The Inlternational
Venter for
Aquacultere
I
--
-J
/ I
CONTENTS
BACKCROUND OF CENTER
Aquacultural Development Needs
Use of Grant Funds -------- ---
T L
PERSONNEL ON THE PROJECT
1?
-~ ~t
~. ar
V
ACCOMPLISHMENTs DURING THE YEAR 5
Research Activities -. 5
Research by Foreign Graduate
Students . . . . 7
Research Publications 8
Teaching Activities 8
International Service Activities 8
Library Acquisitions 9
IMPACT OF GRANT SUPPORTEI)
ACTrivInsi ON INSTTIrIIONAL
CAPABILITIES 9
UTILIZING INSTITUTIONAL RESOURCES
IN INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT 9
OTHER RESOURCES FOR GBANT-
RELArTED AC IVITIES 11
SUMMARY- -------- 11
PUBLISHED 5/76---1M
Auburn University is an equal
opportunity employer.
A
Visiting dignitary observing work of in-
ternational students (top) and graduate
students from Philippines working with
intensive fish culture systems (bottom)
Sare characteristic of 1974 
activities of
Sthe International Center for Aquaculture.
I
The International Center for Aqualculture
ANNUAL REPORT FOR FY 1974
MEii YEAR 1974 cani be char acterized ats a period of signifi-
cat dvncstossr objectivex f h International Center-
for Aquaculture at Auibuirn Univeirsity. Pr ogress wvas made
thirough thiree major programs of the Center: research activ i-
ties by staff meiel s, serv5ice activ ities by academic faculty,
and lilbrai y acqutisitionis.
Research activities included Studies dealing wxith aqunactil
tural prodluctioni x tli diffeirent species, pond ecology, and fish
nutrition. In the airea of international service, faculty mem]-
lkers took part iii me etinigs and other service functions in 16
nations, and visitors froim 15 countiries came to Auibut i for
tours, deinonstiratioins, and semninars conerning aqnaeulttire.
Such programs were of value to aquacultural endeav ors
arouind the globe, ats wxell as serving to adv ance the fisheies
teaching and reseairch programs at Aiiuurn Univeirsity School
of Agriculture and Agi iculht-ual Expeiriment Station.
BACKGROUND OF CENTER
The Inter national Center for Aquaculture wxas estalished
Jutne 25, 1970, at the Auburn Unix etsits' Agricultural 
Experi
menit Station, tincdei atithoi its contained in Section 211 ( d) of
the Foreigni Assistance Act of 1961. The giant (AID s
2780) xxas for the puirpose of implementing the piroject, "To
Strengthen Specialized Compeiitei cy iii A( uaculture,' under
the agireement signed Junie 25, 1970, by Dr. John Ii. Hannah
for USAID and President Ian MiivN. Pliilpott for Aubuirn
Univeirsity.
The follossiiig objectiv es swere considered of primary im-
por-taince in strengthening the competence of the Ceiiter.
1. To add exper ts in selected fields to the faculty.
2. To assemble a libi arv of woirldwxide liteiratuire on aqua-
culture and develop more effectise methods foi dissemination
of this iiifoirmation.
3. To provide educational oppoirtuiiities in aqutactiltui e for
personnel of AID and other governmental agencies and priv-
ate foundations, for students itnteirested iii international devel-
opmeiit, aiid for foreign patrticipant tiraining.
4. To develop a svorldsvide collection of data oii food
fishes and otheri aquatic organisms that asppear suiitab~le for
culture.
Aquacultural Development Needs
Aquacultui e is becoming increasinigly importaiit in devel-
oping couiities as a means of prov iding iiicireased quantities
of the protein needed for more adequate diets and as arn im-
portaiit conitribution to economic girowsth. It utilizes infertile
lands mid runoff wvater s phis agricultur al xxastes ainid suiipluses
~a 4
Sorting fish harvested from experimental ponds.
TOP-1/0lO-acre experimental ponds; CENTER-seining for fish
in a fish pen enclosure; BOTTOM-channel catfish.
to intensively grow crops of high quality proteins in 
the form
of fish and other aquatic animals, thus greatly increasing 
the
ability of each countrv to supply the protein needed by its
own people. Aquaculture can be used to grow high qu'ality
protein locally where it is most needed, thus reducing 
the
cost of transportation, processing, and refrigeration. 
It also
provides additional needed income and employment 
for farm-
ers.
Auburn University has received xorldwide recognition 
for
its leadership in warmwater fisheries generally and aquacul-
ture specifically. The University has committed itself to assist
developing nations to increase their supplies of high quality
protein and improve their economic well-being 
through im-
proved methods of 
aquaculture. No 
other American 
univer-
sity presently has the capability of providing this type of 
as-
sistance.
