Agricultural Economics
Series 133
July 1979
FEASIBILITY OF SUPPLYING 
AND PROCESSING
NORTHERN GULF OF MXICO GROUNDFISH
IN ALABAMA
4
v \xY*
-, 
MAY
Agricultural Experiment 
Station
of
Auburn University
R. D. Rouse, Director
Auburn, Alabama

TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. INTRODUCTION. . .s".
United States Coixvercial Fish Production from
Gulf of Mexico in 1976
Alabama Seafood Industry
Resource Development Potential
Problem and Objectives of the Study
Problem
Objectives
Review of Literature
Method of Study
II. DEVELOPMENT OF GROUND FISH TRAWLER AND PROCESSING
PLANT BUDGETS . . . . . . . . . A . . . . " . . . . . . . . . . 8
Ground fish Trawler Catch Composition,
Operation, and Processing
Ground fish Trawler Capital Investment
and Operating Costs
Ground fish Processing Plant Operations
Unloading and Sorting
Fresh Fish Production
Pet Food Production
Surimi Production
Fishmeal and Oil Production
Ground Fish Processing Plant Costs
Capital Investment Costs
Operational Costs
Depreciation
Interest
Insurance
Ground Fish Trawler Capital Investment
and Operating Costs
Ground Fish Processing Plant Operations
Property Taxes
Lease
Miscellaneous Fixed Costs.
Consumables
Energy Requirements
Labor
Water, Sewage, and Maintenance
Miscellaneous Variable Costs
III. GROUND FISH PROCESSING PLANT AND VESSEL
ProessngPlanT't Reenu
i i
IV, SL'ARYADCONCLUSIONS . . a..a."i.... 
32
Summary
Conclusions
V. BIBLIOGRAPHY...............0 w.o.. 1#00.0.. . .,. 
. . . . 0 37
FEASIBILITY OF SUPPLYING AND PROCESSING NORTHERN
GULF OF MEXICO GROUDF ISH IN ALABAMA
D. L ScovellIM. V. Rawson, and E. W. McCoy
Marketing Specialist, Florida Fish and Game Commission, Marine Re-
source Development Specialist, Alabama Cooperative Extension Service, and
Associate Professor, respectively, Department of Agricultural Economics and
Rural Sociology, Auburn University.
INTRODUCTION
Increasing demand for edible protein has severely stressed the world's
traditional fisheries through over-utilization. Realization thattradi-
tional fisheries are not unlimited resources and that many fish stocks are
reaching their maxirmum yields has caused much concern New emphasis has
been placed on increasing yield from the sea by developing previously unuti-
lized or underutilized, but abundant, fish and shellfish species. This
task is highly complicated involving development of efficient methods of
harvesting these species, creation of technologies to process the species
into usable forms, and development of markets for these underutilized re-S
sources.
Al.though the State of Alabama has a relatively small coastline, 
develop-
ment of unused fishery resources present in the Gulf of Mexico off the coast
of Alabama could have an important economic impact on the local economy of
south Alabama and the State as a whole.
.'s1am
United States Comercial 
Fish Production from Gulf 
of Mexico in 1976.
The Gulf of Mexico is one 
of the most productive 
fishing areas in the
world. In terms of productivity, 
it is second only to the 
Peruvian coast
(16). For this reason, 
production from the Gulf 
of Mexico makes a highly
significant contribution 
to total U.S. fish production. 
In 1976, Gulf
production from U.S. ports 
amounted to 1.8 billion 
pounds valued at $382
million. These landing 
accounted for 33 percent 
of total U.S. landings 
and
20 percent of value (41).
Two Major fisheries dominate 
Gulf of Mexico landings. 
Shrimp and
menhaden make up 83 percent 
of the total Gulf catch. 
In 1976, 210.1 million
pounds (heads on) of shrimp 
were produced representing 
52 percent of total
U.S. production. Menhaden 
landings amounted to 
1,237.8 million pounds 
in
1976, or 61 percent of 
total U.S. production (41).
.Aabarma Seafood Ilnust
Alabama produced 34.9 
million pounds of fish 
and shellfish in 1976.
This represented 2 
percent of total Gulf 
landings and 9 percent 
of value
(38).
Economic value of the 
seafood industry to 
the local economy of south
Alabama is estir~ated 
to be in excess of $ 
70 million while economic 
value
to the state and nation 
exceeds $120 million (36). 
The fishing fleet is
based in Baldwin and 
Mobie coutnts :3, and 
most of the seafood industry 
is
located in Mobile County 
at Bayou La Batre. 
Bayou La Batre ranked 
as the
-3-
tant species, ranked according to value, landed by the seafood fishery of
Alabama during 1976 (36).
Ri~soucfe Development Potentrial
JuhI described under-utilized and latent resources of the Northern
Gulf of Mexico (16). These fish resources can be divided into three groups.
Large pelagic fish make up the first group and are composed of billfish,
dolphin, mackerel, sharks and blackfin, skipjack and little tuna. Coastal
pelagic fish comprise the second group, composed of small, surface, and mid-
water schooling fish such as thread herring, Spanish sardine, scad, round
herring, cigar fish, and anchovy. The third group of under-utilized fish
is demersal, ground fish or bottom fish group, approximately 175 species
and probably constituting the second largest resource, by volume, in the
Gulf (16). Drums, croaker, spot, and sea trout are dominant species of
this group.
Bullis and Carpenter estimated a latent bottomfishery potential of
2.8 million tons in the Gulf of Mexico (4). Also, Waters estimated that
after consideration of shrimp fleet discards, industrial and food fish use,
recreational use and other mortalities, approximately 165,000 tons of
bottomfish are available for expanded use in the NortheriGulf (42).
Although certain coastal pelagic fish are more abundant, some are
difficult to catch. Production of such fish as Spanish sardine, round
r and fish, p rimarilyv croaker , are boxed, iced, and shipped in the round to
fresh fish markets on 
the East Coast. Species 
of bottomfish are used 
in
canned petfoods and are 
made into fishmeal. In 
addition, meatbone separator
technology, which has recently 
been developed, makes 
smaller sizes of
groundfish processable 
into forms suitable for 
human consumption.
Problem and Objectives of thSud
?rob lem
Interest has been shown 
in the development of a 
seafood industrial
park facility in Mobile County, 
Alabama. Several sites for 
the proposed
facility are now being 
considered. The industrial 
park facility would
provide convenient access 
for vessel owners and seafood 
processors to such
things as land, utilities, deep water 
channelization and waste disposal
systems.
Alabama's seafood industry 
is established and well-developed. 
Limi-
ted use is presently being 
made, however, of groundfish 
resources by
Alabama seafood producers 
and processors and much interest 
has been ex-
pressed in the feasibility 
of increased utilization 
of these resources. 
A
plant which would use 
the ground fish resources 
has, therefore, been 
pro-
posed for location in 
the industrial park facility 
as a viable alternative
to established seafood industries.
Prior to the establishment 
of a ground fish processing 
plant in the
seafood industrial park 
facilitWy, an evaluation 
was needed of such a plant 
s -
potential profitability. 
Few plants presently 
exist which process 
ground-
Objectives
The primary objectives of the study were:
(1) To estimate costs and returns 
of processing groundfish
in Alabama ; and
(2) To estimate costs 
and returns of operating 
a groundfish
trawler engaged in supplying a ground fish processing plant.
Review of Literature
Bottom fishery in the Northern Gulf of Mexico 
came from the need to
utilize so called "trash" fish caught 
incidental to shrimp and other food
fish trawis. The problem of how to use these 
unwanted fish was the subject
of a report published in 1907 by the U.S. 
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
(8).
Haskell reported that it was 1952 before 
a bottom fish industry came
into being with the establishment of 
a petfood plant at Pascagoula, Miss"-
ssippi (13). Since that time, bottom fishery 
has been the subject of
several governmental reports.
Guthery et. al., Haskell, and Roithmayr, 
described historical aspects
of the industrial bottom fishery, vessel 
characteristics and operational
methods, fishing season and efforts, 
catch rates, species composition,
bottom fish util.i.:.tion and processing 
methods (11, 13, 30) .
Little economic information was available 
on vessels or processing.
In 1973, Juhi published results of 
a study on economic costs of production
of grotud fish and food fish trawlers 
(15). Information was given for
packaging, freezing, 
storage, selling expense, 
and margin remained 
cons-
tant between species, 
Greenfield was able 
to look at effects of 
varying
selling price, purity 
of catch or ex-vessel 
prices. At the 1973 
price for
minced cod and pollock 
block of $.25 per pound, 
assuming minced bottom 
fish
.re equally comparable 
in quality, and with 70 
percent purity of catch,
four species (cutlass 
fish, mullet, whiting, 
and white trout) appeared 
to be
feasible for processing. 
At a minced block price 
of $.30 per pound and 
70
percent purity o catch, 
all species of ground 
fish became extremely 
at-
tractive for processing.
Lea and Roy evaluated 
the economic feasibility 
of processing Louisi-
ana ground fish in 1976 
(18). Three different 
size plants capable of 
pro-
ducing fishmeal, fish oil, 
pan dressed fish, frozen 
minced fish, and frozen
fish patties were studied. 
Capital investment 
requirements and operating
costs 'ere estimated 
for each product. Contributed 
cost per pound of pro-
ducing each product 
was developed from these 
data. Production 
rates, con-
tributed margins for 
products produced, and 
estimates of yearly 
fixed costs
were then calculated 
to obtain an estimate 
of yearly net income. 
