December 1972
the
International
Center for
Aquaculture
annual report for FY
1972
Agriculturai Experiment Station
R. Dennis Rouse, Director
Auburn University
Auburn, Alabama

Annual Report for FY 1972
Project: AID/ csd 2780
THIE INTERNATIONAL CENTER 
for
AQUACULTURE
INTRODUCTION
The International Center for Aquaculture was established
June 25, 1970, at the Auburn University Agricultural 
Experi-
ment Station, under authority contained in Section 211 (d) of
the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961. The grant (AID/csd
2780) was for the purpose of implementing the 
project "To
Strengthen Specialized Competency in Aquaculture," 
under
the agreement signed June 25, 1970 by Dr. John H. 
Hannah
for USAID and President Harry M. Philpott for Auburn 
Uni-
versity.
The following objectives were considered of 
primary im-
portance in strengthening 
the competence of the Center.
1. To add experts in selected fields to the faculty.
2. To develop a library of worldwide literature on aqua-
culture and more effective methods for dissemination
of this information.
3. To provide educational opportunities in aquaculture 
for
personnel of AID and other governmental agencies 
and
private foundations, for students interested in interna-
tional development, and for foreign participant training.
4. To develop a worldwide collection of 
data on food
fishes and other aquatic organisms that appear 
suitable
for culture.
ACCOMPLISHMENTS DURING THE YEAR
Technical Staff
The staff, percentage of time paid under AID/csd-2780
funds, together with their fields of specialization 
were as
follows:
H. S. Swingle, Director, 57 per cent. Specialties: 
Pond
Construction; Aquacultures; Fish Population Dynamics.
E. W. Shell, Professor, 30 per cent. Specialties: 
Fish Pop-
ulation Dynamics; Fish Physiology and Nutrition.
C. E. Boyd, Assoc. Professor, 100 per cent. 
Specialties:
Aquatic Ecology; Aquatic Plants.
R. T. Lovell, Assoc. Professor, 30 per cent. Specialties:
Fish Feeds and Fish Technology.
R. O. Smitherman, Assoc. Professor, 50 per cent until Jan-
uary 1972. Subsequently assigned to a 2-year tour in Pan-
ama under AID/la-684 beginning January 1, 1972. Spe-
cialty: Aquacultures.
N. B. Jeffrey, Assist. Professor, 50 per cent upon return
from 2-year tour in Brazil under AID/csd-2270, T.O. 3 on
January 1, 1972. Specialty: Aquacultures.
Other staff members adding to the capability of the Cen-
ter, but supported entirely by other funds include:
Dr. Ray Allison, Assoc. Professor. Specialties: Fish Para-
sites; Circulating Water Cultures.
Dr. David R. Bayne, Asst. Professor. Specialties: Aqua-
cultures; Aquatic Plants (Overseas: El Salvador).
Dr. W. D. Davies, Asst. Professor. Specialties: Fish Pop-
ulations; Reservoir Management (Overseas: Brazil).
Dr. J. S. Dendy, Professor. Specialty: Limnology.
Dr. John H. Grover, Asst. Professor. Specialties: Aquacul-
tures; Limnology (Overseas: Philippines).
Mr. John W. Jensen, Research Assoc. Specialty: Fisheries
Extension (Overseas: Brazil).
Dr. J. M. Lawrence, Professor. Specialties: Aquatic Plant
Control; Nutrient and Heavy Metal Relationships in Rivers
and Impoundments.
Dr. Leonard L. Lovshin, Asst. Professor. Specialty: Aqua-
cultures (Overseas: Brazil).
Dr. D. D. Moss, Professor. Specialties: Aquacultures;
Pond Construction.
Dr. John A. Plumb, Asst. Professor. Specialty: Fish Dis-
eases.
Mr. E. E. Prather, Assoc. Professor. Specialties: Fish
Cultures; Hatchery Management.
Dr. J. S. Ramsey, Leader, Alabama Cooperative Fishery
Unit. Specialty: Fish Taxonomy.
Dr. W. A. Rogers, Assoc. Professor. Specialties: Fish Para-
sites; Fish Taxonomy.
Dr. H. R. Schmittou, Asst. Professor. Specialties: Aqua-
cultures; Pond Construction (Overseas: Philippines).
Dr. William Shelton, Assistant Leader, Alabama Coopera-
tive Fishery Unit. Specialties: Reservoirs and Streams; Fish
Populations.
Technicians:
One Laboratory Technologist.
Graduate Research Assistants and Trainees:
The following graduate research assistants were supported
on AID/csd-2780. Their names, per cent of time, and areas
of research were:
R. K. Goodman, 33 per cent. Fish Genetics.
J. D. Grogan, 33 per cent. Filters to remove 
fish wastes
from water.
W. L. Lane, 33 per cent. Digestive Physiology.
D. F. Leary, 30 per cent. Fish Nutrition and Fish Feeds.
L. L. Lovshin, 60 per cent. Aquaculture (Use of Plants 
to
Remove Wastes).
J. W. Miller, 33 per cent. Aquaculture (Pen Culture).
Cost of research projects of AID participant trainees from
developing countries was also supported in part by AID/csd-
2780. These students and their field of research were:
Philippines
Arsenio Camacho. Use of Fish Offal in Fish Feeds.
Catalino De La Cruz. Aquaculture in Recirculated Water.
Romeo Fortes. Relationship of Chlorophyl to Aquatic Pro-
ductivity.
Rafael Guerrero. Sex Reversal in Tilapia.
Thailand
Kamonporn Tonguthai. Fish Parasites.
Sopa Areerat. Fish Parasites.
Tawan Chookajarn. River Fisheries.
Vanida Koonsoongnoen. Fish Parasites.
Sompong Hiranvat. River Fisheries.
Prasert Sitasit. Use of Plant Proteins in Fish Feeds.
Charoen Phanil. Effect of Water Hyacinths on Plankton
Production.
Chaliang Chaitamvong. Use of Common Carp to Clean
Pond Waters.
