BULLETIN NO. 7.

NEW SERIES.

REPORT
-OF .

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION,
Agricultural and Mechanical College,
AUBURN, ALA., OCT. 1889.

Contents:
HOIRTICULTURE-EXPERIENTS WITIH VEGETABLES.

DAIRY-METHODS OF SETTING MILK.

The Bulletins of this Station will be sent free to any farmerwlbin the State who desires them.

BULLETIN NO. 7,

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT

STATION
OCTOBER, 1889.

Agricultural and Mechanical College,
AUB3URN, ALA.,
-

0

IOARD OF
HON. J. G. GILCIIEIST ...........

VISITORS.
LIGON. HON. J. B. MITCHELL.

COMMTTEE OF TRUSTEES ON EXPERIMENT STATION:

HON. R. F.

BOARD OF DIRnECTION.
W. L. BROUN ............................................... President Director and Agriculturist Vice-Director and Chemist BOTANIST .......... .........
*Biologist

J. S. NEWMAN ..................................... N. T. LIIPTON ..................................... IP. -H. MELL .......................................................

G~Eo. F. ATKINSON.............................
ASSISTANTS:

ISAAC ROSS...........1stAssistant Agriculturist, charge of Live Stock & Dairy JAS. CLAYTON ................................. J. T. ANDERSON, PR. D................................ L. W. WILKINsoN, M. Sc ............................ P. L. HUTcHINsoN, B. Sc.............................. A. M. LLOYD, B. Sc ........................................ Second Assistant Agriculturist First Assistant Chemist Second Assistant Ch~snist Third Assistant Chemist Assistant Botanist

-Prof. Mell has also charge of Meteorological Observations. *The special work of the Biologist is the investigation ofjthe diseases of plants caused by parasitic fungi and insects.

DAIRY DEPARTMENT,
0 AUBURN, ALA., Sept. 12th, 1889. PFRoF:'J. S. NEWMAN, DIRECTOR:

The following is the report upon the experiments recently conduct ed in the dairy in accordance with the instructions received from you. The experiments were continued for a period of six weeks,
using the Jersey cows, Hattie Signal 2nd, Lady

Hazen. Hattie Signal dropped last calf January 27, 1889. Lady 'Toonier Nov. 11, 1888. Kate Hazen " " Dec. 30, 1888. All due to calve in Oct. and Nov. The cows underwent no preparatory treatment before they w ere experimented with ; and, during the time of the experiment, were kept in a small lot where there were a few shade trees.. Most Respectfully, ISAAC Ross, 1st Assistant.

Toomer,

and Kate

COMMENTS.
The cows were kept in a small lot and fed three times per day what they would comsume without waste. They were watered twice daily. They were not in as good condition at the clase of the test as at the beginning. During the first week of the test the cows were fed green fodder corn, the balance of the time sorghum, both run through the cutter. The result of the first week shows that less butter was made from the use of ice at an additional cost of 20c per day than during the week following from the use of well water without ice. This is accounted for to'some extent by the separation of the three cows from the balance of the herd. They were much more fretful and nervous the first week than afterwards. The results the second week would indicate that by the use of cool well or spring water a larger yield may be secured and at less cost than by the use of ice. The results during the third week compared with those of the first and second indicate the propriety of setting in cold water when practicable. The fourth week shows a small improvement over the third, but , there is a loss of butter in placing the whole milk in cans or jars in the dairy for the cream to rise and sour, especially at a high temperature. The fifth week gives less butter from churning the whole milk sour than was expected. The result of the sixth week shows a poor yield from churning cream sweet; and, as compared to the preceedinig weeks when the cream or whole milk was churned sour, is against churning the cream sweet. The churning was done in the forenoon. In all cases the butter was salted one ounce to the pound, and worked twice before weighing. It will be noticed that the highest temperature occurred during the sixth and last week of the experiment.

EXPERIMENT WITH METHODS OF SETTING AND
Food Consumed i2 Manner of SetWeek. Name.
0 1C) ca ting O'Milk.

CHURNING
Butozs. v
O

MILK---CONTINUJED.

~ Amount of 0 ter.
2

QuliyofBttr
-O
H

uliyofBttr

nn lbs.

304-

33

n

x

jw

5th.

Hattie S ...

43

5 4 6 6 5 7

3 3 3 3 2
31/2

110 66 107 11012 63 109

Lady T.......... 38 Kate H.......... 6th. Hattie S ... 50 43

36 hours without water, and cream chnrned Sour. 12 hours in deep cans,with out ice or waCream churned sweet

72° to 85° 79° 0 87° 9 13 30 mill. 680 Off in color, insipec1; quick20 cts ly turning rancid. 10 9 20 mill. 65°

25cts

Off in color, very much like No. 3.

Lady T.......... 36 Kate H .......... 50

ter.

EXPERIMENT WITH METHODS OF SETTING AND
Food Consumed uca
,

CHURNING MILK.
.

I

,

Week.

Name. O

C 45
3 2
.3 21/2

.pi

Mannerof Setin il o
ting Milk. o

5 Amount of But-Qu
tr

ter.Q

o

o

t

bW

lbs.

ozs.

1st.

Hattie S........ Lady T.......... Kate HI.........

45 38
50 43

6 4
7 6

127/2 671/2
12012850 1151/2

24 hours in water, using ice. Costof ice, $1.40 per week.