Use of Grant Funds
This grant is being utilized by Auburn University to
strengthen its research, teaching, extension, and other service
capabilities in aquaculture. As a consequence, more signifi-
cant contributions will be made by the University in promot-
ing aquaculture in developing countries. In addition, the
grant is being used to develop methods and procedures for
making the University's competence in ajuaculture mor
readily available for tho e \ s i,. d it
PERSONNEL. ON TILE PRIOJI(:T
Following is a list of personnel who received grant funds
as part of their salary during the report year.
r~ SW
4 :~J~1
Name
Dr. E. W. Shell
Dr. D. D. Moss
]Dr. C. E. Boyd
Dr. R. T. Lovell
Dr. M. M. Pamatmat
Dr. R. O. Smithennan
Dr. D. R. Bayne
Dr. W. D. Davies
Dr. J. L. Gaines
Ms. E. W. Scarsbrook
Mr. C. D. Depoisiter
Ms. C. B. Sherrer
Ms. R. E. Grant
Ms. C. B. HIawke
Ms. E. C. Talley
Ms. P. M. Argo
Ms. A. C. Tucker
Mr. D. E. Alston
Mr. R. L. Babnats
Mr. M. C. Braid
Mr. R. L. Busch
Mr. R. E. Buttermore
Mr. J. P. Hawke
Mr. C. McVea
Mr. V. E. Mezainis
Mr. P. W. Perschbacher
Mr. J. H. Schachte
Mr. P. W. Taylor
Mr. J. L. Williamson
Position
Director
Assistant Director
Associate Professor
Associate Professor
Associate Professor
Associate Professor
Assistant Professor
Assistant Professor
Assistant Professor
Research Associate
Technical Assistant
Senior Clerk
Typist A
Typist A
Typist A
Typist
Typist
Graduate Research
Graduate Research
Graduate Research
Graduate Research
Graduate Research
Graduate Research
Graduate Research
Graduate Research
Graduate Research
Graduate Research
Graduate Research
Graduate Research
Assistant
Assistant
Assistant
Assistant
Assistant
Assistant
Assistant
Assistant
Assistant
Assistant
Asssistant
Assistant
5.0
1.4
4.4
3.7
6.6
5.1
0.4
15
(i.6
12.0
4.5
5.0
(09
1.5
8.0
6.3
1.3
Ii)
I'
i )
1 0
'Graduate research assistants are generally expected to spl,.id
one-third time on acti-vities related to their stipend and under
normal circumstances do not contribute more than 4.0 man-months
to a project in a year.
N
-p
~-~"
ACCOMPLISHMENTS DURING THE YEAR
Research Activities
A majority of the personnel funded under the grant 
par-
ticipated in research projects lduring the year. Following is a
summary of the research accomplishnments.
Aquaculture
Survival of striped bass fry was enhanced by increasilng
the salinity of water flowing thirough culture jars from 1 p.p.t.
to 5 p.p.t. Growth was not affected )by increasing the salinity.
Striped bass fir receiving either brilne shrimp alone or brine
shrimp plus (drly feed grew at a faster rate than fry receiving
onlY dry feed.
Survival of striped bass fry irr ponds was significantly in-
creased by adding salt to raise the salinity to I p.p.t. Sur-
vival of fingerlings was also improved by the addition of salt
to culture ponds.
Nutritional requirements and feeding rates have been es-
tablished for intensive culture of channel catfish; however,
with recent increases in costs for feed ingredients, some feed-
ing recommendations are no longer practical. This is especi-
ally true for recommendations concerning protein levels and
proportion of protein from animal sources. One potential
method for providing protein in intensive culture would be
to establish ininnow populations as forage. Forage popula-
tions, however, often disappear under predation pressure.
One 5.2-acre poind was stocked with 2,000 channel catfish
per acre, with tilapia and threadfin shad as forage species.
A dense population of threadfin shad was established by
stocking shad at the same time as catfish. Some tilapia sur-
vived the winter of 1971-72, but had to be restocked in 1973.
Catfish used both species as food. Of the 2,162 pounds per
acre present at draining, 387 pounds (17.9 percent) was
shad. Threadfin shad are able to maintain high population
numbers under catfish predation.
An experiment on intensive pen culture of channel catfish
in combination with tilapia was carried out to determine
optimal stocking rate and to study the apparent importance
of natural water circulation through the pens. Channel cat-
fish mortality increased with stocking rate, but the number
of surviving fish was still Iigher at a stocking rate of 800 per
pen than at 600 or 400; net production was directly lpropor-
tional to the number of survivors. There was an inverse cor-
relation between catfish and tilapia production, but this ap-
parently competitive interaction may simply be the result of
more food being available to tilapia as catfish production
decreased.
An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of
four levels of water hvacmnth, Eichhornia cra.ssipes (Mart.)
Solms, coverage on phytoplankton, production of a filter-
feeding fish, Tilapia arrea, and water quality. The experi-
ment was carried out in a series of 12 earthen ponds approxi-
mately 0.1 acre (0.04 hectare) in size. Four treatments coin
sisting of four levels of water hyacinths maintained at surfa.
area percentages of 0, 5, 10, and 25 were replicated thr
times. T. aura were stocked at a rate of 1,000 fish per ace
(2,470 per hectare). The ponds were fertilized at 2-wce.
intervals from February 5 to September 9, 1973, at an equiv-
alent rate of 80 pounds of 20-20-0 (N, PO-, K,O) per acre
per application.
