HIGHLIGHTS
of agricultural research
Agricultural Experiment Station UNIVERSITY4 AUBURN

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HocIGH p Lr,\IlibllIGHTS
Zoi agras Rs lt l cclcalo Chl oppedHays toIn Biended Dairy Ratte in Slaughl lter Sfteer frholo W rintr~c Grazng

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Ar licuid
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WINTER 1970

the

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Prevaoumeal innin ofIll iLl- atcldli Pine Stands il New(Iso Plants for Quai Managemen c of7i'Iolt\bliws When Do Diringe Perenalw Histry Thle Potati eeds Compe ilte
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VOL

17,

NO,

4

onIis 9~o Pastures for Bccieef Steesrs, mi rltle10dfotclil iof e Po sldlt l atScience Universityi1l "'iultryl;i Auburn oolia Tuberworm i WAlam l 1~~oo1(\ 2ihlc

B(,igiti Busie'ss in labm

A quarter ly report of research puihiisied b~y tile Agricultural Expel inent Station of Auiburn University, Auiburn, Alabama.

E. V. SMuIT R. D. ROUSE
F. SEx1'XONS T. E. CORILEY E. L..MeCIAX H1.E. STEVENSON
C<HAS.

Ftlc iliing poedi Rlowlllitl Tera Arrang lodt Survey Cony ckw of

Pin

Vriemi t~ies

t ti

'tclil1.4 5liloe 16\its

mtAffect AFld ime'sli lt rojmersdlilh Winnesl

J. D.

HAR~WOOD

Director Associate IDirector Assistant D)irector Assistant Director Editor Associate Editor Assistant EdIitor Conuniftee: R. 1).

Editorial Advisory 1
HOUSE; MOiRRIS

Wi-E, Professor of Ag-

ricnltural Economnics; W. T. DUMIAS, Associate Professor of Agricultural Engil1illa;

fXXI~r (If

C. C. Ki-NI:, .XX'Xw'wh' Pro111., A.Xgr~Olni / and1( Sii;,': X\i E. L.

McGRANV.

ON THE COVER. Row at left, cultivated June 12, and ane at right that was uncultivated until July 18 shaw effect of early seasan weeds. Photo made late July.

A

LABAMA

HOMEOWNERS

often notice

that their zoysiagrass lawns take on a red-yellow to orange cast during the summer. Lawn equipment, shoes, and bare feet become discolored with "red dust" after passage through the grass. The red dust is actually masses of spores of the fungus, Puccinia zoysiae, which attacks zoysia and causes the diseasA known as rust of zoysiagrass or zoysia rust. The fungus is closely related to those that cause the famous rusts of grain crops. Zoysiagrass rust was discovered in Maryland, Missouri, and Florida in 1965, and is now known to occur generally throughout the Southeast. The disease was reported from Alabama in 1966; however, the widespread occurrence and often severe character of rust at that time indicated it had probably been present but overlooked in previous years. In lawns around Auburn, rust usually appears in early May and continues to build up during the month reaching peak incidence throughout June. Incidence declines by mid-July and the disease often disappears during late July and early August. Frequently, outbreaks reoccur during the late August-early September period. The most conspicuous signs of the disease are the masses, or pustules, of orange-colored spores along leaf blades. Pustules turn brown to black as they age. Observations in Alabama and other states have indicated that disease incidence is usually higher in shaded areas. In 1969, experimental plots were established in widely-separated, rusted zoysiagrass lawns in Auburn to evaluate effectiveness of selected fungicides for

controlling the disease. Fungicides tested along with rates (amount in 5 gal. water to spray 1,000 sq. ft. of lawn) were: benomyl (Benlate 50W) - 5 oz.; tetradifon (Daconil 2787 75W) -4 oz.; dyrene (Dyrene 50W) - 4 oz.; zinc ion + maneb (Dithane M-45, Fore 80W) - 4 oz.; hexachlorophene (Nabac 25 EC) 0.2 oz; and plantvax (Plantvax 75W) 11/2 oz. All materials were applied with hand sprayers on weekly, biweekly, and monthly schedules from Jun- to August. Plots were rated weekly for rust incidence on a 0-3 scale where 0 - no rust, 3 - heavy rust. In 1970, tests were conducted in a similar manner except that fungicides were applied as preventive tr atments on some non-rusted grass in early May and at intervals thereafter as needed (rust rating of 1 or higher). Additional fungicides or mixtures with rates tested