710 to 13 121/2 25 mm.66° 30cts

Color good, Off flavor, supposed to be from cows eating bitter-weed.

firm.

2nd.

Hattie

S ........

Lady T.........35

4

2

67%

well water, changed twice daily. 24 hours in deep cans,with out ice or water. Churned cream only. 36 hours whole
milk set

24 hours in

660

to

14

11/

21 mn.

67

Little off in color, fair tex30 cts ture and but not
equal to the average

firmness,

produce.

3rd

Hattie S ..... Lady T

43 35 46 45 38 52

6 5 7 6 5 7

2%/ 2 3 3 2 3
.

112 71 115 112%/ 65 107%

730

.........

to 84° 71° to 85°

11,
11

11/

18 mmn

68°

Kate Ht.......... 4th Hattie S ......... Lady T.......... Kate H..........

Off in color, containing 25 cts curd-specks from too acid cream.

deep cans on shelves. Churn ed sour.

in

14%

35 min.

71°

25 cts any granular texture.

Off

incolor,

soft, without

AN EXPERIMENT IN SETTING MILK. By J. W. HART, DAIRYMAN. To determine the difference in the yield of butter in using the De Laval horizontal hand separator and Cooley cans, an experiment has recently been made. Commencing Sept. 7th, the test was continued for six days; on three days the 7th, 9th, and 11th the separator was used, while the Cooley cans were used on the 8th, 10th, and 12th. The milk was the total yield of eleven registered Jersey cows. Pasturage being scanty, they were fed upon a small ration of coarse fodder with about thirty-two pounds of a mixture of corn, oats, and bran in equal quantities, and fifteen pounds of cotton seed meal morning and night. Milking commenced at 5:15, a. m., and 4:15, p. and was finished in about 45 minutes.

inm.,

To facilitate churning, a quantity of milk was added to the cream obtained from the separator, which makes the amount of cream recorded in the table greater than the amount separated by the machine. Twelve hours before churning, the cream was mixed, thoroughly stirred, and allowed to ripen. In churning, the treatment of the cream in both cases was as'nearly alike as the difference in the two methods of separation would admit of. The granular butter was washed twice in cold water, and the same number of times in strong brine, then salted at rate of 1 oz. to the pound and immediately pressed into pound prints. On Sept. 8th the temperature was not reduced low enough to obtain all the cream. On Sept. 9th, the small amount of butter, 9 lbs. 2 oz , can be accounted for by the fact that the cream had not been ripened, being almost sweet. From the results recorded in the table, it appears that there was little difference between the two systems in the amount of butter obThe butter, during the experiment, was uniform in quality, selling readily at 35cts per pound. In setting milk in the Cooley cans a little more labor was necessary. In the item of cost the advantage was on the side of the De Laval separetor. For each pound of butter made from the Cooley cream of Sept. 10th and 12th, 10cts was extained. pended for ice, which tends to show that the use of ice in cream separation is altogether too expensive in this climate. Taking everything into consideration, the experiment demonstrates that under our conditions the centrifugal is more economical than the deepsetting system of creaming milk.

THE DE LAVAL HORIZONTAL HAND SEPARATOR.
Date. 0 0 0-

0

V 0

0r

Se. 7.Mrig..

.

0/

4

0

iueH8/

Set .Mrig...

76

96

19.Miutes2

Sept. 7. Morning .. . Night ..... ......

874940 72 98°

20 Minutes 18
"

.184
12
371/2

66°

1Minutes

10% 15.02

Total..........15214

38 Minutes

THE COOLEY

CREAMER.

Report of
EXPERIMENTS WITH VARIETIES OF VEGETABLES.
BY JAs. CLAYTON.

A number of experiments has been made with different vegetables in the Horticultural department, to ascertain, ifpossible, the varieties best adapted to our soil and climate, and also to compare varieties with each other as to their productiveness, earliness, character of growth, and merit. A protracted drought retarded the plants in these experiments in May and the early part of June. Amongst the varieties of tomatoes especial attention is called to the Acme ,Golden Queen,Paragon,and several others of Livingston's varieties, as being all that any one could desire. The utmost care has been taken with the preparation of the soil, planting, cultivation and testing of these varieties. The seeds were planted in the green-house March 2nd, and transplanted April 11th. The yeild was enormus, and when in full bearing, the vines presented a picture of luxuriant growth not often seen. The greatest accuracy was observed in the classification of the varieties when testing their merits: the waste was ascertained by weighing a number of specimens of each variety: then cutting from the stem end just so much as would be discarded in an economical preparation for the table, the specimens were then re-weighed, and the difference divided by the number employed, The size of the tomato was obtained by cutting it in half and measuring the length from stem to blossom end, and then measuring the diameter at right angles to this. In the Irish potato experiment, each variety was subjected to identical conditions in every respect. Twenty varieties were planted-five rows of each kind, and thinnedto an equal numberof hills to each plat. The Burbank, Mammoth Prolific, and Rose's New Giant are specially mentioned, as being prolific, smooth, and of good size, while the keeping qualities of the Burbank are unsurpassed. Fifty-three varieties of Bush Beans and forty of English peas were plantedwith satisfactory results. Many were found meritorious, being both vigorous and prolifi c. In the following tables the terms "good, verygood, and best,"

are used to express the degrees of excellence.

