VOLUME

12, NUMBER 4

WINTER 1965

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HIGHLIGHTS
681~( IUR
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, AUBURN UNIVERSITY

HIGHLIGHTS of Agricultural Research
A Quarterly Report of Research
Serving All of Alabama VOLUME 12, NO. 4 WINTER, 1965

Published by

In tis
ALABAMA

u44, ,c
STABILIZE SLOPES AND BEAUTIFY

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION of AUBURN UNIVERSITY
Auburn, Alabama E. V. SMITH BEN T. LANHAM, JR. CHAS. F. SIMMONS -KENNETH B. ROY E. L. McGRAW ..... R. E. STEVENSON ...

RESEARCH HELPS TO

HIGHWAYS _________3_______-___

__----

WHAT IS YOUR FARM WORTH?-

Traces Average Value

of Production Assets from 1950 to 1965
TOMATO VARIETIES FOR SOUTHERN ALABAMAPromising

4
5 6
GAINS
-

New Varieties Compared with Standards
PLASTIC MULCH STRETCHES WATER SUPPLY AND MAY BE

Director Associate Director Assistant Director - -Editor -Associate Editor --Associate Editor

PROFITABLEALABAMA
ALABAMA ALABAMA'S

Tests Show Possibilities
MAKES IMPORTANT

EGG INDUSTRY

Now Ranks 11th Nationally
FORAGES AND MINERAL NEEDS POPULATION GROWING OF CATTLE-

7
8
IN SOME

Points up, Needs and Forage Composition
RAPIDLY AREAS, BARELY BREAKING EVEN IN OTHERS CLOVERS AND FLOODING
-

Editorial Advisory Committee: BEN T. LANHAM, JR.; J. L. TURNER, Instructor of Horticulture; R. R. HARRIS, Associate Professor of Animal Science; H. T. ROGERS, Agronomy and Soils Department Head; AND KENNETH B. RoY.

9
OTHERS

SOME CAN TAKE IT,

CANNOT - Factor in Choosing Crop 10 Row THINNING-- Makes Possible Selection That Requires Little Time and Expense 11
MILK

7ee ad 7me4l PUBLICATIONS
Listed here are timely and new publications reporting research by the Agricultural Experiment Station. Bul. 355. Grain Movements in Alabama. Bul. 359. Response by Urban Homemakers to Mailed Advertising. Bul. 360. Movement of Cattle and Calves Through Alabama Auction Markets. Bul. 361. Implications of Allotments on Optimum Farm Organization and Supply Relationships in Two Alabama Areas. Cir. 145. Christmas Tree Production in Eastern Redeedar and Arizona Cypress Plantations. Cir. 147. Diseases of Small Grains in Alabama. Cir. 148. Farm Handling and Marketing of Pecans in Alabama. Cir. 149. Crop Varieties for Alabama. Leaf. 64. Ball Clover. Leaf. 69. Performance of Peach Varieties in Alabama. Prog. Rept. 85. Early Thinnings from Pine Plantations. Free copies may be obtained from your County Extension Chairman or by writing the Auburn University Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn, Alabama.

QUOTA TRANSFERS -An

Active Market has De-

veloped for Grade A Milk Quotas .......
TURKEY COCCIDIA WIDELY DISTRIBUTED IN U.S. -

12
Of Im-

portance to Turkey Industry 13 FARMERS Co-Ops - 140 in State Serve Farmer Members in All Counties 14 IMPROVING MIXED HARDWOOD STANDS- Herbicidal Control of Undesirable Timber Studied 15
MATCH NITROGEN AND SPACING FOR PROFITABLE YIELDS -

CORN

Economics Determines Combinations ...... 16

Ot de CACM, The beauty of Alabama's highways has its beginning with research. Thirteen years ago the Department of Agronomy and Soils, Auburn University Agricultural Experiment Station began cooperative work with the State Highway Department on use of suitable vegetative cover for stabilizing back slopes and fills of Alabama highways. Shown here is a back slope planted
in crown vetch - an effective cover. highlighted in the story on page 3. Some of the results are

RESEARCH Ae/FF Falilze Slop's
D. G. STURKIE, Dept. of Agronomy and Sods

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Here is a promising cover -weeping grass-that provides good protection.