Rust Rating 3
*

0-0 Unsproyed .0 Pantvax Dyrene A-- Benote

2

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. . 6/10 Date 6/18 6/26

' 7/7 7/13

5/6

5/20

6/I

FIG. 2. Rust incidence in zoysiagrass plots treated with Plantvax + Dyrene on 5/6 and 6/12; Benate on and 6/26; or unsprayed. 5/6, 5/22, 6/12,

ZOYSIAGRASS RUST
ROBERT T. GUDAUSKAS, FERNANDO J. SUBIRATS, and J. A. LYLE Department of Botany and Microbiology

FIG. 1. Rust incidence in zoysiagrass plots treated with Plantvax on 5/6 and 6/12; Phaltan + Daconil 2787 on 5/6, 6/12, and 6/26; or unsprayed.

were: maneb (Tersan LSR 80W) - 4 oz.; 12 oz. Dyrene + 6 oz. Plantvax/gal. - 1 qt.; 12 oz. folpet (Phaltan) + 12 oz. Daconil 2787/gal. - 1 qt.; 3:1 blend Dyrene 50W + Plantvax 75W - 8 oz.; and 2.3% Plantvax granules - 5.5 lb. Test results for the 2 years (1969, 1970) were similar. All fungicides tested reduced rust incidence as compared to unsprayed plots. Data for the most effective treatments are illustrated in Figures 1-3. Adequate control with two applications was obtained with Plantvax, Figure 1, and Plantvax + Dyrene, Figure 2. Disease incidence was reduced with three applications of Phaltan + Daconil 2787, Figure 1, and with four applications of Benlate, Figure 2, Daconil 2787, and Tersan LSR, Figure 3. Early application (May 6) of Plantvax or Plantvax + Dyrene delayed disease appearance approximately 2 weeks. As in previous years, rust disappeared in mid-July but reappeared in late August. Data from 2 years' testing indicate rust can be controlled, but not completely eradicated, by presently available fungicides. Future research with additional materials, rates, and times of application may reveal more effective

controls. This research has underscored the importance of applying a fungicide to rusted zoysiagrass. Turf in some unsprayed plots has appeared less vigorous and shown evidence of thinning out as compared to that sprayed with most of the fungicides tested.
Rust Rating 3 0 -Unsprayed 0 0 0 Doconil ·-*
A- -A Terson

Date

FIG. 3. Rust incidence in zoysiagrass plots treated with Daconil 2787 or Tersan LSR on 5/6, 5/22, 6/12, and 6/26; or unsprayed.

Using Chopped Hay in Blended Dairy Rations
J.A Deporfrtment LITTLE ot Animal and Doiry Sciences

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Da irying-Big Business on the Farm in Alabama
LOWELL E. WILSON and THOMAS M. LONG, Departmeni tofAgricutural Economic and Rural Socialogy

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A History of Poultry Science atAuburn University
CLAUDE H. MOORE, Department of Poultry Science DURING
THE INFANCY

of

the poultry

industry in Alabama, students studying poultry in Auburn University's School of Agriculture were given instruction to acquaint them with problems related to feeding, management, and housing of chickens. The first such course listed separately, general poultry, appeared in the 1912 Auburn University catalog in the Animal Industry Department. As a carry-over from the 19th century, judging was also an important part of the teaching program. Even though the course number and student level changed frequently, materials presented to the student remained relatively constant until a major in Poultry Husbandry, with six courses, was offered in 1928. The original course appeared in the first Home Economics curriculum in 1920 and was taught by Professor W. H. Eaton of the Animal Industry Department. Since farmyard poultry was considered the responsibility of the housewife, General Poultry remained in the Home Economics curriculum until the decade of 1940 at which time the poultry industry in Alabama evolved as a commercial industry. The graduate program in poultry had its beginning in 1947 with the first graduate degree, Master of Science, being awarded in December 1948 to Professor Theo Coleman, now on the teaching and research staff of Michigan State University. When the Animal Husbandry and Zoology-Entomology Departments were approved to offer work leading to the Doctor of Philosophy, the Poultry Husbandry Department was given approval to cooperate with these departments in offering the degree. This arrangement has continued to the present time. The first Ph.D. degree was awarded in June 1961 to Dr. Harry Herlich, now in a research position with the Agricultural Research Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Since the beginning of the graduate program in poultry, 46 Master of Science and 18 Doctor of Philosophy degrees have been awarded. Of these 58 graduates (some received both M.S. and Ph.D. degrees) 32 are in university or government research or administrative positions, 17 are in poultry industry positions, 7 are continuing graduate study with only 2 having employment not related to their training.

