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AnnuaI Report 
1980
Freshwater 
Food Animals
Southern Cooperative 
Special Report
June 1981
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COOPERATING AGENCIES AND
PRINCIPAL LEADERS
Agricultural Experiment Stations: Representative*
Alabama .......................... .......... R. T. Lovell
Arkansas ................................... S. H. Newton
Georgia ............................ Kaine 
Bondari
Kentucky ............................. D. 
W. Johnson
Louisiana ................................ J. W. 
Avault, Jr.
Mississippi ........................... Roland 
Regan
North Carolina .............................. W. W. 
Hassler
Puerto Rico .......................... R. C. Cortes-Maldonado
South Carolina.....................................J. 
W. Foltz
Tennessee .......................... .........
J. L. Wilson
Texas ...............................
R. R. Stickney
Virgin Islands ......................... James Rakocy
Others:
Memphis State University .......................
B. A. Simco
Oak Ridge National Laboratory ................... Mike 
McGee
Tennessee Valley Authority ...................... 
Carl Madewell
U.S. Department of Agriculture:
Economics Research Service ..................... 
Shelby Holder
Southern Regional Research Center ............... 
Don Freeman
U.S. Department of Commerce:
National Marine Fisheries Service ............. 
Richard Raulerson
U.S. Department of the Interior:
Fish Farming Experimental Station ............. 
Harry K. Dupree
University of Southwestern Louisiana ............... 
Mark Konikoff
Administrative Advisor
Southern Director ............................
R. Dennis Rouse
SEA Representative
SEA- USDA..............................Clyde 
E. Richards
*Voting representatives. Other participants listed 
in Attachment #1.
S-83
FRESHWATER FOOD ANIMALS
1
Edited By R. T. LOVELL, Chairman
Technical Committee
PROGRESS OF WORK AND PRINCIPAL
ACCOMPLISHMENTS
Objective I, Production
A. Nutrition
Alabama. Channel catfish fed rations of 15 percent extruded (floating)
and 85 percent pelleted (sinking) diets in ponds grew as well and had the
same feed conversion rate as fish fed 50:50, 100:0, or 0:100 ratios of
extruded to pelleted diets. Only 15 percent of the extruded diet in the ration
gave the same management benefits but was 17 percent cheaper than
feeding an all-extruded diet.
Channel catfish synthesized as much as 1.9 nanograms per gram body
weight per day of vitamin B
12 
by intestinal bacteria. Addition of an
antibiotic or omission of cobalt from the diet suppressed vitamin synthesis.
Use of radiolabelled B
12 
indicated synthesized vitamin B
12
was absorbed
directly from the gut and utilized by the fish.
Mississippi. Amino acid availability values have been determined for the
following feed ingredients commonly used in catfish feeds: corn, wheat
middlings, rice bran, rice mill feed, soybean meal, peanut meal, cottonseed
meal, meat-and-bone meal, and menhaden fish meal. Channel catfish are
more sensitive, apparently more than poultry, to antinutritional factors in
soybean meal. Studies are being conducted to determine the pathological
effects of the trypsin inhibitors and flavones in soybean meal on catfish.
Nutritionally balanced catfish diets containing up to 20 percent
duckweed (Family Lemnaceae) produced as much weight gain as a
commercial catfish diet. Cottonseed meal in catfish diets at levels of 20
percent and above caused suppression of growth rate; lower levels had no
effect.
South Carolina. A feeding regime for channel catfish based on water
temperature and body size was tested again during 1980. Average weight
gain after 174 feeding days was 270 grams and feed conversion averaged
1.20. Catfish continued to feed regularly until water temperature was 10
degrees C. When water temperature exceeded 25 degrees C daily growth
was essentially linear, averaging 1.27 millimeters per day.
1Supported by Allotments of the Regional 
Research Fund, Hatch Act, as Amended 
August 11, 1955.
4 SOUTHERN COOPERATIVE SPECIAL REPORT
Texas. Semipurified diets with varying lipid sources and percentages
revealed no significant differences in channel catfish fingerling growth
over the lipid range from 6 to 14 percent, at a mean temperature of 22
degrees C, over a 20-week experiment. Fatty acid composition revealed
that there were no significantly different patterns among diets with the
same lipid source, but there were differences among lipid sources.
The basic nutritional requirements and nutritional physiology of
Macrobrachium rosenbergii, with respect to protein were determined,
giving rise to information on the protein-energy requirements of that
species.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Fish Farming Experimental Station).
Golden shiners stocked at 5 grams per liter in 70-liter circular tanks were
fed at rates of 1.5, 3, and 6 percent of body weight in three equal portions
daily for 60 days. Increasing feeding rate from 1.5 to 3 percent increased
weight gain, but increasing feedin-g rate from 3 to 6 percent did not improve
gain.
B. Breeding and Genetics
Alabama. Realized heritability for body weight in a wild strain of
channel catfish was 0.21. This resulted in a 17 percent increase in growth
rate through one generation of selection for fish selected and cultured in
ponds at 7,500 per hectare. This growth difference developed during the
fingerling growth period and late in the grow-out period. Fry and
fingerlings from select brood within this strain had higher survival than fry
and fingerlings from random brood. Heritability is also being studied in
two domestic strains. At 11 months of age, progeny from select brood
averaged 150 grams and were growing 15-20 percent faster than those from
random brood. The select and control fry of the domestic lines had no
difference in survival when stocked in ponds. In the wild strain and one of
the domestic strains, brood selected for growth rate also had higher
fecundity. When the wild strain was stocked at 11,120 per hectare, selects
only grew 4 percent faster than the control population. Selection therefore
may only be appropriate for the environment in which the selection is
made.
The reproductive advantage that 3-year-old crossbred channel catfish
exhibited over pure-line channel catfish was not maintained as 4-year-olds.
Pure-line brood fish were more likely to breed with their own strain than
other strains. However, crossbred embryos had higher hatchability, and
fry were hardier. Reciprocal crossbred channel catfish fingerlings did not
grow at the same rate.
Experiments with channel Y x blue d and channel catfish fingerlings
indicated large genetic x environment interactions exist. The principal
factors causing the interactions were stocking densities and dissolved 02
levels.
S-83 FRESHWATER FOOD ANIMALS5
Only crossbred channel catfish females hybridized with blue catfish
males. The following parameters appear very important: time of stocking,
hormone injection, genotype, and size of fish. Eradication of the olfactory
organs of brooders did not affect hybridization rate.
Channel 9 x blue d brooders readily spawned but hatchability and fry
survival were extremely low. Channel ? x white 6 and blue ? x white
hybrids would not spawn.
Large variations of the sex ratios in individual spawns of Tilapia nilotica
and T. aurea indicate sex determination is not a simple 1-locus system. Sex
reversed males were potent, allowing a workable monosex production
system. One out of four sex-reversed grass carp males (gynogentic)
produced milt and was able to fertilize eggs.