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Shown above is crown vetch, a perennial legume proved valuable on unmowed banks. 3

WHAT IS YOUR FARM WORTH?
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Variety selection is the first step in successful tomato production. Commercial fields may produce 12,000 lb. per acre of fancy grade tomatoes within 80 days from planting when adapted variety is used.

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Cotton mulched with block plastic (right) was several inches taller than unmulched plot (left) whe.n these photographs were made June 6. Planting date was the same for both treatments, April 10.
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FEW

ALABAMIANS are aware of important changes that have taken place in the State's egg industry. Between 1955 and 1964, egg production trebled and Alabama moved from 24th to 11th position nationally. Although rate of increase in production was greatest after 1961, there was some gain in each of the past 10 years, see table. The annual average production increase was 12% Production per layer per year increased from 178 to 217 eggs or a gain of 44 eggs. In 1964, average rate of lay per hen in Alabama equaled the national average, whereas 10 years earlier the rate was 19 eggs below average. Special attention had been directed at reducing egg production costs of which about 65% is for feed. By improving conversion of feed to eggs, feed fed per dozen dropped from an average of 6.7 lb. in 1955 to about 5.0 lb. in 1964. Average annual prices received for eggs produced in Alabama fluctuated similarly to annual prices received by producers in other states. Wide fluctuations occurred prior to 1960. Since then changes in annual average prices have been small, but prices have been decreasing continuously. Reduction in price fluctuations indicates that the industry has been making production adjustments and practicing orderly marketing. A continued decline, in price could refleet improved efficiency in either or both production and marketing. Efforts have been directed toward adjusting seasonal egg production - reduce surplus in first half of the year and increase fresh egg supplies the last half. For instance, 54% of the State's production in 1955 was in the first 6 months. These eggs sold at an average of 390 per dozen. The 46% produced in the last 6 months averaged 470 per dozen. By 1964 the seasonal production pattern had changed. Out of a total of 2,177 million eggs produced, the difference, between the two periods amounted to only 11 million, with production being greatest during the. last half of the year. Average price differed only three-tenths of a cent per dozen and was higher during the last 6 months. A change in importance of the egg enterprise in Alabama is reflected in cash receipts from sales of farm products. The proportion of total cash farm receipts accounted for from sales of eggs amounted to 4.6% in 1955 and 11.6% in 1964. During that period total cash farm receipts increased 28% in Alabama. In 1964 cash receipts from sales of eggs was equal to 93% of those from sales of cattle and calves, and to 215% of cash receipts from hog sales. Growth in value of the industry DOZENS OF EGGS PRODUCED, PRICE, CASH RECEIPTS, AND ANNUAL PERCENTAGE CHANGE IN PRODUCTION AND CASH RECEIPTS, ALABAMA, 1955-64

Alabama's Egg Industry MAKES IMPORTANT GAINS
MORRIS WHITE, Dept. of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology

is shown by an average increase of 11% annually in cash receipts from sales of eggs. Development of the egg industry in Alabama has escaped notice for a number of reasons; attention has been focused on a tremendous growth of the State's. broiler industry and on extensive farm enterprises like beef cattle and forestry. Also, relatively few people have been involved directly in the expanding commercial egg industry. The rate of development and adoption of cost-reducing techniques in production and marketing, and extent of need for an additional farm enterprise will be important factors in further expansion of Alabama's egg industry.
Dollars (millions) 70 6050CASH RECEIPTS from SALES of EGGS

Alaboma,

1955-64

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Cash Change in proreceipts duction Dollars (million)
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Change in cash receipts Pct. 16 3 26 -9 15 3 20 16 9

dozen Cents 45.0 46.9 43.8 46.6 38.4 43.1 42.4 41.2 41.4 40.5 Pct. 10 19 11 2 6 22 16 12 1955 ----------- 65.7 1956 ----------- 73.0 80.6 1957 1958 ----------- 95.7 1959 106.1 108.7 1960 115.2 1961 1962 .......... 140.6 1963 ----------- 162.5 181.4 1964

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Mr. Beef Cattle Man you may need to check on the mineral needs of cows such as these. They may need a mineral supplemen t.