It will be

observ-

ed. that some varieties which grade "best" in quality, on account of low grade in other respects cannot be recommended for general cultivation. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. The thanks of the Experiment Station are due the following firms, for seeds presented, for experimental test: J. M. Thorburn, New York city; Livingston's Sons, Columbus,

Y.;

0.;

Z. De Forest Ely, Philadelphia; Peter Henderson & Co., N.
A.D. Perry & Co.,

Voorhies,

Ill.;

Syracuse.

N.

Y.;

J. C. Suffern &

Co.,

Northrup, Braslin & Gordwin Co. ,

Minneapolis,

iMinn.; U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.

EXPERIMENTS WITH VARIETIES OF

TOMATOES-TRANSPLANTED
Color. .y
a

APBIL

11, 1889.

NAMES OF VARIETIS.

Seedmen.
.

.d"

Corrugation.

Core. a l

Cavity Around Seed.

r

Flavor.

Remarks.

Acme

.

.. ............

Thorburn. Thorburn ....

June 19 4 5-6 Roundish.

None.

Pinkish Red.114

3

Slight.......None. Slight......None....
Very

14

Best....

Alpha.............. Cardinal ............. Cincinnati Purple .. Conquerer ........... Eearly Advance .....
Early

June 19 61/2 Flat..........Distinct.
June 24 8

Light Red.

114 3 31/

1/4 Very Good.
23 5-12

BronzeFoliage Trophy Thorbuin .....

VeryIrregular. Very Decided.Red.........11/2 Light Red.

Slight...

None

Very Good.

Thorburn ...... June 19. 5 5-6 Roundish...None. Ferry.... ...
Thorburn.

134 17/

None.....

.None....

Best.....
Good .. . Medium choice.

June 24-

613

Roundish. Flat. Roundish. Pear Sae.

Slight.
Slight.

Pinkish Red... 1823/4 Slight......None....
Red.........18

13 Very Good.
13

..... June19'

5

Dwarf Champion..... Thorburn.....June 24 4 5-6 Roundish. Thorburn. ...

None.

Pinkish Red... Light Red.

King Humbert.Tour

June 19 3 Jne12

None.
oeRd....2 None ..... Slight ...

13/4 23/4
2
21/

23 8 None....None..

Slight .........

None

1-6 Best... 1-12 Very Good. 0
14

l/

None....... .. None None Decided .... None .... None .. .
..

Ely's King of theue 19 4 1-6 Flat..... .... Ely...........un Earlies Roundish .. 1. 6 /

Decided..... Pale Red ..... 11/4 23/4 Slight ... Pinkish Red.. Light Red ....
Yellow

Good .. . Good ...

Essex Hybrid.....Thorburn..July

2 2

3 3

Slight ....

14 Very Good.
14

Fulton Market.....U. S. Dpt. Agr June 24 5%/ Roundish ...

None.
None

None ....
None

Very Good. Best...Tinged with red.

Golded Queen......Thorburn...July hrThorburn .June Green Gage ..........
Hundred

1.

62/3

'Roundish

Flat Slight.......Bright ....

1%3/3
1% 2 312

......

14

Day.

24! 2%/4

Roundish...None

Golden Yellow

None.......None .
....

:1-12 Very Good. Small, but perfect. 1-6 Good ... God lFine and Large, 1/2Vey Irregular. 13 VeyGo.

Thor.ur.Jue

1 3

Flat......Very Decided. Light Red.

14 21/4 Slight....."None None ........ None ...... one

Impr'v'dLarge Yellow Thoaburn .July

1 . 12 1-6 V'ry l'rge&flat Very Decided. Yellow....1%4

I

Improved Queen ..

Thorbulrn ..

I

I

July 1.

I

V'ry 81/3 l'rge&flat Very Decided.

Deep Red.

.. ,23/4'/4 L

~bu

None ....

13

-Best..

I

I

EXPERIMENTS

WITH VARIETIES OF TOMATOES-CON TN UED.
a
n Core.

NAMEs

OF VAR IETIS.

Seedmen.
N

.3

Form.

Corrugation.

Color.

Around Seed.

Cavity

Flavor.

Remarks.

11/4

Large Yellow.. ....... Thorburn.. July 1

323

Flat ......... Roundish.
Roundish.

Very Decided. Golden Yellow one. Pinki sh Red
Pinkish

31/2 None .... 2 2 3
23 4

None....

1-12 Good .
3Best.

Livingston's Be auty.. Livingston . .. June 24 7 Livingston's Ea d.Acme Livingston ... June 24 5 Livingston's Fa vori.tejLivingston ... July 1 Livingston's Fa vorite Thorhurn
423

None.........None.... None. . None....
.Norne..

Noue.
None.
Flat None..

Red...

Medium Size and a Perfect one.

1-6 Best.
14

Flat.........None........Pinkish Red.. Roundish Flat None..
Deep Red.

3

None.
None. Noe.
None.

Very Good.

......
..

June 24 6

3 2 2
2

.None....

Livingston's Be auty.. Thorburn .... Liv'ston's G'ld' n Q'e'n Livingston . Liv'ston's Perf action. Livingston . Liv'ston's PerfeIction. Thorburn .. Lorillard ... Mikado .... ... .... Dreer......July Thorburn . .
....

July 1 . 4 1-6 Roundish. July 1 . 4
July

5-6 !Roundish
Roundis

Pinkish Red..
Light Yellow.