Georgia. One generation of bidirectional selection for body weight and
size uniformity in channel catfish has increased body weight and total
length at 40 weeks of age by 22.2 percent and 9.2 percent, respectively. The
rates of decline in the downward line were 18.7 percent for body weight and
4.1 percent for total length. Family coefficient of variation for 40-week
body weight in the upward line was also 7 percent less than in the
downward line. Fingerlings produced from 5-year old brood channel
catfish weighed 20 percent less and were 8 percent shorter in total length
than fingerlings produced from 3-year old brood fish. Multiple-trait
selected fingerlings were 10.4 percent heavier and 3.3 percent longer than
unselected control fingerlings at 40 weeks. One generation of inbreeding
with channel catfish resulted in 7.4 percent and 5.9 percent growth
depression at 16 and 40 weeks of age, respectively.
A study concerning the effects of albinism on growth of channel catfish
indicated that normal fingerlings were 13 percent and 20 percent larger
than their full-sib albinos at 16 and 28 weeks of age, respectively. The
albinos, however, possessed the ability to compensate in growth at 40 and
70 weeks of age.
Louisiana. Fifteen channel catfish families from the Yazoo strain and
eight from the LSU strain were tested for genetic variability in sensitivity to
low dissolved oxygen (1.1 ? 0.1 milligram per liter). Fry of both strains,
ranging from 2 to 10 days of age, were administered low dissolved oxygen
shock tests for 10-hour periods following 12-hour acclimation. There was
no difference between the LSU and Yazoo strains in mortality. No
differences were detected among age groups of fry (3 and 4; 5 and 6; 7 and
8; and 9 and 10 days old). There were highly significant (P < 0.01) and
significant (P < 0.05) intraclass correlations among the families which led
to high heritability estimates for resistance to low dissolved oxygen.
Heritability estimates ranged from 0.9 + 0.3 to 1.7 ?0.1). Based on this
study, one could probably select among 2 to 10-day-old channel catfish fry
for resistance to low dissolved oxygen.
6 SOUTHERN COOPERATIVE SPECIAL REPORT
Memphis State University. Chromosomal and electrophoretic studies of
Ctenopharynogodon idella, Aristichthys nobilis and their F
1 
hybrid
showed that both parental species had similar karyotypes and a diploid
number of 48. The C. idella x A. nobilis hybrid was triploid with 72
chromosomes. Analysis of the hybrid karyotype suggested that the most
likely method of triploidization was retention of a polar body.
Electrophoretic analysis of eleven enzyme systems revealed that both
parental genomes were functional in the triploid hybrid. Lactate
dehydrogenase and liver esterase were the most useful enzymes for
distinguishing the triploid hybrid from their parents and for studying gene
expression in the F
1 
hybrid.
Two presumptive gonadotropic cell types have been identified in the
pituitary of channel catfish. These two cell types have different patterns of
annual change and are thought to have different roles in the control of fish
reproduction. Exposure of fish to increased photoperiods and elevated
temperature in winter resulted in an increase in the gonadosomatic index
(GSI) and an elevation of plasma sex hormones. However, increased
temperature alone resulted only in an increase in GSI and did not alter
plasma sex hormone levels. Photoperiod and temperature are both
involved in the spring maturation of the reproductive system. Fish without
eyes but with an intact pineal can detect the length of the photoperiod.
Removal of the pineal from blinded fish destroys this ability.
Mississippi. Selection of catfish for weight gain, gain in dressout
percentage, and decreased percent fat with 25 percent for high selection
and 25 percent for low selection was completed. Fish will be mated at 2
years of age in an attempt to decrease age at maturity.
North Carolina. Striped bass semen was cryopreserved at freezing rates
from -1 to -30 degrees C per minute using four previously developed
extenders. Dimethylsulfoxide (5 percent of media) was used as a
cryoprotectant. Results of fertilization experiments indicated that the
freezing rate needs to be at least -5 degrees C per minute for acceptable
results, but more rapid rates (up to 30 degrees C per minute) did not appear
to provide additional improvement. Mass production of striped bass fry
using cryopreserved sperm is feasible, but is not yet as efficient as using
fresh sperm. Two pond experiments, utilizing six 1-acre ponds and six 0.5-
acre ponds, indicated no significant differences in survival or growth
between fish produced using fresh sperm and fish produced with cryopre-
served sperm.
Texas. Electrophoretic patterns of several species of freshwater shrimp
were elaborated and the genetic implications of them were addressed.
S-83 FRESHWATER FOOD ANIMALS7
TVA. Small mesh nylon hapas (1.2 meter x 1.2 meter x 2.7 per meter,
0.13-centimeter mesh) were suspended in ponds, stocked with brood
tilapia, and evaluated as fry production units. Three hybrid crosses, each at
three density/sex ratio combinations were tested to determine optimum
conditions for maximizing fry production. A second test was designed to
compare relative fry production in both hybrid and within-line crosses.
The method shows promise of being a cost-effective method for mass
producing either hybrid or within-line fry.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Fish Farming Experimental Station).
Studies on the hybridization of the bighead carp male with the grass carp
female revealed that the offspring had a 3 N chromosome number, whereas
the usual hybrid had a 2 N chromosome number, indicating that the
triploid (3 N) animal is usually sterile.
More than 125 bighead carp x grass carp hybrids were examined for
triploidy. Chromosome squashes confirmed a count of 72 in the hybrid
and 48 in the parent species. Muscle, kidney, and liver isozyme analyses
confirm hybridization. Blood smears confirm that the nucleus diameter is
greater in the hybrid fish. All chemical analyses confirmed triploidy.
Morphological differences in the hybrids and the parent species make the
separation of these fishes quite easy.
Additional methods for verification of the hybrid from the parent
species were investigated. The LDH isoenzyme of grass carp consisted of
five wide distinct bands. The hybrid had several more (eight?) bands but
these were narrow and not distinct. The bighead carp also had narrow
band isoenzymes, but the number was less (5 ? 1) than the hybrid.
C. Water Quality
Alabama. Stirring of catfish ponds, to more fully utilize the daytime
oxygen surplus, and emergency aeration were compared. The emergency
aerated pond was stocked at the rate of 7,400 fish per hectare and the
stirred pond was stocked at 10,000 fish per hectare. From 1 to 5 specially
designed water blenders provided the circulation in one pond and a tractor
p.t.o.-driven paddlewheel provided the emergency aeration. The heavier
stocking density in the stirred pond would have made it more susceptible to
oxygen depletion; however, the aeration energy costs were still more ($103)
for emergency aeration than for stirring ($71).
Studies of channel catfish ponds on fish farms in western Alabama
revealed a direct correlation between feeding rates and deterioration of
water quality. Off-flavor problems in fish were usually worse in fish from
ponds with feeding rates of 60 to 110 kilograms per hectare per day than in
fish from ponds with lower feeding rates. In general, off-flavor was more
intense in fish from ponds with heavy phytoplankton blooms. The blue-
green algae Lyngbya sp. was abundant in several ponds where fish were
rated as having extreme off-flavor.