Return
on investment CR01), 
internal rate of return 
(IRR), and payback period 
were
caluclated. Computer 
analysis indicated that 
only fish patties should 
be
produced. From production 
of 2,175,088; 4,522,032, 
and 9',063,144 pounds 
of
product at a price of 
$.35 per pound, the following 
returns were realized:
P1ant Size 
RolI..RRPabc
Researchers at Texas A&M University assessed 
the feasibility of several
alternative systems for landing and holding 
ground fish caught incidental to
shrimp trawling operations (24). Five methods 
were evaluated: installa-
tion of a separate freezer unit, brine immersion 
tank, or fishmeal plant on
board the shrimp trawler, hiring of an extra crew 
member to process the
ground fish catch, or the use of an additional vessel 
to which the incident-
al catch of ground fish from several shrimp vessels 
could be transferred.
None of the proposed systems appeared to 
feasible except under very restric-
tive condtions. Thet authrs con~lued tat fulutizioofhegod
fish resources depended on development of a fishing 
industry separate from
current shrimp trawling operation*
Method ofStuf
Initial assumptions of plant capacity and products to 
be produced by
the plant were made after consultation with Alabama 
Marine Advisory Service
personnel. The size of the ground fish 
processing plant was established
assuming that five vessels with a maximum capacity 
to hold 104 tons of fish
per trip would supply the plant. The 
ground fish processing plant was as-
sumed to produce five products: fresh fish, 
pet food, surlmi (a Japanese
cooxaodity) , fish n.eal, and fish oil.
Information on capital investment requirements 
and operational costs
associated with production and processing 
of the ground fish catch was
collected from secondary sources and contracts 
with Alabama Marine Ad-
cessing plant were then developed from the information collected to esti-
mate the profitability of ground fish production and processing.
DEVELOPMENT OF GROUND FISH TRAWLER
AND PROCESSING PLANT BUDGETS
Groun fish Trawer Catch Co sition,
2peaton and P~oc inssi
Fundamental to any vessel operator or fish processor are the types of
fish taken in the catch. Species composition and size affect the price paid
to boat operators and the types of products the plant is able to produce.
Catch rates for ground fish are generally higher in sumr and fall
and lower in winter and spring (31). A catch rate of 2.87 tons per hour is
assumed for June through November (period one) and 1 ton per hour for
December through May (period two) .
This study assumed .25% of the catch is shrimp and 2% is foodfish (15).
Fifty percent of the catch is assumed to be croaker. This percentage is
lower than what is found in the literature, but more in line with present
catch rates (33). The croaker catch is broken down into three size groups
by length. Each length group is assumed to make up the following percent
of the total croaker catch (34):
LengthPercent of croaker catch
Less than 6" 33
6" to 8" 50
4775% of the catch.
Vessels were assumed to be capable of holding 104 tons of 
fish per
trip and operating 14.5 hours per day (15). One day running 
time to and
from the fishing grounds was required during the sumer through 
fail period
and 2 days during the winter through spring period. 
Off-'loading times
were assumed to be I day during period 1 and 1/2 day 
during period two.
Based on the above catch-rates and operating 
assumptions, the.following
v~ssl schedle was asumcd o be followed urin h ero ue hog
November:
3.5 days at sea
1 day off-loading
2.5 days reprovisioning, repairs, crew leave, etc.
7.0 days total
According to this schedule, each vessel would make twentysix 
trips
durii period one.
At sea, operations of vessels during period 
two were restricted to
5 days to ensure the quality of fishi for fresh 
fish and minced fish pro-
duction (32). The following schedule was assumed 
to be followed by vessels
during period two:
5.0 days at sea
.5 days of f-loading
25days reprovisioning, repairs, crew leave, etc.
1a-
Tables 2 and 3 were constructed to obtain the poundages of fish available
from each category per production period. Annual production is also given
in Table 4.
C round fish Trawler Canital Investment
and OperatingCosts
Estimated costs of contructing a vessel of the size used in this study
was obtained from a ship building firm in Mobile, Alabama. The vessel was
assumed to be made of steel, 90 feet in length, with a total capacity of
150 tons, powered by a 520 horsepower engine and 30-kilowatt generator. It
was also assumed to have a refrigerated brine system to preserve the catch
giving an estimated total construction cost of 415,000 (35).
The basic outline of operating costs used by Juhl was followed (15).
Costs for fuel, lubricants, nets, doors, cable, and insurance were updated
by contacts with local businesses in Bayou La Batre, Alabama; Mobile,
Alabama; and Biloxi, Mlississippi. Interest cost of 8.5% was based on rates
presently charged under National Marine Fisheries Service Obligation Guar-
antee Program of loans for fishing vessels. Remaining costs outlined by
Juhl were increased by 30% to account for inflation. Prices paid to vessel
owners for shrimp and food fish were obtained from local fishing firms in
Bayou La 3atre, Alabama. Pricey for pet food and surimi quality fish were
obtained from Smtih (32, 33).
Straight line methodi of depreciation for an estimated 20 year life
catch principle. The plant was assumed to produce five products using all
fish unloaded at the dock and fish waste from plant production units. Fish
were ass~umvd to be Sold fresh, grou nd into pet food, deboned and processed
into surimi, or processed into fish meal and oil. Figure I illustrates how
the catch is handled as it Is transferred from a vessel and processed
through the plant.
Five vessels were assumed to supply the plant. Vessels were assumed
to unlx.d only on ':aekdays with one vessel unloaded each day during the
summer- fa.U period. Due to longer trips assumed in the winter-spring period,
only four vessels would unload most weeks. One vessel unloads each day with
the specific day being determined by the vessel's position in rotation.
Some weeks during period two vessel rotation is suchchat all five vessels
unload in 1 week. For this reason, an average daily rate was used as a
Sasis for plant capacity calculations in period two. Total availability
of raw material for processing amounted to 104 tons per day during period
one and an average of 36.8 tons per day during period two.
Unlading and Sort in
Fish were assumed to be removed from the hold of the vessel by means
of a pneumatic fish pump which pumps the fish directly into the plant.
This system was used instead of the conventional system which uses water
as the transporting medium to eliminate expensive waste treatment of water
of ter its use.
-12-
fresh fish section of the plant. Six through 8-inch size croaker are
removed, weighed, and sent to the section for mincing. All remaining
fish are neighed and transferred to the pet food station.
Fresh Fish Productirn
The assumed catch composition of each vessel and the quantities
going into each production unit per trip were listed in tables 2 and
3. As indicated 520 pounds of shrimp and 21,340 pounds of fin fish
are available for fresh fish processing per day during period one,
and an average of 184 pounds of shrimp and 7,730 pounds of fin fish
are available for processing per day during period two. Processing
in this section ::as assumed to be simply a matter of placing the fish
and shrimp into 100 pound capacity wooden boxes and icing the fish to
maintain quality during shipment to local fish markets.
Pet: Food Production
Grou id fishi and croaker less than 6-inches in length were assumed
used in the production of pet food. Pet food production involves
grinding whole fish and mixing the fish with certain ingredients,
vitamins, and water. This mi.xture is then cooked. Once cooked the
product is canned, sterilized, labeled, cased, and stored until it
can be sold.
-13-
period.
In order to translate 
the plant pet food production 
into cans per
minute (cpm) so the 
capital inves eat requirement 
can be estimated,
two assumptions were made. 
Actual equipment operating 
time was as-
sumed to be 15.5 hours 
during period one, and 
7.5 hours during period
two. The second assumption 
was that cans hold 1 
pound of pet food.
Based on these assumptions, 
the canning equipment 
must be able to
process 436 cpm during 
the peak summer-fall 
period and 318 cpm during
the winter-spring period
Surimi Production
Six to 8-inch size croaker 
were assumed to be used 
in the pro-
duction of surimi. Surimi 
is a semi-processed wet 
fish protein (22).
This interrmediate 
stage product can be 
frozen and shipped to 
Japan
waere it is used #n production 
of Kamaboko, an elastic 
or rubbery type of
fjsh cake highly prized 
by the Japanese consumer 
(21).
Surimi production 
begins with heading, 
gutting, and washing 
of
the croaker. Then fish 
muscle i~s separated from 
skin and bones by
sending the fish through 
a deboning machine. 
The resultant minced
fish flesh is washed, 
dewatered, strained, 
and transferred to a 
mixing
machine where additives 
are mixed with the minced 
flesh. This mix-
ture is then Packaged, 
frozen, and stored in 
freezer until sold. 
The
conm ptsrimi productinprocess 
is described by Miyauchi, et 
al.
-. 14~
fish .re assumed to lose 40% of their body weight. 
In the deboning
process, another 65% of the remaining weight is lost. Thus, 21% 
of
she whole fish is assumed to be recoverable in minced fish flesh (33).
Daily production of surimi. in period one utilized 10,920 pounds of
fish flesh per day while period two utilized 
3,865 pounds.
Five percent sorbitol and ..2 percent sodium tripolyphosphate by
weight of minced fish flesh is added to retard denaturation of fish
protein during frozen storage (22). Plant production of surimi in
period one was 11,488 pounds per day and 4,066 
pounds per day in
period two. The product was packaged in 25-pound freezer cartonsfrozen
in a double contact plate freezer, and stored in the plant's freezer
storage space until shipped to Japan.
Fishmeal and 01 Production
Fish not suitable for use in any of the other production units
can be ground into fish meal. This study assumed, however, that all
fish are used in other production processes, and only fish wastes
from surimi production were used for fish meal production.
A fish meal production process varies depending on the nature of
the raw material. Gererallyr, the process consists of grinding and
coxking the material. After cooking, the material is transferred
thrug.h a stra ine-r nd cnrw praesto %remove o lsc nd w ar._ Re-b
-15-
meal production during the drying phase where it is mixed with the
cake. The resultant product is called whole meal.
