FSEARCHI RESULTS FOR.NUBS 
RN
Henry P. Orr, Kenneth 
C. Sanderson, W. 
C. Martin, Jr., Harrison 
M. Bryce
Newton J. Hogg 
and Landon C. Miller
Horticulture Series 
No. 12
Lbamna
EO
4-j a w
I . NATIVE AND II UCD SIDEPLANTING-- THEIR SURVIVAL,,
S TAB3LISHNI QAT_ ~ITTT~AN ~( ,Ii ( Or, BrceanHog
For six years the Department of Horticulture of the Auburn University
Agricultural Experiment Station has been working with the Alabama State
Highway Department in selecting species of trees, shrubs and vines adaptable
for use on Alabama highways. This research for the last three years had the
following objectives:
1. To determine the adaptability and survival of selected woody plants
along roadsides in Alabama.
2. To collect, characterize, propagate and establish native species in
stock blocks at Auburn University and in selected locations on the
roadside.
3. To evaluate the feasibility of using chemicals for the control of
weeds around established riadside plantings.
Wood. Plant Evaluation
A part of the recent study was to evaluate landscape plantings that had
been. established on portions of the interstate system in Alabama now open
to the public. Three areas of the State were selected for study. These
included: 1-65 in Escambia, Conecuh and Butler counties; 1-65 in Jefferson,
Blount and Cullman counties; and 1-59 in Dekaib 
County.
Woody plant species particularly adaptable to adverse conditions along
a cut in research plots on 1,-85 near Tuskegee included: Savin Juniper (Von
Ehron) -- Jniersabjinaustania'Von Ehron t, Shore Juniper a^ jnerus
conferta, Halls Japanese Honeysuckle - Lonicera J ic hallian, Rosel-
acaci.a Locust - Robinia h i da~, Father Hugo Rose Rosa hugonis, Wichura
Rose - RosaerWichuria, and Oriental Bittersweet - Celastrus 
.orbieftai -W
Of these the performance of' the two junipers was out standing .
Outstanding species on undistrubed right-of-way included: Almey Crab-
Mau p. Black Locust - Robinia sedacca Thorny Elaeagnus -Eae t
SChinese Firethorn - cat acrenat-spata, Arroiwwood Viburnum -
Viburnum dentatum, Lilac Chastetree - Viex a gnuscastus, Pfitzer Chinese
Juniper - -Juiper us chinensis ' Pfitzer' .
Of all the plants commercially planted on the interstate system in Alabama,
the three most adaptable species were:
Other satisfactory species includedn
Acer rubrum, Red Maple
Berberis sargentiana Sargent Barberry
Jlaeagnus pungens reflexe Bronze Elaeagnus
Ilex cornuta Burford Chinese Holly
Laerstroemi.a indica Common Crapemyrtle
Liustrn indicum India Privet
Magno ia gand.flora Southern Magnolia
Pinus strobus Eastern White Pine
Prunus caroliniana Carolina Laurelcherry
Prunus cerasifera Pissard Myrobalan Plum
Piyracantha crenato-serrata Chinese Firethorn
,yiracantha lalandi Laland Firethorn
uercus Palustris Pin Oak
Rhus pbra Smooth Sumac
Native Plant Materials:
In a search for inexpensive and reliable techniques of'providing
appropriate plants in the landscape of new roadways, propagation from seed
must be considered. Means to hasten seed germination of valuable species
were explored.
Gibberelfie acid (75% K) treatments were found to hasten the germination
of certain native woody plant species including: Acer floridanum, Florida
Maple; Q yr2s rvi j ian, Common Persimmon; Halesia caroe, Carolina
Silverbell and Callicarpa americana, American Beautyberry. These treatments
did not hasten germination of Osmanthus americanus, Devilwood Osmanthus
or S horicar s sorbiculatus, Indian Currant Coralberry
Alabama is blessed with a wealth of native plants that could possibly
fill the need for multiple-purpose plantings along roadsides. An evaluation
of fifty usable species was included.
During January 1967, plots along both sides of I-85 in Lee County
(between U.S. 29 and State Highway 169) were selected and coordinated with
Highway Department personnel for establishment and evaluation studies of
native species in several environments. Those sites included dry, open,
undisturbed right--ofr-way locations; damp, low locations; exposed bank
locations; and shady locations.
Although more years of evaluation are needed, the following observations
should be valuable in considering native plants for roadside use:
3
Dry, open - American Filbert, 
Corlus americana - Flameleaf 
Sumac,
Rhus copallina - Silky Sassafras, Sassafras albidm molle - Red
Maple, Acer rubrum and American Bittersweet, 
Celastrus scandens.
Exposed banks - Flameleaf Sumac, Rhus coallina- 
Shadblow Service-
berry, Amelanchier canadensis and Devil's 
Walkingstick, Aralia
soinosa.
Damp locations - Grey Dogwood, Cornus 
racemosa - Vernal Witchhazel,
Hamamelis vernalis, and Common Bald Cypress, Taxodium distichum.
Shady locations - Common Sweetshrub, Caycanthus 
floridus - Yaupon,
Ilex vomitoria - Goldleaf Common Ninebark, Phocarus opulifolius
and Indian Currant Coralberry, Simshoricarus orbiculatus.
Chemical Maintneance:
Herbicide combinations appeared to be more effective than the components
used separately. Generally, combinations of grass killers 
such as Treflan
with low rates of Simazine gave excellent results. Simazine gave excellent
results. Simazine plus Paraquat was also an excellent combination for use
where sprays could be directed and where vegetation 
was not excessive.
Timing of herbicide application was found to be the key to a successful
herbicide program. Fall, winter or spring applications were the most effect-
ive with Simazine or Casoron, particularly where a mulch was applied.
Casoron was safer than Simazine on many deciduous shrubs. Casoron moves
very slo-wly downward in the soil and most established ornamentals tested
tolerated surface applications. It was very effective around recently planted
and also established plantings of ornamentals if applied according to direct-
ions underneath a moist mulch.
In a comparison of post-emergence herbicides that included Ammate
(Ammonium Sulfamate), Amazine (Amizine) and Herban (Norea), 
Ammate, at 50
lb./50 gallons of water gave the best overall weed control following the
initial spraying.
II. GARDEN CHRYSANTEMUMS, NATIONAL C HRYSANTHEMUM SOCIETY VARIETY TRIALS -
1968. (Martin, 
Orr)
Rooted cuttings of 11 varieties of hardy chrysanthemums, received
from Yoder Brothers, Barberton, Ohio were potted in 4-inch pots on May 29.