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ALABAMA FORAGES and MINERAL NEEDS of cattle
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LABAMA'S POPULATION has climbed almost to the 31/2-million mark. Midyear estimates placed the number at 3,480,250 persons on July 1, 1965. This is an increase of more than 200,000 people since the 1960 Census, for a 6.5% rate of growth. If these estimates are reasonably accurate, then Alabama should equal or surpass the projected 1970 population of 3,670,000 predicted by the Bureau of the Census based on growth trends between 1950 and 1960. The major source of error in making population estimates comes from a lack of recorded information on the number of people migrating into and out of an area (county or state). The absence of migration figures extending over periods of 5 or more years can affect the accuracy of population estimates. Estimates of smaller populations are more subject to error, making it more hazardous to predict change. Despite this inherent handicap, this report reviews Alabama's county and state population as it was estimated for specific categories of residents at midyear 1965.

A

ALABAMA'S POPULATION Growing Rapidly in Some Areas, Barely Breaking Even in Others
J. E. DUNKELBERGER, Dept. of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology

Some Counties Growing Although Alabama is growing at a healthy pace, this growth is not equal in all areas of the State. Some counties are growing rather rapidly, while others show little or no increase. Of the 12 counties having the largest estimated population gains during 1960-65, Table 1, heavily urbanized areas accounted for most of the growth except in Baldwin and Dale counties. There were 46 counties (69%) that showed a change in population of less than 1%. In most of these counties the estimates actually indicated some slight loss of residents. It was found that counties increasing in population were generally adding both

white and nonwhite residents. Thirteen counties gained both whites and nonwhites during the period. An additional 10 counties gained white population while losing some nonwhite residents. No county declined in white population while showing an increase of more than 100 nonwhite residents. Twenty-six counties were estimated to have lost both white and nonwhite residents, usually fewer than 50 and never exceeding 200 persons. The data in Table 1 show the changes in white and nonwhite segments of the population for the 12 counties having the largest estimated population increases. Madison County grew the fastest, with most of the growth among whites; Mobile's growth was marked by a large increase in the nonwhite population.
Rural Population Decreases

shorter the time period involved and the more similarity there is in economic and social conditions, the more likely is the assumption to be valid. In this instance the assumption was made that population change recorded during the 1950-60 decade continued at the same rate during the first half of the 1960's. The resulting estimates indicated that 39% of all Alabamians lived in rural areas in 1965, as compared with 45%
TABLE 2. TWELVE COUNTIES HAVING THE LARGEST ESTIMATED DECREASE IN RURAL PEOPLE BETWEEN 1960 AND 1965

1960
Counties population ProporTotal rural Pct. 49 66 87 64 75 76 85 47 51 68 53 80

Estimated
decrease

Estimates of population change for rural areas are not available from any published sources. However, such estimates can be made from existing data if it is assumed that the percentage change recorded during a known period occurred at the same rate as changes taking place in a new period. Again the

No. Tallapoosa___ 35,007 Henry------ 15,286 21,837 Marion Marengo - 27,098 Jackson .... 36,681 Cullman .......- 45,572 20,041 Sumter.... Covington __35,631 Pike -----25,987 Clarke 25,738 1.... Marshall ........ 48,018 Greene.......... 13.600

No. -4,732 -4,281 -4,167 -3,642 -3,470 -3,417 -3,250 -3,218 -3,109 -2,940 -2,091 -2,833