Yield figures given previously indicate 41,080 pounds of fish
wastes were available during period one, and 14,539 pounds were avail-
able during period two from heading, gutting, and deboning stages of
surimi production. Assuming 5 pounds of raw fish produce 1 pound of
fish meal, 8,216 pounds and 2,908 pounds of fish meal are produced
daily during the two production periods, respectively (17,18). In ad-
dition to the fish meal produced, fish oil is also available as a by-
product of the fish meal 
production process. Fish 
oil also can be
extracted from the skin washing tanks of the surimi production unit.
Each ton of fish meal assumed to produce 283 pounds of oil, and 72
pounds of oil are produced for each ton of suriwl (6,18). One gallon
of oil is assnud2 to weigh 7.5 pounds (18). Production of fish oil
in period one totals 210 gallons and 74 gallons in period two. The
fish oil is pumped to a 3,000 gallon storage tank. Fish meal is
bagged in 100-pound sacks and stored in the plant warehouse.
Ground Fish Prcess-La Pl.ant Costs
C-12 ta1. Investment Costs
Capital Investment costs include the cost of equipment, cons-
truion l"o f hbu iingsc, andipurchasingof land.
- fi
Plant soace r% quirements must be known before building costs can
be estimated. Space requirements for unloading and 
pet food, surimi,
;nd fish meal production were obtained from equipment manufacturers
representatives. Data on which to base estlmates of space 
require-
ments to sort ard weigh the total catch and to process fresh fish was
nz "-!ii1able. Miller,et al. indicated that 1,800 square feet were
necessary to process a mix of fin fish and shrimp in a prototype
plant capable of processing 1,000,000 pounds per year (20).AThe
same space requirements were assumed to be adequate to handle sorting
and weighing stations as well as processing of fresh fish. Addi-
tional space to house offices, restrooms, employee's lounge, quality
control, and workshop spaces were estimated at 20% of processing
space.
Storage space is also needed to house the inventory of materials
necessary for production and to store plant production. Before this
space can be estimated, the amount of inventory and production to be
k.--.,pt on sand must be established. Thierauf gives a formula for es-
t ima ting amounts of inventory a plant should retain on hand (37).
Product delivery lead t yes ;nd inventory reordering costs were not
ei tit d for the plant. Therefore, the formula was not used. The
amount of inventory the plant keeps on hand was fixed at a 10 produc-
CS:ch as sal. t, rc ;rxide, soybean meal, f ish meal, and corn e were
-.1 7.-
assumed to be stored in 1.00-pound sacks requiring 1.65 cubic 
feet
each (18). Pet food was packed in cases of 48 cans each, 
occupying
approximately 1.4 cubic feet (39,7). Empty cans were assumed 
to oc-
cupy the same space. Space for lids, labels, and 
fish meal bags was
not estimated.
Freezer storage space was estimated based on the assumption that
one 25-pound freezer carton occupies 1.2 cubic 
feet (20). The room
necessary to house fresh fish production overnight 
was based on the
av:umption that one -00-pound capacity wooden box occupies 3 cubic
feet (27). Appendix table, 2 illustrates how storage space require-
;went calculations are made for each storage section of the plant.
Total space requxir cements and building costs, including such things
as plumbing, iring,. and steam pipes, are outlined in table 10. Total
space requircments amounted to 20,130 square feet and total 
cost of
plant construction is $669,088.
Land costs for the model plant were not estimated. An initial
assumption of the study was that the plant is located in a seafood
industrial Lark facilit.; - 7.here such things as land, deep 
water access
docking :space, and ; e~ to waste disposal systems are available.
Land adequate for the plant was, therefore, assumed to be leased from
a state or local.. governmental agency which has developed such a site.
-1$-
plant output. Variable costs are those costs which vary depending
upon plant output.
Fixed costs are divided into six categories.
priion. Depreciation of buildings and equipment was cal-
culated using the straight line method. Salvage value (S) for a
particular item is subtracted from its replacement cost (R), then
divided by the expected useful life of the item (L) to obtain annual
depreciation (1)). Salvage values for buildings and 
equipment is as-
~umed to be zero. Depreciation is then calculated using the following
formula:
R- S5
L
Classificaticns and life expectancies used for buildings and equip-
ment are taken from Greenfield (10). Total annual depreciation on
buildings ani equipment is $251,950, table 12.
Interest. Interest on capital investment was calculated at 9%
.E average capital investi enr. Average capital investment is the
total capital investment divided by 2 and represents the average size
of the debt throughout the repayment period. Estimated annual inter-
est costs amounted to $89,303.
Insutrance. Cost of i::3uring a plant and its equipment was
obtained from an insurance agency in Mobile, Alabama (12). Included
-49-
Twenty-two trips could be made during this period by a vessel
following this schedule.
Based on vessel trip schedules, operating hours, and catch com-
position, tables 2 and 3 were constructed to obtain the poundages of
fish available from each category per production period. Annual
production is also given in Table 4.
Ground Fish TrawLer Capital Investment
and Ooetinn Costs
Estimated costs of constructing a vessel of the size used in
this study was obtained fr.om a ship building firm in Mobile, Alabama.
The vessel was assumed to be made of steel, 90 feet in length, with
a total capacity of 150 tons, powered by a 520-horsepower engine and
30-kilowatt generator. It was also assumed to have a refrigerated
brine system to preserve the catch giving an estimated total cons-
.ruction cost of $415,000 (35).
The basic outline of operating costs used by Juhl was followed
(15). Costs for fuel, lubricants, nets, doors, cable, and insurance
vvre updated by contacts with local businesses in Bayou La Batre,
Alabama; Mobile, Alabama; and Biloxi, Mississippi. Interest cost
of 8.5% was based on rates presently charged under National Marine
Fisheries Service Obligation Guarantee Program of loans for fishing
S traight line method of dnprecia tion for an estiate 20--year
life was used to depreciate the vessel and zero estimated salvage
value was assured.
Ground Fish Processing Plant Oerations
The mtodel processing plant was designed on the total utilization
of catch princip o. The plant was assured to produce five products
usig all fish unloaded at the dock and fish waste from 
plant production
units. Fish were assumed to be sold fresh, ground into pet food,
deboned and processed into surimi, or processed into fish meal and
oi.. Fi ure I. illustrates how the catch is handled as it is trans-
ferred from a vessel and pocssed through the plant.
Five vessels were assumed to supply the plant. Vessels were
assumed to unload only on weekdays ith one vessel unloaded each
day during the suer-fall period. Due to longer trips assumed in
the winter-spring period, only four vessels would unload most weeks.
One vessel unloads each day with the specific day being determined by
the vessels position in rotati n. Some weeks during period two
vessel rotation is such that all five vessels unload in l week. For
this reason, an average daily rate was used as a basis for plant
capacity :; ?cul ations , $40,000 per year.
P r~tv Taxes. Property taxes on building and equipment .were
paid by the plant. Taxes on land were not included since the land
and equipment were $568,725 and $1,230,949, respectively. Based on
these assumed assessed values, $22,046 in property taxes were paid
annually by the plant,
Lease. Land required for the plant was estimated as 2.5 times
the space requirements of the buildings to allow for such things as
emnoyee parking spaces, outside storage spaces, and loading areas
(17). Bulding square footage requirements were estimated at
20,130 square feet. Lard necessary to hotse all plant facilities
was estimated at 50,325 square feet or 1.15 acres.
Land leasing costs in she Mobile area for industrial use are
approximately $S80 per acre per year giving total annual leasing costs
of $920 (29).
Miscellaneous Fixed Costs. License fees and contractual ser-
vices such as refrigeration equipment maintenance were included in
tis category. These costs were estimated at $1,000 annually (17).
Variable costs were divided into five categories.
Consumable s. Consumables refers to items used directly in the
pro uc tic'n process. Exampltes of ccnsuxuables are ingredients such as
fish, sodium tripolyphosphate used in surimi production, or items such
as cans, labels, and lids used in pet food production. No consumables
are access~ary in unloading arid sorting fish.
process ing.
Eleven consumables are necessary for pet food production, table
14. Ingredient quantities necessary in production were calculated
based on assumptions outlined in the previous section describing the
pet food productio:n process. To obtain ingredient quantities, the
percent by weight for each ingredient listed in the pet food formula
was multiplied by the total output for each production period. Numbers
of cans, lids, and labels, were also based on this output. Case
rcquirenrets were calculated assuming 48 cans to the case. Prices
for ingredients were as indicated in the table, Total costs for
consunables for each production period were $48,916 and $17,312,
respectively.
Four consumabl us items are necessary in the production of
surimi, table 15. Five percent sorbitol and .2 percent sodium tripoly-
phosphate by weight of minced flesh are added. The two ingredients
:alculations were computed on the basis of 10,920 pounds of minced
flesh for period one and 3,865 pounds of minced flesh for period two.
frne:er carton usage t, as calculated by dividing total output per
prodIuction period of 11,488 and 4,066 pounds, respectively, by
freezer carton capacity of 25 pounds. Prices for each consumable
were as indicated in table 15. Total daily costs for consumables
fo.-r sur im production during each period were $4,169 and $1,475,
Total consumables costs assuming one bag costs $.20, were $17 for the
smmer-fall period and $6 for the winter-spring period (25).
Enje reqe iremaen its. Energy requirements for each unit of the
plant fall into two groups. Electrical energy is needed to run
pumps, conveyors, grinders, mixers, and other equipment. Steam is
needed for pet food and fish meal processing.