The first employee of Auburn University to work specifically in the area of poultry husbandry was Miss Gladys Tappan who was employed in 1920 as an extension specialist. John E. Ivey came into that position in 1923 then moved into the Animal Industry Department in 1924 to direct poultry teaching, research, and extension. The year 1924 appears as a landmark for poultry at Auburn. Two additional positions were created in the Extension Service, one filled by G. A. Trollope and the other by J. D. Sykes. The Alabama Bankers Association recognized the growing importance of poultry to the economy of the State by underwriting the support for Mr. Sykes. This was the year that the present poultry farm was acquired and the physical plant built. That year the first egg laying contest in the South was begun at Auburn under the supervision of the Extension Service. This physical plant was purchased by the Agricultural Experiment Station in 1944. Most of the early buildings continue to be used for poultry teaching and research. Additional office and laboratory facilities were provided in the Animal Sciences Building in 1960. In 1929 the Animal Industry Department was renamed the Animal Industry Group with the Department of Poultry Husbandry emerging as one of the departments with Mr. Trollope as head. Upon the resignation of Mr. Trollope in 1934, Poultry Husbandry was reincorported with Animal Husbandry in the Animal Industry Group with J. C. Grimes heading the combined groups and D. F. King directing work in the poultry section. The arrangement was continued until 1947 when Poultry Husbandry became a separate department. Mr. King remained head of the department until 1959 at which time he moved into a research position and Dr. C. H. Moore, the present head, was named. The name Poultry Science Department was adopted in 1961. The first research work with poultry was an attempt to upgrade nutrition in the early developing industry by comparing different sources of local protein materials. This work was started by Mr. Ivey upon completion of the poultry research plant in 1924 and continued into the depression years when the emphasis

of "live at home" programs influenced teaching and research. Management research such as forced molting was conducted in the early 1930's in an attempt to produce eggs the year round, but principally in the fall months of the year. The early recognition that diseases and parasites must be controlled to have a profitable poultry industry has greatly influenced the direction of teaching and research programs in the department. Attempts were first begun in 1934 with the development of the Auburn Strain of Single Comb White Leghorns. From this early beginning, research workers demonstrated genetic resistance to diseases and parasites in poultry and foundation breeding stock was supplied from the Auburn Leghorn to most primary breeders of egg production stock. This strain of birds continues to be useful in research projects at Auburn. In addition to the demonstration of genetics resistance to diseases and parasites of poultry, the Poultry Science Department has made many other contributions to the growth of the poultry industry in the Southeast and the nation. Effective vaccines have been developed for the control of poultry coceidia and cholera. Pioneering work was conducted on the use of cages for layers in the Southeast and the whole concept of light management for maximum growth and egg production has been modified primarily as a result of work at this Station. In recognition of the importance of controlled environment and management to the present-day poultry industry, cooperation was begun in 1966 with the Department of Agricultural Engineering to construct and maintain a modern avian environmental laboratory with partial support from the National Institutes of Health, PHS. The present academic staff of 9 continue to recognize the importance of diseases, parasites, environment, and management as important to the maintenance and growth of a modern industry by work in 18 State and Federal projects in these areas. Early leadership in the department was instrumental in assisting with development of the State Poultry Improvement Program and the Alabama Poultry Industry Association. 11

in SW ALABAMA
COSTAS A.KOUSKOLEKAS
Dept .ot Zo ooy-Eniomnotogy

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State Dept. of Agriculture and indtusties

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Fertilizing Improved Varieties of Pine
JAMES W. GOODING and MASON C. CARTER Department of Forestry

were determined from a split-plot analysis. Initial survival was good-88% or greater for all lines with or without treatment. Overall growth for the 9-year period was very good. Average height and dbh for all trees was 34 ft. and 5.7 in., respectively.
Effect on Growth

