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SOUTHERN COOPERATIVE SPECIAL REPORT JUNE 1980
COOPERATING AGENCIES AND PRINCIPAL LEADERS
Station
Agricultural Experiment Stations:
Alabam a .....................
Representative*
...R. T. Lovell
Georgia.........................Kaine Bondari
Louisiana .................... J. W. Avault, Jr.
Mississippi ................... Roland Regan
Puerto Rico ................... R. C. Cortes-
Maldonado
South Carolina ................ J. W. Foltz
Tennessee .................... J. L. Wilson
Texas ........................ R. R. Stickney
Virgin Islands ................... R. L. Busch
Kerr Foundation ................. C. M. Collins
Memphis State University ......... B. A. Simco
Oak Ridge National Laboratory .... Mike McGee
Tennessee Valley Authority ........ Carl Madewell
U.S. Department of Agriculture:
Economics Research Service ..... Shelby Holder
Southern Utilization Laboratory .. Don Freeman
U.S. Department of Commerce:
National Marine Fisheries
Station ...................... Richard Raulerson
U.S. Department of the Interior:
Fish Farming Experiment
Station ...................... Harry K. Dupree
University of Arkansas at
Pine Bluff ................
University of Southwestern
Louisiana .................
Catfish Farmers of America ....
Administrative Advisor
Southern Director........ .
SEA Representative
SEA, USDA-
Washington, D. C ........
.... Scott Newton
.... Mark Konikoff
.... R. T. Lovell
.... R. Dennis Rouse
.... Clyde E. Richards
*Voting representatives. Other members of technical commit-
tee are listed in appendix 1.
S-83
FRESHWATER FOOD ANIMALS
1
Edited By R. T. LOVELL, Chairman
Technical Committee
PROGRESS OF WORK AND PRINCIPAL
ACCOMPLISHMENTS
Objective I, Production
A. Nutrition
Alabama. High levels of vitamin C, four times the minimum
requirement for growth, provided channel catfish fingerlings
with increased resistance to the injected pathogenic bac-
terium Edwardsiella tarda.
Channel catfish, unlike carp, salmonids, and several other
species, does not require dietary inositol for normal growth.
Rate of inositol synthetase activity in liver of catfish was
greater than the rate in livers of rats and chicks.
Freshwater prawns (Macrobrachium species) grew as well
on a pelleted-crumbled diet as on an extruded-crumbled diet,
but better than when fed a pelleted poultry diet in earthen-
bottom plastic pools.
Golden shiners were fed a diet in meal (non-pelleted) form,
in extruded and reground form, and in pelleted and crumbled
form for 60 days in ponds stocked at 40,470 per ha. The as-
sumption was that the extruded or pelleted diet particles
would be more homogeneous (micro and macronutrients) than
the meal and would provide a more nutritionally balanced
diet; however, growth was not statistically different among the
treatments.
Mississippi. Amino acid studies with channel catfish have
shown that tyrosine can supply approximately 50 percent of
the total aromatic amino acid requirement. In addition, the
phenylalanine requirement per se was determined to be 0.49
percent of the diet or 2.04 percent of the dietary protein.
Additional studies have demonstrated the apparent lack of an
arginine-lysine antagonism in the channel catfish. Other in-
'Supported by allotments of the Regional Research Fund Hatch Act as amended
August, 1955.
SOUTHERN COOPERATIVE SPECIAL REPORT
teraction studies have demonstrated that excess dietary
leucine (2 times the requirement) depressed growth when fed
in diets marginal in isoleucine or valine. A reevaluation of the
leucine requirement confirmed the previously reported value
of 0.82 percent of the diet of 3.4 percent of the dietary protein.
Investigation 
of the methodology 
of conducting 
amino acid
digestibility trials with channel catfish indicate that the dis-
section method of fecal collection is more reliable than collec-
tion by sedimentation.
Data pooled from 1978 to 1979 pond feeding trials indicated
that catfish fed 1,075 kcal per pound of feed gained signifi-
cantly less than fish fed either 1,150 or 1,000 kcal per pound of
feed. The three trial feeds contained the same ratio of energy
to the amino acids lysine, methionine and methionine plus
cystine.
Texas. A feeding experiment demonstrated that the op-
timum protein-to-energy ratio for Tilapia aurea was similar to
that for channel catfish. A study on the effects of stocking
density on growth rate of T. mossambica showed that the fish
elicit a chemical which causes an automimmune response
which leads to self-limiting of the population. The finding was
obtained first in 1978 and verified in a subsequent study in
1979.
