decherd, Tenn.
56. H. C. Hastings Seed Co., Atlanta, Ga.
57. The Biloxi Nursery Co.-James Brodie, Proprietor,
Biloxi, Miss.
58. P. J. Berckmans Co., Augusta, Ga.
59. J. G. Harrison and Sons, Berlin, Md.
60. Tennessee Nursery Co., Cleveland, Tenn.
61. The Simpson Nursery Co., Monticello, Fla.
62. The D. Hill Nursery Co., Dundee, Ill.
63. Wagner Park Conservatory-B. P. Wagner, Sidney,
Ohio.
64. Old Dominion Nurseries-W. T. Hood and Co.,
Richmond, Va.
65. Munson Nurseries, Denison, Tenn.
66. Globe Nurseries, Bristol, Tenn.
67. Turkey Creek Nurseries, Macclenny, Fla.
68. Mountain Creek Nursery Co., McMinnville, Tenn.
69. Forest. Nursery and Seed Co., McMinnville, Tenn.
70. Center Grove Nursery Co., Smithville, R. 5, Tenn.
71. Sink Creek Nursery Co., Smithville, R. No. 1, Tenn.
72. G. M. Bacon Pecan Co., DeWitt, Ga.
73. Joe Shadow Nursery Co., Winchester, Tenn.
74. The Glen Saint Mary Nurseries Co., Glen Saint Mary
and Winter Haven, Florida.
75. American Rose and Plant Co., Springfield, Ohio.
76. Wm. Anderson, Temple, Ga., R. F. D.
77. Seven Springs Nursery Co., Smithville, Tenn.
78. Pecan Grove Nursery Farm-J. B. Wight, Prop.,
Cairo, Ga.
79. Dibrell Nursery, McMinnville, R. No. 4, Tenn.
80. The Shenandoah Nurseries-D. S. Lake, Proprietor,
Shenandoah, Iowa.
44
81. The United States Nursery Co., Roseacres, 
Miss.
82. Toomsuba Nurseries-W. C. Rogers and Sons,
Toomsuba, Miss.
83. Bluhm Nursery Co., Smithville, Tenn.
84. I. E Bass and Sons Pecan Co., Lumberton and Co-
lumbia, Miss.
85. Smithville Nursery Co., Smithville, Tenn.
86. Royal Palm Nurseries, Oneco, Fla.
87. The Louisiana Nut Nurseries-Jones and Stewart,
Props., Jeanerette, La.
88. Peachwood Nurseries-A. C. Coles, Prop., State
Line, Miss.
89. Jas. Cureton, Austell, Ga.
90. Alvin Japanese Nursery, Alvin, Texas.
91. B. W. Stone and Co., Thomasville, Ga.
92. C. Forkert, Ocean Springs, Miss.
93. Chattanooga Nurseries, Chattanooga, Tenn.
94. Sam Stokes and Son, Lecompte, La.
95. Bechtel Pecan Nurseries-Thos. Bechtel, Proprietor,
Ocean Springs, Miss.
96. S. Saibara, Webster, Texas.
97. Saibara Nurseries, Big Point, Miss.
98. Rood Pecan Groves, Albany, Ga.
99. Washer and Stewart, S'mithville, Tenn.
100. Newton Nurseries-J. R. Woodham, 
Prop., Newton,
Miss.
101. Carroll County Nursery-Chas. P. Turner, Prop.,
Carrollton, Ga.
102. Samuel Fraser, Geneseo, N. Y.
103. Mrs. W. R. Stuart, Ocean Springs, Miss.
104. Frank R. Lewis, Pascagoula, Miss.
105. Pecan Grove and Nursery-Edwards and Patterson,
Props., Milledgeville, Ga.
106. J. W. Adams and Co., Springfield, Mass.
107. Fayette County Nursery, Fayetteville, Ga.
108. Valdesian Nurseries, Bostick, N. C.
109. German Nurseries-Carl Sonderregger, Proprietor,
Beatrice, Nebr.
110. M. L. Alleshouse, Arcadia, Texas.
45
111. George Trautman, Jr., Geneva, N. Y.
112. Glen Cliff Nursery, Decherd, Tenn.
113. J. A. Withrow, Ellijay, Ga.
114. Ramsay Pecan Co.-R. T. Ramsay, Prop., Ocean
Springs, Miss.
115. E. H. Landon, 250 Newland St., Los Angeles, Cal.
NURSERY STOCK INSPECTED IN 1912.
Apples .......................
863,000
Peaches .................... 3,095,255
Plum ........................ 62,040
Cherry ....................... 206,974
Apricot ....................... 
14,060
Pears ........................ 354,010
Grapes ...................... 78,200
Pecans ...................... 567,680
Miscellaneous Nuts .......... 67,565
Pomegranates ................. 2,085
Ornamentals-
Trees ..................... 73,662
Shrubs .................. 3,783,117
Roses ...................... 998,950
Mulberries ................... 112,672
Persimmons .................. 8,437
Figs .......... .............. 70,700
Quinces ........... ..... .... 1,500
Satsuma Oranges . .......... . 207,900
O ranges ....................... 6,000
C. T. Stocks ................. 2,063,000
Kumquots .................... 4,800
Grape Fruit ................... 500
Total: 12,842,022
SEEDLING STOCK INSPECTED IN 1912.
Apple Seedlings ............... 180,000
Peach Seedlings.............2,951,000
Plum Seedlings ............... 115,000
Cherry Seedlings .............. 75,000
Pear Seedlings ................ 300,000
Total: 3,621,000
Respectfully stubmitted,
E. P. SANDSTEN, Horticulturist.