8 SOUTHERN COOPERATIVE SPECIAL REPORT
An enzyme immunoassay developed for detecting Edwardsiella sp.
from catfish compared favorably with the fluorescent antibody test in
laboratory experiments.
Phagocytes were separated from whole channel catfish by isopyknic
centrifugation on PVP coated collodial silica. These phagocytes were used
in a luminol-dependent phagocytic chemilummesent assay to determine
the effect of temperature on the cellular immune response in channel
catfish.
Standard aeration tests were conducted on a tractor-powered
paddlewheel aerator. The most oxygenation was provided when the
paddlewheel was rotated at 108 rpm with the lower, center blade
submerged to a depth of 53 centimeters.
Silver carp in catfish ponds changed algae dominance from blue-green
to green, and decreased the number of emergency aerations, but made
catfish harvest more difficult.
Louisiana. Catfish were stocked into ponds at rates of 7,500, 15,000, and
22,000 per hectare. All ponds received aeration each day from 0200 hours
until 1 hour after sunset. In control (unaerated) ponds catfish were stocked
at 7,500 per hectare. Fish in all ponds were fed a commercial ration.
Production of catfish in kilograms per hectare was: 2,717 at a stocking of
7,500; 3,474 at 15,000; and 5,277 at 22,000. In non-aerated ponds
production was 1,870 kilograms per hectare.
Memphis State University. Sublethal water levels of ammonia and
nitrite and decreased oxygen concentration each resulted in an elevation of
plasma concentrations of cortisol in channel catfish. However, cortisol
concentrations did not increase in catfish exposed to nitrite with chloride
ions present, supporting the hypothesis that chloride ions prevent the
entrance of nitrite into the fish.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service - Fish Farming Experimental Station.
Fish can be successfully produced in reuse systems utilizing biological
filters. However, failure to convert toxic ammonia- and nitrite-nitrogen to
the less toxic nitrate form is a major problem in these systems. Past studies
indicated that nitrification could be maintained in the systems by draining
recycled water; however, there was no increase in fish production. The
facilities can be maintained in a "fixed" condition by completely draining
and refilling every 4 weeks.
Four aeration devices were compared in intensively stocked and fed
catfish ponds. The devices included a sparger, submersible pumps,
paddlewheels, and airlift pumps. The airlift pumps allowed for the most
weight gain. They were economically feasible for continuous aeration but
the other aerators weren't.
S-83 FRESHWATER FOOD ANIMALS 9
D. Fish Health
Alabama. Golden shiners infected with golden shiner virus yielded virus
from kidney, liver, and spleen. Virus titers were higher at 28 degrees C than
23 degrees C.
Largemouth bass, bighead carp, Tilapia sp., and golden shiners could
not be experimentally infected with Edwardsiella sp., the causative agent
of enteric septicemia of catfish.
Adult channel catfish from a population with a history of CCV infected
offspring had antibody titers from 0 to 1.14 against 100 TCID
5 0 
of CCV per
0.1 milliliter in mid-April. Females were injected with Betamethazone
(immunosuppressent) at 0.25 and 0.125 milligram per kilogram and 3
weeks later spawned CCV antibody titers did not change. CCV was not
isolated from internal organs of the test fish immediately after spawning,
but indirect FA application to frozen sections of ovarian tissues revealed
what appeared to be foci of CCV antigen. Also, primary cell cultures from
ovarian tissues showed positive fluorescent foci of CCV antigen.
Transmission electron microscopy of gonadal tissue revealed no CCV
particles.
Efforts to perfect the application of FA procedures for detection of CCV
are continuing using goat anti-CCV serum in both the direct and indirect
method. Results are inconsistent in CCV infected cell cultures and fish.
Preliminary experimental infections in sub-adult channel catfish resulted
in isolation of CCV from gonads, kidney and spleen at 72 hr. PI but not
from liver or brain. At 144 hr. PI, CCV was isolated only from gonads.
Indirect FA procedures failed to demonstrate virus antigen in any tissues.
Memphis State University. Channel catfish skin mucus demonstrated
an immunological response. Agglutinating antibody and bactericidal
activity to Salmonella paratyphi were found in the mucus after
intraperitoneal injection of bacteria. By immunodiffusion in gel, catfish
skin mucus gave a precipitin line of identity with catfish 14S serum
macroglobulin against rabbit anti-catfish 14S serum indicating the
presence of secretory IgM in the mucus. Parenteral immunization
(intraperitoneally) can thus yield specific IgM antibody in the mucus.
Lysozyme was also demonstrated in the mucus as well as lymphocytes.
Elevated cortisol concentrations may increase disease susceptibility.
Increased cortisol concentrations due to handling resulted in a short term
decrease followed by a long term increase in white blood cells as measured
by leucocrit determinations. However, no change in plasma antibody titers
was apparent. Cortisol incorporated into the diet of catfish caused a
decrease in growth rate but elevated liver tyrosine amino transferase
activity.
SOUTHERN COOPERATIVE SPECIAL REPORT
South Carolina. Work on identification and confirmation of parasites
from American eels (Anguilla rostrata) in Cooper River, S.C. is
continuing. New host records were identified for the protozoan
Trypanosoma granulosum; monogenean Gryodactylus anguillae;
trematodes Stephanostomum imparaspine, Opecoeloides fimbriatus and
0. vitellosus; cestode, Bothrimonus sturionus; and crustecean Ergasilus
cerastes. New distribution records for parasites found in the southeastern
region of the United States include the protozoans T. granulosum 
and
Myxidium giardi; monogenean G. anguillae; cestode B. sturionus;
acanthocephalan Fessisentis friedi and crustacean E. celetis.
Tennessee. A terramycin-resistant strain of Edwardsiella tarda was
isolated from infected fish; this is the first report of this strain in channel
catfish.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Fish Farming Experimental Station).
Identification procedures were developed for Mitrospora cyprini which
causes "kidney bloater" in goldfish. Copper oxychloride at 0.2, 2, and 20
ppm caused premature excystment of Ichthyophthirius, which appears to
produce noninfective pretomites in vitro. Neither Furacin?, copper
Myxin?, nor R05-0037 (Hoffman-LaRoche) eradicated Aeromonas
salmonicida in goldfish. However, Furacin applied to the water at 40 ppm
for 4 hours, followed in 3 days with 20 ppm for 4 hours was more effective
than the others in reducing mortality and healing lesions. Dimilin at 0.01
ppm, Masoten at 0.25 ppm, and dichlorvous at 0.25 ppm killed the parasite
Lernaea.
E. Culture Systems
Alabama. Tilapia aurea cultured in cages at stocking rates of 400, 800,
1,200, and 1,600 per m
3 
for 92 days gained an average of 127, 124, 114, and
100 grams, respectively. The fish fed their daily ration in one feeding
gained 16 percent less than those fed the same amount in two feedings.
Male golden hybrid tilapia (T. hornorum x T. mossambica) gained
significantly more than male T. aurea, but female goldens gained
significantly less than female T. aurea, in cages.