Accumulated standing crops for water hyacinths maintained
at surface area percentages of 5, 10, 
and 25 were 2,584,
2,243, and 1,979 grams per square meter dry weight.
Weekly and biweekly sampling of phytoplankton revealed
a decrease in average chlorophyll a concentrations from 56.46
ug per liter (0 percent c iverage) to 14.42 ug per liter (25
percent coverage). Decreasing concentrations of chlorophyll
a in the presence of increasing quantities of water hyacinths
corresponded to a similar decrease in phytoplankton numbers.
The phytoplankton population in ponds with 0 and 5 per-
cent coverage was primarily composed of the Chlorophyta,
while the (hryvsophyta was abundant in the presence of in-
creasing quantities of hyacinths. Calculated values for spe-
cies diversity indicated a variety of individuals present in
each treatment.
Total fish and tadpole production was positively correlated
with gross primaly productivity and chlorophyll a concentra-
tions, giving r values of 0.9.3 and 0.86, respectively. There
w as a progressive decrease in average fish and tadpole pro-
duction from 1,004.0 kilograms per hectare (0 percent cov-
erage) to :351.6 kilograms per hectare (25 percent coverage).
A comparison of morphometric characteristics of channel
catfish from seven different geographical locations was com-
pleted on fishes reared under 
the same environmental con-
ditions at the Southeastern Fish Cultural Laboratory (USDI)
and Auburn University Fisheries lHesearch Unit. Highly sig-
nificant differences existed among strains for all measure-
ments except caudal peduncle width. Strong divergence be-
tween these geographically separated strains of channel cat-
fish was indicated. Two of the non-domesticated strains ex-
hibited a large degree of variability with respect to character-
istics having potential use in selective breeding for commer-
cial applications.
An experiment on growth, survival, and production of five
strains and two crosses of channel catfish, begun in 1972, was
completed in 1973. Survival, production, average size at
harvest, and food conversion was best in the non-domesticated
group from the Rio Grande River. This was followed by two
strain crosses irnvolving domesticated lines. Production of
three domesticated groups apparently descended in inverse
relation to the years subjected to inbreeding. A non-domesti-
cated strain from the Warrior River in Alabama ranked high
in survival, but was the least productive of all lines tested.
Pond Ecology
Decaying aquatic plants were used as the only source of
nitrogen in cultures of the alga Scenedesmus dimorphus. De-
caving phytoplankton ( Microcystis, Anabaena, and Euglcna)
and a decomposing macrophyte (Naas) supported the best
algal growth. Decomposition of two macrophytes, Typha and
Eichhornia, supported little algal growth, while intermediate
Fertilizing experimental pond.
[51
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.... ~ ~ ~ ~~ -~l- . --: :_'":7. - -..
dii
Adding agricultural lime to a fish pond to increase its fertility.
growth of S. dimorplhus was obtained in cultures with decay-
ing Elodca and Spirogyra. The suitability of decaying plants
as sources of nitrogen was generally greater in plants with
higher nitrogen contents. Insufficient nitrogen was mineral-
ized from muds to produce significant growth of S. dimiorphus
in the cultures.
Bioassav procedures were used to test the effectiveness of
muds as sources of phosphorus for algae. One portion of each
mud was limed with enough Ca(OH)2 to raise the pH to
6.5. The second portion of each mud was not limed. Va-
rious amounts of phosphorus were applied to each limed and
unlimed sample. The availability of phosphorus to algae
from the limed muds w\\as much greater at almost all levels
of added phosphorus.
The effectiveness of four liming agents (calcitic limestone,
dolomitic limestone, basic slag, and calcium hYdroxide) and
gyxpsum in increasing the total hardness and total alkalinity
of water and neutralizing the acidity of pond muds was
tested in plastic pools. When added in quantities sufficient to
satisfy the lime requirements of the muds, all four liming
agents increased total hardness from about 12 milligrams
per liter to around 40 or 50 milligrams per liter. 
Total alka-
linity increased from about 20 milligrams per liter to around
50 or 60 milligrams per liter. The initial pH of the muds was
5.6 and the liming agents caused values to increase by 0.9
to 1.4 pH units. The pH of the waters increased to above
11, for more than 1 week following application of calcium
hydroxide, which would be toxic to fish. Immediately after
liming, the pH of the water in pools treated with limestone
and slag increased to slightly above 9, a pH level not harmful
to pond fish. Applications of gypsum caused an increase in
total hardness to about 300 milligrams per liter, but had no
influence on total alkalinity and did not neutralize the acidity
of muds.
Concentrations of organic matter in bottom muds from 145
ponds varied from 0.77 to 9.66 percent. Nitrogen values for
[6]
these ponds ranged from 0.08 to 0.63 percent. Both organic
matter and nitrogen were considerably higher than quantities
usually found in agricultural soils of Alabama. However, it
is doubtful that this level of organic nitrogen would supply
adequate nitrate and ammonia upon mineralization to allow
reduction in the nitrogen application rates for ponds. Ponds
which had moderate or poor growth of phytoplankton con
tained muds which were low or very low in soil-test phos-
phorus. About half of the ponds with adequate phytoplank-
ton blooms had muds with medium or higher levels of soil-
test phosphorus, while the other ponds in this group tested
low or very low in phosphorus. All ponds with adequate
blooms received additions of phosphorus. The relationship
among soil-test phosphorus in the muds, phosphorus 
additions,
and adequate phytoplankton blooms suggests the need for
research on the use of soil-test procedures to calculate the
proper application rates for 
phosphorus to ponds.