Pct. 14 28 19 13 9 7 16 9 12 11 7 20

TABLE.1. ESTIMATED CHANGE IN WHITE AND NONWHITE POPULATIONS 0 F 12 ALABAMA COUNTIES HAVING THE LARGEST ESTIMATED INCREASE IN POPU LATION

BETWEEN 1960 AND 1965

1960 population Counties Total No. Madison .... 117,848 Mobile 314,301 Jefferson -------634,864 169,210 Montgomery Calhoun .... 95,878 Tuscaloosa 109,047 31,066 D ale------ 49,088 Baldwin ----Proportion urban Pct. 64 86 85 84 55 70 Total

Estimated change 1960-196354 White Pct.
56 14 6 9 9 7 17 9 7 7 8 7

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No.
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65 15 8 13 9 7 19 9 8 6 9 9

No. 3,000 12.600 5,500 1,500 2,800 400 -100 100 400 1,000

Pct. 14 12 4 8 9 7 -1 1 5 4

the previous 5 years. Only five counties were estimated to have gained rural residents and in these the growth was explained by expanding city populations spilling over into the unincorporated fringe areas. As city limits are expanded, most of this gain in rural population will disappear. Table 2 lists the 12 counties having the largest estimated decrease in rural people. The per cent decrease varies considerably from county to county, with Henry County having the greatest loss. Generally, the counties showing the largest decrease in number of rural residents were also the ones either having no urban places or only small ones (less than 5,000 population).

1.

'7

Clovers and Floodingsome can take it, others cannot
CARL S. HOVELAND and E. E. MIKKELSEN

Deparment of Agronomy and Soils

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MILK QUOTA TRANSFERS
H. M. HARRIS and LOWELL WILSON Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology N ACTIVE MARKET for Grade A milk quotas (base) has developed in Alabama in recent years. More than one-third of the Grade A producers in the State have purchased base since 1961. Although prices paid for quotas varied, most quota purchasers appear to have made profitable investments in base. Reasons for the active market for quotas are: the Alabama Milk Control Board eased restrictions regarding quota transfers in 1961, and there have been major shifts in the market structure of the milk industry. A study of 1,656 Alabama dairymen who sold milk in 1959 revealed that by 1964, 667 had quit dairying, while only 212 new producers entered the market. However, average sales per producer rose 52% during this 5-year period. Almost all dairymen who quit producing milk sold their quotas either to dairymen who wanted to increase sales or get a higher price for milk, or to new producers. In a 4-year period beginning January 1, 1961, 516 milk quotas were sold in Alabama.

A

Quota Purchasers Make Adjustments Records of 1,201 dairymen for the 1959 and 1964 base-building periods reveal that producers who bought quotas sold considerably more milk on the average than producers who had not bought quota. Average daily sales during the 1964 base-building period were 1,791 lb. and 1,136 lb. for buyers and nonbuyers, respectively. Purchasers of quotas who produced milk in both periods had larger sales than nonpurchasers in 1959 as well as in 1964. Average percentage increase in milk sales between 1959 and 1964 was also much higher for purchasers. About one-half of the 212 new producers in the market since 1959 had purchased quotas during the study period. A high percentage of the producers who bought quotas followed good management practices, such as production testing, silage feeding, and artificial breeding.
Prices Vary Widely

producers paid from $160 to $7,200 for quotas, see table. The amount paid for quota was converted to price per 100 lb. of Class I eligibility. For plant usage quota, this figure is the total cost of the quota divided by the number of pounds of Class I that the purchased quota enabled the buyer to sell. For the alternative quota plan, it is based on number of pounds of Class I that the quota would enable a producer to sell within one year from date of purchase. These prices can be compared with the difference in Class I and Class III price, approximately $3.44, as an estimate of potential producer outcome on quota purchases. Prices varied widely from plant to plant. Price per 100 lb. of Class I eligibility ranged from 390 to $1.96 for plant usage quota. Rapid year-to-year adjustments are possible under this quota plan, which is based on producer deliveries. Price per 100 lb. of Class I eligibility acquired within one year from date of purchase ranged from 540 to $7.29 for quotas bought under the alternative quota plan. This plan is based mainly on sales and does not allow rapid base increases. Purchasers Made Good Investments Average minimum number of months required to regain investment in quota was 2.6 months for the plant usage transactions and 6.9 months for the alternative quota transactions. While only 15

