5 Bulletin 595 September 1988 Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station Auburn University Nell T. Frobish, Director Auburn University, Alabama r- ' t A Summary of Swine Crossbreeding Research at Auburn University CONTENTS Page GENERAL EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES........................3 RESULTS OF BREED COMPARISONS ............................... 4 Landrace, Duroc-Landrace, and Yorkshire-Landrace Sows (Experiment 1)...............................4 Duroc-Landrace, Hampshire-Landrace, and Spot-Landrace Sows (Experiment 2)...............................8 Duroc-Landrace, Hampshire-Landrace, and Spot-Landrace Backcross Sows (Experiment 3)......................11 Duroc-Landrace, Hampshire-Landrace, and YorkshireLandrace Sows Managed in Two Gestation Systems (Experiment 4)..................................13 Chester White Crossbred Sows and Yorkshire-Landrace Sows (Experiment 5) ............................... Overall Rankings of Boar Breeds and Sows Breeds .......... SUMMARY.................................................. 18 22 25 FIRST PRINTING 4M, SEPTEMBER 1988 Information contained herein is availabf~le to all without regard to race, color, sex, or national oriin. A Summary of Swine Crossbreeding Research at Auburn University STEVE B. JUNGST and DARYL KUHLERS1 CROSSBREEDING is a management practice that comerial swine producers can use to increase productivity of animals in the herd and hopefully increase profitability of the enterprise. Crossbred litters from purebred sows compared to purebred litters do not differ in the number of pigs farrowed, but crossbred litters have more pigs at 21 days of age. Crossbred pigs from purebred sows also obtain market weight in fewer days than purebred pigs. These differences are primarily due to individual heterosis effects. In addition, crossbred litters from crossbred sows have more pigs at birth and 21 days and the pigs obtain market weight at a younger age than crossbred pigs from purebred sows. Maternal heterosis is the reason for these differences in performance. During the past 15 years, crossbreeding of swine has been a major research effort of geneticists in the United States and Canada. Researchers at Iowa State University, Oklahoma State University, Purdue University, and North Carolina State University, along with researchers at Auburn University, have contributed to this effort. Most of this work has dealt with attempting to identify superior F1 crossbred sows. Results from the experiments conducted at Auburn University were not included in the North Central Region Publication (No. 262) entitled "Heterosis and Breed Effects in Swine." This publication summarizes crossbreeding studies completed at the Lower Coastal Plain and Upper Coastal Plain substations of the Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn University. GENERAL EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES Five crossbreeding studies were conducted. In each, sows were produced at the substation and were not selected on reproductive or growth 1 Research Associate and Professor, respectively, of Animal and Dairy Sciences. 4 ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION performance. There was a tendency to keep gilts with at least 13 functional teats. The sows were given the opportunity to farrow either three or four litters, depending on the study. Litters were not standardized at birth and milk replacers were not fed. Creep feed was provided when the litters were approximately 7 days old. Sows were culled only when a permanent injury occurred, such as a broken leg, or when conception failed to occur during the 6-week breeding period. Previous reproductive performance was not a basis for culling of sows from the herd. During the gestation period, each sow was fed 4 pounds of feed per day except during the winter months when each sow was fed 5 pounds per day. Purebred boars used in these studies were purchased from purebred breeders located in the Southeast and Midwest regions of the United States. Selection of purebred boars was based on general condition, conformation, and soundness of feet and legs. No attempts were made to purchase performance tested boars; boars selected were considered to be representative