Oopatham Pawaputanon. Circulating Water Fish Culture.
Somsuk Singholka. Cage Culture of Common Carp.
Pichit Srimudka. Effect of Pen Culture on Water Quality.
Pramot Suwanasart. Cage Culture of Tilapia.
Taiwan
Charng-Jyi Chiou. Effect of Soil Phosphorus on Algae
Production.
Panama
Remberto Rosas. Fish Processing Technology.
Rene Sanchez. Fish Nutrition.
India
Dilip Mathur. Feeding Dynamics of Stream Fishes.
Ghana
Lewis Sackey. Algal-induced Off-tastes in Fish.
Library of World-Wide Literature on Aquacultures
Progress was continued in enlarging the library on aqua-
cultures. Periodicals from the H. S. Swingle and E. W. Shell
personal collections were added to the library of the Inter-
national Center for Aquaculture. Sets of publications were
sent free of charge from fisheries departments of Thailand,
Peru, and Mexico, and to lesser extents those in other coun-
tries.
Additional books and periodicals were purchased for the
library, including 160 books and subscriptions to 4 periodicals.
Abstracting Service on Publications Dealing with
Aquacultures and Inland Fisheries
This service to fisheries divisions and AID Missions in de-
veloping countries was continued. Publications and reprints
coming to Auburn from all parts of the world are examined
and information pertinent to development of aquacultures
and inland and coastal fisheries is copied, indexed, and sent
abroad every 4 to 6 weeks as sufficient material is accumu-
lated. This service is effective in keeping fisheries officials,
the Auburn staff abroad in AID projects, and the Agricultural
Officers in AID Missions abreast of recent developments.
When requested, entire articles are copied and made avail-
able.
Cross-reference files are being prepared of published in-
formation dealing with aquacultures so that information will
be readily available. No progress has been made on com-
puterizing this information, partly because several institutions
have already done this for various biological subjects or are
in the process of doing so. To what extent this will serve
aquacultures remains to be seen. Adequate indexing of aqua-
cultural subjects must usually be prepared by personnel in-
timately involved in aquacultures, as only they would know
the importance of publications in this field.
Survey of Aquacultural Developments Abroad
Following the survey of aquacultural developments in
Japan and Taiwan in May-June 1971, by Dr. H. R. Schmittou
of our staff, a report entitled "Aquaculture Survey in Japan,
Project AID/csd-2780" was prepared and published in Feb-
ruary 1972.
A similar report on Taiwan is in press.
Survey of Commercial Fish Species and Fishes
of Potential Value for Culture in Ecuador
One of the obstacles to development of aquacultures in
Central and South America is that little is known about the
suitability of native species for culture. The river systems
of South America, especially the Amazon River system, con-
tain hundreds of species that are of potential value, but only
in the last few years has any attempt been made to evaluate
their usefulness for culture. Research on this problem is be-
ing conducted in a few experimental ponds in Colombia and
Ecuador, with more extensive testing going on in Brazil under
a USAID-Auburn University-DNOCS project at the new
Fortaleza Fisheries Research Station. Many Central and
South American countries have imported fish, including the
common carp, tilapias, largemouth bass, and trout. In a few
countries imported species are not wanted or allowed by law.
Development of aquacultures will be slow in Latin America
until satisfactory local species are found. What is needed is
a coordinated effort in all these countries to evaluate local
species for cultures on the basis of their efficiency in utiliza-
tion of natural and formulated feeds, diversity of feeding
habits, maximum production per acre, acceptability on local
and export markets, and costs of production under intensive
culture.
Similar information is needed on the adaptability of va-
rious species to conditions in reservoirs that are being con-
structed for irrigation, water supply, and power in the under-
developed countries.
Following an initial survey in Ecuador under AID/csd-
2270 by the Auburn University staff in 19691, a second trip
was made in 1971 to prepare a "Proposed Cooperative Fishery
Program."
2 
Because of the urgent need for identifying species
for intensive culture and for use in reservoirs, we proposed
a coordinated program between the host country, AID, and
FAO. We considered a better knowledge of the commercial
species of fishes and the potentially useful species of fishes
and shrimps of such importance to the development of fish-
eries in Latin America that we recommended a survey of
these species under Auburn project AID/csd-2780. This
survey was conducted during the period October 18 to De-
cember 4, 1971, and a report of the work is in press. The
survey was made by R. Gilbert, a graduate assistant at Au-
burn, and a consultant, Dr. Tyson Roberts of the 
Museum
of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge,
Massachusetts. A reference collection of commercial species
was prepared for the Ecuador Departamento de Piscicultura.
A collection of commercial species and species considered
potentially useful for aquacultures was retained at Auburn,
and a more extensive collection was deposited at the Harvard
Museum for identification and classification. A report is being
prepared.
Participation of Staff in International Activities
Surveys, Seminars, and International Publications
Six staff members took part in fisheries surveys in El 
Sal-
vador, Brazil, Nicaragua, Peru, and Thailand.
'SWINGLE, H. S. AND F. A. PAGAN. Dec. 20, 1969. Fishculture
Survey Report for Ecuador. Project AID/csd-2270.
2 SWINGLE, H. S. May 25, 1971. Proposed Cooperative Fishery
Program for Ecuador. Project AID/csd-2270.
Dr. H. S. Swingle took part in the February 1972, Mekong
Development Panel Seminar sponsored by the Southeast Asia
Development Advisory Group (SEADAG) and held in Cali-
fornia. He prepared a report entitled, "Relationship of the
Thai Fish Culture Program to Production of Fish in the
Lower Mekong Area."
Dr. C. E. Boyd took part by invitation in a Canadian
symposium on Aquatic Communities held in June 1972, and
presented results of research conducted at the Auburn Uni-
versity International Center for Aquaculture.
Dr. E. W. Shell served as editor for preparation of an
FAO Manual for Fishculture Research.
