HIGHLIGHTS of
AGRICULTURAL
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RESEARCH

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Eary lor 4 e.4"e-Today's Research and Tomorrow's Demands Peaches Mean More Profits . . . Soil Test, Key to More Profits . . . Sheep on the Comeback in Alabama . . . Fumigants Destroy Soil Pests . . . Leucosisthe Killer of 50 Million Hens a Year . . . Productivity the Basis for Farm Land Values.

VOL

2,

NO

4 --- WINTER

1955

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A G R I C UL TURAL EXPFRIMENT AGRICL STATION SYSTEM
of the

ALABAMA

POLYTECHNIC

INSTITUTE

7odays RESEARCH ad CTmorroe DEMANDS
COYT WILSON, Associa!te Director

GOOD RESEARCH PROGRAM is based in part on guesswork-crystal-gazing the future. A scientist can deal with facts in studying today's problems. For the future, however, he must rely upon experience, sharp observations, and common sense in planning research to answer problems that may arise tomorrow. Much of the agricultural research underway in Alabama deals with such current problems as increasing yields of crops and production of animals, improving quality of feed and fiber, re ducing drudgery of farm work, and improving marketing of agricultural products. Results of these experiments will continue to contribute to the welfare of Alabama's agriculture for many years; however, these experiments are based on immediate problems and cannot be expected to answer all the questions that will arise in the future.

A

Research Looking to Future

Whatever developments may occur, it appears likely that we can expect a continued and steady increase in population in the United States. At the same time, we can expect that the growth of industries and municipalities will slowly but gradually reduce the land area avail ab 1e for agriculture. Thus, the need for further increases in yields is obvious. As industrial development continues, the supply of farm labor is likely to decrease. These facts plus the farmers' desire to produce more with less work points to the need for more labor-saving machinery. For this reason, Alabama's agricultural research program includes basic studies on such questions as chemical weed control, methods of producing more meat or milk per unit of feed, and methods of using more power and machinery in farm work. Even now water supplies are barely adequate in many areas of Alabama and the demand for water is likely to increase. Water for irrigation, except on a few farms, will be inadequate to fill the needs. To help solve this problem, research has been started to learn what crops respond most to irrigation and what must be done to obtain the highest returns from these crops in order that the available water may be used most efficiently. Like woman's work, that of the plant and animal breeder is never done. Breeding programs are concerned with the improvement of fiber quality in cotton, with disease resistance and high yields in horticultural and field crops, with greater rate of gain and improved carcass quality in animals, and with higher yields, more palatability and greater adaptability of forage crops. It -may not be possible to predict what shape or color of houses people will prefer to live in 25 years from now,

What Does Future Hold?

At this point, guesswork or prediction enters the picture. What kind of problems can we expect 10, 15, or 25 years from now? It is fairly easy to predict some of the most important questions if present trends continue. However, one or two major discoveries might change the picture completely. For example, information on the production of indigo was of little value after the chemists discovered methods of making synthetic dyes. The development of a process for making oleomargarine from vegetable oils resulted in a decreased emphasis on butterfat production by dairy cows. In like manner further developments in synthetic fibers could decrease the importance of cotton, or the development of atomicpowered farm machines could render useless our present knowledge of intcrral combustion engines for farm purposes.

but it is certain that they will be interested in houses that are comfortable and economical. Research underway at present on insulating materials, methods of ventilation, structural design, and functional storage walls will contribute to better housing for the next generation. Research needs in forestry production are easily identified. Within the next 20 years we will need to double our production of pulpwood and increase our production of lumber by about 5 per cent in order to meet estimated needs. Future developments in utilization and marketing cannot be anticipated easily. The needs and demands of the consumer 20 years from now will depend upon developments in many fields, including synthetic fibers, plastics, and metallurgy. However, basic research underway on wood properties and wood treatments should provide information that will enable wood processors to meet future demands. As long as people are interested in plants they will be interested in the soil in which plants grow. The soil is a highly complex mixture of living and non-living parts. The living portion of the soil includes bacteria and other organisms that decompose organic matter and convert gaseous nitrogen into forms that can be used by crop plants. It also includes fungi and nematodes that attack and destroy crop plants. Whether a soil is good or bad for a particular plant may depend upon the balance that exists among the various kinds of soil microorganisms. The development of a desirable balance is dependent upon a better understanding of the growth and activities of the various microorganisms in the soil. Studies have been started recently to provide more information on this subject. These include research on nematodes, on disease-producing fungi and bacteria, and on the beneficial bacteria and fungi. Although results of these studies are not expected to be put into general use within the next 10 years, they are much more likely to have a lasting value than are some of the studies of a more practical nature. Alabama's agricultural research program is constantly changing. New studies are being started and old ones closed. These changes are made after careful considerations in .order to eliminate as much of the guesswork as possible. Full value of today's research, however, cannot be a dj u d g e d until years in the future.