2
3

.None...
Non
....

1-6 Very Good. 1-6 Very Good.
Very Good. 1/

.None....1-6

. 4%

.None.

Light Red

...

27/ Very Siiht.
234

Very Good. Irregular.

July 1 5 2-6 Roundish ..
6 5%~

None......Deep Red.
...

Roundish
Roundish.

2
2

Non3....None .... 1-12 Very Good.
None......None.... None......Note....
None....

Flat None.....Red

3
324 31/

1-6 Good.. 1/3 Very Good.
1-6 Good..

July 1 61/4 Roundish Flat. None......Pinkish Red June 24
413 7%

New Dwarf Chaimpion Henderson New Jersey... N ew Paragon. . Optimus ... Optimus ... Paragon ... Thorburn. ....

Medium ..

Deep Red... 134 25/s Slight ...
.Deep

.June .Thorburn.

24
19

Roundish Flat None .... ,Roundish Flat VerySlight

Red.
I 17/8
1%/

None .... None .....

None....1/a Best ... None
...
1/4

.July

1 53
4

.... 'Deep Red.
Red..... Pinkish Red.

3

Best..

Ferry........ .. .... Thorburn.

June 24 5 .June %/

Roundish. Roundish.

None. .None...!Red..... . oe

2% None.......None ....
None. ...
...

Small, but Proliiio andfAne

14 Best...

17224 8
18

None.... None
...

1-61Best.. 1-6 Best..

vor.

fla-

I

I

Livingston. . ...

i

June 19 42,/

i

_

onis

2%4 None.

___ I I I I I

EXPERIMENTS WITH

VARIETIES OF TOMATOES-CONTIUE.
Color Color. Cavity Around

C7F

NAMES OF VARIETIS.

Seedinen. AREI

a

Fr.

Cruain

.

.r

a
M MSeed.

Core.

Flavor.

Rem narks.

Peach............. Peach............ Potato Leaf. Puritan............ Red Apple ......... Red Mikado ... Ring Leader... Scovill's Hybrid . Selected Trophy.. .

Dreer.......

June 24 2

Ron........Slight.

P'k
.

loom~i.

red with
18s

Thorburn.

..
...

June 24 2 June 24. 63g

Round.

Slight.

P 1)1001red
Pinkih Red
.

s18/sNone .... 1%

8/sDecided...Decided.

o
Decided. O

Good..

Good.. Best..
Prolific &

Livingston . Thorburn.
Ferry ...

Roundish FlatNone. Roundish Flat,None.

2

3
234

None.

...

None..
Non,.e....

13

'June 19
July
6

June 19 423

Light Red..134
Light

None....None....

1-6 Best.....Small,
14

5 5-6 Roundish Flat

None .....

Red..17/ 3

None

....

+Best..J

'ine. vieery Firm.

Dreer......June 19 913
Dreer......

Flat ........... IDeckled. Roundish Flatf None...... ligh~t... .INone .....
.None ..

Light Red.

914Jrreg'lar&Flat

Very Decided. Light

Red..2

1/4 33s None.
37

one. None.... None... .

Very ~13 Good. Center 1 Good ... 1-6 Very Good. 512 Very Good.
14

None.........None.... None........ None .........

Coarse & too Firm

A. D. Terry..I June 19 5 Thorburn...June 19. Thorburn .. . Northrup June June 19 413

Deep Red.1 Red........ .. Pinkiih used?.
Deep

18 2
17/8334

Flat 72/3 ....... Roundish. Roundish. No sample* 6

The Hovy......... . Thorburn ..
Volunteer...........

17/s27/s None......... None ....
3

Very Good.

Hayne's 64........

& Co

19

.....

Red..114

None........None

....

1-6 Best...

e~

*The seeds of Hayne's No. 64 were received too late to be planted with the smooth,

first lot; hence no sample was ripe when the classification

I
was made. It is medium inxie

roundish, light red,

very good in quality, plants vigorous and prolific.

VARIETIES OF ENGLISH PEAS-PLANTED MARCH 30, 1889.
Names of Varieties. Seedmen. Growth of Vines. Productiveness. Time Time from Edible. Plant'g to Edible in days. May 28
May 17 May 17

Abundance.......... Ahaska.....
Alpha..........

Thorburn. ... Thorburn. ... Thorburn. ...

Dwarf..

Prolific.

18
48 48 48

........
_...

Dwarf.. Not Dwarf.
.Not

Prolific.. Prolific..

American Wonder... Thorburnu... Dwarf. . Poor........May 17

Bl' ckeyed"Marrowfat. Thorb u.i

....

Tall ...

Poor........June 11

72

Blue Beaut y.........Hienderson .... Dwarf . .Poor........June 17 British Queen......... Thorburn. ... Tall.... Poor........June 18

78
79

Carter's Anticipation Northrup & Co Medium .Medium...June 11
Cartcr's Stratege .. Thorbun. i Thorburn.. .. ).iarf . Prolific. May 30

72
60

Carter's Telephone...

Tall. .. .. Medium. edium . Medium.

June 4 June 11

65 72 60 48 86 45
61

Champion of England Thlorburn ..

Culverwels Telegraph Thorburn..Medium. Medium. D'l ORoukelmproved Thorburn ..... Dwarf . Dwarf Sugar........... Thorburn .... Eureka Extra Early.. r1)eer.......... Dwarf Dwarf .edium.