Horsepower ratings for each piece of equipment are shown in
Appendix table 3 through 6. Horsepower was converted to kilowatts
by multiplying by .76 since electricity costs are based on kilowatt
hours (KWH). To obtain plant electricity consumption, all equipment
was assumed to operate 15.5 hours per day during period one and 7.5
hours per day during period two. Assuming electricity costs of
$0.45/KWH, daily costs for electricity in each period were $266.00
and $129.00, table 16 (2).
Eleven hundred pounds of steam were assumed to be needed for
each ton of raw material used in fish meal production (6). Canning
of fisheries products requires approximately -boiler horsepower per
case of production (14). This equates to approximately 15 pounds of
steam per case if initial temperature of water used to generate steam
is 21.1?C, table .17. Total steam requirements for each period were
149,149 pounds for period one, and 52,787 pounds for period two.
.u4 -
steaa (5). Natural gas which was assumed to be used as fuel contains
1,030 BTU's per cubic foot, therefore, 1.42233 cubic feet of natural
gas was required to produce 1 pound of steam (26). Daily natural gas
consump tion was estimated to be 212.14 thousand cubic feet (NCF) of
gas for period one and '15.1 MCF for period two.
The rate charged to large commercial users of natural gas for
uninterrup table service is $1.711 per MCF in Alabama giving costs
for steam production in period one of $363.00 per day (1). Steam
generating costs in period two are $128.00 per day, table 18.
Labor. Little highly' skilled labor was assumed to be necessary,
thus minimum wage was assumed to be paid all workers except manage-
ment. During period one, the plant was assumed to operate on two 8-
hour shifts per day with one 8-hour shift being sufficient during
period two because of lower catch rates of vessels.
Labor requirements to unload the catch were provided by the equip-
ment manufacturer. o information was available on personnel require-
ments necessary to sort and weigh the catch or to process the fresh
fish. Therefore, the personnel requirements were estimated based on
discussions with Alabama Marine Advisory Service personnel (28).%
Labor requirements to unload, sort, weigh the total catch, and process
the fresh fish for each 8 -hour shift are shown below:
Personnel S umne r Winter
(number)(number)
-25-
Labor requirement esti ae 
s were obtained from a canning 
equip-
tent manufacturer familiar 
with pet food operations 
(44). Labor
requirements for pet food 
processing for each -hour 
shift are as
follows:
Personnel 
Summer Winter
(number) (number)
Grinder 
1 l
Blender-cooker 
1 1
Canfiller and closer 
l I
Retort 
5 3
Labeler 
1l1
Case set-up and caser 
1 1
Palletizer 
IlI
Total 11 9
Davis (6) estimated the 
labor requirements for 
an 8-hour shift
of surimi production as follows:
Personnel 
Summer Winter
(number) (nurtber)
Filleter 
2 
2
Deboner 
1 I
Dewate re r I I
Strainer 
1 1
-26-.
Management personnel include one plant manager who is responsible
for overall plant operation, a shift supervisor for each 8-hour shift,
~one ecre tary, and one clerk.
Fringe benefits were estimated at 12 percent of the total wage
costs (18), FICA tax was based on a rate of 6.05 percent of daily
wages making total daily labor costs amount to $4,232 for period one
and $1,665 for period two, table 19.
Wate, SWwag, and Maintenant e . Water, other than water used as
an ingredient in production, is required in ice production, steam
generation, and for the proper operation of some machinery used in
surimi production.
Ice requirements for fresh fish processing were 4,472 pounds per
day in period one and 1,563 pounds per day in period two. Assuming
1 gallon of water weighs 8.3 pounds, approximately 539 gallons of
water would be needed daily during period 1 and 188 gallons during
period two.
Steam requirements were 149, 149 pounds per day for period one
and 52, 787 pounds per day for period two. Water necessary to generate
the steam was 17,970 gallons and 6,360 gallons, respectively, for each
production period.
water is required for the fish washing machines, the fish filleting
-27-
gallons in period two. With water cost per gallon assumed to be
$0.00O8 (43), aily cost for water usage was $39 in period one
and $17 in period two.
Liquid wastes fron surimi production and recondensed water from
.team production were assumed to utilize the sewage disposal system
provided at the site. Cost of using the sewage disposal system was
assumed to e $.60 per 1,000 gallons (28). Wastes entering the
system were 48,855 gallons per day in period one and 21,308 gallons
in period two for a daily waste disposal cost of $29 and $13, res-
pec tively.
Maintenance costs were assumed to be 5 percent of initial equip-
ment investment annually (17). Investment in plant equipment was
*l,315,433 giving annual maintenance costs of $26,309 or daily average
maaintenance cost of $104 assuming 254 days of annual operating time.
Ms;scellaneous Variable Costs. Miscellaneous costs include such
items as lubricants for machinery, cleaning utensils and supplies, and
various office supplies such as stationary, typewriter ribbons, and
telephones. These costs were estimated at 5 percent of daily variable
costs for each production period. Daily average miscellaneous costs
were estimated at $3,035 per day for period one and $1,087 per day
for period two .
the peak production period of June-November amounted to $63, 743.
Daily variable costs for period two amounted to $22,836. Based on
127 operating days for each production period, total annual variable
costs were $20,995,533. Fixed costs, Table 2 were computed on an
annual basis and totaled S405,219, giving total annual operating ex-
penses of the ground fish processing plant of $11,400,752.
Processing Pant Revenue
Esriaed revenue for each production unit was based on the
following prices for finished productions.
Fresh fish $ .30 per pound
Fresh shrimp 1.90 per pound
pet food .14 per pound
Surimi .80 per pound
Fish meal .05 per pound
Fish oil .15 per pound
Price for fresh fish was based on the February 
17, 1978, price of
l arge croaker (40) since croaker was estimated 
to make up 8.1 percent
of the fres h fish catch. No data were available on the quantity by
size of the shrimp found in the catch of groundfish 
trawlers. After
discussions with Alabar:.a Marine Advisory Service 
personnel, $1.90
was selected as a representative price (28).
on*290W
by Smith (32). Fish meal price was based 
on prices received on
November 23, 1977 and November 30, 1977, 
for fish meal processed
from tuna scrap and which contained 
50 percent protein (40).eFish
oil prices were assumed to be the same as used 
by Kuinnerow, et al.
(17).
Revenue computations for the ground fish processing plant are
given in table 23. Annual revenue for the ground fish processing
plant amounts to $12,712,700.
Pr cuss .no, . liant Re turn
Net returns after deduction of total costs and estimated federal
and state income taxes amounts to $'616,616, table 24. This amounts
to a 62 percent return on average investment. Assuming that all the
costs of capital investment were financed over a period of 5 years
and repayment of the loan principal is made at a rate of 20 per year,
an amua1 principal payment of $396,904 would be required. Money
used to meet the priacipal payment came from cash spendable income
and also f om the $24.2,854 all .:sated as depreciation. Assuming all
depreciation goes to meet the principal payment, 
an additional sum of.
$144,954 was required from net spendable income, making $471,622
available to the owners as ca.-:,h spendable income.
30.-
order to stimulate new investment in vessels by potential suppliers.
Vessel owners will also have to receive additional compensation for
their catches due to the necessary restrictions required to maintain
the increased quality of the catch. Higher prices will have to be
paid to compensate for less total time spend fishing and the lower
total annual production which results.
Esttated annual operating expenses are shown in table 25 for
the ground fish trawler supplying the plant. Operating or variable
costs account for 70 percent of total cists and total $84,322. 
Owner-
ship costs make up 40 percent of total costs and total $55,246. 
Fuel
costs, fishing gear maintenance and repair, and insurance make up the
major portion of operating costs. Fuel costs 
alone account for 65
percent of ope Sting costs and 39 percent of total costs. Interest
and depreciation account for 19 percent and 15 percent of total
costs, respcctively .
estimated total annual pr:duction amounts to 7,322,000 
pounds.
Table 26 gives the breakdown of annual production going 
into each
product line and the resulting vessel owners 
expected revenue.
Costs and returns for the hypothetical ground fish trawler 
are
shown in table 27i. Owner's net returns after deduction 
of total
costs and crew shares amounted to $75,809, representing a 
36.5 per-
tbn of owner'sa net returns must be used to repay loans for capital
investraent. A principal paymnt ofS31.125 is used which 
represents
a 11) percent annual am r tizatLion of the original loan. An additional
$10,373 is required after use of money allocated to depreciation to
mfg-yet the principal parment. M4oney is substracted from owners net re-
t: s to obtain the funds required to meet the loan payment. Thus,
the owner has $65,434 awilabl e as net 
spendable income.
The average price received by the ground fish trawler owner is
$88 per ton. This i: considerably higher than the $55-$60 per ton
tzhich can be obtained in t:. pet food industry. For this reason, a
breakeven price is calculated to give the boat owner an idea of
the price range within which he can operate and still meet expenses
and principal pay'ment but have minimal cash spendable income. To
zal-uate breakeven price the following fobnula is used:
'TC +pP
.6 x TP
where
P = Minimum price in dollars and cents per ton,
TC cot l costs of $139,568,
PP= principal payment of $10, 375, and
TP=total production of 3,661 tons.
To breakewen, the bcat o .ner must receive an average price of $68.26
132-
fish. used in pet food production. Fish used in pet food production
represent 98 percent of the catch by weight and 89 percent 
of the
value . Ownership and operating casts are assurmed to be the same 
as
for the ground fih trawler with the exception 
of fuel and lubricant
costs. These costs are increased to account for the additional 460
hours per year the pet food trawler can spend 
fishing. Expected
annual production fir the pet food trawler is 8,295,000 pounds and
the expected revenue totals $274,140, table 29.