South Carolina. Feeding tables which consider body size
and water temperatures were prepared for channel catfish.
Feeding regimes developed utilized only 85 percent of the
food which existing feeding charts would dictate. Conversion
was 1.18.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Fish Farming Experiment
Station). Utilization of plant protein was 8 percent better when
fed to channel catfish at 30 degrees then at 22 degrees or 26
degrees when compared with feeds containing a mixture of
plant and animal proteins. The performance of catfish fed diets
containing heat-treated, full-fat soybeans was less than that
obtained in previous years. The cause was presumed to be
reduced protein or specific amino acid availability due to
overheating. Catfish fed diets containing both animal and
plant protein in ponds from June 18-September 8 grew faster
and had more visceral fat than fish fed all-plant diets.
S-83 FRESHWATER FOOD ANIMALS
A diet was developed that gave satisfactory growth and
survival for catfish fry in tanks; however, other formulated
diets, presumed to also be nutritionally adequate, did not give
satisfactory response for reasons unknown. Feeding four times
daily, compared with either once or twice daily, produced 16
percent and 9 percent more gain at 22 degrees C and 18
percent and 9 percent more gain at 33 degrees C. However,
limited feed availability appeared to negate the benefit of
multiple daily feeding.
B. Breeding and Genetics:
Alabama. Paternal influence was exhibited in reciprocal
crosses between blue and channel catfishes; growth and de-
velopment patterns including morphometric, meristic and
behavioral characteristics were affected. Both hybrids were
more easily caught by angling than the parent species,
whereas, heterosis for catchability was 158 percent by number
and 204 percent by weight. Reproductive performance was
studied in crossbred and pure-line brood stock of 3-year old
channel catfish. Cross-bred brood had more pronounced sec-
ondary sexual characters, spawned earlier, spawned at greater
frequency, and had higher survival of young than pure-line
stock.
Heritability estimates for length and weight for Tilapia
nilotica were determined by half-sib analysis. Sire heritability
estimates ranged from mass selection were small because of
low heritabilities and small standard deviations.
Georgia. Bi-directional between and within family selec-
tion for 40-week body weight and growth uniformity of chan-
nel catfish was continued in 1979. First generation catfish
selected upward for body weight gained an average of 5 grams
per week more than their random-bred control. The line
selected for multiple traits of importance to catfish breeders
was also propagated. A recent trial, still in progress, indicates
growth superiority of normal catfish over their albino full-sibs
at 16 and 28 weeks of age.
Several inbred lines have been developed to study the ef-
fects of inbreeding on channel catfish growth. This experi-
ment will be continued for several generations. Primary re-
sults indicate that large females produce spawns 22 percent
SOUTHERN COOPERATIVE SPECIAL REPORT
and 38 percent heavier than spawns produced by medium and
small females, respectively. Spawns produced by large
females hatched one day and one-half day earlier than spawns
by small and medium females, respectively.
Louisiana. Six different families of channel catfish fry from a
Yazoo City, Mississippi nursery were compared in the labora-
tory (30 degrees C) for their ability to withstand low levels of
dissolved oxygen. Oxygen levels in test containers were ma-
nipulated by addition of nitrogen gas which displaced dis-
solved oxygen. The level of dissolved oxygen where fish
began dying was 1.1 milligram per liter. The data indicate
distinct differences of low dissolved oxygen tolerance among
families.
Mississippi. Estimations of heritabilities in channel catfish
have been completed. Studies have shown that heritabilities
of growth is high to medium, head size is low, fat percent is
zero, and dressout percentage is low.
Texas. Studies comparing four strains of channel catfish
indicated that fish from populations as divergent geo-
graphically as northern Minnesota and the Rio Grande River,
when managed under similar conditions, had similar charac-
teristics such as growth rate, fecundity, and hatchability.
Studies comparing stocking densities of first year catfish
fingerlings revealed that the fish stocked at 7,400 fish per
hectare benefited more from natural pond foods and grew
much more rapidly than fingerlings stocked at 123,500 per
hectare. The study indicated that with a slightly longer grow-
ing season, possibly with earlier spawning, channel catfish
can be grown to market size in ponds in one season in Texas.