May

30

Poor........May 17 June25 otf Prolific... May 15
Prolific.. June 1

Ever Bearing..........Thorburn .
First and lest...... (Thorburn....
.. Tm

Medium.Very
Dwarf. Medium.

Not

Horstords Maet Kentish Invicra . Lightning

rlbirn .

Very

Th >lific... May 17 1roitie.. June 1 riicMay 25
17

48 61 56
48 57

Tloburn...
ilreer..........

Medium . Not

Pea ........

Dwarf.. Poor........Hay

M'Leans Advancer... Thorburnii....Medium . Very Prolic.Xliy 26

M'Cleans Bllue Peter. Thorburn. ... Dwarf . Poor........... M'Cleans Little Minimum
Gem

17
ay1i

48

Thorburn

...

Dwarf . Dwarf.
.

Pooi.........l

50
65 48
48 48

Melting :Sugar .......

Thorburn ..... Tall .....
.

Very Prolific.. Jue 4 Poor........May 17
Poor.......... Poor ......... May 17 May 17

Laxton. Thorburn ...

Philadelphia ....Thorburn..Dwarf.
Premium Gem...Thorburn

.Dwarf..
Thorburn...Medium Thiorburn .Medium
n...Dwarf

Pride of the Market..
Prince of

-Wales..

. Medium .:May
.(Medium

30
1

60
62 48

Rural N ew

Yorker.. -Tilorhbur

...

June

. . Not Prolific... May 17
.

Rural New Yorker.... UT. Dept. Ag Dwarf . S. Small French......Thorburn Summit Pea ...... Tall Butter Sug .... Iar Fall Sugar. ........
..

Not Prolific... May 17

'48
56
78

Dwarf . . Not Prolific... May 25,
.

NorthrupB&Co Dwarf . Thorburn ... Thiorburn ...

Poor......... June 17 .... June 11 Prolific.....June 11 May 28

Tall .Prolific Tall ...

72 72 58
50

Telephone Pea.....Dreer......Mediumn. Medium .. Thorb'ns Extr Ea Mar Thorburn ... Tomn Thumb......Thorbnrn .. White Marrowfat..Thorburn .. Yorkshire Hero...Thorburn . Dwarf. Dwarf. Tall ...
. .

Not Prolific... May 20

Prolific.....May 15 Medium..June

45
65

4
4

Medium .Medium...June

65

DEPARTMENT OF METEOROLOGY.
BY P. H.
-o--

MELL.

The tables of soil temperatures printed in this bulletin furnish some interesting facts. There are three sets of thermometers. Two on a hill; No 1 and No 2 in cultivated ground and one in bottom land on the banks of a brook, also in cultivated ground. The average temperatures of the three sets, at one inch below the surface, is practically the same, during the month of January. Although the set in the bottom is slightly warmer. The average reading of the one inch thermometer was from 00.2 to 00.6 above the average reading of the air thermometer which was 460.9. The lowest temperature of the air for January was 230 while the minimum recorded by these soil thermometers was 310.5, and that was given by the one inch thermometer on the hill, while the corresponding thermometer in the bottom was 10.5 warmer. We conclude from this comparison that the soil is not rapidly effected by the sudden changes of the atmosphere. As depth below the surface is reached the increase of temperature is about 10.5. Near the surface the range between the monthly mean and maximum is respectively 17.04, 160.6 and 150, while at 96 in. below, the range is 20. This is also practically true for all depths below the 36 inch thermometer. We may also infer that practically little effect is produced in the soil below 36 inches by diurnal changes of the atmosphere. It is not exactly correct to draw conclusions concerning frost lines from one months observations but it is interesting to note that for January the frost did not go below 9 inches. In February theminimum temperature of air was 160.5 while the lowest reading of the soil thermometer was I3.05 above this, even at one inch below the surface. The 96 inch thermometer varies but little during the months of January, February and March. On the 1st of January it read 590.5 and gradually registered cooler temperatures until the close of the month whenit recorded 560.5. From the 17th Feb. until the 21st of March it read the same, 540.5, after this date it gradually increased until July 31st when it reached 730. The increase is so slight from month to month it shows that the change is brought about only by the transition from winter to spring and spring to summer.

DATA FROM SOIL THERMOMETERS FOR SIX MONTHS

ING JULY
4z 'W cd Ocac

1, 1889.
_________

END-

Set 1 on hill-________________________

Set 2011 hill surrounded by grass.

Set 3 in bottom.

S
A.+5

~ - 4
5cI5

00

000
yI

0

00
I2 Oc

00

c

o

cd

c

Jan.