Costs ad returns for the pet food trawler are shown for compari-
son purposes in table 27. 'Net returns to the owner amount to $17,723
which represents an 8.5 percent return on average investment. Net
spendable income after Principal payment is $7,348.
SI2' MRY AND CONCLUSIONS
S u sart
Development of ndk. r-utilized fisheries resources in the Gulf
o Mexico caa have an important impact on the local economy of south
Alabama and the State as a whole. To assess the economic feasibilityr
of incraasin~ the use of under-utilized ground fish resources of the
Gulf, the feasibility of supplying and operating a processing plant
was determined by using e pital budgeting techniques.
Quanti ties o~f fish available for processing were estimated by
,agssuing thaive vessels,_ each withte capacityto'cacha maxi-
33-
trawlers of the Gulf of Mexico. 
The production year was also divided
into two periods to simulate the peak production 
months of June through
November and the slack product-ion period 
of December through May which
iz charateristic of' the ground fish fishery. 
Vessel schedules of
inport and at-sea time were then constructed 
based on a high catch
rate for production period one and a 
low catch rate for production
period two. From the vessel schedules and expected catch composition
of each fishing vessel in each period, an estimate of total 
raw
material available for each category was obtained.
Five product lines were hypothesized for the plant. Fish of the
proper kind, size, and quality, and any shrimp caught 
were assumed to
be sold fresh and in the round. Six to S-inch size croaker were
assumed to be of the proper size or be minced and then used to make
surimi hich is exported to Japan. All remaining ground fish were
assumed to be canned as pet food. In adition, in keeping with the
principle of total utilization of catch, fish wastes from the surimi
production unit were ass zd to be used in the production of fish
m'.1 and oil.#
The processing plant facilities were assumed to be located in 
a
seafood industrial park facility near the city of Mobile, Alabama.
Several sites for such a Com~plex are currently under study. 
Capital
34-
for it-em needed in the production process, energy costs, labor costs,
and water and sewage costs. Tota capital investment in plant and
e'juipment to process 36,610,000 pounds *f g ound fish per year were
~.,i, 93' 511 Annual ,perating e.penses ere $11,400,742.
Estim ates of expected revenue from plant operations were based
o:. wholesale prices which were close to current market conditions.
E tt:uaizes of whokosale price for fresh fish and shrimp were $-30 per
pound and .9t0 per pound, respectively. A pet food wholesale price
of $.1.4 per pound was used, and a wholesale price of $.30 per pound
w as used for surimi. r ish " meal and fish oil prices were estimated
at $.05 per pound and $.15 per round, respectively. Annual
re vn ue from ground fish pr;-cess ng amounted to $12,712,700.
-,,e returns amounted to $1,311,948, and net returns after taxes
were $616,616. Return on average investment was used as a measure
of the project's profitabIlity. Return on average investment was
62 percent. Nt cash spendable income after deductions of a principal
payment on total capital investmont amounted to $471,662.
A ground fish processingopant requires a higher quality product
than is nor:,ailv needed in a plant which produces only pet food be--
cause some of the p rodiction is eventually used for human consumption .
If refrigerated brine is used as the means of preserving the catch.
..35-
fish trawler were estimnate;. 
The vessels used in the 
study were
assumed to be 90 feet in length 
with a gross carrying capacity of
130 tons. Estimated capital 
investment requirements for 
this size
vessel. were $415,000. Ownership 
and operating costs were 
alsc
es eisted and incLude such things 
as interest on capital investment
depreciation, fuel, repair 
and maintenance, fishing 
gear replace-
ment, and insurance. Estirm~ated 
annual ownership and operating 
ex-
senses totaled $139,568.
Based on prices of $.l0 per pound 
for foodfish, $-70 per pound
for shrimp, $.07 per pound'for surimi-size 
fish, and $.03 per pound
for pet food quality fish, and an estimated 
total annual production
o4 7,322,000 pounds, a ground fi3h trawler 
owner realized 36.5 percent
return on averaeg investment aft~r 
alto-ing for crew shares and 
op-
2rating costs. Net cash p ndabe incom after 
allowance for a
princ w~pal paymonc amounted to 
S65,434.
in contrast, a vessel operating under optimum conditions 
in the
pet f od industry Lverages a* total annual 
production of 8,295,000
rounds of fish., but realizes only 
-$.03 per pound for 98 percent of
the catch. Return on av1ra ue investment 
for a pet food trawler is
R.5 rercent and a pet food trawler 
owner realizes a net spendable 
in-
come of $7,348.
36~
Con clus ions
increased utilization of ground 
fish resources appears to be
highly profitable for the processor 
and the vessel owner. Although
eve ry effort has been made to 
base the feasibility analysis 
on
assumptions which realistically 
fit the ground fish fishery, 
potential
investors should realize profitability 
is restricted to conditions
exactly as outline~d. Ad jus tnent 
s hould be made to fit individual
investor requirem~ents ad the 
investor's own knowledge and 
exeri-
once of the industry: should 
be utilized to modity the 
study conditions
to meet specific situations. 
This study does indicate, however, 
that
increased utilizati ,n of ground 
fish resources can be a feasible
fishery resource development :itornative.
lw3 7-
BIBL IOGRAPHY
1. lab a aa Gas Corporation, February 1978. Private interview with
representative via telephone. Mobile, Alabama.
2. A1ba a Power Company. February 1978. Private interview with
representative via telephone. Birmingham, Alabama.
3. Brown, Rich and Robert Palmateer. 1976. Seafood plant design,
some planning considerations for the small processor. Washington
Sea Grant Marine Advisory Program, University of Washington,
Seattle, Washington 46 pp.
. flullis, H. R. and J. S. Carpenter. 1968. Latent fishery re-
sources of the central west Atlanttc region. In D. W. Gilbert
(editor) The future of the fishing industry of the United States,
P. 61-64. University of Washington Publications in Fisheries,
New Series Volunie IV, Seattle.
5. Cleaver-Brooks Boilers. January 1978. Private interview with
representative via telephone. Birmingham, Alabama.
6. Davis, J. W. January, 1978. Unpublished Data. Nasua Nova
Scotia Corporation, New York, New York.
7. Dessert, Fred. January 1978. Private interview via telephone.
Winn Dixcie Food Stores. Montgomery, Alabama.
8. Field, Irving. 1907. Unutilized fishes and their relation to
the fishing industries. Bureau of Fisheries Document 622. 50 pp.
4m 38 
S,
10. 1973. The Japneesuiiarkt,oppormity
for minced croaker. Notes supporting presentation d e
Orleans, Louisiana, October 31, 1973.
11,. G threy, E. J, G. X. Rusell, A. F. Serra ad A. Rohr.
1975. $ psis of the Nothern Gulf of Moxico Industrial and
foodfioh industries. Mari Fisheries Review. 39 (7) $111.
12. ll, Wayn. October 1977. Private interview via te
Iua s r-Croom Insurance Agency, Mbile, Alab .
13. wuoke11j V. A. 1961. Gulf of xico trawl fishery for indu trial
species. Comrcial 'ishrie Rview 23 (2) :14.
14. Jarvis, N. D. 1943. Principles and sods in cug of fishery
products. U.S.o pr at of Interior Fish and Wildlife Service
Research Rport 7. 366 pp.
15. Juh, Raf* 1974. Econmimacs of Gulf of t sIndustrial and
foodfish trawlers. Marine Fisheries Review. 36(U) : 3942.
16. . 1976. Notes on the udruti izd fishery re-m
sources of the Gulf of Moxico. Proceedings of the First Annual
Tropic and Subtropical Fisheries Technlogica Conference.
2:538-547.
17. Ku rov, Max, Richard Veis trup, Davis S tuibr, Robert Lindsay.
1977. A preliminary study of the f ishal industry, feasibility
- 39.
25. Ralst;n Purina Ccmpany. March 1978. 
Private interview with
represemtati 'e via telephone. Montgomery, Alabama.
2.'. Ramer, R. 11. 1976. Energy--An introduction 
to physics. San
Franc sco, :VW. H. Freeman and Company. 528 pp.
27. Racsey, V. E. December 1977. Private interview 
via telephone.
Boca Raton, Florid
4
.
28 Rawson, M. V. February 1978. Private interview via telephone.
Alabama Marine Advisory Service. Alabama Cooperative Extension
Service. Mobile, Alabama.
29. . September 1977. Personal comunication.
Alabama Marine Advisory Service. Alabama Cooperative Extension
Service. Mobile, Alabama.
30. Roithmayr, C. M. 1965. Review of industrial bottomfish fishery
in northern Gulf of Mexico. Commercial Fisheries Review.
27(1): -l6.
31. R ~sse1, Michael and C. 0. Neal. 1977. An atlas for industrial
b,)t tomf ish fisherman in the northern Gulf of Mexico.u Sea Grant
Advisory Service. Mississippi Cooperative Extension Service.
32. Smith E. M. 1977. Market trends for fish and surimi in Japan.
tnpublished data. National Marine Fisheries Service, Pascagoula,
Mis sis~ippi.
33s Stinson, ane October 1977. Private interview via telephone.
Be xde-: Sipbui1. :Ccrn a y$ Mobile, ALbama.
3O. Swingle, ; ayn.2. 19 75. Anlysis of commercial fisheries catch
data for Alab .:a. Alabama Ma'rine Resources Bulletin. 1:26-50.
3.Thierauf, R. J. and R. A. Grosse. 1970. Decision Making Through
Operations ?Research. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 570 pp.
38. U.S. Department of Commerce. 1977. Alabama landings annual
su nary, 1976. Current F isheries Statistics 7220. National
O ea is and Atmospheric Administration. 5 pp.