C. Water Quality:
Alabama. Use of mechanical aerators may decrease instead
of increase pond water oxygen level during periods of super-
saturated concentration levels. Thus, a new paddlewheel has
been designed and tested to provide stirring instead of splash-
ing or spraying. Tests demonstrated that daytime circulation
can increase dissolved oxygen content in the deeper portions
of the pond during the following night. Circulation demands
only a fraction of the power associated with most existing
aerators. Three paddlewheels, adequate for a one-hectare
S-83 FRESHWATER FOOD ANIMALS
pond, require only 1.95 kilowatt per hour for day time opera-
tion.
Nighttime aeration of densely stocked catfish ponds for 2
hours (July 1-31), 4 hours (August 1-7), and 6 hours (August
8-October 16) per night resulted in an average yield of 5,264
kilograms per hectare and 92 percent survival, while unaer-
ated ponds yielded only 1,400 kilograms per hectare and 40
percent survival.
Louisiana. Use of constant aeration to increase catfish pro-
duction was determined in ponds stocked at rates per hectare
of 18,532, 24,710, and 30,887. Ponds averaged 0.12 hectare in
size and each contained one floating aerator with a capacity of
2,343 liters of water per minute. Controls without aeration
were stocked at a rate of 4,942 per hectare. Production under
constant aeration, in kilograms per hectare, ranged from 8,225
at the low stocking rate up to 14,325 at thehigh stocking rate.
Controls averaged 2,516. Feed conversion ranged from 1.48 to
1.83 in aerated ponds and 1.19 to 1.34 in non-aerated ponds.
Overall, fish averaged 0.57 kilogram each at harvest.
Memphis State University. The 24-hour LC5o of total am-
monia nitrogen to channel catfish at pH 7,8 and 9 was found to
be 263, 39 and 5 mg/liter, respectively. Unionized ammonia
nitrogen LC5o at these pH values varied only between 1.4 and
1.8 mg/liter. Enrichment of water from 40 to 440 mg/liter total
hardness significantly increased the tolerance of catfish to
ammonia. No differences in blood pH were found due to
exposure to ammonia. Plasma sodium depletion is suggested
as a contributing mechanism of ammonia toxicity.
Catfish exposed to 1, 2.5, and 5 mg/liter nitrite developed
methemoglobin amounts of 21, 60, and 77 percent of total
hemoglobin, respectively. However, an ionic ratio of 16
chloride to 1 nitrite monovalent ion completely suppressed
methemoglobin formation. Fish with high amounts of
methemoglobin recovered within 24 hours after transfer to
nitrite-free water or the addition of salt to water containing
nitrite.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Fish Farming Experiment
Station). Methods for removal or neutralizing toxic metabo-
lites in water reuse systems are being investigated. Addition of
7
SOUTHERN COOPERATIVE SPECIAL REPORT
1 percent and 2 percent of NaCI did not prevent or overcome
nitrite toxicity in channel catfish. A filter system was installed
to remove solid wastes and for nitrification of nitrogen wastes
in reuse water. This system sustained a fish load of 40 grams
per gallon. When nitrite nitrogen exceeded 2 milligrams per
liter, the "brown blood syndrome", characteristic of nitrite
toxicity, was found.
In reuse systems, a pump duty cycle of 7 minutes on and 3
minutes off was as effective as continuous operation, with a
fish load of 0.63 pound per cubic foot.
D. Fish Health:
Alabama. Forty-five channel catfish brood stock were as-
sayed for channel catfish virus (CCV) neutralization activity.
Of these, 73 percent were positive for CCV antibody while 16
percent were questionable and 11 percent were negative.
Hyperosmotic infiltration is a viable method for immunizing
channel catfish against Aeromonas hydrophila, but the
heteroantigenic nature ofA. hydrophila may contraindicate its
use in vaccination.
A protein assay for examining mitogen-induced blas-
togenesis in channel catfish peripheral blood lymphocytes
resulted in significant stimulation to PhA, RWM, ConA, and
LPS. Refinment work has improved the application of an indi-
rect fluorescent antibody technique for the detection of CCV
in cell cultures.
South Carolina. Acute 96-h toxicity tests were conducted to
determine 96-h LCso values of 5 chemicals used in disease
control for yellow phase eels. Tolerance of yellow eels to the 5
chemicals was determined by exposing yellow eels to recom-
mended concentrations and exposure times of each chemical.