1 47 164 5
3 47 61

17 31 5

2933

47464

1732
51'352

29 32

47 562 5
4 05

19 33
17

29295
29 25

6 46 659 5
co9 46 457 5
ca

1733 5 1736

2927547

363

35 5

29 23 5473161 29 19 546 858 5 29 15 5 467-455

1735 5 17 37 5 1740 5 1846 5 1949

29 25 548 258 5 29 21 29 15 30 6 47 957 48 256 50 854 53

17 39 17 41 17 42 5 18 48 5 1950 5

29 19 5 29 16 29 12 5 31 5 5 31 2 5

1738 5
1740 1846 1949

12 46 655

~2449 5535
a a H

30 7 549 252 5 31 3 550 852 5

3650 952 5

313 552
31 2 31 3
2

4852 353 5 2-451 60 53 1 54 5 5 52

31 2 552 553 5 2-451 5 31 2 553 655
54 756

53 454 5 3-452 5 54 655 5 1- 754

31
1-2-8

2

4-552
54

15

0 9,72
..84
ci

55 957 5 57 539 5
17 30 7 39.547

55 56 5

25 3

S96
Feb. 1 47 169 5

S346 968 5 S646 366 t2o'
"n12

17 17 35
13

5

732
7 36 7,31 826 546 7 24 8113
8-10

69 5 1730
17 32 17 34 5 17 36 17 38 5 1843 5

739 546 268 5
7 37 7133 728 7 23 46 167 46 765 46 362 46 760 5

17 33

735 5 7.32

468i69 46 767 5

17 35 17 38 17 39 18 41 1846

945 9635 45

6

727
8.23 719 5 811 5
9-11

902. ~244827 ~3648953 5
0O4

17 38 1844
1947

45 861 5 47 757

813 549 457 5
8-10 6 550 254

65:48 953 5

1947
48 51 51 5 53 54 5 36 37 39 41 44 5 49 50 50 5 51 5
52 5

1948 5
50 5 515

55
35
.2

50 252 5

49 50

3 550 353 2 51 653 52 454 53 455 55 56 5

5
1

51 654 52 654

~60 50952
. 72 84 l~ Mar. 996 1 57 575 5 3 57 274 n6 56 S9 55 69 64

2 2 5 2 2

5

36 5 39 41 5 44 5 46 50 50 50 5 51

39 35

56 774 5 56 473 5

38 555 270 5 36 554 769 29 24 54 666 5 53 865

39 41 5 44 45 47 5 51 50 5 51 5 52 5

31 5 27 5 22 5 20 13 7 65 55 4

275.55 868 19 554 765 16 53 562

12 ~1 54 462 ci.. ~2454 459 5 Q 36 53 257

17 553 860 5 9 554 458 7 6 53 957 54 357

9 553 458 5 7 6 5 53 157 53 256 5 53 356
53

~48 53 1565
E 60 53 656

4 5154 256 5
3

~72
3c1iq

355 5
56

84

54

53
54 5

3
1 5

54 856

VTARIE TIES OF BEANS-PLANTED APRIL 2, 1889.
~T----- ~ II --- -~
3

3

Names of Varieties.

Seedmen.

Growth of Vines.

Productiveness.

Time Edible

i

Remarks.

i

fZ

U132
Best of All.........IThorburn. Blackcyed Wax. Blackeyed Wax. Broad Windsor. Thorurn. Henderson. Thorburn. .. Medium. Prolific. Medium Prolific. Vigorous Bost........ May 30 May 27 May 28 June 15 May 27 55
52

53 70
52 81 55 52 52 52 52

Erect....
Vigorous

Worthless.

Canadian Wonder.... IThorburn. Crystal Wax .......... Thorbul. Cylinder Black Wax.. Henderson.... Date Wax............. Dreer. Detroit Wax ......... Terry.

Medium. Medium..
Best........

Medium. Not Prolific... June 26
May 30 May 27 May 27 Vigorous Best...... Vigorous Bert........

Dun colored Bush...... Thorburt.

Medium. Not Prolific .. May 27 .

Dwarf Black Wax....

Thorburn.

Medium. Not Prolific .. . May 27

Dw'f Ivory Pod Wax Thorburn. Dwarf Mexican Tree. Thorburn. Dwarf White Wax... Thorburn Early Cnina.........Thorburn. Early Mazagan.....Thorburn ... Early Mohawk .... Early Round 6 weeks Thorbura ... Early Valentine ...

Vigorous Not Prolific .. . June 4 59 Vigorous Not Prolific .. . June 11
Medium
Not

Vixe M d with iuning

66

Prolific.. .

June 4 57
52

Medium. Not Prolific .. . May 27 Eract.... Worthless .. June 11

66 82
85 95 55 55 52

Thorburn .Medium.

Not [Prolific .. . June 27
...

Medium . Not Prolific

June 30

Thorburn...Medium . Not Prolific... June 4 ,Medium. Not Prolific... May 30 Not Prolific.. May 30

Extra Early Maine .... IThorburn ..

Fuhuers Early Dwarf Thorhurn .Medium. Fiageolet Wax ... Galega ........
i

Henderson... Thorburn.

Vigorous Best.........May 27 .Vigorous
Not

.. ...

Prolific.

June 18

73 53 73
52

Golden Butter Wax... Thorburn..Medium. Not Prolific... May 27 Golden Refegee...Thorburn..Vigorous Not Prolific
i

4 June 18
...

Golden Wax Bush .... Thorburn..Vigorous Not Prolific
i

May 27 une 18 June 11

Ima Green Flagoelet Thorourn ..

Medium. N ot Prolinic..

73 63 66 66 77
52 52

Imp'd Red Valentine. Dreer....

.....

Medium. Beft..........May 28 Medium. Not Prolific
Vigorous Not
...

King of Greens Flag't Thorburn.....
Large White Kidney. Thorburn ...

Lemon

Pod Wax ......

Prolific ... June 11

Thorburn ..... Medium. Not Prolific... June 22 Vigorous Not Prolific ... May27 Prolific
...