39. U.S. Department of Coerce. 1977. Canned Fishery products annual
s' urary, 1975. Current Fisheries Statistics 6901. National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Admi.nis tration. 12 pp.
40. U'.S. Department of Cormerce. 1977-78. Fisheries Market News
Reports. Commercial Development Se rvices Branch. National
M arine Fisheries Servi'ce, New Orleans, Louisiana.
41. C.S. Department of Commerce. 197 7. Fisheries of the United
States, 19 76 . Current Fisheries Statistics 7200 National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Admina.,tration. 960 pp.
~2. Waters, tvn 1977. Notes from presentation given at Gulf
States Marine~ Fisheries Csittee meeting. Mobile, Alabama.
43. Water Works Board. January 1978. Private~ interview with
Table 1, Eight Most Valuable Seafood SpeciesLaddIAlba,17
Shrimp (heads on)
Oysters (meats)
Croaker
Red Snapper
Blue crab (bard)
Flounder
White sea trout
Yu1e t
Dollars
30,393,075
1,155,475
873,337
387,670
281),108
195,868
153,014
92,492
Pounds
18,689,887
1,236,058
6,313,486
634,855
1,298,653
803,273
1,344,708
865,093
SOURCE: Alabama Landings, Current Fisheries Statistics of the United
States (38).
molmol .
Landed In Alabama, 1976
Table 2. Assumed Catch Composition Of Alabama Northern Gulf Of
Mexico Groumdfish Trawler, Period One, 1977
of Pounds Pounds
Product Catch Per Trip 26 Trips 
- Use
Shrimp
Food fish
(other than
croaker)
Grounmd fish
(other than
croaker)
Croaker
6"fl(33%)
6-m8" (50%)
9of1 1 s7
0.25
2.00
47.75
16.50
25.00
8.50
520
4,160
13,520
108 ,160
99,320 2,582,320
34,320
52,000
892,320
1,352,000
459,680
Fresh fish market
Fresh fish market
Petfcod
Pe t food
Minced fish
Fresh fish market
a100.00 208 ,000 5,408,000
I,,L,,
Total
Table 3. Assumed Catch Composition Of Alabama Northern Gulf Of Mexico
Ground Fish Trawler Period Two, 19 77
Percent
of
rd catch Per trip 22 TriD 
Use
Shrimp
Fodt fish
(other than
croaker)
Grour d fish
(other than
croaker)
6"
6 
981
0.25
2.00
217.5
1,740.0
41,785 Fresh fish market
38,230 Fresh fish market
47.5 55 913,95 Peto
16.50
25.00
8.50
14,355.0
21,750.0
315 ,810
473,500
162,690,
Pet food
Minced fish
Fresh fish market
ot1000 3 7,000,0 
1,914,000
.
Total
Table 4Y Assumed Annual Production Of Alabama Northern 
Gulf Of
Mexico Ground Fish Trawler, 
1977
Product
Shrimp
Food Fish
Pet Food size fish
Surimi sire fish
Total
Tons
9.15
384.40
2,352.20
91.5.25
3,'561.0O
Pounds
18,305
768,810
4,704,385
14830 r500
7,322,000
---- dram
Figure 1. Relationships Of Ground Fish Processing Plant Production:
Units
f M' ! r' .
s J 11r v r
Tab? e 5. Foriuia Used 
in Pet Food Production 
Unit of Ground Fish
Processing Plant
In edi ennc
;Water
Fis1,h
Co rn ma
Soybean meal (49% protein)
Sal t
iiri:pre-mix
Iron oxide
Total
Per-etbvYweiht
1'9.10
334.00
9.80
7.50
.40
.03
100.00
:0IR C .sR. T 1L"vell, 
s ft scr rprtk X30m~en"1t 
oFisheries
and Al2.L;ed Aq'.:ac utues , 
Auburn University,
Auburni, Aabama.
0.
Table 6. CapitalInTvestment Req~uiremuents And Costs For Unloading,
Sorting anid Fresh Fish Production~ Units, Of Ground Fish
Processing Plant,?Xlabama, 1977
dlars
Una adin g pneu ttic
f.sh pucnp each 25 ,000 
1 25,000
Sort , g com'~e or each 
2 ,625 1 2 ,625
ocrrin g baskets each 13.75 
120 2,250
Incustrial p latfo ri
scales each 1,605 1 
1,615
Fresh f. sh ice .aahine each 11, 000 
.1 20
Yr. la cost 
429,490
stuipptag anda nd1,i..i...n9;'
iota'& cost 
45,16+
"' See Appendix Lible 
I for description 
and source of equipment,
Table 7. Capital tnvestz~ent Requirements and Costs For P~tfcod
?r oduc ticn Unit Of Cround.Fisli Processing Plant Alabama
each
each
each
each
e ach
each
each
each
each
each
each
each
"w.xer/c 
coker
Can filler
C n closer
Re r
C ndola cars
Labeler
Case set up
Cas e r~ ti
Cas r i... ie
syoit er
s; ship;.ping arA
i nstallaticn
'
This
1.x,000
42,500
36,000
5,000
15 ,000
700
13,21
19,000
21,000
33,000
25,000.
14 ,290
735,000
0" -1 *-Os"
1
2
1
1
30
1
1
1
See Appendix Talle I for description and source of equipment.
',.a r s
15,000
'85, 000
86,000
75,000
75,000
21 ,000
13,210
19,2000
21,000
33,000
25,000
1 4 ,290
150,000
632,500
4 '4 .
576 ,77 5
i i a8. Capital Investment Requiremnents And Costs For S ur itni P roduc-
ti.on Unit OM Grc und.Fish Processing Plant Alabama, 1977
:Y .
Washer
Filleter
Washer
Debone r
washer
Dew~aerin.:g sieve
Press
S trainer
HoLding tank
Stuffer and weigher
Stuffing tab.le
Plat e freez-r
3 lock pans
!I cellanecus
Flu.:es and ccn': evors
tnit-ial cast
ins :a..I ati o n
Lot" Cos0t
each
each
each
each
each
each
each
each
each
each
each
each
each
Cost/ .it..a..
dollars
15 ,808
42,269
11,556
79,622
1,500
5,000
25,000
14,000
500
20,000
40,400
300
X9,000
Cr ii s
1
1
1
I
I
I1
1
I
I
1
600
dollars
15,808
42,269
11,556
79,622
3,000
5,000
25,000
14 ,000
500
20 ,000
40,400
19,0CC
3,7 00
235,155
19,961
.3054 16
See Appendix Table I for description and 
source of equipment.&
Table 9. Capital Investment Requirements And Costs For Fish-Heal And
Oil Production Units Of Ground. Fish Processing El 7t
Alabama 1977
Item-L Unit Cost/Unit Units 
Total
Fishmeal and oil. plant
Oil storage tank
Initial cost
7% shipping and
installation
each
each
dollars
243 ,OOO
1,195
dollars
245,000
1,195
246,195
17,9234
Total cost
See Appendix Table -I for description and source of equipment.
263,429'
Table 10 . Space Requirements And Building Costs For 
Ground Fish
Processing Plant, Alabama, 1977
Item Souare feet
Production are a
Dock
Fresh fish
P e tfood
Su r iri
Fishmeal
Office employee work-~
shop, quality control
toe&area
Dry storage
Holding freezer
Holding cooler
Total
1,740j1/
1,4O0 /
1,841I.V
8322?8/
649.!
I1
20, 130
cost/
dollars
21
4.1
41
41
41
32
21
80
65
Cost
dollars
1,344.
13,800
71,340
172,200
57,400
38,912
174,762
51,920
XL102
669,088
Browni et al. (3) .
Temco ;tnc. , Bellevue, Washington, December, 1977.
Mil1.:le r et al.. 
(20).
Petfood equipnment space requirement of 1,450 sq ft plus 20 percent.
nassau ova Scotia Co., New York, NY, January, 19 78 .
Kar Birow et al. (17).
Twenty percent of production area total space of 9, 204 sq ft.
From Appendix Tabl.e 2.
I/
2/
5/
6/
ONNOMMMIEWAMOSSOMN
A
Table 11. Total Capital Investment Costs 
Of Ground fish ?rocessing
Plant, Alabama, 1977
I4 em Cost
do liars
6699088Building
Equipment
Unloading, sorting and fresh fish units
Pet food
Fish meal
Surlii
Office eq ipment (estimated
Subtotal
*1iscefl aneous equipment and tools (1%)
Total capital investment
45,40::
676,775
263,429
305 ,116
1,964,872
1,984,521
now
Annua. Depreciation 
Costs Of Ground fish 
Processing
Plant Buildivngs 
And Equipment, 
Alabam,. 1977.
tem
Buildings
Processing equi prent
Office equipment
Niscel aneous equ:ip~nent
and tools
F .. s" maea2. plant and
storage tank
Boilers
Total depreciation
Cz'st 
Deprecia~i.on
dollars
669,088
877,3c;5
5,000
19,649
263,429
150,000
Lire
years
331/
,1/
S0
do liars
20,275
175,471
1,250
3,275
32,929
X51, 950
IGreenfield (10) .
o Assumed .
Table 12.0
mkw.