Over a 3-year period, trapping experiments in a 10-hectare catfish pond
yielded 1,996 kilograms per hectare per year of which 75 percent was
caught by trapping and 25 percent upon draining the pond. Feed
conversion was 2.0. Similar results were obtained in 1-hectare ponds where
production was approximately 3,000 kilograms per hectare. During 1980
one pond stocked at 10,000 per hectare (improved genetic stock) and
equipped with water destratification equipment yielded 4,000 kilograms
per hectare and 1.5 feed conversion.
10
S-83 FRESHWATER FOOD ANIMALS 1
Arkansas. Yields of over 224 kilograms per hectare, 
by multiple
harvests, of mosquitofish and additional yields 
of 1,122 kilograms per
hectare of food fishes have been harvested from polyculture 
combinations.
Gambusia were maintained best by using a high exchange 
rate (5.7 liters
per minute) of fresh water circulation and by adding 
0.2 percent NaCl to
holding tanks with mechanical agitation of the 
water.
Bigmouth x black and black x bigmouth buffalo hybrids 
were compared
with bigmouth parentals when reared in polyculture 
with channel catfish,
grass carp, and largemouth bass over a two-season period 
in 0.1-hectare
ponds. Stocking rates per hectare were 2,500 catfish, 
30 grass carp, 100
bass, and 250 buffalo fish. Yields and greatest total 
fish production were
achieved with the polyculture combinations. Parental 
bigmouth buffalo
appeared to be most satisfactory for this polycultural 
combination (over
buffalo hybrids) with channel catfish as the primary 
species.
A fish-row crop rotation project was initiated 
in July, 1980. All
construction aspects 
of 19 ponds were completed, 
as well as an 800 foot
feed chemical storage building by midwinter. A winter feeding 
study with
fingerling channel catfish was conducted during November-March, 
1981.
Louisiana. No differences in production were found when 
crawfish were
grown in tanks planted with untreated rice and rice treated 
before and after
planting with various pesticides. No pesticide residues 
were found in the
flesh. Sizes of harvested crawfish in ponds 
with rice stubble standing,
stubble baled and added back, and stubble disced 
under were 19, 18, and 17
grams, respectively. Sizes of crawfish in ponds flooded 
in September and
flooded in October were 92 and 83 millimeters, respectively. 
Yields of
crawfish from ponds not planted in rice but fed cattle 
pellets was 881
kilograms per hectare, from rice ponds fed cattle pellets 
fall through spring
was 2,130 kilograms per hectare, from rice ponds fed cattle 
pellets in spring
only was 2,016 kilograms per hectare, and from rice 
ponds not fed was
1,273 kilograms per hectare.
Six types of traps presently used in the industry 
and three new designs
are being evaluated for harvest efficiency in three 
commercial ponds
during 1980-81 crawfish season. Concomitantly, 
trap placement, trap
density, frequency with which traps are emptied and 
manipulation of
environmental parameters, such as water circulation, 
are being
investigated. Seven commercial crawfish ponds 
are being sampled
biweekly with dip nets, seines, and small and large mesh 
traps during 1980-
81 season to quantitate growth, mortality, and recruitment 
patterns of
crawfish populations. Seasonal changes in vegetation 
cover and plant
species composition are being determined.
Prawns were stocked into ponds at rates of 25,000 per 
hectare, 50,000
per hectare, and 25,000 per hectare plus channel catfish 
fry at 75,000 per
hectare. Ponds were also stocked with catfish fry 
only at 75,000 per
hectare. All ponds were fed a commercial catfish feed. 
Prawn survival (22
S-83 FRESHWATER FOOD ANIMALS
11
percent) and production (265 kilograms per hectare) were greatest in
ponds stocked at 25,000 per hectare. This production was much lower than
that in 1979. Overall, catfish survival was 33 percent and production was
595 kilograms per hectare.
North Carolina. Blue tilapia (Saratherodon aureus) were grown to
edible size (211 grams) in backyard fish tanks in approximately 6 months.
There was no significant difference in the growth rates of blue tilapia and
hybrid tilapia. Water temperatures were modified by using saran shaders
and tank temperatures were modified by using saran shaders and tank
placement during the summer. Plastic insulation and solar exposure were
used to maintain winter temperatures. Wind-proof covers were also
devised for the tanks. Water recycling was accomplished by floating
trickling filters at the tank surface. Ammonia control was effected by using
clinoptilolite in an improvised, air-lift filter.
Tennessee. In a high-density, flow-through system, growth and
condition of catfish were significantly reduced in polyculture treatments
with tilapia as compared to monoculture treatment. Correlation of species
densities (3:1, 6:1, 12:1 tilapia/ catfish) and growth of catfish resulted in a
significant negative relationship. Tilapia growth and condition were
unaffected except at the highest stocking density. Water quality
parameters were similar between the treatments, except for dissolved
oxygen levels which at times were lower in the polyculture treatments.
Texas. Mariculture experiments were performed in heated brackish
effluent of a power plant. Blue crabs were grown in individual cages for
soft shelled crab production. Expenses were high. Time between molts will
have to be shortened for this method to be economical. Crabs were
susceptible to gas bubble disease when kept in gas-saturated water.
Fundulus grandis (locally called mud minnows) were evaluated for salt
water bait. Production was as high as 882 kilograms per hectare and
wholesale price was about $14.30 per kilogram. The blue shrimp (Penaeus
stylirostris) was stocked July 17-18 and harvested December 6-7.
Production was as high as 1,244 kilograms per hectare. Because of slower
growth and reduced survival, economic returns did not increase
appreciably as stocking density was raised from 5 to 10 to 15 shrimp per
square meter. Behavior studies of channel catfish cultured in variable
depth cages indicated that the fish avoid both the surface and deepest water
in cages. Water depths occupied by the water column increased with cage
depth.
Polyculture studies with freshwater shrimp and tilapia revealed
depressed growth when the two were stocked together, but, in general,
feeding on the basis of estimated fish biomass will yield a secondary shrimp
crop without additional feed. Overwintering of large numbers of tilapia is
12 SOUTHERN COOPERATIVE SPECIAL REPORT
S-83 FRESHWATER FOOD ANIMALS 1
being conducted to determine if the technique is feasible for use in central
Texas. Plastic- and fiberglass-covered ponds as well as indoor
overwintering facilities are being compared. A closed, recirculating water
system is also being evaluated.
TVA. Both primary productivity and net production of tilapia were
higher in ponds fertilized with untreated swine manure than in ponds
receiving treated (anaerobic digestion) manure. The treated manure
(digested effluent) had less C and N.
The giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, was cultured
with tilapia from May to October to evaluate its potential in fed or
organically fertilized (swine manure) pond cultures. Prawn yields ranged
from 0 to 290 kilograms per hectare. Survival figures ranged from 0 to 65
percent.