of the 89 purchasers gave an estimate of the number of months they thought necessary to regain the purchase price, 10 of the 15 estimated within 2 months of the calculated minimum number of months required. Most dairymen interviewed had received assistance in calculating price to pay for quota. Personnel at the producers' plants were the most common source of assistance. The majority of the sample group said that they purchased quota either to raise blend price, to increase volume of sales or both. Although about three-fourths of the dairymen stated that they made a good buy on quota, only about one-third said that they would definitely attempt to purchase more quota in the future. It appeared that Alabama dairymen placed a high discount on the value of quotas. This high discount has led to the purchase of quotas at low prices in relation to potential value. Most producers who have purchased quota have been able to increase milk sales at relatively low cost, although some producers made uneconomical purchases. In most instances, Alabama dairymen have been able to increase quotas more cheaply by purchasing rather than by building. An analysis of responses to questions concerning quotas indicated that many milk producers were not familiar with quota regulations in the State. Because of the effect these regulations have on producers' incomes, it is important from an economic standpoint that all dairymen become familiar with pertinent regulations. Increased understanding of quota regulations will help dairymen make better decisions regarding year-toyear production and marketing adjustments, as well as decisions about quota purchase.

AMOUNTS PAID FOR QUOTA, PRICES PER HUNDREDWEIGHT OF CLASS I ELIGIBILITY AND MINIMUM MONTHS REQUIRED TO REGAIN INVESTMENT IN QUOTA, 50 QUOTA TRANSACTIONS AT 8 PLANTS, BY QUOTA PLAN, ALABAMA, 1961-1964

Quotaplan Transanld plan actions and plantstudied No.
Plant usage Plant A Plant B Plant C Plant D

Amount paid A per transaction Low Aver- High age Dol. Dol. Dol. 160 900 160 290 525 375 375
1,000 1,181 3,900

Price per 100 lb. of Class IF age Dol./ Cwt. .39 .73 .39 .97 .51 Dol./ Cwt. .95 .78 .95 1.23 1.00 Dol./ Cwt. 1.96 1.00 1.71 1.52 1.96

Minimum months to regain investment Low Mo. AverMo. 2.6 2.3 2.4 3.5 2.9 High Mo. 6.3 2.7 4.0 4.7 6.3

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12

5.0 5.0 1.26 5.0 1.26 750 750 1.26 750 3 Plant G 25.0 7.5 11.8 7.29 3.41 7 1,400 8,374 7,200 2.21 Plant H Price per 100 lb. of quota purchased under the alternative quota plan is price per hundredweight acquired within one year and is not directly comparable with price per hundredweight for plant usage quota.

THERE HAVE BEEN few reports concerning the incidence and importance of coccidiosis in turkeys. Most printed material has covered only the sources of the seven known species of turkey coccidia upon which original descriptions were made. 1 No one has reported on the incidence of any of the species. Davies et al.,2 write that it seems likely that distribution of the various species of Eimeria is limited only by availability of hosts and their survival can be expected wherever the environment is moist and reasonably warm for part of the year. Only two of the seven known species have been reported as highly pathogenic. They are Eimeria meleagrimitis and E. adenoeides. In studies at Auburn University Agricultural Experiment Station, a third species, E. gallopavonis, has been E. R. Protozoa in Diseases of Poultry, by H. E. Biester and L. H. Schwarte. Chapter 36. Iowa State U. Press, Ames, Iowa. 1959. 2 Davies, S. F. M. Cocciciosis. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburg. 264 pages. 1963.
1 Becker,
TABLE

shown to be highly pathogenic. This report summarizes briefly some of the data on turkey coccidia obtained at Auburn.
Coccidia Widely Distributed