Taible 13.0
Estimated Daily Consumables Usage And Costs For Unloading, Sort-
ing And Fresh Fish. Production Units, By Period, 1971
I1Lem Unt It
Ft itIoxL's
Fl' sh
'rot-itcost
cost/
un)it
dollars
1*24'
Pounds A
Stur WItter Shne inter
ta ts uits __ Cosit.cot
do 1.lars (1o1lars
2 6 9 
u j94 3 36 117
12 ,3602 / 7t814 2L k781
2,572 898
V .ron E. Rant,;ey, Inic. , loca Raton, FIlorida, Dec ember 19177
2/ Quality S.ya foods, Bayou La a t res Alabam~a, November 1977.
w-.r + r wr.w +..+ w.. " . r" " r. r w ".y.."+..r.. . ww"r r.+r r . +rw..W. . rr r.i.rw
r. ww- ... r r..r.+" r. ... w. +^.. .r.Y rw . . + .+w r....r.w M f "+ww+r . ... w . +w
,. ... ,.
M -fi r .. M + t .. w.r r r".tw W v w, r . . w . .M wrrM,"+ .. 1 - " """ " -04-00-
Table 14. Estimated Daily Consumab 
le Usage And Costs For Pet-food 
Produc-
tion Unit, By Period, 1977
Cosh/ Suimer Winter 
Summer Wne
Itemi Unit unilt 
Units units Cost 
cs
dollar! 
do!tIarsdoar
141atteLc ga llon 
*0008!-' 23,951 8,419 
197
Cornmeal pound 
.10t3! 39,681 1 4 t,04t6 
3,9691,0
Soybean eail poundI. 10154' 
30,373 101,149 3,0831,9
Vitamin premix pound 
.452' 688 244 
31011
Sallt poulnd1.037 
2/1,620 5713 
52 1
Iron oxide pound 
.10 3/ 121 43 
124
Lidsi each 
.
0
1
5 5
1"- 404,970 143,327 6,2812,3
Cane; each .068264' 
404,9/f) 143,327 2 7 ,64 3918
Labe 1s ea"Ic1h .003825/ 
1404,97() 14 3,32/7 1,55154
CAI ;eeach .2355?t' 8,437 
2,986 1,98770
p~~ ound .03 l 33,64~0 
47,298 4 009 149
rot a 
t148 
916 
17 31
-Water Works, fMobilec, Alabama, January 19/8 
(4 )
Zi"T he I ugred lent Marke t", Feedsitui s, June 27, 
1977.
Mountaiare (Xporat ion, North Li tt.eI 
Rock, Arkans;as, December 1977
J41a1 lee Coorporat tl, New Orle ans,*[ouisiana, 
December 1917.
Li jC. No .:1Smi ths, Usher' Markeet. i g SpecIal ist , Nat'tonal N. ar 1w' Fiahe Iit s Service, fve-
bert'19 78.
Table 15. Estimated 
Dily Connumbles Usage 
Arnd Costs For Surial Produc-
tion Unit, By Period, 
1977
Cost/ Sinnr 
Winter Simmr 
Winte
item unit 
" unit units 
units dols do:lr
Sodlum tripoiyphios 
".3~
paea03522 
8 
3
Sorbitol 0
.
680
-' 546 193 
3713
Freezer cartons 
each 0.328 -
460 163 
151 5
Fish 
each l07 
" 529000 
18,404364
Total4,169 
147
U ~CChemical Division, 
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 
March 1918.
VICI Unitedl States, 
Wilmington, Dolaware. 
March 1918.
WPM Consolidated Box 
Company, Rirmingham, 
Alabama, March 1978.
{Smith (32).
Table 16. Estima~ted Daily Ground fish Processing Electrical 
Requirements
And Costs, By period, 1977
Ki lowat ts Swuw, r Winater 
S*uwmer Wne
Prod trt t i e 
or aeusae st 
14 castc
number kwh kwh 
c1(toiLs dolrs dollr
UnI0tEadlug, sorting and
f rests fish 
50 115 375 
.045 35 1
Pet food 
62 961 465 
.045 43 2
Stir [it i 
208 3,224 1,560 
.045 145 7
Nisht meal 
61 945 457 
.045 43 2
. twiI 38 5,9+.2,57 26 12
266 129
38[ 5,905 
2,857
Tota I
Table 17. Estimated Daily Ground fish~ Processing Steam Requirements By
Period, 1977
It em
Fhfishmeal
Pet4 food
To tal
r 
i 
n c 
o ns te 
un 
i t
1100
15
Unit Surmmer Winter Su nitr Winter
tort /
2/
case
20.54
8,47
727
2, 98(
2 2, 594
12 6L5!)5r
149, 149
1,991
44 ,790
52,81
1/
-It~piL of raw matertil per daiy,
-Output per d .y.
...-.... -.....-........ ,,..,........r...........,
Table 18, Estimaited Daily Ground. 
fish Processing Steam Costs, 
fly Period, 1977
P r i Octt u ceent 
pomld steam - (MFt") 
Cst~
1 149,149 
1.42233 212.14 
1.71133
2 52,178/ 
1.422133 75.10 
1.71112
Tabl~e 19. Estimated Daily Ground fish Processing Labor Requirements
And Costs, By Period, 1977
Laborers'
1
Summer Winter
number numbe r
Work titime
Summer Winter
hours h ours
Hourly Summer Winter
ratea cost Cos t
do! :irs dol lars do I~ars
Production workers
Unloading, sorting,
weighing & fresh
f ish 54
PeI food 11
Sutir im i 9
Fish meal 3
Warehouse Workers 2
~1;a~meitW ork er s
Plant manager 1
Shift supervisor 1
Secretary 1
Clerk 1
Total Wages
Fringe benefits
FICA (6.05% oif total wages)
Labor Costs
- iaior& rs working 8 hr shilfts.
ItIem
35
9
9
.3
16
16
16
16
16
8
16
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
2.65
2.65
2.6b5
2.65
2.65
8. 37
6.89
4.10
3. 2t
2, 290
466
382
12/
85
67
1i ()
33
2 6
3,58 5
742
191
191
64
4 2
67
55
33
26
1 1/4U1)
1j6t
85
1(,65
430
217
4 it232
.. ,...._,.....4
...+.. ............ r..
Mw iy "4'rYUM M II r yO r y !
Table 20. Daily Water Usage Rates Of Surimi Production Mchinery By
Period
Mah iner;'
Raw fish washer
'Fish filleter
Ftlleted fish washer
Skin wshing tank
Period
8,1 93
6,510
4,092 
0
30,885
water usage
Ir Ferkod 2
3 ,96 8
} 3,150
* 1,980
14,948
-v-----
NOW
- ----- NINMNNIWAP
Table ?21.0 Estimted Ground fish Processing Plant Variable Costs,
Alabama, 1977
Variable o s ts
Period I
dollars
Con s cable s
Unloading, sorting6
fresh fish
Pet food
Surimi
Fish :4nal
Elec tri city
Seam
Labor
W a t e
Waste disposal
Maintenance
Subtotal
5% Miscellaneous
Total .ariable costs
(per day)
Total variable Costs
(127 days production)
Total annual variable 'C~t
2,572
48,9916
4,170
17
266
363
4,232
39
29
104
60,708
3 1035
63,743
8,095,361
899
17,312
194 76
6
129
128
1, 665
17
13
104
21 , 749
22,836
2,900,172
10,995,533
M-dw
" r " . ..
dollars
Period 2
Table 22. Estimated Ground fish Processing Plant Annual Fixed Costs,
Alabama, 1977
Fixed rsts
Depreciation
Insurance
Interest
Property taxes
Leasing costs
Miscellaneous costs
Total fixed costs
dollars
251 ,950
40,000
89,303
22,046
920
LL.. 2.22-w
405,219
Estimated Ground fish Processing Plant Production 
And
Revenue, Alabama, 1977
n . tPeriod Ie r ic 2 Price
dollars
Fresh fish
Fish 21,840 71730 .30
Shrim 50 84 1.90
]Pet food 404,970 143, 327 .14
ISuri"mi 11,488 4,066 .80
Fish meal
Meal 8,216 2,908 .05
Oil 1,576 558 . 15
Total daily
revenue
Total avenue
? er production period k based on 12?7 days)
Annual revenue
Revenue
L?.. .. C P eriod 2
ache.:rs dollars
6,55240
988
56,696
9,190
'11
236
7'4,073
2, 319
160
20,066
3,253
143
84
26,027
9,407,271 3,305,429
12,712,700
Table 23.
w.
Edwwmwmmopm
Table 24. Estimated Ground fish Processing 
Plant Annual Costs And
Returns, Alabama, 1977
Costs
Fixed
Variable
Total
Total retvenue
Net Returns
Net returns after taxes-1
Percentage return on average investment
? nc al payment 
(less depreciation)
2
1
Cash spendable income
405,219
11,400,752
12 *,712,700
1,311 ,948
616,616
62
144 ,954
471,662
-- 48 pe cent federal, 5 percep..state.
Based on 5 year loan.
~KerU~nS, ~a~Pdog. rars
t eir,
A-noun
Table 25. Alabama Ground fish Trawler Annual Ownership And Operating Costs
Estimate, Alabama, 1.977
Item
Own*mrsh i) casts
Boat interest (loan of 311,250)
Opportunity cost
Boat depreciation
Tota icn1 hp csts
2pera t logi { Sts
Li,1r i c:fl1
flul I
Refrigeration & power plant
Spare parts & supplies
Fishing gear
Nets
Doe)rs
Twine, webbing, chaffing gear
Cabile
Block, lines, etc.
Peck. working supplies
AdmIiis irative costs
Description~
8.5 percent
25 percent down at 7.75 perrent
20 year life
44c/gallon; 3,580 hours at 35 gia11onsI/tour
1.75/gallon; 488~ gallons
2'1 per year
2 sets per year
4100 fathoms every 2 years
4, 500
1 t500
4 55
5 64
4 55F
A
oiili rs
Pf .nl- ww~w wr~. r.. ++ i~w w + ~w/.r 5"
8,040
55,246
55,132
854
4, 5 f0
7,-';14
351
780)
. . ......... 