In December 1979, 6-inch rainbow trout fingerlings were stocked in
raceways at 148 fish per m
3 
to evaluate production. Trout were harvested
3
97 days after stocking at 21.8 kilograms per m
Nine 16.5-m
3 
concrete raceways were stocked in late April with channel
catfish fingerlings at three stocking densities. The study demonstrated that
more than 370 kilograms of channel catfish per m can be produced in a 7-
month growing season with a feed conversion of 1.5. A supplemental
oxygenation system might be economically feasible in a high-density
catfish production unit and allow production at densities up to 1,000 fish
per m
3
. Water quality parameters of the raceway effluent were within the
limits established by regulatory agencies.
Virgin Islands. A research facility has recently been completed for
studies on recirculating fish culture and hydroponics (6 systems) and on
tilapia fingerling production in pools (34 plastic pools).
Objective II, Economics
Mississippi. A Microcomputer program designed to provide
information for management decision-making has been developed. This
system computes daily feeding rates by pond and projects feeding days to
harvest. It also stores water quality information needed to assess fish
health. The program will handle up to five ages of fish in each pond and is
designed for 100 ponds. The program will produce "firm" summaries
when desired.
TVA. An economic analysis of a tilapia overwintering facility at the
Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant was conducted. Capacity is 90,000 fingerlings
averaging 40 grams. Fixed costs totalled $56,839. Emergency backup
facilities contributed 32 percent to the total cost. Variable costs in the first
year totalled $27,563. Revenues from the sale of fingerlings at $0.20 each
amounted to $20,160 the first year. Analysis showed an internal rate of
S-83 FRESHWATER FOOD ANIMALS 13
14 SOUTHERN COOEAIESCALRPT
return of 5 to 10 percent. Profit could be improved by overwintering small
fingerlings or brood stock and with other uses of the facility during
summer.
Objective III, Product Development and Quality Assurance
Alabama. A total of 59 collections of catfish processing waste (head,
skin, viscera) from the major processing plants and representing
production ponds from Alabama, Mississippi, and Arkansas was analyzed
for a-BHC, heptachlor, DDE, DDT, dieldrin, endrin, and toxaphene.
None of the pesticide concentrations in any sample exceeded the action
levels allowed for human foods, indicating the waste should besafe to use
in commercial fish feeds.
Off-flavored catfish collected from processing plants during April-June,
1980, were evaluated by a trained sensory panel for quality and intensity of
off-flavor. Only six of the 35 samples had the geosmin flavor. The most
prominent flavor was "fecal" (sewage or manure); others were "rancid",
"paint", "diesel", and "algae". 
Extracts from the fish are being 
analyzed for
compound identification.
Mississippi. The procedure for canning tuna-style channel catfish was
refined, further data on heat processing developed, and work was initiated
on a consumer acceptance study.
Tennessee. The feasibility of using freshwater mussels as a food source is
being examined. Replicate samples of the washboard variety of mussel are
being examined for composition, microbial profile, and quality of
surrounding water.
TVA. A market study of farm-raised tilapia was conducted in six
supermarkets in northwest Alabama. Retail prices ranged from $1.39 to
$2.09 per pound. The price range which yielded the highest net revenue to
the store was $1.69-$1.89 per pound. Farm-raised tilapia were well
received by consumers and at about the same price range as wild catfish.
USEFULNESS OF FINDINGS
Information from this research is presented through journals, trade and
Experiment Station literature, trade and technical meetings, and state and
federal government extension agents. Four state-of-the-art cooperative
bulletins have been prepared by the S-83 Technical Committee
(Processing; Diseases; Nutrition and Feeding; and Breeding and Genetics),
and two are in preparation (Water Quality; Culture Systems). Scientific
data provided during the 9 years of this project (S-83) will be useful to
industry and government in development of aquaculture in this country.
14
SOUTHERN COOPERATIVE SPECIAL REPORT
S-83 FRESHWATER FOOD ANIMALS 15
WORK PLANNED FOR NEXT YEAR
All participant stations will continue their research. This project expires
next year. A proposal for revising the project for continuation 
of this
research for an additional 5 years has been approved.
APPENDIX I
OTHER PARTICIPATING TECHNICAL COMMITTEE MEMBERS
Agricultural Experiment Stations
Alabama
Arkansas
Georgia
Louisiana
Mississippi
North Carolina
South Carolina
Tennessee
Texas
Virgin Islands
R. O. Smitherman
J. A. Plumb
W. A. Rogers
D. L. Gray
Calvin Haskins
E. E. Brown
J. B. Gratzek
G. J. Musick
Robert P. Romaire
J. V. Huner
G. R. Ammerman
J. E. Waldrop
R. P. Wilson
Robert P. Busch
J. M. Kerby
M. I. Huisk
A. G. Eversole
L. L. Bauer
Tom K. Hill
D. H. Lewis
R. W. Brick
G. Finn
A. Nair
C. E. Boyd
E. W. McCoy
Charles Busch
E. B. Shotts
J. L. Chessness
John A. Joyce
Larry De la Bretonne
Michael R. Miltner
Mark Konikoff
H. R. Robinette
Edwin Robinson
W. E. Poe
Craig S. Tucker
R. K. Strawn
W. Griffin
Oak Ridge National
Laboratory
Tennessee Valley
Authority
U.S. Department of
Agriculture
U.S. Department of
Commerce
U.S. Department of
the Interior
M. Olszewski
M. McGee
J. J. Maddox
R. Snipes
Chas. Collins
B. Carroll
L. Behrends
J. P. Cherry
Shelby Holder
H. Bigelow
A. Smith
David Sample
Bob Nelson
J. C. Roetheli
K. Granneman
H. G. Geiger
Bille H ougart
J. W. Ayers
D. Greenland
Mayo Martin
Drew Mitchell
Nick Parker
Glenn Hoffman
Thomas Brandt
Dewey Tackett
Kenneth Randolph
16 SOUTHERN COOPERATIVE SPECIAL REPORT
APPENDIX 2
PUBLICATIONS
Alabama
ACRE, R. G. and C. E. BOYD. 1980. Water Chemistry of Alabama Ponds.
Ala. Agr. Exp. Sta., Auburn Univ., Auburn, Bull. 522. 35 p.
BOWSER, P. R. and J. A. PLUMB. 1980. Fish Cell Lines: Establishment of a
Line from Ovaries of Channel Catfish. In Vitro. 16:265-268.
BOWSER, P. R. and J. A. PLUMB. 1980. Channel Catfish Virus: Comparative
Replication and Sensitivity of Cell Lines from Channel Catfish Ovary
and the Brown Bullhead. J. Wildl. Dis. 16(3):451-454.
BOWSER, P. R. and J. A. PLUMB. 1980. Growth Rates of a New Cell Line
from Channel Catfish and Channel Catfish Virus Replication at
Different Temperatures. Can. J. Fish. & Aquat. Sci. 3(5):871-873.
BOYD, C. E. and M. L. CUENCO. 1980. Refinements of the Lime
Requirement Procedure for Fish Ponds. Aquaculture 21:293-299.