Chemicals tested and calculated 96-h LC50o values were:
malachite green, 2.86 millograms per liter: KMnO4, 21.60 mil-
ligrams per liter; formalin, 329.65 milligrams per liter; Dylox,
8.57 milligrams per liter; and antimycin A, 304 ug/1. Eels
appeared tolerant of application rates of KMnO4, formalin and
Dylox. Recommended application rates of malachite green
and antimycin A caused substantial mortality.
S-83 FRESHWATER FOOD ANIMALS
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Fish Farming Experiment
Station). Results of research shows that feeds that contain
di-n-butyl tin oxide, TinostatR or YomesanR (niclosamide,
phenosal) did not eliminate all the tapeworms (Both-
riocephalus acheilognathi). Probably the main cause for in-
complete control is that all the fish did not eat the feed, and the
solution to this problem is not apparent.
Five agricultural fungicides (Captan, Folpet, Maneb,
Zineb, and Chlorothalonil) were tested in vivo on buffalo fish
eggs. Excellent and repeatable results were obtained with
Captan in controlling fungus. Unfortunately, information was
obtained which showed Captan and Folpet to be mutagenic in
in-vitro testing; thus, work on Captan as a candidate com-
pound has ceased. Moderate success was obtained with Ro7-
4481; Saprolegnia diclina was prevented in some tests at 20
ppm but was not effective in other tests. However, DuterR
suppressed all fungal growth at 1, 10, 25, and 50 ppm, and
deformed fry were no greater than in the controls. A concentra-
tion of 100 ppm was toxic to the eggs. Thus a chemical for
fungus control may be available to replace malachite green
which was shown to be mutagenic.
Residue work is in progress on Ro5-0037 (Hoffman-
LaRoche). This is a potentiated sulfonimide and has been
shown to be a good drug in the control of certain bacterial
disease of cold and warmwater fishes.
Lernaea, like Ich, is difficult to maintain in the laboratory on
fish. We are attempting to develop a routine method of rearing
the larvae to the first copepodite stage before exposing them in
known numbers of fish. Older copepodites for therapeutant
screening were tried but the controls died overnight; how-
ever, the first larval stages do remain alive 3 to 4 days and can
be used for similar screening. The effectiveness of Masoten in
controlling adult Lernaea was tested in aquaria. Masoten at
0.25 ppm did not kill adults, so it is presumed that the success
of using Masoten is based on killing the larval stages; this will
be tested.
Preliminary studies indicate that the "globs" in the
epithelium of golden shiners are not parasites or algae, but are
phagocytic cells containing an unidentified material. A
SOUTHERN COOPERATIVE SPECIAL REPORT
nematode, Capillaria sp., appears pathogenic. The Asian
tapeworm, Bothriocephalus acheilognathi continues to cause
major problems in golden shiners and white amur, but none
has been found in goldfish or catfish. The parasite is found in
high incidence in Gambusia affinis, and it is possible that it
has become an important carrier.
E. Culture Systems:
Alabama. Tilapia nilotica males and females were grown
separately and mixed in earthen ponds in cages at stock den-
sities up 22,000 per hectare. Males grew 2-3 times faster than
females. A maximum of 5,000 kilograms per hectare of market-
able fish were produced in monosex male cultures.
Young-of-year Tilapia aurea were grown to marketable size
in wire cages suspended in a catfish pond from July 2 to
October 29, 1979. Average gain for mixed sexes stocked at
300-600 per m
3 
was 208 grams, and conversion of catfish feed
was 1.5 to 1.
Rainbow trout produced 1,450 kilograms per hectare at a
food conversion of 1.1 to 1 in earthen ponds with standing
water November 1977-March 1978. Survival was 90 percent.
Striped bass fry survival in well managed ponds average 43
percent, significantly greater than the commonly accepted
norm of 33 percent. Rotifers were the principal food item for
young striped bass.
Partial harvesting of channel catfish with 30 millimeter cor-
ral seines baited with feed was conducted in a 8.9 hectare
pond. Thirty-one seine sets during September-December,
1978 and February-September, 1979 yielded 27,937 kilo-
grams and 2,495 kilograms per hectare, respectively. From a
1-hectare pond, 12 seine sets removed 4,445 kilograms and
2,495 kilograms per hectare during the same period. An addi-
tional 21,818 kilograms from the large pond and 3,015 kilo-
grams from the small pond were harvested at draining in
October.