Chaice, very early peaches for Alabama. Dixired in basket, Cardinal an trec; bath are 6 ta 61 2 weeks earlier than Elberta.

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At left: Aerial view of peanut land hoavily infested with nematodes (Wiregross Substation). Note stand skips where nemaAt right: tode infestation was severe. growth stunting of cotton by nematodes shown; affected plant at left, healthy plant at right.

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J A LYLL anl E. J. CAIRNS, Depa~rtment of Botany and Plaini Pathology A. L. SMITH, Department of Agronom~y and Soils, and U.S.D.A.

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K4 edte LEUCOSI.S f 50 me'&on hen a year in4the . S.
G. J. COTTIER, FRED MOULTRIE, and D. F. KING Department of Poultry Husbandry

LEUCOSIS KILLS more hens than any

other disease. This killer takes a toll of 50 million hens a year from the nation's flocks. Since this amounts to a 75-million-dollar annual loss, poultrymen have ample reason to consider leucosis one of their major problems. The disease shows up in several forms. It affects the eyes, causing a bulging and graying and results in blindness. The nerves of the neck, wings and legs are affected, resulting in paralysis. Occasionally the bones of the body, especially the legs, are affected causing a great increase in bone size. Leucosis also attacks the internal organs causing enlargement; this type is called visceral lymphomatosis, or "big liver disease." This is the most common form of the disease, accounting for three-fourths or more of the mortality from leucosis. Since this type can be determined only by post mortem, many poultrymen are led to believe the disease is not present in their flocks. The form affecting the nerves is the second

most common type; it is called fowl paralysis. The bone type is rather rare, occurring largely in males.
Studies Begun in 1934

When the breeding project was started at Auburn, mortality from leucosis was about evenly divided among the eye, nerve, and visceral (organ) types. At present most leucosis in the Auburn Leghorn is of the visceral lymphomatosis type, with this form accounting for around 95% of the mortality from leucosis. In a study of the organs involved, the liver, spleen, and kidney were most generally affected. On a percentage basis, these organs were affected in 82%, 41%, and 88% respectively, of the birds that died with the visceral lymphomatosis form of leucosis (Figure 2). Other organs, such as the

Since leucosis was first reported in the U. S. in 1913, it has been under investigation. The A.P.I. Agricultural Experiment Station has been studying the problem since 1934, approaching a control of the disease by breeding. In this study the objective has been to reduce adult mortality from all causes, not just leucosis. During the period of this study, adult mortality was reduced from 89% in 1985 to 20% in 1953. Leucosis has been the major cause of mortality during the 19-year study. During the 5-year period 1949-53, leucosis accounted for a high of 37.8% mortality in 1949 and a low of 19.1% in 1953 (Figure 1). Mortality from leucosis is 15% to 25% lower in the Auburn Strain than in strains not selected for resistance to leucosis.

Fig. 2. Liver, kidney, and spleen most generally affected.

heart, intestines, ovary, and uterus, were affected in a few cases, each less than 2%. Here again it is stressed that chickens must be posted to know the amount of leucosis.
Control of Leucosis

Per cent mortality

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1949
Figure 1.

1950

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1952

1953

Percentage of death losses from leucosis by years, 1949-53.