Long en yellow 6

wk's Thorburn.

Lows new Champion Thorburn .VigorousNot

May

27

Marble head Hortlst Thorburn ..... Medium. Not Prolific... May 28 Ne Plus Ultra........ Thorburn..... Vigorous Not Prolific... May 30 Medium. Not Prolific.. May 27 Not Prolific...- June 18

35
55 52

{Mixed with Running

New Date Wax.....Thorburn .
I

New White Valentine Thorburn .Vigorous

73

VARIETIES OF BEANS-CNTNUED.
ITime Edible n Remarks.

Names of Varieties.

Seedsman.

Growth of Vines.

Productiveness.

Perfectin Wax. Pride of Newtow .... Red

Dreer..ed. Thorburn. ....

eium

. Not Prolific.:

May

27 52
53
73 18

Vigorous Not Prolific... May 28 Vigoros ot Prolific Prolific...

KidneyN........Thorburn.

June

Red Flageolet Wax... Thorburn.....

Medium.

May 27

52
73 55

Refugee or 1009 to '1... Thorburp..... Vigorous Prolific. Sword Long Pod ...

June18
May 30

Thorbs Ex Ear Refugee Bush........ , , ..... Vigoros Pro Wardwell's D'fKidneyDreer ......... Vigorous Best.........May 30 Wardwell's New Dw'f Thorburn ..... Vigorous: Best.........May 27
White Flagoelet.. Thorburn.Not Vig.'Not Prolific ...

Trhbunoburn T

..

E..Erect.... Worthless.

55 52
55

May 30.

White Marrow ....
White

Thorburn.VigorousIN
Thorburn.Vigorous

ot Prolific

...

Scimeter ...

June 4.1 595 Mixed with Runing
53

Not Prolific . .4 May 28

Wonder of France.... Thor burn .Vigorous Yosemite Mamth Wax Thorburn.
Elys Pro. D'f W'x .... Ely..........

Not Prolific

...

May 28

53

ailed to come........
Medium . Not

Prolific.

May 27

52

Pale Dun...........

.SU.S. Dept Agr Vigorous Best.......... May 27

52

VA RETIES OF IRISH POTATOES.
Names of Varieties. Beauty of Hebron. Seedsman Total yl'd en lbs Thorburn .. 37 45 21

~Choice
yl'dl inbs

Culls yl'dScb'y yl' d
Medium

yld in lbs
6
3.

in lbs.
2

in lbs.

23

6
6. 7 4
6

Burfauk........... . Clayton.........36 Chas. Downing ...
Clarks

14
20 14 10 11 10 12 48
8 4

2 9
2

Thorburn . .... Thorburn.
Thor buru Thsorburn

6 4 4 6 9 5 6
4 3

No.1.

..

Dakota Red .... Dictator........... Early Albino ..... Early Puri tan ...

...
...

26
23
39 32

2

Thorburn ... Thorburn. ..
Thorburn

5 5 4
2

8 8 9
8

IGarfield........... .
Great Eastern ... May Flower ..
Morning

Early Sunrise..

...
. .

30
24 23 13

Thorburn Thorburn

2 1 1 1 1 4 2 .. 1 1 1

9 5 4 4 6 7 13 6 74

Late Beauty of iebron Thorburn ...

Thorburn ...
. . Thorburn Thorburn ...

19
14 36

9 6
21

6 3
8

Star... Thorburn

Mammoth Prolific .... Pearl of Savoy.

31
35

14 13 26 11 10
11111 I111

6 7 4 3 6

Roses Bt'y of Beaut's Thorburn ... Roses New Giant.. Rural Blush . ...

Thorburn .'..
Thorburn ...

37
22 21

Rural New Yorker .. . Thorburn ...

DATA FROM Set

SOIL

THERMOMETERS-CONTINUED.
Set 2 on hill surrounded by grass. Set3 in bottom.

1 on hill

A

a

A

bJ)

4

Z

ca
375
666 79 . 5

3.

67 284 38 5

. ..

.48

.

36
67 9185

..47 5.
48 5. .. .. .. 27 5 205 16 9 7

32 5 67 182 5 .485;.34 26 5 66 580 o . 9 65 276
1 2 64

66 8I81 ... 30 .. 25

... 50 ... 52

66 6 79 5.....52 64 574 5 ... .54 63 872 . .56
58

.. 55 5. .... 565 ... .

20 5 65 577

1:

3

165 63 972 5 .. 95 626 67

5535..17

2~2463 1685 .. 59

.. 58

n...9
5.... 7 7

62 6 67 5 ... 60 9 645I. C0 6 64

5.
..

M. 964 5.... 5"'5.... 3660
1%~48598163 .. 56 5 . H 60 59 1 625 .. 56
.). .

61 164 5 .57

.57
5 i

5

65 609635 .... 565.... ..

H
.

95 72

.
..

6 5 59

62

5 .56(...6 .

5. 59 3162 51... .56 5. ....
5 5i...I... . .. .. :I....I. .. ... I

6 .
. I

.... 8 361 5...55 5 . 261 58
....56

" 84................

....
.. 1

1~96
May.

..

1....

....

.....

.... 58 I605 40

1 77 3 92

52

7 6

1 93

42

77 494

52 5 5 59 61 62 5 65 34 63 5 62 5
...