Samples of turkey tissue or litter samples from turkey pens were received during a 2-year period from turkey farms in 21 of 41 states contacted. These were from flocks totaling more than 660,000 birds of different ages. Identifications to date of the different species are summarized in Table 1. Although identity of all species of coccidia in all samples have not yet been determined, it is evident that the three pathogenic species are widely distributed throughout the United States. All others have been identified one or more times. Two species were tounct in a specimen from England. iined
Pathogenicity Determ

Turkey Coccidia Widely Distributed in United States
S. A. EDGAR and D. S. BOND Dept. of Poultry Science

Results of some pathogen icity trials of E. gallopavonis are summari zed in Table

1.

DISTRIBUTION OF TURKEY COCCIDIA BY STATES

State Ala. ... Ark. Calif. D el ......... Ga. Ind. Iowa Miss. Nebr. N.C. N. Dak._ Ohio Oreg. Pa. S.C. Tex. Utah Wis. England-

Species identification E. aden- E. gallo- E. melea-E. melea- E. disE. inpersa oeides pavonis grimitis gridis nocua 4 5 4 4 3 3 1 1 3 3 1

ubE. s rotu nda 1

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2. Severe infection by this species caused mortality among 1- to 9-week-old turkeys, but there were no deaths among those infected at 11 or 13 weeks of age. However, growth suppression at 7 and 14 days after inoculation in the older age groups (about 2 lb. per bird) was as great or greater than that of survivors of other age groups. The three disease causing species already mentioned were about equally pathogenic to 1- to 26-week-old turkeys. Severe infections by all three caused mortality, retarded growth, and poor feed conversion of birds infected at 1 day to 9 weeks old. There was no evidence of morbidity in 2- to 9-week-old turkeys infected with as many as 10 million oocysts of E. meleagridis. Turkeys kept coccidia free until 6 months of age were still highly susceptible to the three pathogenic species.
Other Information Gained

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TOTAL---------TABLE 2.

43

EFFECT OF

GALLOPAVONIS INFECTION ON GROWING TURKEYS

Age inoculated orally Weeks 1 1 3 5 8 9 11 13
2 Weighted

Birds in treatment No. 5 10 25 7 9 8 6 12

Oocysts per bird, thousands No. 100 500 500 500 1,000 1,250 1,500 2,000

Suppression of growth among survivors 2 7 days 14 days Pct. 50 80 100 100 99 100 100 100 Pct. 20 75 0 25 45 80 80 80

Mortality' Pct. 40 90 28 43 11 12 0 0

Beltsville Small Whites or Broad Breasted Bronze, straight run, mixed sexes. by sex of birds. ' Most deaths occurred during 6th to 8th day after inoculation.

Additional details on the life cycles of some species have been learned. Under optimum conditions for the parasites, it was found that the life cycles of species studied were shorter than previously reported. Some species completed life cycles in as few as 5 days when fresh cultures of oocysts and young turkeys were used. There are more than 20 marketable coccidiostatic drugs that control infections by one or more of the nine species that cause coccidiosis in chickens. However, only three or four have proved effective against the disease in turkeys. There is evidence that turkey coccidiosis is often not recognized and goes uncontrolled. There is a need for new and better methods for controlling coccidiosis in turkeys and for greater awareness of the economic importance of the disease.
13

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Match Nitrogen and Spacing for Most Profitable Corn Yields
C. E. SCARSBROOK and J. T. COPE, JR., Department of Agronomy and Soils