Fish Nutrition
A pond feeding experiment was conducted with channel
catfish to evaluate three levels of dietary protein in an all-
plant diet, a diet containing one-sixth fishmeal protein, or a
diet containing one-third fishmeal protein. Effects of the
protein levels on growth, uniformity 
of size, dressing percent-
age, and bodv composition were measured. The experiment
was conducted in 0.1-acre earthen ponds each stocked with
300 channel catfish using nine formulated feeds and three
replications per feed.
The results showed that, at this stocking density and feed-
ing schedule, an all-plant feed gave satisfactory catfish pro-
duction. The medium (36 percent) protein diet is perhaps
the best of the all-plant diets. Its yield was nearly equal to
that of the high (43 percent) protein plant diet, but the cost
per pound of catfish was nearer to that of the low (29 per-
cent) protein diet.
The medium (36 percent) protein diet containing one-
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-1
J
F'f'C;: ~~
TOP-feeds and nutrition laboratory in Swingle Hall; CENTER-
international student preparing experimental fish ration; BOTTOM
-processed, farm-raised catfish.
sixth of the protein as fishmeal appears most desirable when
present cost of ingredients is considered. Average yield with
this feed was 2,868 pounds per acre. Nearly all of the fish
(96 percent) were of harvestable size at draining and the
feed cost per pound of gain was next to the lowest for the
nine experimental feeds.
Increasing fishmeal to the highest level, one-third of the
protein, showed a significant response at the lowest total
protein percentage (29 percent) but not at the two higher
protein levels. Dressing percentage increased slightly as pro-
tein level in diets increased in the all-plant and high fishmeal
feeds. There was essentially no difference in dressing per-
centage among fish fed the three low fishmeal diets.
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-% Body fat was not greatly affected by level or type of pro-
tein or source of energy in the diets. The high protein fish-
meal diets may have produced slightly leaner fish. The ratio
of protein to energy in the 
feed did not greatly affect the 
fat
content of the fish over 
the range used in this study.
Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of
forage fish as a protein supplement for pond cultured channel
catfish fed an all-plant diet (36 percent protein). Average
yield of catfish per acre was 2,455 pounds on the all-plant
diet, 2,110 pounds where the fathead minnow was the forage
species, 2,810 pounds where tilapia (aurea) was the forage
species, and 2,868 pounds where the all-plant diet was sup-
plemented with one-sixth of the protein as fishmeal. The
increased yields with tilapia may result from predation by
catfish onil young tilapia and improved water quality resulting
from tilapia feeding on plankton, manure, and other forms
of organic matter. The fathead minnow was a poor forage
fish for channel catfish. Threadfin shad was a better forage
species than the fathead minnow, but was not as desirable as
tilapia.
A swine feeding study indicated that catfish waste meal
was at least equal to meat scrap (meat and bone) meal as a
source of animal protein as evidenced by gains of swine on
production type rations. The catfish waste meal did not affect
flavor of the meat or carcass quality.
Catfish waste meal is also a satisfactory source of animal
protein for catfish feeds. It is equal to fish meal when it
comprises a high percentage of the feed formula, but it is
,lightly inferior to fish meal when it supplies 12 percent or
less of total protein.
The protein efficiency ratios (PER, which is a biological
" index of protein quality) of catfish waste and other protein
sources determined with fingerling channel catfish showed
the following rank in descending order of protein quality:
(1) marine fishmeal, (2) pasteurized catfish waste (non-
dried), (3) casein, (4) catfish waste meal, (5) meat scrap
(meat and bone) meal.
Research by Foreign Graduate Students
Six foreign students received graduate degrees from Au-
burn University during the year. Each student was required
to submit a thesis or dissertation based on his original re-
search. Although none of these students was supported di-
rectly on grant funds, all utilized equipment and supplies,
benefited from the availability of field labor, or received guid-
ance and information from staff time which was purchased
[7 ]
" ~~
S. E, Assoc. of Game and Fish Cormiis.. 27th Ann. \feet. 197.3.
20 pp.
Rates of Temperature Acclimation for Hatchery Reared Striped
Bass Fry and Fingerlings, Morone saxitllis (WaVlbaiii) . Progres-
sive Fish Cultui ist, Vol. 35(4).
Dr. R. T. Lovell
Ab~sorption by Channel Catfish of Fai thy \lusty Flavor Cornl
pounds S~ nthesjzed 1hy Cultures, of Blue-Green Algae. Tranls. Am.
Fish. Soc., Vol. 102(4): 774-777. (WXith Lewis A. Sackey).
Ens iroiiment-fRelated ofi-Flax ors in Intensiv ely Cultured Fish.
FAO T echniical Conference onl F'ishery' Products, F11: IT /73/F 46.