BOYD, C. E., J. A. STEELY, and E. W. McCoy. 1980. Frequency of Low
Dissolved Oxygen in Ponds for Commercial Culture of Channel
Catfish. Proc. Ann. Conf. S.E. Assoc. Fish & Wildl. Agencies 33:591-
597.
BUSCH, C. D. and C. A. FLOOD, JR. 1979. Pond Water Movement can
Improve Natural Aeration. Ala. Agr. Exp. Sta. Highlights of
Agricultural Research 26(1):8.
HOLLERMAN, W. D. and C. E. BOYD. 1980. Nightly Aeration to Increase
Production of Channel Catfish. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 109:446-452.
HUNT, D. and C. E. BOYD. 1980. Alkalinity Losses Resulting from
Ammonium Fertilizers Used in Fish Ponds. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc.
110:81-85..
LOVELL, R. T. 1980. Fish Culture in the United States. Science 206:1368.
LOVELL, R. T. 1980. Utilization of Catfish Processing Waste. Ala. Agr.
Exp. Sta. Auburn Univ. Bull. S 21. 19 p.
LOVELL, R. T. 1980. S-83 Annual Report: Freshwater Food Animals. So.
Coop. Ser. Sp. Rep., June, 1980. 20 p.
LOVELL, R. T. 1980. Effects of Feeding Full-Fat Soybean Meal on Growth
and Flesh Quality in Catfish. Aquaculture 6(3):39.
LOVELL, R. T. 1980. Nutritional Value of Fish. Aquaculture Mag. 6(5):45.
LOVELL, R. T. 1980. Effects of Feed on Sensory Quality of Fish.
Aquaculture Mag. 6(6): 41.
LOVELL, R. T. 1980. Combination Feeding of Extruded and Pelleted Diets
for Catfish. Highlights of Agric. Res., Ala. Agr. Exp. Sta. Auburn Univ.
27(4):3.
LOVELL, R. T. 1980. Computer Formulation of Fish Feeds. Aquaculture
Mag. 6(4):36.
S-83 FRESHWATER FOOD ANIMALS 17
LOVELL, R. T. 1980. Factors Affecting Food Consumption by Channel
Catfish. Proc. Annu. Conf. Southeast. Fish Wildl. Agencies 540-546.
LOVELL, R. T. 1980. Nutrient Requirements of Tilapia. Aquaculture 7(1)
:42.
LOVELL, R. T. 1980. Feeding Extruded and Pelleted Fish Diets.
Aquaculture Mag. 6(2):38.
METZGER, R. J. and C. E. BOYD. 1980. Liquid Ammonium Polyphosphate
as a Fish Pond Fertilizer. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 109:563-570.
MITCHELL, A. J. and J. A. PLUMB. 1980. Toxicity and Efficacy of Furnace
on Channel Catfish Infected Experimentally with Aeromonas
Hydrophila. J. Fish. Dis. 3:93-99.
MUSIG, Y. and C. E. BOYD. 1980. Comparisons of Orthophosphate and
Polyphosphate as Fertilizer for Fish Ponds. Aquaculture 20:135-138.
SCHWEDLER, T. E. and J. A. PLUMB. 1980. Fish Viruses: Serologic
Comparison of the Golden Shiner and Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis
Viruses. J. Wildl. Dis. 16:597-599.
SCOTT, A. L. and W. A. ROGERS. 1980. Histological Effects of Prolonged
Sublethal Hypoxia on Channel Catfish. J. Fish. Dis. 3:305-316.
SHELTON, W. L., and R. R. STEPHENS. 1980. Comparative Embryology
and Early Development of Threadfin and Gizzard Shad. Prog. Fish-
Cult. 42(1):4-41.
TAVE, D., A. S. MCGINTY, J. A. CHAPPELL and R. O. SMITHERMAN. 1980.
Evaluation of Hybrid Catfish for Alabama Fee-Fishing Ponds.
Highlights of Agric. Res., Ala. Agr. Exp. Sta. Auburn Univ. 27(2):11.
WALTERS, G. R. and J. A. PLUMB. 1980. Environmental Stress and
Bacterial Infection in Channel Catfish. J. Fish. Biol. 17:177-185.
Arkansas
LYNCH, TERESA. 1980. Arkansas Institution Initiating Full Fisheries
Biology Curriculum this Year. Aquaculture Mag. 6(3):34-38.
NEWTON, SCOTT H. 1980. Status of Cage Culture in Arkansas. Aquaculture
Mag. 7(1):32-36.
NEWTON, S. H. 1980. Catfish Farming with Chinese Carps. Arkansas Farm
Research Journal, 29(1):8.
NEWTON, S. H., WALTER, R. ROBINSON, and CALVIN J. HASKINS. 1980.
Evaluation of a Full-Fat Soybean Ration for Channel Catfish
Production in Cages. Ark. Acad. of Sci., Vol. 34.
HASKINS, CALVIN J. and SCOTT H. NEWTON. 1980. Potential for Utilizing
Scrap Processed Cheese as a Major Catfish Ration Component. Ark.
Acad. of Sci., Vol. 34.
Georgia
BONDARI, K. 1980. Genetic Experiments in Channel Catfish. Aquaculture
Magazine 6(4):38-39.
18 SOUTHERN COOPERATIVE SPECIAL REPORT
BONDARI, K. 1980. Cage Performance and Quality Comparisons of Tilapia
and Divergently Selected Channel Catfish. Proc. Ann. Conf. S. E.
Assoc. Fish and Wildlife Agencies (In press).
Louisiana
AVAULT, J. W., JR. 1980. Water Temperature. Aqua. Mag. 6(4):41.
AVAULT, J. W., JR. 1980. Six Tons of Catfish with Aeration in One Acre of
Water. Aqua. Mag. 7(1):44.
AVAULT, J. W., JR. (editor). 1980. Proc. 1 Ith Annu. Meeting World Mari-
culture Soc., Louisiana: LSU Div. of Cont. Educ. 611 pp.
AVAULT, J. W., JR. 1980. The Bare Bones of Crawfish Farming. Aqua.
Mag. 6(6):42-43.
AVAULT, J. W., JR. 1980. Salt, a Useful Tool in Aquaculture. Aquaculture.
Aqua. Mag. 6(3):40-41.
AVAULT, J. W., JR. 1980. Fishery Products from Aquaculture and Capture
Fisheries, p. 142-155. In H. Cole and W. N. Garett (editors) Animal
Agriculture. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman and Co. 39 p.
AVAULT, J. W., JR. 1980. Management of Aquatic Species, p. 658-674. In
H. H. Cole and W. N. Garett (editors) Animal Agriculture. San
Francisco: W. H. Freeman and Co. 739 p.
AVAULT, JAMES, W., JR. 1980. Aquaculture, in Fisheries Management,
Robert T. Lackney and Larray A. Nielson, editors, pp. 379-411. John
Wiley and Sons, New York.
CHEAH, M. L., J. W. AVAULT, JR. and J. B. GRAVES. 1979-80. Some Effects
of Rice Pesticides on Crawfish. Louisiana Agr. 23(2):8-9 & 11.