Plants were grown in the greenhouse until July 12; the plants were pinched
on June 5, June 24 and July 12. On this latter date, the plants were lanted in
beds in the Test Garden at a spacing of 15 x 21 inches. Three pounds of
8-8-8 fertilizer were incorporated in each 100 sq. ft. of bed space prior 
to
planting. On August 1 the plants were pinched and fertilized with 12-6-6
plus 2 per cent Di-syston at 3 lb. per 100 sq. ft. A final fertilization
was given on August 27 with 8-8-8 at 3 lb. per 100 sq. ft. Records were
made on each variety as to flowering date, height, spread, flower diameter
and rating. These data are presented in Table 1.
Table 1. National Chrysanthemum 
Society Variety Trials - 1968
1st. Full 
Dia. of
Vaiey----Flower Flower 
Height Spread flower 
Raig o
Inches Inches Inches
Sept. 17 Oct. 3
Sept. 20 Oct. 7
Tranquility . . . . Sept., 24 Oct. 7
Raspberry Ice . . . Oct. 5 Oct. 18
Corsage Cushion . . Oct. 
1
Minnwhite. .. ... Sept 
. 17
Tinker Bell . . . .
Sept. 23
Gold Strike. . . . Sept. 
12
Muted Sunshine . . Sept. 17
Oct.
Oct.
Oct.0
12
3
5
20
18
27
30
18
18
19
Sept."23
Oct. 7
Purple Waters . . . Sept. 
23 Oct. 12 24
Scarleteer . . . . Oct.9 
3 Oct. 15 20
22
24
26
22
22
19
17
22
20
2-1/2 Good
2-1/2 Good to
Excellent
2-1/2 Good to
Excellent
2 Good to
Excellent
2-1/2 Good
2 Excellent
2-1/2 Good to
Excellent
2 Good
2-1/2-3 Poor
2-1/2
2
Good
Excellent
Strong, compact growth
Strong, upright compact
growth, good color
Strong, upright growth,
good color, good cut variety
Good color; strong growth,
a little tall, good cut variety
Tends to be top heavy
Strong, well shaped plants
Strong, well shaped plants,
holds color well
Upright, strong stem
Flowers diseased before
fully open
Good color - a little tall,
tends to be top heavy
Excellent color-strong,
compact growth
Powder River . .
Ruby Mound...
rT~~ rrrlrhM R 1-l .~a37. . I .. tC3 .
III. GARDEN CHRYSANTHEUM1 
TRIALS - 1968. (Martin, Orr)
Rooted cuttings of 13 additional varieties of hardy chrysanthemums
were received from Fred C. Gloeckner Company and potted 
in 4-inch pots
on June 21. Plants were grown in the greenhouse until July 12 with the
following cultural care:
(1) June 25 - Plant pinched.
(2) July 12 - Plants pinched and planted in
beds in garden - spacing, 15 x
21 inches; 3 lb. 8-8-8 per 100
sq. ft. incorporated prior to
planting.
(3) August 1 Plants pinched and fertilized
with 12-6-6 plus 2 per cent
Di-syston at 3 lb. per 100 sq.
ft.
(4) August 27 Plants fertilized with 8-8-8
at 3 lb. per 100 sq. ft.
Records were made on each variety as to flowering date, height, spread,
flower diameter and rating. These data are presented in Table 2.
IV. MARKETING OF WOODY ORNAMENTALS BY ALABA M WHOLESALE NURSERIES IN
1965. (miller, Orr)
Introduction:
The Horticultural Research Institute, Inc., (2) has estimated, through
a study of approximately 5,500 nursery businesses, that the wholesale
portion of the nursery industry in the United States in 1966 had sales of
$525,000,000 which was an estimated 42 per cent of the dollar volume of the
entire industry.
A recently completed study of the wholesale nursery industry is an
eleven-state southern region indicated a value of approximately $52,000,000
in 1965.
The following is a discussion of the findings of the study, titled
"Marketing Woody Ornamentals: Practices and Trends of Nurseries in the
South", (2) as it applies to Alabama wholesale nurseries with some com-
parisons to the eleven-state southern region.
Stu Procedure:
A complete listing of the nurseries in each state was obtained from
the state regulatory agencies. In order to obtain additional information
about each nursery, a mail survey was conducted. Nursery operators not
responding to the mail survey were contacted by telephone or in person to
obtain maximum possible response.
The results of the survey were used to separate the nurseries on the
basis of sales from own production. All firms with less than $2,000 sales
from own production were eliminated. The remaining nurseries were classified
as commercial, and were separated into two groups. These sales groups were
Table 2. Garden Chrysanthemum Trials ? 1968
1st. Full 
Flower
,r :f lower flower Height Spread diameter Rating
Inches Inches Inches
Yellow Fujii...
Williams
Oct. 7
Yell. Mi Pink . . Sept. 17
Golden Tran-.
quility
Zonta ....... Sept. 23
Tinker Bell . . . . Sept. 2.3
Mi rnwhite
Shini ng Light
.S-ept . 17
Sept . 23
Grandchild . . . . Sept. 23
Corvette .. ..... Oct. 3
Red Desert . . . . Oct. 5
Ghiquita. ...... Oct. 5
Early Gold . . . . Sept. 17
Fujii Jess
Williams
0.0Oct. 10
Oct. 21
Oct. 5
Oct. 15
Oct. 5
Oct. 5
Oct.
Oct .
3
5
Oct . 5
Oct. 15
Oct . 1
Oct. l1
Oct. 1
Oct . 23
21
24
22
22
15
20
20
13
19
19
16 2-1/2-3 Good
20 
2
20 2
Good to
Excellent
Excellent
20 2-1/ 2 Good to
Excellent
19 2-.1/2 Good to
Excellent
22
20
2
3.1/2
22 2
Excellent
Po or
Good
1 7 1-1/2 Good
25 2 Good to
Excellent
22 1-1/2 Good to
Excellent
16 .2 Fair
20 3 Good
Good color,upright growth,
tends to be top heavy, good
cut variety.
Strong, spreading growth
habit, good color.
Excellent color, strong
spreading habit.
Strong growth, well shaped
plants - good color.
Strong, well shaped plants.
Holds color well.
Strong-wwell shaped plants.
Flowers diseased before fully
open.
Strong, upright growth.
Flowers fade.
Upright growth, good color,
does not break well, good cut
variety.