Since leucosis is such a problem in laying flocks, every effort is necessary to reduce the incidence of the disease. Two practices are recommended to help in its control: (1) Purchase the most resistant strains that are available. Unfortunately, there are few strains that have been bred for resistance to this disease. The Auburn Leghorn is probably as resistant as any strain available, but still some leucosis occurs. No strain is 100% resistant. (2) Rear young stock in isolation. The chicks should be raised at least 100 feet away from adult stock for at least 12 weeks. Greater distances and longer periods of time increase chances for success. The U. S. Department of Agriculture has announced a vaccine for leucosis. However, it is still in the experimental stage, and at present it is not available.

PRODUCTIVITY--e

4a&

PUBLICATIONS
Listed here are new and timely publications reporting results by the Agricultural Experiment Station:

B. F. ALVORD, Head, Department of Agricultural Economics

W

HAT I my farm worth?

What is

the worth of the farm I'd like to buy? Since few farmers sell or buy farms more than once or twice in a lifetime, such transactions become tremendously important for the reason that prices paid often spell success or failure. To sell a farm for less than what it is worth means lost opportunity for income. Similarly, buying a farm at a price above its worth establishes a handicap and loss from the start. Farm land values may be affected by many things, such as size and condition of dwelling and other buildings, improvements, and location in regard to markets, towns, highways, schools and churches. While these have a bearing on farm land prices, most important in the judgment of Alabama farmers, however, is the productivity of the farm in terms of cash receipts. In a study of the relationship of farm receipts and farm land values, the U. S. Census was used as a source for average values as reported by farmers of each county. Reports were used from 56 counties in which 55% or more of the population was rural. Eleven counties were omitted because of large city populations, which would tend to increase the value of much of the farm land for residential purposes. Shown in the diagram is the relation of per-acre farm value in 1950 to the per-acre receipts from sale of farm
RECEIPTS and LAND VALUE per ACRE 40- Under $10 33.50 105 $42.05

products in 1949 for the 56 Alabama counties. The four groupings are according to the following gross receipts per acre: under $10, $10 to $15, $16 to $25, and $26 and over. Farmers in the two lowest counties sold about $4 worth of products per acre in 1949. They estimated farm land value in their counties at $30 per acre. In contrast, farmers in the three top counties averaged $26 to $32 in products sold per acre, and valued land of all farms in those counties at $90 to $100 per acre. Although a $30 value per acre seems a bit high for the $4 level of cash receipts, farms have value as homes as well as producers of products for sale. This tends to prevent values of less productive farms from falling to extremely low levels. This study further showed that nearly nine-tenths of the difference in average reported per-acre value of farms of the 56 counties was explained by differences in reported cash receipts. Therefore, it is very important for the prospective buyer or seller to determine from records or careful estimates what receipts to expect in order to make value estimates. It is well to remember, too, that on the average farmers seem to consider each dollar per acre of added annual receipts was an adequate basis for $3 greater price per acre.

Bul. 298. Price Differentials for Slaughter Hogs in Alabama is a report of differentials in prices paid for hogs of different weights, during different seasons and at different market locations.
Cir. 115. Factors Affecting Pecan Yields reports factors that limit pecan yields in Alabama and gives recommendations for increasing nut production. Leaflet 28. Poultry Range Shelter is an illustrated report telling the advantages and how to construct movable range shelters. Leaflet 43. Chemical Control of Cherokee Rose, Alder and Certain Other Pasture Weeds. Special Leaflet. General Fertilizer Recommendations for Alabama. Free copies may be obtained from your

bama.

HIG'HLIGHTS
of
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH
Published Quarterly by
Agricultural Experiment Station of the Alabama Polytechnic Institute

Auburn, Alabama
E. V.
COYT

SMITH ......
WILSON

CHAS. F. SIMMONs KENNETH B. RoY R. E. STEVENSON

------Director Assoc. Director ..Asst. Director

_-

Editor Asst. Editor

FREE Bulletin or Report of Progre
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION of the ALABAMA POLYTECHNIC INSTITU E. V. Smith, Director Auburn, Alabama Permit No. 1132-11/55-8M

PENALTY FOR PRIVATE USE TO AVOID PAYMENT OF POSTAGE, $300

20
$712 eceipts Land Value R. (25 Counties) 80_ 16- 25 $66.00 60 40$11.76 Receipts Land Value (17 Counties) Over 25

Receipts Land Vclue (II Counties)

Receipts Land Value (3 Counties)