Foreign Assignments
Dr. R. O. Smitherman began a 2-year assignment on Jan-
uary 1, 1972, under AID/la-684 project to develop aqua-
cultures in Panama.
Dr. H. R. Schmittou and Dr. J. H. Grover are currently
serving a 2-year assignment to the Philippines under AID/ea-
180 project to develop aquacultures for both freshwater and
brackishwater.
Dr. David R. Bayne began a 2-year tour in El Salvador to
develop aquacultures under AID/la-688 project.
Dr. W. D. Davies returned August 1972, from a 2-year
assignment in Brazil under AID/csd-2270, T. O. 4.
Dr. N. B. Jeffrey returned October 1971, after a 2-year
tour in Brazil under AID/csd-2270, T.O. 3. He was replaced
by a new member of our staff, Dr. L. L. Lovshin, who ar-
rived in Brazil in June 1972. Another member of our staff,
Mr. J. W. Jensen, began a tour of duty in Brazil to develop
a fisheries extension program for the Northeast. Both Lovshin
and Jensen are under AID/csd-2270, T.O. 8 project.
RESEARCH REPORTS
iloxowx
Fish Breeding and Genetics
guilittic dittet rit'c. F-2 1wii 1 d inid 
selected xti itil ift a(cIlc*-
-~ ~
* ~, ~
_- - j 1,111 !- -; ,-0" -l 0 b - c nn t Cl
fish. Each pair of ctish ill produce 10,000 
20,000 fry.
Fish Feeds and Feeding
tlit' li , x alidx ax ip fl oiiilli it 
it tttw it l t hect
CiillTC ii'sI~ f(i~ (\ il fl', \t~lil 
C~ l d il (C
foilld sird ch.lls eIIe 
o icle l\e
Goutstden sokg cig, s -1ifn-g 
catfih f edig trils.
Production in such cages has reached 
400 lbh. of fish per cubic meter of
mater in 180 days.
6
it(l l ct I 1(1111ild of it fisit
Concentrated Fish Feeds
I aixx it fee'd to tfi tti lxii 
Hills xx(Ii ofitail itd x itl feedstt
tt'tt'l it ((11( perc iti siijtiio. :lelried 
;ehily
Increasing Fish Production
Aeration
\li'loditfx iii,ttjioit iiltii 
Ilse' ot 1air fulu its, \\ itol
fi it tfi sfu iii 4 xxittc ii itt Iflt' 
iii. xx iteli' c t fuat iii , ti itui -
pumptif xxxttiis, itil ptdltt'x itls. Efficiicuj 
v~ tftilest, ilitli
iti nit
1
d coists ott fisfh fuldltictioil it the 
tli'o x tiiix ite ht'iit
Biological Filtration
tutu (, (hax tIllt Ccl t'itlii'f itixiitli 
x lilreis pllax x 
1
itiik
tii\, i iiu tiifle open lt'p oiltitt\l 
xxatie I \xx\i'i fit fr~lx
itlt cit II I triitsits tile \\i 
c itt rite tax' ii u'ifictioIi ix e ii cl 
,i
sill
Advanrcedi graduate std sfo 
lPhilppines caryn cn -- Ca
fish production in recirculated 
wati
Waste Control by Use of Aquatic 
Plants and Animals
WXater' lixaieuthls. N\ili'i f.ix 
tj.ittlix pttixi't xii]. x iti ixi
Ill i xttft 11 iibo p i of 11ti'iits x ii ill 
ci itt itc x \\ilti''x ' It fhi p 's-
it1C itt'I ti .11 to 0.t0.5 piei itiit 
ot th' piliti li c r~lactild
Ito blclixc theit lpi'x'tc'i' 
ilt'c'it'axc'c xiii' a ot ittxxitt' 
aailitl
J~hf t rit sictlix ftteriligi 
xxith the airi. It is ci iliit 
Itat
Use of the Plankton-Feeding Tilapia. Use of the plankton-
feeding tilapia (T. aurea) along with channel catfish resulted
in 85 per cent increase in yield of catfish (up to 4,485
pounds per acre) plus 525 pounds of harvestable tilapia, or
a total of 5,010 pounds of harvestable fish per acre (108 per
cent increase over catfish alone). Where this combination
of fishes was used in commercial production ponds, total pro-
duction of harvestable channel catfish was 4,588.6 pounds
per acre. This, plus 1,382 pounds of harvestable tilapia, gave
a total of 5,971 pounds harvestable fish per acre in 286 days.
The S feed conversion value was 1.19 pounds of feed per
pound of harvestable fish produced.
These experiments demonstrated that mixed cultures of
channel catfish and T. aurea yielded higher production at
less cost per pound than that obtained by the culture of
channel catfish alone.
The Mussel. The mussel (Corbicula) is native to Asia
but has established itself widely in the United States. It is
currently in tests for the reduction of excessive algal blooms
in aquacultures.
Cage Culture of Fishes
Culture of Tilapia aurea in cages suspended in ponds,
where plankton was abundant as a result of commercial pro-
duction of channel catfish, yielded 181 pounds per cubic
meter of cage. in 80 days without feeding the tilapia. They
utilized plankton present in water that passed through the
cage as a result of wind action. There was no reproduction
by the tilapia under these conditions and this may be a
usable method of growing tilapia in eutrophic waters.
When fine-mesh screen was placed in the bottom of the
cage, tilapia deposited eggs on the screen and subsequently
incubated the eggs in their mouths. Apparently use of screens
too coarse to retain the eggs in the bottom of the cage is
necessary to prevent reproduction by these fish.
Feeding the tilapia in cages yielded 817 to 443 pounds
tilapia per cubic meter in 80 days. The S feed conversion of
tilapia in cages varied from 0.95 to 1.85 for floating pellets
and was 1.86 for sinking pellets.