Good color, strong spreading
growth.
Good color, strong upright
growth. Good cut variety.
Uneven flowering.
Strong, upright growth,
late flowering.
.. _..__.
r r cc, ~ C~~ ~_L P r\7 r\R
... ,...4
7
then sampled in the following manner: The 
first group which had sales
greater than $2,000 but less than $49,999, 
was sampled at a 5 per cent
rate. All the second group, firms with sales 
of $50,000 or more, were
included in the sample.
The data were expanded by computer to 
include all wholesale nurseries
after the surveys were completed.
Results:
Nursery Numbers and Sales - The estimated 47 
Alabama woody ornamental
wholesale nurserymen included in this study 
accounted for 3 per cent of the
total number of nurserymen in the southern region and their sales of $4,839,
700 was 9.2 per cent of 
the eleven-state total value. 
The individual pro-
prietorship was the major type of business organization in 
the Alabama woody
ornamental wholesale nursery industry; 20 
of the 47 nurseries had private
owners. Nurseries organized as corporations 
numbered 18 and there were 9
partnerships.
Average sales for each Alabama nursery 
was $102,792.31 - the highest
average for any of the southern states. 
The eleven-state average was
$39,470. Corporate nurseries in Alabama 
had average sales of $194,805,
proprietorships $14,285 and partnerships $116,388.
As in the whole region, those Alabama nurseries 
established prior to
World War II had higher sales than those established 
in the 1940's and later
decades, Table 3. Alabama nurseries established before 
1930 had average
sales over $145,000, more than eight 
times the level for those which were
initiated after 1950.
More Alabama nurseries were established prior 
to 1940 than in later
years. Fifty-three per cent of the Alabama 
nurseries were started before
1940 and only 47 per cent have been started since that 
time.
Production Distribution - One hundred per 
cent of the Alabama whole-
sale nurseries produce broadleaf 
evergreens, 89.4 per cent produce narrow-
leaf evergreens, 76.6 per cent produce deciduous 
shrubs, 57.5 per cent pro-
duce ornamental trees, and 14.9 per cent grow woody ornamental vines, Table 
4.
Production Volume and Major Genera - Listed in Tables 
5 and 8 are
the major genera of 4 groups of ornamentals 
and their methods of preparation
for sale by Alabama wholesale nurseries 
in 1965. In volume of production
by all methods of preparation for sale 
Ilex, Rhododendron (including Azaleas),
and Camellia were quite prevalent 
among the broadleaf evergreens. 
These
were sold either as liners, in containers, or 
balled and burlapped, Table 5.
Juniperus and Thuja were produced in the highest 
volume among the narrow-
leaf evergreens. None of the latter 
were sold as rooted cuttings or bare 
'.
root by the wholesale nurseries in this study. 
The majority of Juniperus
was sold as liners, with balled 
and burlapped plants second, and 
containers
third in volume. The majority of Thuja was 
sold as balled and burlapped
plants, liners almost equal 
volume, and containers a minor 
item, Table 6.
8
Among the deciduous plants, 
Lagerstroemia, Forsythia, 
Magnolia, and
Deutzia were major 
production plants. 
The majority of these 
4 genera was
sold as liners. None were sold 
as rooted cuttings or in containers, 
Table
7.
Cornus, Magnolia, Cercis, 
Albizzia, and Acer were 
among the major
genera of ornamental trees 
produced by Alabama wholesale 
nurseries. These
were sold variously as 
liners, bare root, or 
balled and burlapped with
containers being a minor method 
of preparation for sale. None 
of the
trees were sold as rooted cuttings, 
Table 8.
Production Changes - The 1960 production 
of broadleaf evergreens in
Alabama was approximately 90 
per cent of the 1965 production. 
However, the
Alabama nurserymen interviewed plan 
to increase production by 25 per cent
by 1970, as compared to 30 per 
cent for the region, Table 9. 
Narrowleaf
evergreen production in 1960 was 93 per cent of the 1965 production. How-
ever, an increase by 69 per cent is planned 
to be achieved by 1970 compared
to 37 per cent for the region. Deciduous shrub production 
in 1960 was about
5 per cent higher in 1960 than in 1965, but an almost 14 per cent increase
in production over the 1965 production is planned for 1970, as compared to
approximately 8 per cent for the region.
Ornamental tree production decreased 134 per cent from 1960 
to 1965,
however Alabama nurseries planned to increase 
production by 283 per cent
from 1965 to 1970. However, tree production in the region may 
decrease by
approximately 28 per cent.
Sales Outlets and Distribution - Forty-six 
per cent of all sales made
by Alabama nurseries in 1965 were to local buyers (located within 
25 miles
of the nursery), 32 per cent went to distant southern cities, and 
22 per
cent went to states outside the South. Individual consumers 
(33 per cent)
and retailers (35 per cent) were the major local buyers. Landscape 
sales
made directly by the nurserymen interviewed are classified in the individual
consumer category, Table 10.
Listed in Table 11 are the distant southern cities 
to which Alabama
nurseries distributed their products with an indication of the 
volume of
sales to these cities. The largest volume, by far, was shipped to Atlanta
(29.4 per cent). However, Dallas-Fort Worth, Houston, Birmingham, 
Norfolk-
Portsmouth, and Shreveport also received a great portion (33.6 per cent)
of the distant sales.
For shipment of products to states outside 
the South, Table 12, New
York was, by far, the highest volume importer of Alabama 
nursery products.
However, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, 
Maryland, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania,
and Wisconsin imported a total of 
58 per cent from Alabama.
Labor Productivity - When the relationship 
between volume of sales of
nursery stock and man-hours worked 
is examined, nurseries in Alabama, 
with
$2.87 sales per man-hour of employment, 
ranked second to Florida with $4.04
sales per man-hour of employment. Mississippi 
had the lowest sales per man-
hour of employment at $1.85 and the 
average for the entire region was $2.87,
Table 13. Alabama's average labor productivity 
was in fourth place in the
nursery size grouping of $50,000 or greater 
($44.12) but in seventh place
in the less than 
$50,000 group ($1.75).
Each Alabama nursery on the average employed 15.6 
full-time workers
which was the highest in the region. Average 
full-time employees per
nursery in other states ranged from 11.8 in 
Virginia to 4.3 in Florida with a
region average of 6.8. The average Alabama nursery also employed 12,554 part-
time man hours, with the peak season for part-time employment being 
in the
months of March, April, May and June.