PRESSURE TO PRODUCEmore

and

more

wood on less and less land has forced managers to seek new management techniques. Fertilization offers one possibility. Improved tree species offer another. It has been estimated that per acre wood yields in the Southeast could be improved 15% through use of improved hybrids and 20% through fertilization. The effect fertilization would have on different lines of improved hybrid pine seedlings was not known, however. To discover what interactions, if any, existed between lines and fertilizer, Auburn University researchers began a study involving controlled pollinated lines of loblolly pine grown with and without fertilization. Results presented here were obtained at the end of 9 years of study. Test Methods In January 1961, 11 lines of hybrid pine seedlings were obtained from the Southeastern Forest Experiment Station and the Georgia Forestry Commission. Each of the lines represented a different female parent. Ten of these 11 lines were produced from loblolly females crossed with the same loblolly male parent. Line 1027 was produced by crossing a loblolly female parent with a mixed lot of slash pine pollen. Seedlings were hand planted - 6x10 ft. spacing in an abandoned pasture on Piedmont soil in Chambers Co., Alabama. Site preparation consisted only of burning. Four plots containing 12 rows of 10 trees each were established. One row was a control of 10 ordinary nursery-run seedlings. All seedlings in each of the
14

remaining 11 rows were from 1 of the 11 hybrid lines studied. Each seedling in two of the plots received 100 g. of 8-8-8 commercial fertilizer applied in a circle 1 ft. in radius about the base and worked lightly into the soil with a hoe.
Evaluation

In March 1970, diameter at 4.5 ft. (dbh) and total height of every tree was measured. These measurements were used to calculate cu. ft. volume for each tree inside bark to a 3.0 in. top outside bark. Volume per acre was calculated from the sample data. The effects of line, fertilization, and line x fertilization interaction on dbh, height, volume per tree, and volume per acre
TABLE 1. VOLUME OF WOOD PER ACRE PRODUCED BY 11 CONTROLLED CROSSES OF LOBLOLLY PINE AT THE END OF NINE GROWING SEASONS ON A PIEDMONT SITE

Unfert.

Volume per acre'

Fert.

Diff.

Av.

There was a highly significant difference in tree growth between lines. Lines 1078 and 1122 produced the greatest volume per acre in both fertilized and unfertilized plots, Table 1. Independent of fertilizer treatment, line 1078 produced about 35% more volume per tree and 50% more volume per acre than the control seedlings. The effect of fertilization on tree growth was less apparent than the effect of line. Much variation occurred within lines after application of nutrients. The control seedlings and lines 1122, 1111, 1091, and 1106 produced more volume when fertilized; the remaining lines grew less after application of nutrients. The average effect of fertilizer on volume per acre across all lines was slightly negative; however, none of these differences were statistically significant. Fertilization trials, established after the start of the present study, have shown that application of nitrogen fertilizers at planting time sometimes results in reduced survival and growth of pine seedlings. Whether this effect is a result of stimulated competition or a direct nutrient toxicity has not been established, but experience indicates that nitrogen should not be applied until seedlings are at least 2 years old. When nitrogen has been applied after the second year, increased growth has occurred. A second fertilization, 200 lb. of nitrogen per acre, was applied to the trees in this study and future growth will be recorded. Selection a Factor It should not be too surprising that most of the lines in the present study failed to respond to increased fertility. The parent trees were selected for their performance under natural conditions where soil fertility levels were probably quite low by agronomic standards. The lines tested in the present study displayed a marked growth superiority over average nursery seedlings under conditions of low fertility, but to obtain genotypes capable of maximum response to fertilization, it may be necessary to select parent trees showing superior perpormance under high fertility conditions.

Cu. ft. Cu. ft. 1078 -------------1,795 1,781 1,537 1122 ------------1,570 916 1109 -------------1,518 1112 .............. 1,502 1,186 1,457 1,505 1111 .............. 1,407 1,312 1090. 1,281 774 1117 .............. 1091 --------------1,228 1,341 1102 .............. 1,164 1,093 1,140 1,312 1106 -------------1,135 1,189 Cont .............. 978 506 1027 -------------1,345 1,207 Av ..................