PLANT SPACING and rate of nitrogen fertilization are two of the most important management factors in corn production. Since each of these factors affects the other, good management calls for matching rate of nitrogen to drill spacing used. The relationships between corn spacing and nitrogen requirements are investigated regularly by Auburn University Agricultural Experiment Station. Continuous testing is needed since the most profitable combination may shift with changes in varieties, management practices, and economic factors. Prolific type corn varieties recommended by the Station were planted at five locations during 1961-64, the period reported here. Drill spacings were 9, 12, 18, and 24 in. in 42-in. rows, which correspond to populations of 16,000, 12,000, 8,000, and 6,000 plants per acre. (Corn was hand thinned to the desired spacing for the test.) Rates of nitrogen were 60, 90, 120, and 150 lb. per acre at all spacings. Split applications were made. Corn receiving no nitrogen was spaced 24 in. in the drill. Adequate phosphorus and potassium were applied. At the widest drill spacing, 24 in., there was little response to rates of nitrogen above 60 lb. per acre (see table). Response to nitrogen increased as the spacing was reduced. At the 9-in. drill spacing, raising N from 60 to 120 lb. increased yield an average of 13 bu. In similar fashion, at each rate of nitrogen, yield was upped with every increase in number of plants per acre. With 120 lb. of nitrogen, yield was increased from 66 to 83 bu. by reducing spacing from 24 to 9 in. This clearly shows that nitrogen rate should be selected in relation to drill spacing. At most test locations, corn yields were higher at 9-in, than at wider spacings. Yields were similar for 9- and 12-in. spacings at the Sand Mountain and Gulf Coast substations. There were no instances when 9-in. spacings produced less than wider spacings. With the higher rates of nitrogen, spacings wider than 12 in. sharply decreased yields. Effect of drill spacing was similar in both favorable and unfavorable years. Response to both spacing and nitrogen

is reduced when yields are limited by drought, but the relationship remains the same. While response to nitrogen varied considerably among locations, yield was increased an average of 7 bu. per acre by raising nitrogen from 60 to 90 lb. at either 9- or 12-in. spacing. The 120-lb. rate produced about 5 bu. more than the 90-lb. rate. Yield increases from above 120-lb. nitrogen rates were small, except at the Sand Mountain Substation. However, the highest nitrogen rate did not cut yields, even in most unfavorable years. Although high yields can be made most years with 90-120 lb. of nitrogen

and 9- to 12-in. spacing, there are disadvantages. Close spacing reduces ear size, which may affect picker efficiency. Lodging may increase with closer spacing and higher rates of nitrogen. The higher rates of nitrogen increase financial risk since responses may be small in dry seasons. Results of the tests reported emphasize that high nitrogen rates must be combined with close spacing for profitable returns from the nitrogen. Best yields are made with 9- to 12-in. drill spacing. For most locations, 90 to 120 lb. of nitrogen are recommended, although there may be response to larger amounts in the Sand Mountain area.

CORN YIELDS FROM RATES OF NITROGEN AND SPACING EXPERIMENTS

Per acre yield Spacing in 42-in. rows

Br MonroeBrewton 4 ville years 4 years Bushels Bushels 44
64 66 73 74 66 72 77 85 68 75 81 86 65 76 78 86

4 years

3 years

3 years

Bushels 28
49 52 54 54 49 56 58 62 51 56 59 66 49 59 64 62

Bushels 54
69 783 76 78 71 74 79 79 69 78 83 84 72 77 83 86

Bushels 36
63 74 70 69 76 80 88 86 76 82 100 97 77 88 102 106

Bushels 42
62 67 69 70 64 71 75 78 66 72 80 83 65 74

No nitrogen 24 inches60 lb. nitrogen 24 inches 18 inches 12 inches9 inches 90 lb. nitrogen 24 inches 18 inches 12 inches 9 inches 120 lb. nitrogen 24 inches 18 inches12 inches 9 inches 150 lb. nitrogen 24 inches 18 inches ...... 12 inches 9 inches

49
65 74 73 75 63 77 77 82 67 74 83 86 65 73 84 92

81

85

FREE Bulletin or Report of Progress
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AUBURN UNIVERSITY E. V. Smith, Director Auburn, Alabama Permit No. 1132-111/65-10M

PENALTY FOR PRIVATE USE TO AVOID PAYMENT OF POSTAGE, $300