7pp
Put Catfish Offal to Work fur Y ou. Fish Farmng Industries,
Oct.-Nov. 197.3. 3 pp.
Vitamin C..oad Crooked B3ack D~isease. The Catfish Fanner,
Vol. 50.): .31-32.
Teaching Activities
Sev en of the staff member s onl the grant taught a total of
ninie couirses cduriing the year. Seven of the staff supervised
thesis research projects for graduate students. A summary
a Hfpu os teaching activities folloxvs:
)!I, "A > )hll
lDr. 1). D. Moss
Dr. C. E. Boyd
Nepali student caring for over-wintered tilapia.
with grant funds. Name, countiv, and title of the thesis or
dissertation for each student follows:
Nanie
Sopa Arccrat
[rhailancl)
Arsenio Caiacho
(Philippines)
Tawan Chookajorn
(Thailand)
Rafael Guerrero
(Philippines)
X'anicli Koonsoongnioen
SThailand)
Jorge Tres-Dick
C. a atern aIa)
Thesis or Dissertatian
The Immnune Response of Channel Cat-
fish to the Fish Parasite Ichthijophthirus
inrltijilis ( Directed lby Dr. R. Allison).
Chlaiacterization of Thiamine Dieficien-
c ies in Channel Castfish Fed IHeated and
Non-heated Catfish Processing W~astes
(Dir ectecd lby Dr. R. 1'. Lov ell).
Pri ciiipound dinent Age and G;rowth of the
Bluegill Sunfish in the Proposed W~est
Pocinut h-e..er Noir, Alaluania~ and fleorgia
(Directed by Dr. NV. L. Shelton).
Tfhe U.se of Sy nthetic Andlrogens for the
Production of NMonosex Male Tilapia
ann a ( Directed by Dr. WX. L. Shelton)
Protein Quality of Catfish Processing
'Waste fur Channel Catfish Fingerlings
( Directed hx Dr. R. T. Lov ell).
Interrelationships Between Qiiantity and
Quiality oif Protein in Feeds for Channel
Catfish in Inteisise Ponch Culture (Di-
rectecl by Dr. H. T. Lox cll).
Research Publications
Dr. C. E. Boyd
Biotic Interactions between Different Species of Algae. Journal
o~f the Weed Science Societs of America. Vol. 21(l): 32-37.
Suinumer Algal Communities and Priniary Production in Fish
Ponds. flycirohiologia, Vol. 41(:3): 357- 390.
Dr. W. D. Davies
TIhe Effects of Total Dissolvedc Solids, Temperature, and p1l
on the Survival of Immature Striped Bass: A Response Surface
Expeiiment. The Progressixe Fish Culturist, Vol. 35(3): 157-160.
Maniaging Small Impoundments and Communitv Lakes. Proc.
R. T. Lovell
MI. M. Pamatmat
R. 0. Smitherman
WX. 1). Davies
Dr. 1). 11. Bayne
Dr. 1. L. Gaines
Seminar in aciuacnlture
r'earch techniques
Pond construction
W~ater quality and aqluatic
productivity and nutrient
cycles in aquaculture
Fish nutrition
None
Aquaculture
Fisheries biology and
acdxancecd fisheries biology
None
Fish morphology
1N umber in parenthesis indicates number who were foreign
natinals.
The Departmnt uitilized grant funds to bring three out-
standiing scientists to campus to present seminars dluring 
the
year:
Dr. Raymond Johnson. President o)1 the American Fishei es
Societxy and Depulty Dir ector, Div ision of Environmental Sys-
tems and Besoui ces, National Science Foundatiun, WVashinig-
ton, D.C.
Dr. Jon Stanley. U.S. Depairtment of Interior, Fish Farm-
ing Experimental Station, Stuttgart, Arkansas.
Dr. Robert Anderson. Leaderi, Missouri Cooperative Fish-
cr~icsj Unit, Univei sitv of Mlissouiri, Columbia, Missouri.
International Service Activities
All of the academic staff onl the girant pairticipated in inter-
national service actixvities duiring the y ear. Sev'en v isited
o~ther countries in connection with these activ ities. A total
of appr oximately 4.5 man-rmonths of time xwas spent in these
countries. Information concerning these v isits is sumomarized
belowv:
Dr. E. WV. Shell. Pairticipatecd in TAC wxorking group onl
aquaculture, Spoleto, Italy, Juixl 10-19, 197.3. He also took
p~art iii Philippines Conference oil Fish Estates and ireviewsecl
progress of fisheries project in the Philippines, October 22-
November 3, 1973.
Dr. D. D. Moss. Planned acluacuiltni al research station in
Colomobia at request of AID, May 27-Juiie 7, 1974. He at-
[ 8]
Con des taught
Numnber of
graduante'
Stiudents
supd'rt.ised
4
0
tended FAO Conference on Fishery Products in Japan and
reviewed Japanese research in fish nutrition, December 2-18,
1973. He provided short-term assistance in fish nutrition to
fisheries project in Northeast Brazil, November 19-November
29, 1973.
Dr. M. M. Pamatmat. Reviewed aquacultural research in
Scotland, Germany, Sweden, and Norway, June 15-30, 1973.