CHEAH, M. L., J. W. AVAULT, JR., and J. B. GRAVES. 1980. Acute Toxicity
of Selected Rice Pesticides to Crayfish Procambarus clarkii. Progr.
Fish-Culturist. 42(3): 169-171.
CHIEN, Y. H., and J. W. AVAULT, JR. 1980. Production of Crayfish in Rice
Fields. Prog. Fish-Culturist. 42(2):67-70.
CHIEN, YEw-Hu, and JAMES W. AVAULT, JR. 1980. Effects of Flooding
Dates and Type Disposal of Rice, Oryza sativa, Straw on the
Crawfish, Procambarus clarkii (Girard), Culture in Rice Fields
(abstract only). In Abstracts of Fish Culture Section of the American
Fisheries Society. 1980:14.
HUNER, J. V., M. MILTNER, R. A. BEAN, and J. W. AVAULT, JR. 1980.
Survival and Reproduction of Blue Tilapia, Tilapia aurea, in Ponds
Stocked with Bowfin, Amia calva, to Serve as Predators. In Res. Work.
Sum. of Papers Catfish Farmers of Amer. Annu. Conf. 1980:40-41.
HUNER, J. F., G. PERRY, JR., M. MILTNER, R. A. BEAN and J. W. AVAULT,
JR. 1980. Preliminary Studies into the Polyculture of Giant Malaysian
Prawns, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, and Channel Catfish Fingerlings,
Ictaluruspunctatus, in Louisiana. In Res. Work. Sum. of Papers Catfish
Farmers of Amer. Annu. Conf. 1980:44-45.
JOHNSON, W. BARNES, and JAMES W. AVAULT, JR. 1980. Some Effects of
Poultry Manure Supplementation to Rice/Crawfish Experimental
S-83 FRESHWATER FOOD ANIMALS 19
Earthen Ponds (abstract only). In Abstracts of Fish Culture section of
the American Fisheries Society. 1980:15.
MILTNER, MICHAEL, and JAMES W. AVAULT, JR. 1980. An Evaluation of
Rice (Oryza sativa) and Japanese Millet (Echinocloafrumentacea) as
Forage for Red Swamp Crawfish (Procambarus clarkii) (abstract only).
In Abstracts Fish Culture Section of the American Fisheries Society.
1980:15.
PLEMMONS, B. and J. W. AVAULT, JR. 1980. Six Tons of Catfish per Acre.
Louisiana Agr. 23(4):6, 7, and 9.
PLEMMONS, B. and J. W. AVAULT, JR. 1980. Use of Aeration to Increase
Catfish Production. In Res. Work. Sum of Papers Catfish Farmers of
Amer. Annu. Conf. 1980:12-13.
WITZIG, JOHN F., JAMES W. AVAULT, JR. and JAY V. HUNER. 1980. Insect
Dynamics in a Crawfish Pond with Emphasis on Predaceous Insects
(abstract only). In Abstracts of Fish Culture Section of the American
Fisheries Society. 1980:14.
Memphis State University
BECK, M. L., C. J. BIGGERS, and H. K. DUPREE. 1980. Karyological Analysis
of Ctenopharyngodon idella, Aristichthys nobilis, and their F
1 
Hybrid.
Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 109:433-438.
HUEY, D. W., B. A. SIMco, and D. W. CRISWELL. 1980. Nitrite-Induced
Methemoglobin Formation in Channel Catfish. Trans. Amer. Fish.
Soc. 109:558-562.
OURTH, D, D. 1979. Immune Response to Bacterial Immunization of
Channel Catfish Maintained in a Recirculating Water-Reuse System.
Research Report No. R73, 22 pp. OWRT, U. S. Depart. Interior.,
Wash. D.C.
OURTH, D. D. 1980. Secretory IgM, Lysozyme and Lymphocytes in the
Skin Mucus of the Channel Catfish, Ictalurus Punctatus. Dev. Comp.
Immunol. 4:65-74.
SIMco, B. A. and K. B. DAvIs. 1980. High Density Culture of Channel
Catfish. Aquaculture Magazine 6(5):34, 52.
TOMASso, J. R., C. A. GOUDIE, B. A. SIMco, and K. B. DAvis. 1980. Effects
of Environmental pH and Calcium on Ammonia Toxicity in Channel
Catfish. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 190:229-234.
TOMASSo, J. R., M. I. WRIGHT, B. A. SIMco, and K. B. DAVIs. 1980.
Inhibition of Nitrite-Induced Toxicity in Channel Catfish by Calcium
Chloride and Sodium Chloride. Prog. Fish-Cult. 42:144-146.
Mississippi
ROBINETTE, H. R., M. W., BRUNSON, and E. J. DAY. 1980. Use of Duckweed
in Diets of Channel Catfish. Proc. Southeast Assoc. Game and Fish
Comm.
WALDROP, J. E. and R. D. SMITH. 1980. An Economic Analysis of
Producing Pond-Raised Catfish for Food in Mississippi: A January
20 SOUTHERN COOPERATIVE SPECIAL REPORT
1980 Update. Dept. of Ag. Economics Research Report No. 103, July,
1980.
WILSON, R. P., E. H. ROBINSON, and W. E. POE. 1980. Amino Acid Supple-
mentation of Practical Type Diets for Channel Catfish. Presented 9th
Annual Fish Feed and Nutrition Workshop. Univ. of Washington,
Seattle.
WILSON, R. P., W. E. POE, and E. H. RoBINSoN. 1980. Apparent and True
Amino Acid Availabilities of Common Feed Ingredients for Catfish
Feeds. Presented 9th Annual Fish and Nutrition Workshop. Univ. of
Washington, Seattle.
WILSON, R. P., E. H. ROBINSON, and W. E. POE. 1980. Antinutritional
Factors in Catfish Feeds. Presented 9th Annual Fish Feed and Nutrition
Workshop. Univ. of Washington, Seattle.
North Carolina
GARDNER, MARK B. 1980. Mechanisms of Size Selectivity by Planktivorous
Fish: a Test of Hypotheses. M. S. accepted by Ecology.
South Carolina
HINTON, M. J. and A. G. EVERSOLE. 1980. Toxicity and Tolerance Studies
with Yellow-Phase Eels: Five Chemicals. Prog. Fish-Cult. 42(4):201-
203.
CRANE, J. S. and A. G. EVERSOLE. 1980. Ectoparastic Fauna of Glass and
Black Eels of American Eel (Anguilla rostrata). Proc. World Maricult.
S oc.
Tennessee
HILTON, R. and J. L. WILSON. 1980. Terramycin-Resistant Edwardsiella
tarda in Channel Catfish. Prog. Fish Culturist 42(3):159.
Texas
BURNS, R. P., and R. R. STICKNEY. 1980. Growth of Tilapia aurea in
Ponds Receiving Poultry Wastes. Aquaculture, 20:117-121.