Acreage Requirements for Field Production - For field production of
four types of woody ornamentals, Alabama nurseries use less total acres per
acre of sales than any other of the eleven southern states. Field grown vine
production is not included because only one Alabama nursery reported field
grown vines whereas other states had as many as 48 nurseries with field grown
vines, Table 14.
The total number of acres required per acre of sales in Alabama was
3.5 acres for broadleaf evergreens, narrowleaf evergreens, and ornamental
trees, and 3.2 acres for deciduous shrubs. The regional 
average was 4.4
acres for broadleaf and narrowleaf evergreens, 4.0 acres for deciduous
shrubs, and 5.1 acres for ornamental trees.
Not all of these total numbers of acres are used full time for
growing field plants. Part of the total acreage may lie fallow for a
short time before it is replanted and part of the acreage may be planted
in a cover crop or soil improvement crop before being used again for pro-
ducing nursery stock. The number of years before replanting in Alabama
ranges from 0.5 year for deciduous shrubs to 0.6 year for the other three
ornamental groups. The regional average of years before replanting is
somewhat higher, ranging from 0.7 year for trees, 0.8 year 
for broadleaf
evergreens, and 0.9 year for narrowleaf evergreens, to 1.3 years 
for
deciduous shrubs.
Pricing Procedure - Price "followership" or imitating prices 
of
larger, nearby nurseries was the leading method used by Alabama 
wholesale
nurserymen in establishing prices for their products, Table 15. More than
one-half of the nurserymen interviewed in this study reported that they set
their prices at the approximate level of those established by larger
nurseries in the vicinity. Only 15 per cent used cost of production and
only 8 per cent used quality of grades as a primary factor in establishing
prices of their products. This same trend was also estimated for the region.
Marketing Practices - Only 21.3 per cent of the Alabama wholesale
nurserymen indicated that they could determine production costs per plant
from their records. However, 95.7 per cent indicated that prices for
specific grades and sizes are reasonably stable, Table 15.
Approximately 3/4 of the nurseries advertise their plants for sale
and 2/3 sell their plants under their own label but none of the Alabama
nurserymen package their plants under a buyers label.
Production Problems - Alabama nurserymen classified labor shortage as
their most important production problem. However, weather hazards and weed
control problems were also of primary importance followed by wage rates for
10
unskilled labor, insect control, and lack of production capital, Table 16.
This same trend of problems was established for the entire region.
Marketing Problems - Eighty per cent of the Alabama wholesale nurser-
ies indicated adequate information was available concerning markets for
their products, Table 17. None of the nurseries had a problem obtaining
credit from their supplier, however, 46 per cent had a problem extending
credit to their customers. Eighty per cent indicated they could split ship-
ments of products among customers, however, 34 per cent indicated they did
have problems with transportation facilities or agencies. Fifty-two per cent
of the nurseries indicated there were changes in preferences for different
plant forms and 39 per cent indicated changes in preferences for different
kinds of plants. Only 20 per cent indicated they sold plants directly to
state, federal, or other public agencies, and only 26 per cent indicated they
sold plants to landscape contractors for use in community or highway beauti-
fication.
In comparing these marketing problems to the southern regional nurser-
ies, 58 per cent indicated there were changes in preferences for different
kinds of plants and 39 per cent indicated there were changes in preferences
for different plant forms. The per cent of nurserymen indicating adequate
available market information for their products dropped from 80 in Alabama
to 68 in the southern region.
Discussion:
Our present concept of the modern, up-to-date, successful farmer is of
a specialist. He specializes in one or two related crops, be it field crops
or animals and concentrates his knowledge on this special crop to the best
of his 
ability.
However, even though we might consider the nurseryman a specialist
because he produces only ornamental plants, these plants in many ways are
very unrelated in their requirements, growth habits, and production practices,
such as the differences between broadleaf evergreens and deciduous plants.
However, all of the wholesale nurseries are producing broadleaf evergreens
with 89.4 per cent also producing narrowleaf evergreens and 76.6 per cent
producing deciduous plants. In many ways this is not specializing. It may
be possible for the wholesale nurseryman to concentrate all of his efforts
and knowledge on a single plant type, thereby producing an improved quality
plant in less time and with increased profit.
It is interesting to note the proposed changes in production figures
from 1965 to 1970 and compare these with the response to the questions on
changes in preferences for different kinds of plants and plant forms.
Those people associated with the ornamental industry realize that
a major portion of these preference changes are related to a demand for more
dwarf, slower growing, compact plants which require much less pruning to
keep them in bounds. The nurserymen in Alabama have indicated they propose
to increase the production of narrowleaf evergreens by 69 per cent by 1970.
It is known that the demand for spreading junipers has greatly increased
during recent years partly because of architectural innovations in home
design.
There may be a 25 per cent increase in production of broadleaf ever-
greens. Part of this increase may be because of the normal increase in de-
mand for plants as the population of the United States increases, and a small
portion of the increase may be a result of increased demand for dwarf or com-
pact broadleaf evergreens to be used in more modern landscape design.
The enormous proposed increase in production of ornamental trees is
not fully understood. However, Alabama nurserymen may be taking a clue from
nurseries in Tennessee, which have produced large quantities of seedling
small trees during recent years. They may also be foreseeing the need for
additional trees as our highway and parks landscaping is improved.
In terms of labor productivity, the larger nurseries, those which
gross $50,000 or more per year, obtain a greater dollar return per man-hour
($3.12) than those which gross less than $50,000 per year ($1.75). Not only
is this true for Alabama but also for the entire region, although the differ-
once may be much less in some states than others.
It is the opinion of the authors that most businesses use the cost
of production of a product plus a profit margin to determine the selling
price of that product. The price may be adjusted depending upon supply and
demand. Howeve , the majority of the nurseries in Alabama have indicated they
can not determine cost of production from their books, therefore, they
imitate prices of larger, nearby nurseries and possibly adjust the price on
quality, supply and demand.
Alabama nurseries must create the initiative to overcome this pricing
procedure by keeping a more accurate accounting system so that they can better
analyze their production costs and possibly increase the productiveness of
their business thereby increasing profits of their labor.
By increasing productiveness and profit it may be possible to attract
more qualified labor into the industry, thereby decreasing one of the pri-
mary production problems -- labor shortage.
A major marketing problem appears to be that of wholesalers extending
credit to their customers. In this era of major use of credit by businesses
as well as personal, surely there must be a credit plan in use by other
businesses which can be extended to the wholesale nursery industry.