Silver carp and bighead carp fry were grown to 25 millime-
ters in pools, tanks and earthen ponds with survival 60 percent
in pools and tanks and 73 percent in ponds.
10
S-83 FRESHWATER FOOD ANIMALS
Arkansas. Annual production of mosquitofish from 0.1-
hectare ponds averaged 28-37 kilograms per hectare along
with 92 kilograms per hectare of additional food fish. Average
size of the mosquitofish, harvested at 30-day intervals, was
0.45 kilograms per 1,000 fish and sex ratio was 1 male per 20
females.
Average sizes of channel catfish after 1 year were 
nearly
equal between monoculture ponds and polyculture 
ponds
with various Chinese carps. Bigmouth buffalofish 
may be pre-
ferred over bighead carp in combination with 
grass carp in
catfish ponds. Largemouth bass stocked 25-50 per hectare 
will
control wild fishes in catfish ponds.
Georgia. A study on the effects of temperature on growth of
Tilapia aurea revealed that Tilapia grown in well water
heated to 27 degrees C were an average of 93 grams heavier
and 23 millimeters longer after 16 weeks than Tilapia grown in
22 degrees C well water.
Louisiana. Crawfish production was highest in ponds
planted early (June) in rice and left standing during flooding.
Rice was a better forage than millet. Forage is best left stand-
ing. Another study showed rice was superior to delta duck
potato, and poultry manure was highly beneficial. In another,
rice stubble left standing was most productive, baling and
adding back was next, and disking under was least productive,
while flooding in September was slightly better than flooding
in October.
The numbers of young crayfish consumed per day by Cybis-
ter finbriolatus, Belastoma latarium, and Anax junius were
0.65, 0.5, and 0.
Giant Malysian prawn post-larvae, stocked 24,710 per hec-
tare, produced and average of 435 kilograms per hectare with
57 percent survival. Simultaneous stocking of channel catfish
fry in the ponds did not affect prawn yield. Catfish production
was 520 kilograms per hectare.
Tennessee. A study has been initiated in a flow-through
culture system to evaluate yields of catfish (monoculture) and
catfish with tilapia (polyculture). Optimum stocking ratio of
catfish to tilapia will be based on fish yield and number of
tilapia to clean up organic wastes.
11
SOUTHERN COOPERATIVE SPECIAL REPORT
Another study has been initiated to determine effects of fish
anaesthetics (MS-222, quinaldine, salt) on blood glucose and
cortisol in rainbow trout.
Texas. Tilapia culture studies with swine poultry manures
as the primary nutrient source are in progress. Overwintering
systems (outdoor and indoor) for tilapia have been designed
and put into use.
U.S. Virgin Islands. A small, tilapia culture-hydroponic to-
mato production system was designed which consisted of a 3.7
millimeter diameter fish pool, 2 biofilters, 2 settling tanks, and
2 hydroponic beds. In 181 days of feeding, 125 male tilapia
gained 449 grams each with 98 percent survival. Total yield of
the system was 56.8 kilograms of fish and 77.7 kilograms of
marketable fruit, and appears to be economical.
Tennessee Valley Authority. Using warmwater effluents
and swine manure, it appears possible to produce the equiva-
lent of 7,800 kilograms of fish (tilapia with silver, bighead and
grass carps), 40 tons of water chestnuts and 7 tons of chestnut
hay per hectare, and release water that meets federal dis-
charge standards. During winter this effluent can maintain
tilapia at the rate of 16 pound fish per gallon per minute of
flow.
One crop of channel catfish was produced in raceways using
power plant effluent from April-November, then rainbow
trout were stocked. By maintaining constant 80 degrees F
water temperature year round, a 3 to 5-fold increase in fish
production could be realized. This will be considered in fu-
ture work.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Fish Farming Experiment
Station). Cultural practices have been developed to permit
research in controlled containers on golden shiners. Factors
evaluated were diet, density, flow-rate,temperature, and ap-
plication of medications. Optimum temperature for golden
shiners was found to be between 24 and 31 degrees C; growth
and health were about equal at 24 and 27 degrees, but poorer at
31 degrees.
Objective II, Economics
South Carolina. Information is being collected on the quan-
tity of inputs necessary for the operation of a Macrobrachium
12
S-83 FRESHWATER FOOD ANIMALS 1
hatchery. These data will be used to estimate the variable
costs of production. The investment requirement for the
building and equipment is being revised.