Pen Culture
This research was continued at Auburn and in Thailand to
develop methods for intensive culture of fish in fenced-in
areas along the margin of reservoirs. The pens extended
from the shoreline to water depths of 5 feet. Tests are in
progress to determine the life expectancy of bamboo and
plastic net fences in coordinated experiments at Auburn and
in Thailand. Production in pens stocked with Tilapia aurea
and channel catfish was 12,660 to 15,688 pounds of fish per
acre of pen when feeding was used. Feed conversions
ranged from 1.38 to 1.57.
In pens without feeding, production was 2,250 pounds
per acre of the plankton-feeding tilapia and only 106 pounds
of the insect-feeding catfish. Outside the pens, the standing
crop of fish was approximately 400 pounds per acre of cat-
fish-tilapia-bluegill-largemouth bass. This indicated that ti-
lapia in pens were utilizing fish-food organisms that were
not being adequately harvested by the fish population free
in the pond.
Research is continuing to determine optimum stocking
rates and most suitable species for pen culture. This method
of culture appears promising for use in developing countries
when reservoirs have been constructed for irrigation or local
water supplies.
Use of the White Amur for Control
of Aquatic Weeds
This fish, when stocked in ponds at rates of 10 to 20 per
acre, controlled weeds effectively over a 4-year period without
interfering with the growth of bluegill-bass or channel catfish.
This species should be especially useful in areas where
schistosomiasis occurs. Snails are the alternate host of this par-
asite. It has been found that snails are principally abundant
when marginal waters are filled with aquatic weeds and that
most of the snails disappear after the weeds are eliminated.
Removal of the weed cover makes snails vulnerable to preda-
tion by many species of fishes.
For stocking into established fish populations in reservoirs,
this fish must be 6 to 8 inches in total length to survive pred-
ation by fish-eating species.
Studies on Algol Blooms
One of the problems in aquacultures worldwide is that of
fish kills caused by overabundant blooms of algae and their
subsequent die-offs. Blue-green algae are the principal causes
of these fish kills. Research demonstrated that the blue-green
algae excrete wastes which prevent growth of the more de-
sirable green algae, with the result that there is often a mo-
noculture of blue-green algae. These algae are objectionable
because they rise to the surface in hot, still days and form
scums that prevent photosynthesis in deeper waters. Com-
panion research on this problem is being conducted in Israel.
Off-Flavors in Fish
Off-flavors occur in fish and other aquatic products both
in nature and where under culture. Anabaena, a blue-green
algae, and Actinomycetes were found to cause musty off-
flavors in fish. They also cause similar odors and taste in
city water supplies coming from impoundments. Methods
for their control are being studied.
7
PUBLICATIONS
A list of publications from the International Center for
Aquaculture and the Department of Fisheries and Allied
Aquacultures follows. Personnel on research supported wholly
or in part by this project are marked by asterisks.
*BOYD, CLAUDE. 1971. Leaf Protein From Aquatic Plants.
N.W. Pirie (Ed.) Leaf Protein: Agronomy Quality, and Use.
IBP Handbook, No. 22, Blackwell Sci. Pub., Oxford p. 44-49.
.............................. 1971. Limnological Role of Aquatic M a-
crophytes and Their Relation to Reservoir Management. G.
E. Hall (Ed.) Reservoir Fisheries and Limnology. Special
Publ. No. 8, Amer. Fish. Soc., Washington, D.C. p. 158-166.
............................. 1971. Nutritive Quality of Food in Eco-
logical System. Archiv. Hydrobiol. 68:156-172. (with C.
Philip Goodyear. )
CHIEN, SHIH MING. 1971. Dactylogyrids from North Ameri-
can Cyprinids of the Genus Nocomis. The Reciprocus Species
Group. J. Parasit. 57(6):1211-1214.
DENDY, J. S. 1971. Disposable Planchets for Weighing Ma-
crobenthos. Progressive Fish-Culturist, 33(3) :184. (with
G. B. Pardue and L. R. Aggus.)
..................... 1971. Phenology of Midges in Experimental
Ponds. Proc. of the 4th International Symp. on Chironomidae.
The Canadian Entomologist, 103(3) :376-380.
GREENE, GEORGE N. 1971. An Experiment on the Effect of
Pond Soil on Calcium in Pond Water. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc.
100 (3) :580-582.
JOHNSON, STERLING K. 1971. North American Distribution
Record for Paraergasilus Markewitsch, 1987 (Copepoda:
Cyclopoidea: Ergasilidae). J. Parasit. 57(5):1051. (with
W. A. Rogers.)
"KILGEN, R. H. AND R. O. SMITHERMAN. 1971. Food Habits
of the White Amur Stocked in Ponds Alone and in Combina-
tion With Other Species. Progressive Fish-Culturist, 33(3):
123-127.
*LIANG, J. K. AND R. T. LOVELL. 1971. Nutritional Value
of Water Hyacinth in Channel Catfish Feeds. Hyacinth
Control J. 9(1):40-43.
*LOVELL, RICHARD T. 1971. The Off-Flavor Problem in
Commercially Cultured Catfish. Proc. Assoc. Southern Ag.
Workers, Inc. 68th Ann. Convention p. 139.
........................ 1971. Significant Aspects of Feed
Preparation for Feeding Catfish. Proc. Ga. Nutritional Conf.
(Univ. of Ga.) p. 101.
PLUMB, JOHN. 1971. Channel Catfish Virus Research at Au-
burn University. Auburn Univ. (Ala.) Ag. Exp. Sta. Prog.
Rep. No. 95.
. 1971. Fish Cell Growth Rates: Quantitative
Comparison of RTG-2 Cell Growth at 5 to 250 C. In Vitro,
7(1):42-45. (with K. E. Wolf.)
. 1971. Tissue Distributions of Channel Catfish
Virus. J. Wildl. Dis. 7:218-216.
RAWSON, MAC, JR. 1971. A Redescription of Anchoradiscus
trigangularis (Summers, 1937) Mizelle, 1941 (Tremotoda:
Monogenea) From the Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus)
Rafinesque. Proc. of Helminthological Soc. of Wash. 88(2):
264-266. (with W. A. Rogers.)
8
ROGERS, WILMER A. 1971. Principal Diseases of Catfish.