12
Table 3. Proportion of nurseries and average value of
sales by year of establishment, 1965
Period Per , ect of Average value 
of dollar
nurseries sales per nursery
Before 1930" . . . . ...... 25.5 $145 
20
1930-39 .. . ...... . 27.7 185 ,346
1 50..59 . . . . . . . . . 23 ..4 
18,518
All nurseries . . . . . . . . 100.0 $102, 
972
Table 4. Proportion of Alabam axnd region 
wholesale nurseries
producing specified types of woody ornamentals, 
1965
Plant type Per cent of 
Alabama Per cent of region
wholesale nurseries nurseries producing
producing_________
Broadleaf evergreens . . ." 100.0 77.1
Narrowleaf evergreens . . 89.4 
62.3
Deciduous plants . .. ". ... 76o6 
51.9
Ornamental trees . . . . . . 57.5 57.9
Vino3 , ......... 149l25.9
"M.e9 wvw0wwrr+swyr.w,.. ,... 2 7, 7rN~tnWrxa:" 
y a
Table 5. M !aj or genera of broadleaf evergreens and me thocds of
pfr:eparation for sale by Alabam~a wholesale nurseries , 1965
13
3etho 
of preparation 
for sale
Type of No. of No, o. No. No. No. No.
broadleaf nurser- sold by rooted liners contain- bare balled &
everreens is sample cuttings, ers rlapa4
-Abelia . . . 2 80,0 30,000
Aucuba . . . 1 3,000 3,000
Buxus . 4 94,000 00 10,000 4,00
Caellia . 3 175,000 43,600 118,000 13,600
Cleycra . 34,000 20,000 8,000 6,000
Fatsla . . 1 2,000 2,000
Gardenia . . 3 30,200 2,00 25,000 3200
Ilex . . , . 11 2,957,300 2,331,100 542,600 83,600
Ligustrum . 5 41,000 25,000 16,000
Magnoia . 5 77,200 20 ,000 19,900 35,200 2,100
Photinia .. 2 34,000 
10,000 22,000 
2,000
Pittosporu . 6,000 2,000 2,000 2,000
Podo carpus1. 1 10,000 10,00
Prunus. , o .2 4,000 4,000
Pyracantha . 1 52,000 5 ,000 47,00
Rhododendron . 7 3,827,900 2,271,000 1,426,800 57,500 72,600
ither . e . 8 8 0,20 69 6,300 102,200 P1,70
Table 6. ajor genera of narrot'leaf evergreens and methods of
preparation for sale by Alabama wholesale nurseries, 1965
IMethod of preparation for sale
Type of Ito, of No. NNo. 'No. No. No. No.
narrow leaf nurser- sold by rooted liners contain- bare balled &
evergreens ies samples cuttings ers root burlapped
Cedrus , , 1 5,000 5,000
Ch amae-
cyparis.. 1 2,4000 1,000 500 500
Junipzerus . . 9 943,300 740,000 24,000 171,300
Picea , . . . 1 1,000 1,000
Pinus e . . . 3 290,000 3, 500 9,000 11, 500
Taxus . . e . 1 20,000 20,000
Thuj a . , . . 8 209, ,200 9 3, 000 1,000 115,9200
Other 0 . 0 . 3 80,9500 66, 000 14 ,500
14
Table 7. Major genera of deciduous plants and methods of preparation
for sale by Alabama wholesale nurseries, 1965
olo. Jtiod of pe ,aratin for sale No.
Type ofNo. No. balled
deciduous No. of sold by rooted No. No. bare and
plants nurseries sample cuttings liners containers root burlapped
terberis. . . 1 4,000 
4,000
Buddleia * . . 1 1,000 500 500
Cercis .. . . 3 1,e01, 800
Ciaeno e ss . 2 1,000 1,000
Cydonia .5.. 5,600 4,200 1,200 200
Deutzia .. . 1 15,000 10,000 5,000
Forsythia ... 8 26,500 19,200 2,300 5,000
Hibiscus . . . 4 1,500 200 1,200 100
Lagerstroenia. .10 36,200 32,300 3,500 400
Ligustrum . . . 2 200 200
Magnolia . . . 3 21, 000 19,500 1,500
Prunus . . . . 1 5,000 5,000
Punica.... 1 500 500
Spiraea . . . . 6 4,400 1,300 3,100
Viburnum . . . . 1 2,000 1,500 500
Weigela . . . 2 2,100 2,000 100
Other .......4 4,200 4,000 4,000 200
Table 8. Major genera of trees and methods of preparation
for sale by Alabama wholesale nurseries, 1965
Method of prparation for e
Types of No, ?o. balled
ornamental No. of sold by rooted No. No. bare and
trees nurseries samiples cuttingas liners containers root brs
Acer. . . . .0 5 8,600 8, 600
Albizzia. . . . 4 11,400 10,000 400 1,000
Betula . . . . . 3 3,300 2,800 500
Cercis . . . . . 4 14,000 10,000 2,500 1,500
Cornus . . . . . 5 37,9300 21,500 15, 800
Fraxinus . . . . 1 2,9000 1, 800 200
Ginkgp, . . . 1 200 200
Koeal reteria . . 2700 00 500
4 1a. a 1 111 M > 1aR
15
Table 9. Five year changes for nurseries producing woody
ornamentals in Alabama and region, 1965
Plant t yp e
1960
Percent of 1965
1965
No. plants
1910
Per cent of 1965
Broadleaf evergreens:
Alabama......... , 89.95
Region......... 80.03
Narrowleaf evergreens:
Alabama ........ 93.46
Region. ... ...... 74.01
Deciduous shrubs:
Alabama .. ... ..... 104.35
Region. ..... ... 93.,47
Ornamental trees:e
Alabama .. ... ..... 234.4E
Region. .. .... ... 23.50
12,053,600
50,102,200
2,738.900
22,441,9-00
4,795,00
41,953 ,700
226,3800
23,435,000
125.09
130.82
169.46
137.52
113.56
107.64
333.47
72.36
Table 10. Value of sales of woody ornamentals in Alabama
by location and type of buyer, 1965
w e~r rl Iy VI
Type of outlet
Value of sales
Dollars Per cent
Local Sales
Individual consumers...... ..
Retailers.. . .... es.
Wholesalers.........
Other growers . . . . . . . . .
Public agencies.... ... .....
Landscape contractorsO . . . . .
All local sales ............. .
$ 743,350
794,109
142,250
232,737
2 ,673
261, 143
$2, X261-262
Distant Sales
Southern cities..... . . .