Dr. R. O. Smitherman. Attended a meeting on aquacul-
ture sponsored by the American Association for the Advance-
ment of Science in Mexico City, July 1-3, 1973. He surveyed
potential for aquacultural development in Haiti at request of
AID, August 20-31, 1973, and attended symposium on mullet
culture held in Israel, May 31-June 9, 1974.
Dr. D. R. Bayne. Surveyed nuisance aquatic plants in res-
ervoirs in Morocco at request of AID, March 21-30, 1974.
Dr. W. D. Davies. Participated in FAO Symposium on
Methodology for the Survey, Monitoring, and Appraisal of
Fishery Resources in Lakes and Large Rivers, held in Scot-
land, April 29-May 6, 1974.
Funds from the grant were also used by other Depart-
mental staff for international service activities. Dr. Ray Alli-
son visited Thailand, October 12-18, 1973, to discuss plans
for holding an international aquacultural symposium there.
Professor E. E. Prather conducted a survey of the potential
for aquaculture in Jamaica, June 17-29, 1974.
Library Acquisitions
During the year, 272 books were purchased with grant
funds. Emphasis in selection of titles was given to those on
aquaculture, aquaculture-related subjects, and fishes found in
developing countries. Seven subscriptions to scientific jour-
nals were purchased. Grant funds are utilized only to pay
the initial year of a subscription. Other funds are used to
continue the subscriptions.
IMPACT OF GRANT SUPPORTED ACTIVITIES
ON INSTITUTIONAL CAPABILITIES
Auburn University has been involved in international fish-
eries work for a number of years. While realizing the po-
tential and value of service in this area, the present degree of
involvement by the University would not be possible without
financial support provided by the grant. The grant allowed
the Department to maintain, and in some instances to in-
crease, its international capabilities in inland fisheries and
aquaculture.
Grant funds were used to purchase the following personnel
involvement:
Personnel category
A c ad em ic -------------.-----------------......
Secretarial
Graduate research assistants
Field labor ---- .. .. .. .. . ...
Man-months
48.4
29.0
22.4
47.9
The personnel time purchased with grant funds contributed
significantly to the support of various aspects of the Depart-
ment's program in inland fisheries and aquaculture. The
personnel allowed the Department to do more research, teach
additional courses, supervise and advise more graduate stu-
dents, and do a more effective job of extending the Depart-
ment's special capabilities both within the United States and
abroad.
The academic staff with support from laboratory techni-
cians, secretaries, graduate research assistants, and field labor
produced 13 major research publications during the year.
Graduate research assistants funded from the grant conducted
research as part of their degree requirements. Three of these
research projects 
were used as sources 
of data for theses.
Because of the availability of the staff funded from the
grant, the Department has been able to attract a number of
research grants and contracts that it could not otherwise
have handled. In the past year the grant-funded staff was
involved in seven research projects supported by other than
State appropriated, University funds. Several of these proj-
ects will result in information that will have direct transfer-
ability to developing countries.
Grant-funded staff taught nine courses (36 quarter hours
of credit) during the year. The University paid most of the
costs for this teaching, but the grant funds made available
more specialists for teaching these courses. Nine courses per
12-month academic year would be approximately a full-time
teaching load for one professor if he were supported en-
tirely by University teaching funds. Obviously, a single in-
dividual could not adequately teach the wide variety of
courses offered. Combining teaching funds and grant funds
made possible the joint appointments of seven different teach-
ers who were available to teach the nine courses.
Sixteen students (nine foreign) were admitted to the
graduate program in the Department during the year. Grant-
funded staff served as major professors for 10 of these. In-
cluding the new students admitted, an average of 53 graduate
students were enrolled each quarter in the program at some
time during the year.
Twenty-five students received advanced degrees during
the year, as follows:
Origin of recipient
A m erican --------------------
F oreign ------ ------ -- ------ --
T O T A L ---------------------------------
Degree awarded
M.S. Ph.D.
11 2
9 3
20 5
Staff employed with grant funds served as major professors
for nine of these students. The academic personnel time
purchased with grant funds was an important factor in mak-
ing it possible for the Department to enroll such a large
number of graduate students.
The Department offered 40 courses during the year. The
distribution of courses and the number of students enrolled
are as follows:
No. of Number of students enrolled
1
Quarter courses American Foreign
Summer 1973 ----------------- 9 55 63
Fall 1973 10 91 78
W inter 1974 ----------------.. 11 75 55
Spring 1974 ------------------ 10 55 57
TOTAL -- 40 276 253
1 Students take more than one of the courses each quarter.
UTILIZING INSTITUTIONAL RESOURCES
IN INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
The Department and the International Center played a
significant role in international development during the year.
Staff employed with grant funds participated in approxi-
mately 4.5 man-months of international service activities.
In addition to activities already mentioned, Auburn pro-
vided technical assistance in inland fisheries and aquaculture
to four countries, through AID Mission funded contracts.