Fish Farming Industries, 1971. 2(1) :20-26.
-. 1971. Sebekia oxycephala (Pentasto-
mida) in Largemouth Bass from Lake St. John, Concordia
Parish, Louisiana. J. Parasit., 57(5):1028. (with George
H. Dukes, Jr., Robert M. Shealy.)
WILLIAMS, E. H. 1971. Two New Species of Gyrodactylus
(Trematoda:Monogenea) and a Redescription and New Host
Record for G. prolongis Hargis, 1955. J. Parasit. 57(4):845-
847. (with W. A. Rogers.)
*SWINGLE, H. S. 1972. Relationship of the Thai Fish Culture
Program to Production of Fish in the Lower Mekong Area.
Mekong Development Panel Seminar, Feb. International Cen-
ter for Aquaculture. 16 pages.
The following publications were in press at the time this
report was prepared.
*BOYD, CLAUDE. Studies on the Biogeochemistry of Boron.
I. Concentrations in Surface Waters, Rainfall, and Aquatic
Plants. Amer. Midl. 
Nat. (with W. W. 
Wahlquist.)
. A Bibliography of Interest in the Utilization
of Vascular Aquatic Plants. Econ. Bot. 25.
. Phosphorus Dynamics in Ponds. Proc. 25th
Ann. Conf. S.E. Assoc. Game and Fish Commrs.
CHIEN, SHIH MING. Dactylogyrids from North American
Cyprinids of the Genus Nocomis. The Bellicae Species
Group. J. Parasit.
PLUMB, JOHN. Channel Catfish Virus Disease in Southern
United States. Proc. 25th Ann. Conf. S.E. Assoc. Game and
Fish Commrs.
- A Virus-Caused Epizootic of Rainbow Trout
(Salmo gairdneri) in Minnesota. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc.
101(1).
'PRATHER, E. E. Effect of Vitamin Fortification in Auburn
No. 2 Fish Feed. Proc. 25th Ann. Conf. S.E. Assoc. Game
and Fish Commrs. (with R. T. Lovell.)*
*RAMSEY, J. S. Development of Color Pattern in Pond-
Reared Young of Five Micropterus Species of Southeastern
U.S. Proc. 25th Ann. Conf. S.E. Assoc. of Game and Fish
Commrs. (with R. O. Smitherman.) *
REEVES, WILLIAM C. Effects of Increased Water Hardness,
Source of Fry, and Age at Stocking on Survival of Striped
Bass Fry in Earthern Ponds. Proc. 25th Ann. Conf. S.E.
Assoc. Game and Fish Commrs. (with Jerome F. Germann.)
SMITH, B. W. Digestibility of Nutrients in Semi-purified
Rations by Channel Catfish in Stainless Steel Troughs. Proc.
25th Ann. Conf. S.E. Assoc. Game and Fish Commrs.
0
SMITHERMAN, R. O. Observations on Spawning and Growth
of Four Species of Basses (Micropterus) in Ponds. Proc.
25th Ann. Conf. S.E. Assoc. Game and Fish Commrs.
. Research on Exotic Fish Species. Proc.
Primer Seminario Sobre Piscicultura En Colombia. Presented
at Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Colombia, Jan. 12-16.
0
SwINGLE, H. S. Developments of Systems of Aquaculture
for India. Indian Journal of Fisheries.
. Aquaculture: Raising Food Crops in Wa-
ter. World Farming Magazine.
TRAINING CONDUCTED AND DEGREES 
AWARDED
Seminars
pillits titode l AID h('loxx xlii)x itol lor xtiidl(tt spe(cializing 
ill
i ct i in cs. Flltx Utg is it lk, of pitcst sp)eakers.
October 1, 1971. D. jolhiti II 
(;toi ssstat Piesso
Alb tictt C ofcit~ Fis e r Nlt 'Iiit .\tjtiaciiltiie.Sj. 
\titit
C ix ('Itrilt \ox x1c ix 1110 __ 5 ('Atog ixo.fiit' G i t1t:' 
ahl
1
pj-itt'.) is Shad1 ilixi Lak Te oti t lthoi."
October 15, 1971. Dr. 
"s\c i('id ii ulii
h's'iittcttalStitjtt Stitgui t. \iei tssis Hoett 
Pilisc
I N1 ( , a i 
t i i tt ' 
o f F i s h 
e r e k i ', .( 
d A u a 
u t r e , 
A ) ,
Oober 22. 9. o\ It.~w joltitr iacl ite11l Cil othe 
Pt's,i ic
ills ('hl itti ( at fish li o l Nor')I t h Afica.~is
October 29, 1971. Dri. Ire 1,t ili V'lltrtj Ciilish(. ilxclti tIg
ll tt Piasi l'ot th Fe is Kil i i~os.
An>-c -li,d Gharna-o g-od-t, t rt co oa-cl on -vsearch 
project.
No% el Ib er 51, 197 1. \1i . Mllcit koIIIII s (\ I lteitt Ixx Ic 
l)(t'ta Fix1I
of ait Piva.te Fish Frrm.''
Nmxeniber 12. 1971. \lr-. Slt) Spci cc, (Ciict Fishieis 
Sec.
tion Clinic intl Fishi Dixvisioni, \lalamlt lepai tmcttt thf Ci-
scrx ltitti, \Ittitgoitc " v Aliaittoa..hI'ic FisheiN, 
Rseartich
Piogrlitix ofl the State Depaitittett tof Consierxvation.''
Nos ember 19, 1971. Dr, C. E. Hits (, Asstciate 
Prttfesstti
Dcpi'-tittct ttf Fihet jes and1( Allied jtiactiltin'cs.. \tlil 
i
1_,lix rxitx . '' la~id ttttiintttics ill Fish Pttit~lx.