..... ......... ,...W.. ........... ,.....,... ... ,..
wAY 4/ ' I IM'A/ rrIM11 / MM 
I 1 y + V Vwl wN1 RT ' Yr/ W 
Y"
Table 25. (Continued)
Description
Insu.rance flu I
Liabtlty
Breach of war rusty
Tota prating cs3ts.
Total Costs
I tem Amount
dot iar3
9,500
3, 350
14,200
84,322
139,568
Table 26.0 Alabama Ground fish Trawler Annual Production And Revene
Est ipate, 1977
Product
shrimp
Food fish
Pet food
iced fish
18,305
768,810
4,704,385
lit830t500
71,322,000Total
Price/
dollars
.10
. 03
a07
Revenue
dollars
12,813-
76,881
141,132
1.2jI35
358,961
-- J-- *J__.f.Mr _.-I----- - -- a-ar------ -
waWmMoMlllr
1*IL. -- - _UJL U 
- T1 J_- W Ui -
Table 27. Comparison Of Alabam Ground. fish And Pet food Travier Annua
Costs And Returns, 1.977
Total Io
eturns
(less 40% crew share)
Owner'sa ?turns
Net Returns to owner
Percentage raturnt on average
investment
Principal paymnt (Less
depreciation)
Cash spendable ncote
Ground fish
t rawier
dollars
139,3568
358,961
215 ,377
75,809
trawle*r
146, 760-
274,140
164 ,484
17 ,723
36.5
10,375
65,434
10,375
7,348
Mmm-
8.5
_- u___ j I a-
- l_ _-_ 
u u------ - -
Table 28. Alabaaaa pet food Trawler Annual Ownrship And Operating Costs
Estimate, Alabama, 1977
Occ rtilt4 i
Bout tLtcrersr(loan of 311,250)
Oppo trnafty cost
Ioat apruc.t~ton
W - - -- , - -d-t -aAL
at 8. 5 percent
25 'p.ircwnt down '.c 7.15 percent
20 year l te
Total Ower411p Cots~
at Lit st&
Kop: IJr ani 4 wntenantoc
ictrIger.rioa & powe.r pIaut
Spae. arts 6 8uppUCit'
Twinatetwad:bng, chsarf toL
Re~a r
hihauc&, lines, at..
Deck .itk tlug supp I c
AJel tstrativy casts
44. /g, !lt; 4.040 hoar, 4t 35 gaflw,.I/hour
l.15/gaon..-550 ga4oa/yeer
21j per year
2 sets per year
400 tattiousevery 2 years
1,500
26,456.00
8,040.00
20,1750.00
55, 246.00
62,2t6.00
962.50
4,550.x00
455.00
520.00
1,414.00
455
564
45
357.00
180.00
Aunt
Tree
Tab2le 28 (Cont~nued).
I t Dcription
(INsranco tlt1 .9#500
Ltib lI ty 3,350
breach of warranty1
Total ratiLng coaeat15s
Total costs 16,6
Zable 29. - ?em Pt 
food? sr AualP 
oc~qi
t tn sLI i 8 LIZOOO0.03.b123.360
tractY1ub 162,200 
.10 16,20
ThcaJ,293,000274,140
Appendix Table 1. Equipment Manufacturers And Selected Equipment Specifi-
cations For Ground fish Processing Plant Production Units
item
Unloading, so rt &A
fresh fish
Pneumatic unloader
Sorting conveyor
(model T1W)
Sortinog buckets
ice Machine
industrial platform
Scales
per food Unit
Grinder
Ribbotn blender-cooker
(nmodel (;)
Can filler
(c-210 M&S )
Can closer
(652)
Horizontal retort
wih instruments
Gondola cars
Labeler.
(model 915)
Case seL up
(model E4 3)
Eqkuifpmen t manufacturer
or represerntatifve
Tempco, Inc.
Bellevue, Wa.
Turner Supply Co.
Mobile, Al.
Delta Net & Twine
Greenville, Mx.
Alabama Beverage & Ie
Mobile, Al.
Ebb er t 6 Kirkman
Birmingham, Al.
Edward Rennebu rg & Sons
Day Mixing Co.
CincInnatI, Oh.
FMIC Corp.
loo pstOn , 11.
HC Corp.
Hloopeston, Li .
Reid Boiler Works
Blelingham, tWa.
Rei(d Boiler Works
BecllIn gham,e.
S tatnda rd Knapp
Portland1, Ct.
FMC Corp.
iloopeston, 11.
Approximate'
Dimens ions
15 ton/hr
1200 lb
8 pecks
5,000 lb/dlay
200 lb
15 ton/hr
465 gal
600 CPH (Max)
250-600 CPlM
6 cars
1,560 cans
(loose)
100 CPU (Max)
20 ca/mm
8' x25' x2 5'
40' x24"
22" dia.
14" depth
Unavai1.lable
N/A
Unavailable
11'x4'x6'
8.5 1xS5'x6'
7 ' x3' x7'
2 3lx6 
"x8"
5"x4 .5' x3.S5
8x3x6. 5
14x 1.5x8. 5
Other
8" di. )hose
Wire me'sh belt
Galvaniized wire
1.9 CM air
Appendix Table 1. (continued)
Equlpment madflufaCttkttW
I rbinor pr~esenltative
Fish M~eaIlp uction
Fish plant
Fish oil plant
Concentrating plant
Fish oil storage
Stord Bartz Ab
Bergen, Norway
Stord Blartz Ab
Biergen. Norway
Stord Bartz Al,
Betgen, Norway
Birmisngham Tank Co.
Birmingham, Al.
App rox imate
Ca jafl-y d imensions
33 ton/raw/
material/24 hr
Not listed
Not listed
3,000 gal
11x6x9 .5
5 ,5x6 ,5x8
9.5x7xi0
64" ial
18' long
Other
1,100 lb steam
per ton/raw
materi al1
3/ 16 Inc. steel
.... ,.... y._...,.....,. -- " 
..... ,.,............,
Appendix Table 2. Ground 
fish Processing Plant Storage 
Space Requirements
Calculations
1 I: dinunit 
10ldysI Y. ~Cubic 
feet/Unit
Styrbl totl 
pound 6,580 
*016510
~odiiri trlpolyphiosphate 
pound 260 
.01654
(".orntnc. lI 
pound 396, 900) 
.0165654
Soybeanx mea I 
pound 303, 700 
.01655,1
Vitamin premix 
pound 6,900 
.016514
Salt 
pound 16,200 
.016526
Iron oxide 
pounld 1,220 
.0165 2
Cans 
case 84 ,3 10 
1.418,8
Subtotal13,9
P't I nod 
case 84,370 
1.418,8
F ishimeal 
pound 82,160 
.0165135
Sn L In i 
carton 4,595 
1.25,1
Freshu fish 
box 324 
3.091
Cubit. (eeLt
Dry storage space (ingredients 
249,666
plum pt'LfocuI & fishmeoal)
Freezer space 
5,514
Cooler space 
972
Square footage dry storage 
8,322
(30 ft waltls)
Sqluare footage freezer 
649
(8.5' wails)
Square foot age cooler 
spaIce 
114
(8.5' walls)
Appendix Table 3.LUnloading, Sorting, And Fresh Fish Production
Equipment Horsepower Requirements
7ter
Unloading
Pneumatic fish pump
Sorting
Sorting conveyor
Fresh fish
Ice ma; nine
Horsepower
60.0
0.3
'otal 
65.3
~ag Pr~r R arr iapa~- ~, un~ aa~b 6:. w im am a Wes-
io tai.
65?3
Appendix Table 4. Pet food Production Equipment Horsepower Require-
ents
Item
Grinder
Blender-cooker (2 )
Can filler
Can closer
Labeler
Case set-up
Caser
Palletize r
Compressor
Conveyor ystem
Total.
joer
10.60
30.00
2.50
10.00
2.50
2.75
1.00
8.00
5.00
10,f./
81?.75
mo IEstimate
.U.
Appendix Table 
5. SuriiiProduction 
Equipment Horsepower 
Requirements
Ites are we
Raw fish washer 
0.75
Fi lle ter 
4.50
Fillet washer 
0.75
Meat bone separator 
5.75
Dewatering seine 
5.QomA!
Press 
5.00?f
S trainer 
5.00!!
Mixe r 
10.00
tf,-r10.0
Plate freezer 
217.00
Con;veyors -and pumps 
10.00
Total 
273.75
'Estimate
Appendix Table 6. Fish meal And Oil. ?roduction Equipment 
Horse-
power Requirements
.tea 
Horse tower
Fishmeal plant
Feed screw conveyor 
3.00
Indirect cooker & 
screw motor 
500
Tearing & mixing conveyor 
2.00
Drier motor 
20.00
Centrifugal fan 
motor 
4.00
Presswater transfer 
pump 
1.00
Mifling & bagging plant motor 
20.00
Subtotal 
55.00
Fish oil plant
V; brating screen motor 
0.50
Presswater pump 
1.00
Oil separator motor 
10.00
S ti?kwater transfer 
pump 
2.00
Subtotal 
13.50
S tick~ate r plant
Stickwater feed 
pump 
2.00
Vacuum pump 
5.50
Ccndensate discharge 
pump 
.75
Solubles discharge 
pump 
1.50
Solubles dosing PUM~P 
1*
Subtotal 
11.25
Total 79.75rr cac
79.75
pop
o t a


AqlNr 
XL 
t
05/26/97 30545