Cu. ft. Cu. ft. 1,788* -14 1,554* +33 -602 1,217 -316 1,344 1,481 +48 1,359 -95 1,027 -507 +113 1,285 -71 1,129 +172 1,226 1,162 +54 742* -472 - 138 1,276

* Indicates significant difference from con-

trol (P < 0.05). 1 Merchantable volume inside bark to 3.0 in. top outside bark. "

TERRACES have been used for years as a soil conservation practice on sloping row-crop land. Their usefulness is well known. From the standpoint of machinery utilization, however, terraces can adversely influence row length. Conventional terracing systems with uneven intervals between terraces cause short point rows and reduce the average row length per field. This increases total turning time and thus total machine time to cover the field. Parallel terracing is conducive to long rows and thereby reduces machine time in the field. Unfortunately, not all land in need of terracing can be parallel terraced. In many fields row length can be increased by placing the rows crosswise to the major field slope but not necessarily parallel to the terraces. In this row arrangement the rows cross the terrace at an angle. Agricultural engineers at Auburn University Agricultural Experiment Station have been studying such an arrangement. The row-arangement study was conducted during a 3-year period on an 18.5-acre field on Lower Coastal Plain soil. The field was rectangular and was approximately 600 ft. by 1,350 ft. The field contained five terraces and had an average cross slope of 3%. The terraces were broad base type and could accommodate four 40-in. rows between the channel and the ridge and on the back slope. The terrace ridges were 12 to 18 in. higher than the channels. The three experimental row arrangements used in the study are shown in the figure. Each arrangement was used for 1 year. Three machine operations planting, cultivating, and harvestingwere used on the cotton crop. Results from the study can be divided into two general parts. The first deals

Row-Terrace Arrangements 110 Affect Machinery Field lime
E. S. RENOLL and W. T. DUMAS Department of Agricultural Engineering

with the physical row distribution on the field for the three row arrangements. Row arrangement 2 has the least rows and arrangement 1 has the most. Arrangement 2 also has the largest number of rows covering the entire field length. Arrangement 2 has all turns made at field edge while the other two each have some turns within the field. Turning at field edge has advantages over within-the-field turns. These turns usually are easier to complete and thus should reduce wear on the tractor and fatigue on the operator. Within-thefield turns usually damage more crop than field-edge turns. Part two deals with the influence of these different row arrangements on total turning time of machines used on the field. Since total turning time is directly related to total time needed to complete a field-machine operation, it can be used as an indicator of efficiency of the different row arrangements. Data from three machines used on each row arrangement are presented in the table. Row arrangement 2 had the least total turning time for all operations and arrangement 1 had the most. Total turning time while planting was 21% less on arrangement 2 than on I and 8% less on 3 than on 1. For cultivating, arrangement 2 was 20% better than 1 and 7% better than 3 in turning time. Turning

MACHINE

ARRANGEMENTS ON AN 18.5-ACRE FIELD

TURNING

TIME

FOR THREE

Row

Total time spent turning per field operation Row arrangement 1 Min. Plant (4-row) ........ Cultivate (4-row)-.... Pick (1-row).....
18.2 16.6 89.6

2 Min.
14.3 13.2 74.8

3 Min.
16.8 15.4 85.0

time for cotton picking was 17% less for arrangement 2 than for 1 and 5% less for 3 than fo)r 1. Results from this study show some nonparallel terrace fields, rows across the terraces is one way of making the field more that in running possible efficient

for machinery use. Rows that run across terraces can present some problems. Operating across terraces requires machines that are somewhat flexible and some current models are too rigid for such use. Planter and cultivator sidesway as these machines cross the terrace can cause crooked rows and plowedup plants. Machines crossing the terraces tend to move some soil from the terrace ridge into the channel and thus reduce the effectiveness of the terrace. Wet weather conditions can also present some problems in this terrace-crossing system.

I.

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.

3...

Rows Terraces
Row-terrace arrangements used in this study. Arrangement 1 is a conventional pattern with rows parallel to the terraces. Arrangement 2 has the rows parallel to one edge of the field and crosswise to the major field slope. Arrangement 3 has rows parallel to some terraces and crossing others. 15

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SURVEY of COUNTY 4-H PROJECT WINNERS
J. E. DUNKEIBERGER, D. J. PRESLEY,
Department of Agriculturat

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