Cities outside the South. . . . . .
1, 5C8.,704-
1, 064,734
All distant sales ".a.o.e.".".".e."."$2a,613,433
All Sale s.................00
$4,339,700
* Within 25 miles of the nursery.
33.4
35,7
6.4
12.7
0.1
1107
46
32.0
22.0
54
100
--- --- -cl~ c- ~ ~---
r M7r r gMeMR ;*"" -WI
16
Table 11. Sales to distant Southern cities of woody
ornamerntals produced in Alabama, 1965
City Dollars Per cent
Washington, D. C......... .. .33,100 1.4
DallasFort Worth . . . . . 169,015 7.1
Houston ........... .. 133,000 5.6
Atlantae. ... ............ 69,222 29.4
New Orleans............. ..... 16,480 07
Memphis.. . .... . . . . 77,360 33
Birmingham .......... 11,6896.4
Norfolk-Portsmouth. . . . .... 218,500 
9.2
Nashville ............. 32,600 1.4
M o bile ... . .. . . . .3,520 
0.2
Knoc.ili&........... . .2,100 0.1
Charlotte .... ......... 3,300 0.2
Chattanooga.........24,140 1.0
Shreveport ......"..... 125,000 593
Charleston ...... ...... ..10,800 095
Columbia .. ........ .. 16,5600.7
Greensboro-High Point . . . 3,800 0.2
Little Bock. .. .... . 35,845 1.5
Baton Rouge........... . "780 
0.1
Jackson". ... ..... .... 43,745 2.1
Columbus .. ..... ..... 15,330 
0.6
Pensacola.e. .. .......... 10,640 0.5
Montgomery . .. . . . .. 25,250 
1.0
Huntsville ,.... ........ .3220 
1.6
Macon... ". . ...... .480 
0.1
Raleigh........ ..... 13,300 
0.3
Roanoke . .. . . . . ... 15,000 
0.6
Ashville ... ..........6,750 
0.3
Gadsden .. ... .. ...... 2,760 
0.1
Anniston....... ....... 2,7 60 0.1
Others...... ..... 434, 646 13.3
Total..s...r.. ....... 100
100.
Total 0 at 46 0 . 0
17
Table 12. Sales to 
states out side the South 
of'woody
ornamentals produced in Alabama, 1965
State Dollars 
Per cent
Connecticut. ......... $12,500 
101
Illinois .......... .. ... 96,780
Indiana .... ... ........ 43,750 
4.0
Iowa .... .......... ... .. 65,750 
6.0
Kentucky ... o....... ... 4,380 
0.4
Maryland . . .......... 7,507.9
Michigan ........... . 30686 
11.8
Minnesota.......... 10,500 
1.0
IEissouri . * .31, 
000
New Jersey.......... . . .. 8,000 
0.7
New York . .... . 388,2035.1
Ohio. .. ......... 91,l4
Oklahoma ............. 4,64
Pennsylvania ." . . . . . e .
76,000 6.9
Wisconsin.... "". . "., If 50, 000 4.5
Total "o"""""..o""100.e0
Table 13. Value of' sales of' woody ornamentals, 
per man hour of'
labor employed, states of' the southern 
region, 1965
Firms with sales of'
State Less than$500 
$50, 000 or more Allfirms
Dollars/man hr. Dollars/man 
hr.h
Alabama... .. .. ....
Florida. ........ ..
Georgia . . . .
Kentucky... .. .. ..
Louisiana... .. .. .. .
Mississippi.a. . . .
North Carolina . ". i
South Carolina . .
Tennessee... .. .. .. .
Tex~as .. O".. .. .
Virginia..... 
..
Region . . .. .. .. .
1.75
3.03
1.c45
2.13
1.77
1.75
1.96
1.61
1.9
2.11
3.12
5.79
2.71
3. 99
2.14
1.91
2.83
2.20
3.26
3.06
2.94
2.23 3.32
2.8~7
4. 04
2.30
2.74
2.14
1.8~5
2.10
2.66
2.81l
2.8~7
r ? rl
-
H 
Table 14. Acreage 
requirements for 
specified types 
of field grown
woody ornamentals, 
Alabama and region, 
1965
Average size
field grown
duct ion
of
pro-
Average plant s
per acre
Usual maximum
age at sale
Yrs. before
replanting
Total acres
required per
acre of sales 21
(Acres)
Broadleaf evergreens:
Alabama.. .. .
Region... .. .
Narrowleaf evergreens:
Alabama . . .
Region . .
Deciduous shrubs:
Alabama. . . .
Region. . . .
Ornamental trees:
Alabama.. . .
Region ... 0
45.6
29.4
20.5
19.7
21.6
10.5
15.4
-
I~- \ ,~ \
~Lrs.) 
ki~O.)
(No.)
23,000
140700
15 ,100
26,500
120,100
72,300
5,700
14,000
(Yrs.)
3.o5
2.9
3.5
2.7
2.o7
2.9
4.4
0.6
0.6
0.9
0.5
1.3
0.6
0.7
3.5
4,4
3.5
4.4
3.2
4.0
3.5
5.1
Years required for 
production
from one acre annually'.
translate directly 
into the number of 
acres required to 
sell product on
...sooft
M1 iYA 1R2 r Y
kvo o )
(irs.)
19
Table 15. Procedure for establishing prices of woody
ornamentals-by Alabamia whole~ale' nurserymen,195
Alabama
Pricing practice
Imitate prices of larger
nearby nurseries ..........
Cost of production . .
Quality of grades. ....
Location of buyer.
Credit of buyer
Aim at set profit margin
Supply of product in area.
Other....................
Rank of importance First region
First Per cent Second Third Per cent
65.9
14.9
10.6
31
7
4
0
0
5
0
0
2
12
12
0
0
4
0
0
2
10
1
0
1
3
37.0
31.1
12.5
3.2
2 2
Table 16. Marketing practices for production costs, 
stability
of prices, advertising methods and labeling
Alabama Region
Practice 
Per cent yes Per cent yes
A. Can you determine production costs
per plant from your records"............21.3 
28,3
B. Are prices for a specific type grade
and size of plants reasonably stable? 95.7 8,
C. Do you advertise plants for sale".72.3 
63.2
D. Do you sell your plants under your
own label?............... 66.7 
6.