CHAMBERLAIN, G. W., W. H. NEILL, P. ROMANOWSKY, and K. STRAWN. 1980.
Vertical Responses of Atlantic Croaker to Gas Super-Saturation and
Temperature Changes Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 109:737-750.
CUENCO, M. L., and R. R. STICKNEY. 1980. Reliability of an Electrode and a
Water Analysis Kit for Determination of Ammonia in Aquaculture
Systems. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 109:571-576.
HENDERSON-ARZAPALO, A., R. R. STICKNEY, and D. H. LEWIS. 1980.
Immune Hypersensitivity in Intensively Cultured Tilapia Species.
Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 109:244-247.
S-83 FRESHWATER FOOD ANIMALS 21
SOUTHERN COOPERATIVE SPECIAL REPORT
MCGEACHIN, R. B. 1980. Production of Tilapia aurea in Simulated
Lagoons Receiving Laying Hen Wastes. Ph.D. Dissertation, Texas A &
M University. 71 p.
ROMANOWSKY, P. and K. STRAWN. 1979. Vertical Distribution of Caged
Estuarine Fish in Thermal Effluent Subject to Gas Supersaturation.
Proc. 33rd Ann. Conf. Southeastern Assoc. Fish. and Wildlife Agencies.
33:466-483.
WILLIAMS, G. E., III and K. STRAWN. 1980. Effects of Power Plants on
Penaeid Shrimp. Pp. 261-308, in Power Plants-Effects on Fish and
Shellfish Behavior. C. H. Hocutt, J. R. Stauffer, Jr., J. E. Edinger, W.
Hall, Jr. and R. P. Morgan, II, editors. Acad. Press. NY, NY.
YINGST, W. L., III and R. R. STICKNEY. 1980. Growth and Survival of
Caged Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) Fingerlings on Diets
Containing Various Lipids. Prog. Fish-Cult. 42:24-26.
U.S. Virgin Islands
NAIR, AYYAPPAN. 1981. Fish Culture and Hydroponics in the Virgin
Islands. Bull. Ann. Agr. Food Fair Virgin Islands. 11:87-88.
Tennessee Valley Authority
BEHRENDS, L. L. 1980. Recycling Livestock Wastes via Fish Culture.
Aquaculture Magazine, 7(1):38.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Fish Farming Experimental Station)
BECK, M. L., C. J. BIGGERS and H. K. DUPREE. 1980. Karyological Analysis
of Ctenopharyngodon idella, Aristichthys nobilis, and their F
1 
Hybrid.
Transactions American Fisheries Society. 109:433-438.
GUIDICE, JOHN. 1980. Fish Farming Line. Aquaculture Magazine 6(2):52.
HENDRICKSON, GARY and G. L. HOFFMAN. 1979. Formation of the Host
Cyst and Associated Pathology of Ornithodiplostomum ptychocheilus
(Trematode: Strigeoidea) in Pimephalespromelas. American Society of
Parasitology., Program and Abstracts p. 68.
HOFFMAN, G. L. 1979. National Fish Parasite Center. Aquaculture Mag.
6(1):40.
HOFFMAN, G. L. 1979. Book Review: Roberts, R. J. (ed) Fish Pathology,
Bailliere Tindall, London, 318 pp, J. of Parasitology. 65(5):731.
HOFFMAN, G. L. 1980. Asian Tapeworm, Bothriocephalus acheilognathi
Yamaguti, 1934, in North America. Invited paper in honor of Prof. Dr.
H. H. Reichenbach-Klinke's 65th birthday. Fisch and Umwelt 8:69-75.
HOFFMAN, G. L. 1980. Parasites of North American Freshwater Fishes.
University of California Press, Berkeley, California, 486 pp. Fourth
Printing.
22
HOFFMAN, G. L. 1980. Parasitic Diseases of Laboratory Fishes and their
Control. Synapse 13(3):16-20.
HOFFMAN, G. L. and A. J. MITCHELL. 1980. Exotic Mitraspora cypriniand
Sphaerospora carassii (Protozoa: Myxosporida) of Goldfish now in the
U.S. - Abstract from 1980 Meeting of the American Society of
Parasitologists, 82 pp.
LUNDE, M. N., S. J. EDWARDS, G. L. HOFFMAN, R. A. KNIGHT, L.
MARIGOLIS, and K. G. POWERS. 1980. Translations of Parasitological
Articles Reported During 1978 and 1979. J. Parasitology. 66(3):559-
563.
MARIGOLIS, L., S. J. EDWARDS, G. L. HOFFMAN, R. A. KNIGHT, M. N.
LUNDE, and K. G. POWERS. 1978. Parasitology Translation Reported
Mainly During 1976 and 1977 J. Parasitology. 64(6):1107-1114.
MARTIN, J. MAYO. 1980. What the Label May not Tell You About Aquatic
Herbicides. Aquaculture Mag. 1(3):43-45.
MARTIN, J. MAYO. 1980. Innovative Pond Design. Aquaculture Mag.
6(4):40.
MARTIN, J. MAYO. 1980. Coping with Adhesive Eggs. Aquaculture Mag.
6(6):40.
MARTIN, J. MAYO. Brown Blood Syndrome. Aguaculture Mag. 6(2):49.
MARTIN, J. MAYO. 1979. Interstate Shipment of Fish. Aquaculture Mag.
5(6):26-27.
MARTIN, J. MAYO. 1979. Extension/Training in Extension Work.
Aquaculture Mag. 6(1):37-38.
MARTIN, J. MAYO., D. GREENLAND, and D. TACKETT. 1980. How to Cheaply
Improve Water for Hatching Fish Eggs. Aquaculture Mag. 6(5):35.
MITCHELL, A. J. and J. A. PLUMB. 1980. Toxicity and Efficacy of Furanace
on Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque) Infected
Experimentally with Aeromonas hydrophila. J. Fish Disease 3(2):93-99.
MITCHELL, A. J. and G. L. HOFFMAN. 1980. Important Tapeworms of
North American Freshwater Fishes. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
Fish Disease Leaflet 59, 18 pp.
PLUMB, J. A., P. R. BOWSER, J. M. GRIZZLE, and J. A. MITCHELL. 1979. Fish
Viruses: A Double-Stranded RNA Icosahedral Virus from a North
American Cyprinid. J. Fish. Res. Board of Canada 36:1390-1394.
RAIKOVA, E. V., V. CH. SUPPRESS, and G. L. HOFFMAN. 1979. The Parasitic
Coelenterate, Polypodium hydriforme Ussov, from the Eggs of the
American Acipensiform, Polyodon spathula. J. Parasitology.
65(5):804-810.
SNIESZKO, S. F., G. L. HOFFMAN, and P. E. MCALLISTER. 1979. Fish
Diseases. Chapter in Wildlife Conservation, Principles and Practices
(eds: R. D. Teague, E. Decker), The Wildlife Society, Washington, D.C.
280 pp.
S-83 FRESHWATER FOOD ANIMALS 23
Information contained herein is available to all persons without
regard to race, color, sex, or national origin.