The countries were: Brazil (AID/csd-2270, T.O. 8), El
Salvador (AID/la-688), Panama (AID/la-684), and the
Philippines (A1D/ea-180). Resident Auburn staff were
[9]
provided for each of those projects as follows: Brazil 2, El
Salvador 1, Panama 1, and the Philippines 2. The Depart-
ment and Center provided 9.8 man-months of campus coordi-
nation and 3.6 man-months of technical backstopping for
the AID-funded country projects.
The Department and Center are becoming increasingly
involved with programs of Peace Corps Volunteers. One
group of Volunteers from Michigan State University spent
several days at Auburn as part of their training program
before leaving for their assignments. The staff responded to
a number of requests for information and advice from Volun-
teers in various developing countries. Auburn staff in El
Salvador and the Philippines provided direct assistance and
supervision for several Volunteers in those countries.
During the year, Auburn entered into an agreement for
cooperative research on breeding schemes for the genetic
improvement of edible fish with the Hebrew University of
Jerusalem in Israel. The 
project is supported 
by funds from
the United States - Israel Binational Science Foundation.
Most of the past support for Auburn's efforts in interna-
tional development has come from AID. In the future, more
of this work will probably be supported directly by the in-
volved countries themselves. During the year the Depart-
ment entered into an agreement to provide technical assist-
ance and management for a 1,000-acre fish farm in Mid-
Western State in Nigeria, Africa. This assistance will in-
clude supervision of construction of the farm, the production
of fish, and their processing and marketing. The Mid-West-
ern State Government in Nigeria is providing funds for the
project. After 7 years the farm will be operated by the State.
Of the 25 students receiving advanced degrees, 13 are in-
volved to some degree in international development. All of
the foreign students returned to their home country to begin
work in fisheries and aquaculture. One American student
went to Australia to help develop a shrimp farm.
Approximately 60 visitors representing 15 countries came
to Auburn to discuss international development during the
year. Special tours, demonstrations, and seminars were ar-
ranged for several of the visitors. A list of the visitors follows:
Name and address
Malcolm C. Johnson, Jr.
Delta Farm Fisheries
P.O. Box 126
Tillar, Arkansas 71670
Pedro Godoy I.
Incubadoras Protinal, C.A.
Valencia, Venezuela
John Hummon
Agency for International Development
Washington, D.C.
Felipe Almeda Cruz, Jr.
P.O. Box 3418
Manila, Philippines
Manuel F. Cruz
P.O. Box 3418
Manila, Philippines
C. F. Wiedeman, Jr.
Thomas H. Miner and Associates, Inc.
903 Oregon Trial
Cincinnati, Ohio 45215
Wiang Chuapoehuk
College of Fisheries
Kasetsart University
Bangkok, Thailand
Chertchai Amatykul
Director, Inland Fisheries Division
Department of Fisheries
Ministry of Aquaculture
Bangkok, Thailand
Dates of visit
July 2, 19783
July 18, 1973
July 20, 1973
August 13, 1973
August 13, 1973
August 15, 1973
August 26-29, 1973
September 4-14, 1973
Tupan Ferreira de Souza
Coordenador Geral Do Banco De
Desenvolvimento Do
Rio Grande Do Norte
Leone State in Natal
Brazil January 25-27, 1974
Erildo Moneiro, Jr.
Rua General Osorio, 203-59000
Natal, Rio Grande Do Norte
Brazil January 25-27, 1974
Mr. T. C. Niblock
Director
USAID/Philippines
APO San Francisco 96528 February 14-15, 1974
Hon. E. K. Clark
Minister of Finance
Hon. B.E.E. Idigbe
Minister of Economic Development
and Reconstruction
Hon. B.O.W. Mafeni
Minister of Agriculture and
Natural Resources
C. I. Oshogwe
Mid-Western Farms
Chief E.A.A.E. Wepke, Fisheries Officer
Dr. I. M. Okonjo
Secretary to the Military Governor
0. O. Uzzie
Permanent Secretary of Agriculture
Mid-Western State, Nigeria February 20, 1974
Joe Akintoba
Joe Simpkins
Roy Blanton, Sr.
Roy Blanton, Jr.
Tiffany Industries
100 Progress Parkway
Maryland Heights, Missouri February 20, 1974
Steven E. Anderson
Fisheries/PTR
c/ o American Embassy
B. P. 697
Kinshasa, Zaire, Africa March 18-22, 1974
Peter I. Tack
E. W. Roelofs
Michigan State University
East Lansing, Michigan March 20-21, 1974
Hans Ackefors
Fil. Dr, Docent
Havsfiskelaboratoriet
Institute of Marine Research
S-45300 Lysekil
Sweden March 21-22, 1974
Rosie Evans
Biological Station
University of Bergen
Blomsterdalen, Norway March 26-27, 1974
Sergio Fernando Gonzalez Berrido
Director
School of Fisheries and Food Technology
Catholic University
Valparaiso, Chile March 30, 1974
Randy Martin
Fred Bell
Charles Rockwood
Kirshna Kumar
Florida State University
Tallahassee, Florida April 18, 1974
Daniel W. Bromley
Office of Agriculture
Agency for International Development
Washington, D.C. April 18, 1974
Glenda Baxder
Bonnie Kranzer
Manly Johnson
Randy Martin
Florida State University
Tallahassee, Florida May 2-3, 1974
David Hughes
Oklahoma State University
Stillwater, Oklahoma May 13-16, 1974
[10]
Frederick J. Laney
International Training Officer
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Adm.