IDeemlber :3. 1971. MIr. J. F. Cert , G ratdute He(scat ch
AxxjSstilti.plit, Deatictt of Fishies 111(1 Allied Aqutacutihtiis,
1)11(1 Stix Lilliierti. "Ft her BI)x eiiosol 
h r~
January 7, 1972. D r. F. Eugei t I h'xtei C hief, Dixixitti of
F ixheix Re'schcl, IISFNN, U.S. Fish atnd( Wildlife 5e x ice.
. S. lcpi tillett of the Littet it., X liliigtttii, D.C'. 
"''lie
Bole itf the lDixision of Fishetv x iesca (11."
januarv 14, 1972. Dr. Rouger Le.e lI cii m , Libbhx \oxx('i
IT1iick iind( 'ITrouit Fltns, Owencls, Illinotis. ''Fish Pztitlitgs" itt
jainuarv 21. 1972. Mri. Ale'x Xltttgttnci s, Hegiootal Stipei-
x isoti, Fisl(rx Serxvices, BSF\\', .S5. F'ishi and1 W'ildlife S('rx-
''Sothleast('i isheilries Pittgiaiii til the Set xice."
januar\ 28. 1972. \It. 1R. J. Cilbetrt, CGriduiate Research As-
sistuitit. I )tpai titiett itf Fisheries aitnd Allie d Aqtilciiltiii('s.
\uo i .ti ix cni xeitx. ''Fishes oft Es'iiii(httt"
Februarv 11, 1972. D~r. Xlitsiitatkt M\lixlitita. Vitce 
Pridenh'tt,
-\Ii . 1)115id Ho\ttx oi, Peaice Coip \ Viltitteei U..S. Peace
C orpx. Siliiti 'iii, Pot tillo Fishies' Statioti, Salita ('ti, Pitt
rillit. El Sitlx ldlr. ''Fixhculturei ill El Salvx adoi.
Februarv 18. 1972. Mri. \Xavite E. Sx itigle, 
C hief Hittltiist,
Selittids Dix isittit, -\alla De partlllctit oft ('titsei x ittioii.
"Ciulturies oft Ox'sters ln( 111)1 itRe(sellrch'I Conduc1ite'd I Iix thei
Seafooids I ix isioi i.-
February 25, 1972. XMr. Philip C . lPieic A\ll) WX (hit 
toell
AtjUiltiC Plant Spctalist fotr All) Clioa). "The Lake' Votltai
Project."
Co" t"_ . I ,
Students in Academic Fisheries Courses
Undergraduate Students (U.S. and Foreign)
Graduate Students
lit flu I 1971--72 aItialemilc \(inll to \ trc 4) g~ ia tlt ef srtu-
l, S , \\ 1.rI' I 'r I 1 ls~ itctci ['. W .
11. I icker.
..% 
W; 1 
', 
. I
Graduate students conducting a stream survey
.5 i 11) illt Fisher))1is )1uf II
I III
Number of Students in Courses
Special Training for Biologists and Officials
from Foreign Countries
fis Itt tt] tilt ii t itho 'itt I lltti ll l ( Il' ti izIittio tl t i iiti 
lltrol.
10
I nte rnational visitors examining pond
eries facility.
construction details at Auburn fish-
~'RA
American and foreign students.
fish IIt pitl itsiti~l diiiacs t il c ti I l li ,C1ie-i 
ld ila c
fit il i'itl( (s \utc dn P t iur al. wat d ( uk n a :51
Stlle Im to Pit( t erlil lil jo ALiicllir 
pi7l.
. ..............
Dr. Reynaldo Lantin, Assistant Professor, Power and Ma-
chinery Division, Department of Agricultural Engineering,
University of the Philippines, Laguna, Philippines. October
12, 1971.
Mr. Felix Gonzales, Deputy Commissioner, Philippines
Fisheries Commission, Intramuros, Manila, Philippines. Oc-
tober 20, 1971.
Mr. Dan Tibbs, III, Area Manager, Recruiting Action,
Peace Corps/Vista, Atlanta, Georgia. October 20, 1971.
Dr. F. A. Pagan, Department of Marine Sciences, Univer-
sity of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico. October 31-No-
vember 7, 1971.
Sr. Jose Gonzales, Department of Marine Sciences, Uni-
versity of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico. October 31-
November 7, 1971.
Mr. S. B. Singh, Central Inland Fisheries Research Sub-
Station, Cuttack, Orissa, India. November 2-5, 1971.
Sr. Jorge Carranza, Senior Researcher and Professor, Insti-
tute of Biology, University of Mexico, Mexico 20, D. F., Mex-
ico. November 19-22, 1971.
Sr. Jose A. Fernandes, Agronomist, DNOCS, Ceara, Brazil.
November 18-24, 1971.
Sr. Jose W. Bezerra e Silva, Chief of Section, 
DNOCS,
Ceara, Brazil. November 18-24, 1971.
Sr. F. H. Nepomuceno, Agronomist. DNOCS, Ceara, Bra-
zil. November 18-24, 1971.
Sr. Edmundo de A. Duarte, Researcher, Fishculture Biol-
ogy, DNOCS, Ceara, Brazil. November 18-24, 1971.
Mr. Paul Sundheimer, AID Mission, Bogota, Columbia.
November 22-24, 1971.
Mauro E. Amutan, Chief, Fisheries Program, National
Food and Agricultural Council, Diliman, Quezon City, Philip-
pines. January 30-February 3, 1972.
David Bowman, U.S. Peace Corps, Santa Cruz, Porrillo
Fisheries Station, El Salvador. February 9-12, 1972.
Dr. Elvira Tan, National Science Development Board,
Philippines. April 1-8.
Pres. Mauyag M. Tamano, Mindanao State University,
Marawi, Philippines. April 27, 1972.
Mr. Ernesto Herrera, Chief of Fisheries, Northern Zone,
Ministry of Fisheries, Lima, Peru. May 7-27, 1972.
Mahmoud Mohammed Kashid, FAO Fellow, Department
of Fisheries, Cairo, Egypt. May 18-19, 1972.
Dr. Frank Sheppard, Chief Agricultural Officer, USAID/
Philippines. June 5-6, 1972.