F. Do you package plants under a buyers
label? 0... a.........0.0.0 0*0.0 0.0 5.5
20
Table 17. Production problems of Alabama and southern region
wholesale nurseries, 
1965
Alabama Wouthern region
Problem Rank of problem Rank 
of problem
First Second Third First Second Thir
Obtainng cuttings...... 0 0 0 
126
Weather hazards . .. 10 7 2 256 211 122
Labor shortage.......... 27 4 
1 397 163 69
Wage rates for unskilled
labor r a 0 6 0 78 127 
74
Diseases........ ... 0 0 0 364
Nematodes......... 0 1 1 14 12 10
Inspection service 0.... 
0 0 0 0 
6 4
Insects ...#0.*00 4 5 
44 51 58
Suitable soil for field
planting 0 1 0 8 26 12
Irrigation for field planting 0 
2 1 7 39 5
Fertilizing 0 
0 4 .1 13 20
Weed control.........0,0* 
7 6 I' 156 
170 174
Lack of production capital. 
0 4 0 47 
49 45
Other.......... 
.1 0 1 
246 100 41
Table 18. Marketing problems of Alabama 
and southern
region wholesale nurseries, 
1965
Alabama Southern region
Problem 
Per cent ys Per cent ye3s
A. Changes in preferences for different
kinds of plants .....................
0
B. Changes in preferences for different
plant forms ........................ 
0
C. Sell plants directly to state, federal
or other public agencies . 00. 
. .
D. Sold plants to landscape contractors 
for
use in community or highway beauti-
fication ............. 0 a0 
I
E. Problems with transportation 
facilities
or agencies.............*. 0* 09
F. Can you split shipments among customers?
G. Problems in extcending credit 
to your
customers ...............
* 0 0
H. Problems in obtaining credit 
from your
suppliers...............
I. Is adequate information available 
con-
cerning markets for your products?
39
52
20
26
34
46
0.0
39
23
22
14
54
33
1.7
8o
r r r rr r
R'K'MA C C.1F+K
lylJ
21
Literature Cited
1. Research Summary: 1968. Scope of the Nursery Industry. Horti-
cultural Research Institute, Inc.
2. Marketing Wody Ornamentals: April, 1969. Practices and Trends of
Nurseries in the South. Southern Cooperative Series Bulletin
No. 143.
22
V. PROCESSED GARBAGE - USEFUL MULCH FOR ORNAMENTAL PLANTS, (Sanderson,
Orr and Martin)
The smelly garbage crisis facing the nation could wind up smelling
like a rose!
Research at Auburn University Agricultural Experiment Station, has
revealed that processed garbage is a suitable material for mulching 
orna-
mental plants. These experiments, under a grant from 
the U.S. Public
Health Service, found processed garbage mulches to be as effective as many
other commonly used mulching materials.
There are several points favoring processed garbage mulches: 
(1) they
are effective for more than 1 year; (2) they influence soil moisture,
temperature, pH, and nutrition; (3) while being resistant 
to erosion, pro-
cessed garbage mulches do not pack or mat; and (4) 
weed growth is reduced
using this mulch material.
Abundant Sup2ly Available
Each year the average American disposes of 1,600 lb. of solid 
wastes,
primarily cloth, rubber, paper, metal, glass, and wood. Few cities 
attempt
to reclaim any of these materials. In some cities 
the reusable materials,
such as paper, rags, and metals, are being salvaged. 
The remaining refuse
is ground and composted for use as a soil amendment, fertilizer, 
or mulch.
Auburn's research has used a compost produced by the 
City of Mobile.
This processed garbage has a dark brown color, with large amounts 
of
flexible and rigid plastic apparent. All glass is ground to a size that
does not present a problem in handling. Overall 
texture of the product
is somewhat granular. It is difficult to ignite with a match.
Chemical analysis (Spurway) of processed garbage shows 
nitrates of
2-5 p.p.m., and calcium of 150-300 p.p.m. The pH is 
8.6 and highly resistant
to change. It has a high salt content (solubridge reading 
- 1:5 dilution-
has averaged 70 mhos), but the salts are easily leached.
Good Mulch Results
Interest that generated experiments with processed 
garbage mulch was
because of the large quantities of the material available that could 
be
used in park and highway plantings. And these mulches have proved success-
ful on numerous plant species.
No apparent differences were observed in the growth of petunias and
garden chrysanthemums mulched with either processed garbage, sawdust, or
pine straw. Leaf and flower color and plant size were comparable in all
the mulches. Kurume azalea, forsythia, shore juniper, pfitzer Chinese
juniper, burford Chinese holly, Chinese holly, harland box, pyramidal
arborvitae, and burkwood viburnum have grown well when mulched with pro-
cessed garbage.
Soil moisture and temperature under a processed garbage mulch had
been comparable to results with other mulches. Monthly moisture and temper-
ature readings during May to July 1968 of 48 plots on a highway slope showed
the following averages:
Mulch
None . 0
Turffiber.. ....
Pecan hulls......
Pine straw 0. ..
Sawdust .............
Processed garbage.
Available moisture,
,,,ercent
78.8
90.1
92.4
94.8
92.5
91.7
Temperature,
79.3
78.1
78.3
76.5
77,14
78.3
Processed garbage mulches were also found to
increase in pH, phosphorus, potassium, and calcium
were shown by these soil test results:
Mulch pH
N one..............
Turffiber
Pecan hulls
Pine straw........
Sawdust
Processed garbage
5.8
5.7
5.6
5.8
5.6
6,6
Elem,.ber acre
P K Ca
21.4
20.1
22.1
21.5
15.9
31.5
101 1
89.5
208 .8
85.4
88.5
230.5
enrich the soil. Marked
1. year after mulching
Mg
105.8
105.0
111.0
111.8
102.0
118.5
882 .0
901.0
851.0
809 .0
951.0
1,204.0
VT. INFLUENCE OF CHEMICAL PT.NCIl.ING AGENTS APPLIED WITH AND WiHQU. U. 1TNE
ON FOUR CULTIVARS OF AZALEAS,. (Sanderson, Martin and Barrick)
Four culti-vars of azaleas, 'Gloria', 'Coral Bells', 'Red Wing' and
'Anytime' received the following treatments on July 15, 1968: (1) sheared,
(2) sheared plus 0.15 per cent B-.Nine, (3) 4 per cent Emgard 2077, (4) 4
per cent Offshoot-O, (5) Emgard 2077 combined with 0.15 per cent B-Nine,
(6) 4 per cent Offshoot-0 combined with 0.15 per cent B-Nine. All1 treatments
were applied with a mist blower. Plants were grown in a shade house until
forcing. Fertilization and other cultural practices were kept as uniform as
possible. Data on the number of breaks per shoot and plant height was
taken on-March 26, 1969. Ten shoots were examined on five plants in each
treatment for breaks per shoot. The height above the pot rim of the tallest
shoot was recorded on five plants per treatment.