42 36 29 23 5 19 5 10 5 9 75 6

3i 1 99 77
75 7 86 5
009

35 5 76 61 5

7 92 5

40 5 77 91 33 5 75 5 88 29 74 5 84 5

28 5 76 1 88 5 21 5 75 3 87 20 5 73 9 82 5

74
6

83

.....

m u12 72 81 5 S24 71 7 76 5 36 68 9 73 u~48 68 71
64

21 5 73 7 82 12 10 711 75 5

.....

5

.. .. .. ..

12 10

11 6 76 69 37.4

....

63 62 5
62

674 73
65 3 68 5

.....

85 66 7171 5 65 4 69 64 2 67 5 63 3166 5 62 4 65 5

85 36 3171

560
972 84

65

5 69

65 55 55
51 I....

~96
June. 1
82 4 95
53
54

5

..

41 5 82 1 97 39 5 81 9 96

46 44

32 3 96 82 95

54 5 58 30 5 633 69 5
69l5
.....

42 40 33 26 5 22 10 5 75
5)

3 82 3 94 S6 81
o

5;
.. ..

92

57 60 62

35 29 25 13 5

81 3 91 5 80 1 90 78 3 87

.55

36 5 81 5 91 3.2 5 79 5 87

~979 7 89
12 78

a.. g~24 76 6 82 36 74

7 87
77

62
68

..

25

78 5 85

68 5' ... 69 5 ... 69 68 5
...

76 1

80

51.

11 5 76 2 80 8 73 8 77

75 74 77 69 5... 6 72 5 75 68 5 67 5 66 5
.. .. ..

S 48 72 2 75

55 72 474 5 45 70 217256 45 4 35

69 5 68 5

~'60 70
3H72
" 0~ 84

773

.

45 70 6173 69 3 72 68 5 70 C

4

67

2 69

65 5....

DEPARTMENT
DIRECTIONS FOR SENDING
ETC.,

OF

BIOLOGY.

SPECIMENS OF

TO

THE EXPERIMENT

DISEASED PLANTS, STATION.

The Experiment Station is desirous of communicating with parties in all parts of the State in regard to the diseases of plants that are caused by parasitic fungi or insects. The special work of the Biologist is the investigation of such diseases, the recommendation of remedies where they are known, and experimentation to dis cover emedics where unknown. In furtherance of this hnportant work the Iiologist will be very glad to have the co-operation of any one interested in the disease of plants. Parties can aid in this work by sending specimens of the injured plants. Very often specimens are sent in such a condition that they are ruined by the time they reach their general directions are given tion. For this reason the followin

destina-

for

seaing

specimens. PLAiTS :

DI)SEASED

frcsh condition.
which

This can be doi.:e by uackingin

The roots of plants should be kept in a
cotton or

cloth.

wrapped

is thoroughly dampened with water. They should then be leaves' in strog paper or placed in small boxes. disease is are sent, if the sender is not very sure whether caused by a fungus or by an insect, they should be packed in the

the

Wlen

same way to keep them fresh.

Whent

it

is

certain the disease of

the leavcs is caused fby a fungus they may b, first dried under gentie pressure to keep thei straight, or they may be packed between
stiff paper, to keep them straight,

and maihjiminediately. If in-'

sects are found which are supposed to cause the trouble they should accompany the specimens. Fruits can be mailed in small woodlen boxes, allowing a little ventilation.

INSECTS:

-If

the

insect is

in the

small wooden box, or in a small glass vial which itself must be securely pbacked ini wooden box when it may be sent by mail. A portion of the food plant should be put in with the larva for food. in the adult stage, as a fly, mloth or beetle, it If the insect should be killed immediately. To do this quickly there is nothing undeveloped) it lhould be put ahive in

a strong

larva 'stagec (xvwotmn stage, or

is

so useful as a "cyantlde bottle." This is made in the following way: Take a lump of cyanide of Potassium about the size of a medium sized marble and put it in an empty, wide-wouthed quinine bottle, half cover the lump with water and then put in plaster of Paris until the water is absorbed, the plaster pressed tightly to the bottom and surface even and dry. Set this aside, uncorked, in a dry, vacant room for one or two hours, then put in the cork, and always keep the bottle corked except when it is necessary to open it, while capturing or removing the insect. The poisonous fumes from the cyanide of potassium arise through the porous plaster of Paris and fill the bottle. The insects should be left inside the bottle for a short time after they are

quiet, to make

sure they are dead.

If the

"cyanide

bot-

tle" is properly cared for it will last for a year without renewing. When the insect is dead, if one has not the regular Entomologist's pins it would be better to wrap it in soft paper before it gets dry and brittle, pack in a stout pasteboard box and mail, Moths and butterflies, insects with very fine scales (dust, powder) on their wings, should be handled very carefully for if the scales are rubbed off their wings they are ruined. They should be wrapped in iather stiff paper, first folding their wings up over their back. Accompanying the speeimens of diseased plants should be any notes which the sender may think to be of vague. Correspondence is desired from any one in regard to these sub jects, and further information about the collection or sending of specimens will be given upon inquiry. We shall also be glad to receive specimens of fungi, or abnormal growths wherever found, upon wild as well as cultivated plants. All specimens and communications relating to diseased plants should be addressed to GEO. F. ATKINSON, Biologist, State Experiment Station. Sept. 24, 1889. Auburn, Ala.