Mr. Shimon Tal, Division of Fisheries, Tel Aviv, Israel.
June 9-10, 1972.
Other Visitors to the International Center
An estimated additional 200 visitors came to the Center
for advice on problems relating to catfish culture, for identi-
fication of parasites and disease, or to become familiar with
research results.
These were principally fish farmers, sportsmen, and per-
sonnel from other Universities or fisheries divisions.
Groups and professional visitors are listed below.
June 26, 27, 1971
July 21
July 28
August 2 ........
August 3 .......
August 4
August 10
August 23
August 25 ......
Aug. 31-Sept. 3
October 4 -
October 5-
November 16
December 1 ....
December 16 ....
January 5, 1972
January 12
February 11 .....
February 15 .....
February 21 ....
M arch 3 ........
March 22
March 27
March 30
April 27
May 18 . .
May 23
June 8
Dr. Lloyd Lamouria, Head-Agricultural
Engineering Department, California Tech
State University, San Luis Obispo, Cali-
fornia.
Bob Ingram, "South" magazine, Mont-
gomery, Alabama.
Wayne McLendon and J. W. Kinsey,
Georgia Game and Fish Commission,
Calhoun, Georgia.
I. B. Byrd, U.S.D.I.-BCF, St. Petersburg,
Florida.
H. E. Bray, Pompano Beach, Florida.
Fernando Wong Davila, Lima, Peru.
John W. Andrews, ARS, Conecuh Co.,
Alabama.
Claude Kelley, Charles Kelley, and Ar-
chie Hooper, Alabama Department of
Conservation.
A. G. Duke, St. Regis Paper Company,
Pensacola, Florida.
S.C.S. group from U.S. for Aquaculture
Shortcourse.
H. J. Bowen, The Franklin Institute,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
0. E. Sell, Georgia Experiment Station,
Griffin, Georgia.
Dr. W. R. Willard, Kentucky Medical
School, Lexington, Kentucky.
Tony Calabrese, U.S. Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries, Shellfish Laboratory.
E. T. Burkholder, International Basic
Economic Corporation.
Lee Scrivner, Georgia-Alabama Bass
Club.
Michael F. Schaible A.E.O. Systems,
Inc., Laritano, Florida.
Dr. Mitsutoke Miyamura, V.P. Mari-
Farms, Inc., Panama City, Florida.
Dr. Damon C. Shelton, Ralston Purina
Fish Food Research Division, St. Louis,
Missouri.
Harry Knipp, Motion Picture Producer,
Int. Harv. Co., Sheridan, Illinois.
University of Florida Agricultural Engi-
neering Department (5 persons).
Mario Pamatmat, University of Wash-
ington, Department of Fisheries.
Dr. Albert Hasler, University of Wiscon-
sin, Madison, Wisconsin.
Rotary International, Auburn, Alabama.
Charles Madewell and Barry Gass, TVA,
Rural Development.
Dr. R. B. Wagner and L. R. Sherman,
Hercules, Inc., Wilmington, Delaware.
Ken Riding and 2 other movie men from
International Harvester Co.
R. Mansfield-Jones, AID advisor, Guate-
mala.
11
I
N- w I iii Buiidinq ot Aubur Uivcrsity.
ADDITIONAL SUPPORT FROM
AUBURN UNIVERSITY
Ill tIIl ili (si t\ \Ol iii axc comleltedi ol) xx0lu of it flliilcd
tiii II \\iil bltdit 04 tot hos th ~Fisir Willile clompflex.
' -hC c1ivufpleted ilg ]'it it hx totall of 260)00) squoare feet of
spidt illit
1 
cost $1 *05(t000.
The I~llitiitt \\its allottedi ad~dit1olil Sp~ace ill tllc f01111
of four brick labortatoi\ bu)Iildiix xxith (6.480) square) feet of
spalce itld l a extjlllcitic all of $750,000. This \\illenur
lde(iate silce fori ti illtig ofi pat ttijpatits ilt giatiiate stlo
dts ill resechi ax \\el liax acaleiiic subljects. It wxill iiiakt
ax allal xuiic xspace lot txpiiiooti oIf actix ities ill fiheries
at ti xx ateu ili tiliatrelicIit.
,\dditiotial latild (60.4 adc) \\ ax pur chased at at coIst of
S26,000 to )imiox it a itc fo-it a cxx xx atet roicrcix o )i 1 to
xtufpf x tr a \x atei to thec el)\lielitial pout
1 
illcit.
:\dditili l liii dxs (812.000) wxetc allotted to thet iDpait
iiici it b\ the \gr iculturjal iSi i iit t i li tio i illi
clcitsed~ costs of coiricolt cxciil pw ,, ii I,, i 1(" ii.
ADDITIONAL RESEARCH PROJECTS
BEGUN IN FY 72
Ecological Factors Associated with Dense Blooms
and Die-Of fs of Blue-Green Algae
lThis xx\ax pi opiicd ars atl ilitetlatitill 5 iutpcratix c pli cct
xx itli lxi il to be xtpiffiltetl b\ thc N'xatiotnal Scienice Flilill-
tin. liixs(,r foxds diiidl (it nt become ax aflal inl lxi ad loii
ilitel iattitlal i exlcli. T he project is uefilug earr ied onl Lx
oiit .-\iiii iiii xci xit\ :\giiciiltuital Experiollliit Station aild
\Il) 27SYt liils blit aie dcii c loi)(ii ofi lue gi co illgac
arc tit( rauxc of' fixh kills ill cliltites th oighlit tile xiii-frid.
12
Fish Parasites and Diseases
\dditioital ltoidx weec tunadc ax ailalc l)x txxo s tatc," 1(cl
]lessx,(, atil MIIixsouri ) fir i esciarci onixl is tIixcasce x
Survey of River at Proposed Nuclear Power Site
T his ix xlfippl tet lbx tile \lllli Puuxxr it (iii al
Weed Control in Reservoirs
Fundstl front the U. S. (op otfu Eiwio ccis xiulliuit thix xx oil.