Plants receiving growth retardants were darker green in color and
had shorter shoots. In some cultivars the combination of a chemical
pinching agent and a growth retardant produced a very desirable, compact
plant. In the cultivar 'Coral Bells' the shoot growth was so compact that
measurement of shoot number was difficult. The treatments did not seem to
influence flowering time.
The four cultivars produced as many or more breaks per shoot when
pinched chemically than when sheared, Table 19. The mean number of breaks
for shearing (2.6) was less than the number of breaks produced by chemical
pinching. The two chemical pinching age nts averaged approximately the same
number of breaks per shoot. Off shoot-O produced more breaks per shoot when
23
f " o f s f o
f f " O "
P " " f " 1
0 f " o O
" " w " " "
.:24
combined with B-Nine (3.2) than when sprayed alone (2.8). The addition of
B-Nine did not influence the mean break production for Emgard 2077. B-Nine
did not seem to have any effect on the number of breaks per shoot as the
untreated (2.8) and treated (2.9) plants were essentially equal.
Table 19. Influence of chemical pinching agents applied with
and without B-Nine on the niumber of breaks per shoot
Treatments Cultivars
'Anytime }
Sheared ..*....................
S heared plus B-Nine 0...............
4% Emgard ....................
4% Offshoot-0................
4/Z' Emgard plus 0.15% B-Nine.0
4% Off shoot -0 plus 0. 15 B-Nin
Mean.................
2.6
2.6
2.9
2.6
3.2
'Coral Bells' 'Gloria
2.7
2.5
3.2
3.2
3.0
3.2
3.0
2.4
2.4
3.2
2.6
3.4
3.5
'Red Mean
Wing
t
r
2.5
2.6
2.9
2.9 2.7 2.9
Table 20 shows that B-Nine influenced thL-e height of the plants. The
mean height of untreated plants (29.1 cm) exceeded the mean 
height of B-Nine
treated plants (27.4 cm). Shearing plus B-Nine produced 
the shortest mean
height. The application of' either of the chemical pinching agents 
without
B-Nine produced the tallest plants (maean 29.7 cm). The combination of
Emgard 2077 and B-Nine (27.7 cm) yielded a mean height less than 
the sheared
treatment (27.9 cm) and any chemical treatment.
Table 20. Influence of chemical pinching agents applied 
with and
without B-Nine on the height of plants (cm) above the pot 
rim
Trneatment s
Cultivars
Sheared ...............................
Sheared plus B-Nine
4%0 Emgard 2077. .
4% Off-Shoot 0......
4/0 Emgard 2077 plus 0.15% B-Nine
4% Offshoot.-0 plus 0.15% B-Nine
Anytine' t oral Bellst 'Gloria' 'Red Mean
-wing 1
29.2 30.1 26.7 25.4 27.9
26.4 26.0 2894 26.4 26.4
35.0 30.2 26.4 27.7 29.4
30.9 32.7 29.3 28*4 30o3
30o1 28,06 25.2 26.7 27.7
33.0 2809 26.9 27.7 29.1
Mean............ . 2
2.6
2.5
3.
3.0
3.2
- -- -=-- --- --- - 1 o-awAA-
Ww M.M-s -- --- - - - - -
-WftMMWSMA." - - "VINMOVAU-0 -MR ,
ru29.4 27.2 27.1 28.5
25
VII. EFFECT OF CHEMICAL PINCHING AGENTS PLUS GROWTH RETARDIANS. ON AZALEA
CV. ,RED WING'. (Sanderson, Barrick and Martin)
Tests were conducted to determine the effects of chemical pinching
agents plus growth retardants 
on 'Red Wing' azaleas. Emgard 2077 
(4.1%)
and Offshoot-O (4.1%), chemical pinching agents, were used in combination
with growth retardants, B-Nine (0.15%) and UNI (0.05%). Application 
of the
chemical pinching agents and growth retardant combinations was done on
September 30, 1968, using the Halaby mist blower. The nine treatments
using six plants per treatment were as follows:
(1) Check - sheared.
(2) Check - sheared and sprayed with 0.15 per cent B-Nine.
(3) Check - sheared and sprayed with 0.05 per cent UNI-F 529.
(4) Emgard 2077 at 4.1 per cent.
(5) Emgard 2077 at 4.1 per cent plus 0.15 per cent B-Nine.
(6) Emgard 2077 at 4.1 per cent plus 0.05 per cent UNI-F 529.
(7) Offshoot-O at 4.1 per cent.
(8) Offshoot-O at 4.1 per cent plus 0.15 per cent B-Nine.
(9) Offshoot-O at 4.1 per cent plus 0.05 per cent UNI-F 529.
All plants were grown in a greenhouse under uniform cultural con-
ditions. Fertilization consisted of both liquid (21-7-7 at the rate of
3 pounds per 100 gallons each month) and dry (one application of 12-6-6
with 2 per cent Di-Syston at the rate of 1 teaspoon per pot) fertilizers.
The number of breaks on ten shoots per plant was recorded on March 18, 1969.
Table 21 shows that plants pinched with 
4.1 per cent Offshoot-O (3.3)
averaged more breaks per shoot than plants pinched with 4.1 per cent Emgard
2077 (2.8) or sheared plant (2.7). The growth retardant 
UNI-F 529 (2.7)
yielded fewer breaks per shoot than the untreated check (2.9). 
The com-
bination of 4.1 per cent Offshoot-O and 0.15 per cent B-Nine (3.8) pro-
duced the most breaks per shoot. Shearing plus 
0.05 per cent UNI-F 529 (2.5)
and 4.1 per cent Emgard 2077 (2.5) gave the fewest number of breaks per shoot.
Table 21. Effect of chemical pinching agents combined with growth
retardants on the number of breaks per shoot on
azalea, cv. 'Red Wing'
Pinching treatment
None 0.15 per 0.05 per
_ent B-Nine cent UNI-F 529 Mean
Sheared ............. 2.9 2.8 2.5 2.7
4.1% Emgard ..... ........... 2.5 2.9 2.9 
2.8
4.1% Offshoot-C . ........ 3.2 3.8 2.8 
3.3
Mean ... ................. 2.9 3.1 2.7 
2.9