Tennessee Valley Authority. The cost of producing catfish
in waste heat effluent raceways, using a one-crop-per-year
system, was 65 cents per pound versus 49 cents per pound for
traditional pond culture. Cost of producing rainbow trout will
also probably be more than the traditional method. By using
constant 80 degrees F year round temperature in the raceways,
the annual yield of fish can be increased 3 to 5-fold which
should be more economical and would provide a year round
supply of fish.
Objective III, Product Development and Quality Assurance
Alabama. An enzyme hydrolysis method was used to liquify
protein in catfish processing waste and separate the bones and
lipids. On a moisture free basis, the yield was bone, 34.5
percent; lipids, 17.2 percent; and flesh, 34.5 percent. The flesh
fraction, (dried) yielded a high quality protein (73) percent
with an amino acid profile similar to fish meal.
"Warmed-over flavor" (WOF) develops quickly in cooked
meats and poultry, due to oxidation of lipid components. De-
velopment of WOF in cooked, frozen-stored catfish was evalu-
ated by sensory and TBA analysis, and found to be relatively
lower than found in red meat or poultry. Dark muscle, which is
in higher concentration in large fish, had a higher incidence of
WOF than light muscle.
Canned pet foods were made from ground, catfish process-
ing waste which contained 16,24, and 33 percent waste. Those
containing 24 and 33 percent waste had desirable texture and
appearance; that containing 10 percent was mushy. Dog ac-
ceptance tests (with 6 animals) showed that the dogs preferred
the product containing 24 or 33 percent catfish waste over a
commercial canned dog food.
U.S. Department of Agriculture (Southern Regional Re-
search Center). A silage-type process using natural visceral
enzymes to liquefy catfish processing waste was developed.
The process involves liquifying chopped waste with natural
enzymes activated by formic acid, screening out the bones,
S-83 FRESHWATER FOOD ANIMALS 13
SOUTHERN COOPERATIVE SPECIAL REPORT
removing oil by centrifuging, and evaporating most of the
water in a high-efficiency vacuum evaporator. Mixed offal
(70% heads, 20% viscera, 10% skins), which is almost as vis-
cous as ground beef, can be completely liquefied in 2 hours at
500 C (122' F). Processing waste can be upgraded into nutri-
tious by-products such as oil, bonemeal, and high-protein con-
centrates (50% water removed) or meals for animal feeds or pet
foods. This method not only shows potential for large-scale
industrial processing plants, but it also could be used with
minor modifications on the farm level with relatively simple
equipment.
USEFULNESS OF FINDINGS
Information from this research is presented through jour-
nals, trade and Experiment Station literature, trade and tech-
nical meetings, and state and federal government extension
agents. Four state-of-the-art cooperative bulletins have been
prepared by the S-83 Technical Committee (Processing; Dis-
ease; Nutrition and Feeding; and Breeding and Genetics) and
two are in preparation (Water Quality; Culture Systems) at this
time. Scientific data provided during the 8 years of this project
(S-83) will be useful to the industry and government in devel-
opment of aquaculture in this county.
WORK PLANNED FOR NEXT YEAR
All participant stations except the Kerr Foundation will con-
tinue their research. It is anticipated that additional species of
freshwater food animals will be included.
14
S-83 FRESHWATER FOOD ANIMALS
APPENDIX 1
OTHER PARTICIPATING TECHNICAL
COMMITTEE MEMBERS
Agricultural Experiment Stations
Alabama
Arkansas
Georgia
Louisiana
Mississippi
South Carolina
Tennessee
Texas
Oak Ridge National
Laboratory
Tennessee Valley
Authority
U.S. Department of
Agriculture
U.S. Department of
Commerce
U.S. Department of
the Interior
University of
Arkansas, Pine Bluff
R. O. Smitherman
J. A. Plumb
W. A. Rogers
D. L. Gray
E. E. Brown
J. B. Gratzek
Ronnie Bean
J. V. Huner
G. R. Ammerman
J. E. Waldrop
R. P. Wilson
A. G. Eversole
L. L. Bauer
Tom K. Hill
D. H. Lewis
R. W. Brick
M. Broussard
M. Olszewski
M. McGee
J. J. Maddox
R. Snipes
B. G. Isom
B. Carroll
L. Behrends
J. P. Cherry
Shelby Holder
J. W. Ayers
D. Greenland
Mayo Martin
Drew Mitchell
Nick Parker
Calvin Haskins
C. E. Boyd
E. W. McCoy
Charles Busch
J. C. Dean
E. B. Shotts
J. L. Chessness
Larry De la Bretonne
H. R. Robinette
Edwin Robinson
W. E. Poe
R. K. Strawn
W. Griffin
H. Bigelow
A. Smith
R. S. Pile
J. S. Crossman
J. C. Roetheli
K. Granneman
D. M. Gadsby
Billie Hougart
Glenn Hoffman
Thomas Brandt
Dewey Tackett
15
SOUTHERN COOPERATIVE SPECIAL REPORT
APPENDIX 2
PUBLICATIONS
Alabama
Boyd, C.E. 1979. Water quality in warm water fish ponds. Auburn University (Ala.)
Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn, Alabama 359 pp.
Boyd, C.E., and R. P. Romaire and E. Johnston, 1979. Water quality in channel catfish
production ponds. J. Environ. Quality 8: 423-429.
Boyd, C.E. 1979. Determination of total ammonia nitrogen and chemical oxygen
demand in fish culture systems. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 108: 305-311.
Boyd, C.E. 1979. Aluminum sulfate (alum) for precipitating clay turbidity from fish
ponds. Trans. Amer. Fish Soc. 108: 305-311.
Boyd, C.E. and C. S. Tucker. 1979. Emergency Aeration of Fish Ponds. Trans. of the
Am. Fisheries Soc. 108: 299-306.
Bowser, P.R. and J.A. Plumb. 1979. Fish cell lines: Establishment of a line from
ovaries of channel catfish. In Vitro. (In press).
Bowser, P.R. and J.A. Plumb. 1979. Channel catfish virus: Comparative replication
and sensitivity of cell lines from channel catfish ovary and the brown bullhead. J.
Wildl. Dis. (In press).
Busch, C.D. and C.A. Flood, Jr. 1979. Water Movement for Water Quality in Catfish
Production. Transactions of the ASAE (In press).
Cremer, M.C. and R. O. Smitherman. 1979. Food habits and growth of silver and
bighead carp in cages and ponds. Aquaculture. (In press).
Hawke, J.P. 1979. A bacterium associated with disease of pond cultured channel
catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 36: 1508-1512.
Hopkins, K.D., W.L. Shelton, and C.R. Engle. 1979. Estrogen sex reversal of Tilapia
aurea. Aquaculture 18: 263-268.
Jensen, G.L. and W.L. Shelton. 1979. Effect of estrogens on Tipalia aurea: Implica-
tions for production of monosex male tilapia. Aquaculture 16: 233-242.
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Lovell R. T. 1979. Nutritional value of catfish processing waste. Commercial Fish
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Louisiana
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and G. W. Wohlfarth. (R. O. Smitherman et al. eds) 1978. Genetics and breeding of
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17
SOUTHERN COOPERATIVE SPECIAL REPORT
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Memphis State University
Tomasso, J. R., B. A. Simco, and K. B. Davis. 1979. Chloride inhibition of nitrite-
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Reagan, Roland E., Jr. 1980. Heritabilities and genetic correlations of desirable
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histidine requirements of fingerling channel catfish. J. Nutr. 110, (In press).
18
S-83 FRESHWATER FOOD ANIMALS
Wilson, R. P., W. E. Poe, O. W. Allen, Jr., and E. H. Robinson. 1978. Tryptophan
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South Carolina
Hinton, M. J. and A. G. Eversole. 1979. Toxicity of ten chemicals commonly used in
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Hinton, M. J. and H. A. Loyacano. 1978. Efficacy of quinaldine and MS-222 on
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Texas
Brick, R. W., and R. R. Stickney. 1979. Polyculture of Tilapia aurea and Macrob-
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Stickney, R. R., J. H. Hesby, R. B. McGeachin and W. A. Isbell. 1979. Growth of
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Wattan, Barnaly J. 1980. A new approach to backyard tomato production. Bull. 10th
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Tennessee Valley Authority
Behrends, L. L., J. J. Maddox, R. S. Pile, and J. C. Roetheli. 1979. Comparison of two
methods of using liquid swine manure as an organic fertilizer in the production of
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19
Hoffman, G. L. 1979. Helminthic parasites. Chapter (pp. 40-58) in J. A. Plumb (ed),
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