Fish populations in mnotor eseivoirsoi
tish-coltecion equipment.
sampled with the aid of electrical
I
1111
4
#.,v Ax
ADDITIONAL AID PROJECTS FINANCED
BY USAID MISSIONS
AI) c'sci227,0. T.O. .5 [Fishieir\ Sot~~ l5 Ti I
All) e.sd-,):_0 2270. 8 0 F ishie s litsearell. I;
All) (a1 I SO l ishetries Iitisc'iilt-c itilt Tiiii(r ill tle Pt id
AlID li 054 -lisliits lictsciichiid Tra(1 iiii ill Paitt
OBJECTIVES
To Add Experts in Selected Fields to the Faculty
Th is llas til dliit to thle eteni' t i iltit poissiblet 1)t, 21 it (d)
t'triti' 2x lue tlon iti s a il idelt (I l o it I'm 5 o\it k Iiti
\hi e ol l t i i I It oi l ) titie stil ittiilti (Ilct l s \\.3 e lill lit
-kin fi. p o tt. , boo-c by
F .td,.tt tj It
To Develop a Library of World-Wide Literature on
Aquaculture and More Effective Methods for
Dissemination of This Information
it it \\ ill be tolitil ietl.
('111)] i e its fiI X intill niiu t'r ai tt i lilk(' tI it i a illle tol kt'.s
pe l ol u' i i ]l st c(litiits at ii ti A c-\i II.I iti lii .l ( )licet1* 5 Itl
othei i sit't As t s iis is) iict .10' oitil\tl abs tac s it
as ciiabe to all] inter estetd liolim.ists. Ill soli ilt' ess c ell ls
it' alsol sciit tiltc'tlv' t o Iltails oii lluell st i ti s 5 55(1k iil of)lii
W\e hlast eiiuusitiet iit o ml llw\i'5 lttet . but \\c Itt'l that
this Ppllst.
Te Proide Eductlinlis Opprtuittcliestogt n t (qaclosre
rewle Goernm etlwl Agencisarticlipan Trldk ainees~
for AlID, FAO anel d Founiw hedtio, and Studenitc s,
Wltsec ishof,"lingtol Specializel~ i this ield icc\
te W' ire cxxiau' sii thes priu all to ittit tfit'(' tlxt'
lri)I i itili of t
1
e fititi I iled it it's it' ili
1
tt it Xid Iw rescll all
a .t)-peu't lite icles c r uts' e tuilles t) lll 41s inl ti s tcis
(ii 1 si' tt'i its of \ iti c tll \\o5s ill Is itl tte c d .1 i
To Povid Edcatinal ppotuniies n Auacut13
Pond m.o a
research space for realistic training for the work in which
they will engage.
Our greatest problem is that more and more participant
trainees are coming each year, which increases the cost of
research and extension training, but funds for this purpose
are not made available by either AID Missions or FAO. The
average cost of the research problem conducted by trainees
is between $500 and $1,0001 per person per year, including
the cost of staff supervision and pond-laboratory operation.
These costs therefore come from research funds under 211(d)
or Agricultural Experiment Station funds. We feel that we
could do a better job of training if we had more staff. Train-
ing of participants from other countries requires approxi-
mately 8 times as much staff time as training American stu-
dents, principally because of the short time trainees are here,
and to some extent because of language difficulties arising
from the precise writing of English required by science.
To Develop a Worldwide Collection of Data on
Species Suitable for Aquacultures
This is being done by search of world literature, by Au-
burn personnel abroad, and by Developing Country person-
nel when fisheries projects have developed.
The survey of suitable species in Ecuador, as previously
mentioned, was for this purpose. It is especially important to
identify suitable species in South America, where little is
known about utility of native species and use of exotics is
often not permissable. Identification of fish sold on local
markets, those that become abundant in new reservoirs con-
structed on rivers, and those in natural lakes would indicate
many species of potential value for culture. These must be
species that do well in quiet waters, such as ponds or res-
ervoirs, and that have different feeding habits. They must
then be placed in experiments to determine their efficiency,
production, and acceptibility.
14
SUMMARY
Six staff members received salaries in part from the project.
Fifteen additional staff members who were supported on other
funds added to capabilities of the Center. Six graduate re-
search assistantships were also supported, and cost of research
training projects was supported to the extent of approximately
50 per cent for 4 participant AID trainees from Philippines, 8
from Thailand, and 2 from Panama. An additional research
project by a graduate student from Taiwan was also sup-
ported.
The International Center Library was increased by 160
books and 4 periodicals. Several private collections, totaling
60 books and 1,000 issues of periodicals, were donated to the
library.
Abstracting of papers dealing with various phases of aqua-
cultures was continued, with abstracts sent abroad to AID
Missions, to personnel in host countries where AID Missions
have fisheries projects, and to other selected officials and
biologists.
A survey was made in Ecuador to identify commercial
species of fishes and those potentially promising for aqua-
culture. A report was published on recent developments in
aquacultures in Japan.
Six staff members participated in surveys abroad, 2 in in-
ternational seminars, and 6 staff members began 2-year tours
assigned to fisheries projects in Panama, El Salvador, Philip-
pines, and Brazil. One staff member returned from a 2-year
tour in Brazil.
Research included continuation of feeding and testing to
develop superior breeds of channel catfish; determination
that ascorbic acid was an essential vitamin and must be in-
celuded in artificial diets for catfish; development of concen-
trated fish feeds at Auburn and in the Philippines, Thailand,
and Brazil; continuing research on biological methods for
reducing organic wastes in waters from cultures; cage cul-
ture of tilapia with and without feeding; intensive fish culture
in pens located in the marginal waters of reservoirs at Auburn
and in Thailand; biological weed control using herbivorous
fish; studies on causes of plankton blooms, and die-offs that
cause fish mortality in pond cultures; and studies on the
causes and correction of bad flavors in cultured fish.
15