Rockville, Maryland 20852
Paul F. Randel
Animal Nutritionist
Agricultural Experiment Station and
College of Agriculture
Mayaguez Campus
University of Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico
Baudelio Gonzalez Bermudez
CIFSA
Rosario, Sinaba
Mexico
L.A.E. Angel Brito Guthierrez
Baseball No. 189 Esq. Nadadores
Mexico 21, D.F.
Ignacio Salinas Arce
CIFSA
Consultores
Peten 543, Col Narvarte
Mexico, D.F.
May 20-23, 1974
June 13-14, 1974
June 13-14, 1974
June 13-14, 1974
Y. A. Tang
Fisheries Officer
Fisheries Resources Improvement Service
Fisheries Department
FAO/Headquarters
Rome, Italy June
Thomas R. Parks
Food and Plant Sciences Department
Stanford Research Institute
333 Ravenswood Avenue
Menlow Park, California 94025 June
Mitsutake Miyamura
Japan Air Lines
Consultant for Trade Development
Specialist of Marine Product Industry
929 Andrew Circle
Panama City, Florida 32401 June
J. J. Sabaut
Fish Nutritionist
Centre National de Recherches Zootechniques
Station de Recherches de Nutrition
Domaine de vilvert
France Sept(
T. A. Irabagon
Central Luzon State University
Neuva Ecija
Philippines Sept
Kenneth Lightburn
Aquaculture Int.
P.O. Box 180 Plympton
South Australia 5038 Sept
Yolanda E. de Melara
Secretary-Program Office
USAID/El Salvador Octo
Charley Shiraishi
Agricultural Programs Office
U.S. Peace Corps
7th Floor Cardinal Building
Herran Cor. F. Agoncillo Street
Manila, Philippines Octo
Pinit Sihapitukgiat
Khon Khaen Fisheries Station
Khon Khaen, Thailand Janu
D. K. Villaluz
Antonio Villaluz
Alfredo Santiago
College of Fisheries
Mindanao State University
Philippines Janu
Paulo Fernando de Oliveira Bw:gos
Chefe Da Divisao De Recursos Pesqueiros
Da Sudene
Leone State in Recife
Brazil Janu
14-25, 1974
25, 1974
26, 1974
ember 5-6, 1973
ember 18, 1973
ember 20, 1973
ber 21-23, 1973
ber 22-23, 1973
ary 3-6, 1974
ary 25-28, 1974
ary 25-27, 1974
Jun Ikeda
President
Yokohama Fish Center Co., Ltd.
318 Okazawa-Cho Hodogaya-Ku Yokohama
Japan June 26, 1974
Sakae Terada
Assistant Manager
Cargo Sales Development Division
Japan Air Lines
Tokyo Building
2-Chome, Marunouchi
Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo
Japan June 26, 1974
Jiro Tanaka
Aquaculture Biologist
Chief Researcher
Tokai Regional Fisheries Research Lab.
Nagai Yokosuka, Japan June 26, 1974
OTHER RESOURCES FOR GRANT-RELATED
ACTIVITIES
The primary purpose of the grant is to strengthen and
support the International Center. All funds received by the
Department are for the same purpose. Data on the sources
of funds and the amount from each source are presented in
the following table.
Source of funds
State of Alabama appropriated funds
For teaching
F or research .............................
Sales funds-for sale of food fish and 4ingerlings_
Federal appropriated funds for research,
USDA-Land-Grant College funds ................
Research grants from other state governments-
Research grants from Federal agencies -------
Research grants from private enterprise
T O T A L ... .....---- --------------- ----- ---
Amount
$177,907
108,550
S 95,697
67,081
91,097
51,899
48,859
. $581,082
SUMMARY
Grant funds were utilized to purchase 48.4 man-months
of academic staff time, 29.0 man-months of secretarial time,
22.4 man-months of graduate research assistant time, and
47.9 man-months of field labor. The academic staff and
support personnel produced 13 major scientific papers. They
also conducted research on seven extramural grant projects.
Library acquisitions with grant funds included 273 books
and 7 periodicials. Seven of the grant-funded academic staff
taught nine academic courses during the year. A total of
161 students (87 American and 74 foreign students) were
enrolled in these courses. Twenty-five students (13 Ameri-
can and 12 foreign) were awarded graduate degrees during
the year. Grant-funded staff served as major professors for
nine of these graduates.
Approximately 60 visitors from 15 countries came to the
Center on business related to international development.
Special tours, demonstrations, and seminars were arranged
for several of them. A number of Peace Corps Volunteers
visited the Center before going abroad to their assignments.
Grant-funded staff participated in approximately 4.5 man-
months of international service activities overseas during
the year. They also provided 9.8 man-months of campus
coordination and 3.6 man-months of technical support for
AID Mission-funded projects in Brazil, El Salvador, Panama,
and the Philippines.
[11]
SWINGLE HALL, AUBURN UNIVERSITY