of the breeds at that time. Boars used in a particular study were also selected to be unrelated to any of the other boars used in the study. One crossbreeding study used Farmers Hybrid boars that were purchased from sales centers located in Illinois, Indiana, and Missouri. The same selection criterion was used to purchase these boars as to purchase purebred boars. Age of the boars at first service was approximately 9 months, and the boars remained in the herd until they were approximately 15 months of age, at which time they were replaced with 9-month-old boars that had been purchased. Boars of each breed were replaced at the same time. In this publication, the numbers of pigs born, born alive, and alive at 21 days are reported for each crossbreeding experiment. In three studies, the number of pigs alive at 42 days is presented because the number of pigs marketed from each litter was not recorded. In two studies, the number of pigs marketed was recorded. In addition, weights at birth and at 21 days of age are reported. Age at market weight, post-weaning average daily gain, post-weaning daily feed consumption, and feed efficiency are also summarized for each crossbreeding study. litter RESULTS OF BREED COMPARISONS Landrace, Duroc-Landrace, and Yorkshire-Landrace Sows (Experiment 1) Four Duroc, five Hampshire, and eight Spot boars were bred in all possible combinations to Landrace, Duroc-Landrace, and Yorkshire- A SUMMARY OF SWINE CROSSBREEDING RESEARCH 5 Landrace sows. The 118 sows farrowed 3,438 pigs in 305 litters. Litter size and litter weight averages for boar breed, sow breed, and boar breed x sow breed combinations are presented in table 1 and table 2, respectively. Litters sired by Duroc boars had 0.8 more live pigs at birth than Spotsired litters. At 21 and 42 days after farrowing, Duroc-sired litters were 0.7 pig larger than Spot-sired litters and 1.2 and 1.4 pigs larger than Hampshire-sired litters. Hampshire-sired litters tended to have fewer pigs at these ages than Spot-sired litters. Litters sired by Hampshire boars weighed 2.66 and 6.72 pounds heavier than litters sired by Duroc and Spot boars, respectively, and Duroc-sired litters were 4.06 pounds heavier than litters sired by Spot boars. Duroc-sired litters weighed heavier at 21 days than litters sired by either Hampshire or Spot boars. Days required to obtain market weight by Hampshire-sired pigs was 5.3 days less than for pigs sired by Spot boars, table 3. Duroc-sired pigs were intermediate and did not obtain market weight at a significantly different age than pigs sired by the other two breeds of boars. In the post-weaning growth period, Spot-sired pigs grew 0.06 pound per day slower than pigs sired by Duroc and Hampshire boars. Duroc-sired pigs TABLE 1. LITTER SIZE AVERAGES FOR BOAR BREEDS, Sow BREEDS, AND BOAR BREED X Sow BREED IN STUDY INVOLVING LANDRACE, DURoC-LANDRACE, AND YORKSHIRE-LANDRACE Sows (EXPERIMENT 1) Breed Litters farrowed No. Pigs born No. 11.3 11.5 10.6 10.7 11.5 11.3 10.6 12.0 11.4 11.4 12.1 11.1 10.1 10.7 11.2 Pigs born alive No. 11.0a 10.9ab 10.2b 10.0a 11.0b 10.8b 10.1 11.7 11.0 10.4 11.2 11.0 9.5 10.4 10.5 1 Pigs at 21 days of age No. 9.0a 7.8b 8.3b 7.3a 8.9b 8.7b 8.5 9.1 9.3 6.0 9.4 8.0 7.7 8.6 8.5 Pigs at 42 days of age No. 8.9a 7.5b 8.2b 7.1a 8.7b 8.5b 8.4 8.9 9.2 5.9 9.0 7.6 7.6 8.5 8.4 +1.2 Boar breed Duroc (D)........................... Hampshire (H) ...................... Spot (S)............................ Sow breed Landrace (L)......................... Duroc-Landrace (DL) ................. Yorkshire-Landrace (YL) ............... Boar breed x sow breed D xL ............................. D x DL ............................. D x YL ............................ H xL ............................. H x DL............................. H x YL ............................. SxL .............................. Sx DL ............................. SxYL .............................. 87 66 152 90 113 102 23 33 31 19 26 21 48 54 50 3-breed cross vs. singlecross litters ......................... . +.6 +.8 +1.4 1 Boar breed and sow breed averages with different superscripts differ (P .10). -4 6 ALABAMA 6 ALABAMA AGRICULTRLEPRMN AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION TTO TABLE 2. LrITER WEIGHT AVERAGES FOR BOAR BREEDS, BREEDS, AND BOAR BREED x Sow BREED IN STUDY INVOLVING LANDRACE, DUROC-LANDRACE, AND YORKSHIRE-LANDRACE SOWS (EXPERIMENT 1) Sow BreedLitters Breedfarrowed No. Boar breed Duroc (D) .................................... Hampshire (H) ................................ Spot (S) ...................................... Sow breed Landrace (L) .................................. Duroc-Landrace (DL)........................... Yorkshire-Landrace (YL) ........................ Boar breed x sow breed D x L ........................................ D x DL ...................................... D x YL ....................................... H x L ........................................ H x DL...................................... H x YL ....................................... SxL........................................ S x DL....................................... S x YL ....................................... 87 66 152 90 113 Litter wt. at birth Lb. 36.82a 39.48b 32.76c 34.04a 39.73b 1 Litter wt. at 21 days Lb. 101.43a 86.99b 91.56b 80.89a 100. 13b 97.18b 94.89 102.07 106.92 66.87 105.98 87.21 83.27 96.81 94.58 16.62 102 23 33 31 19 26 21 48 54 50 34.74a 33.29 36.73 36.29 39.68 43.48 35.10 30.00 35.32 32.89 3-breed cross vs. singlecross litters .................................. 2.29 1 Boar breed and sow breed averages with different superscripts differ (P 4 .10). consumed 0.35 pound of feed per day less than Spot-sired pigs were 0.20 pound of feed per pound of gain more efficient. The three sow breeds did not differ significantly in the number of pigs born, but litters out of purebred Landrace sows had 0.8 1.0 fewer pigs at birth than out of Yorkshire-Landrace and DurocLandrace sows, respectively, table 1. At 21 42 days of age, DurocLandrace and Yorkshire-Landrace sows raised more pigs than purebred Landrace sows. Litters out of Duroc-Landrace crossbred sows weighed and live litters and and and 5.69 pounds heavier at birth than litters out of Yorkshireand purebred Landrace sows, respectively, table 2. At 21 days of age, litters farrowed by F crossbred sows weighed heavier than lit4.99 Landrace 1 ters farrowed by Landrace sows . Weights of out of the crossbred sizes sows differed a nonsignificant 2.95 pounds. The increased weights of out of the F 1 crossbred sows can be explained Yorkshireby 100 percent maternal heterosis for Duroc-Landrace litters and litters litter Landrace sows and the absence of maternal heterosis for purebred Landrace sows. Days required to obtain market weight were greater for pigs out of Yorkshire-Landrace sows than for pigs out of Duroc-Landrace and sows or purebred Landrace sows, table 3. In the post-weaning period, pigs farrowed by Yorkshire-Landrace sows grew 0.03 0.04 pound and A SUMMARY OF SWINE CROSSBREEDING RESEARCH 7 per day slower than pigs out of Duroc-Landrace and purebred Landrace sows, respectively. Post-weaning feed consumption was greater for pigs out of Duroc-Landrace and Landrace sows than for pigs out of Yorkshire-Landrace sows. Pigs from Duroc-Landrace sows were more efficient in converting feed consumed into weight gain than pigs farrowed by purebred Landrace sows. Differences in feed efficiency were small and not significant between pigs out of crossbred Duroc-Landrace and Yorkshire-Landrace sows, table 3. It is noted that litters sired by Duroc boars and out of Duroc-Landrace sows were only 0.3 pig less at 21 and 42 days compared to Hampshire x Duroc-Landrace litters even though there was a loss of 50 percent of the available individual heterosis for these traits, table 1. The importance of maternal heterosis can be seen for the litter size and litter weight traits. Three-breed crossbred litters ranged from 0.6 to 1.4 pigs larger than single-cross litters and 2.29 pounds heavier at birth and 16.62 pounds heavier at 21 days of age. Pigs from single-cross litters required fewer days to obtain market weight and grew faster during the postTABLE 3. GROWTH TRAIT AVERAGES FOR BOAR BREEDS, Sow BREEDS, AND BOAR BREED X Sow BREED IN STUDY INVOLVING LANDRACE, DUROC-LANDRACE, AND YORKSHIRE-LANDRACE SOWS (EXPERIMENT 1) Breed No. of Age at Post-weaning No. of daily feed Feed pigs 220 lb. Days av. daily gain Lb. 1 pens consumption Lb. efficiency Lb. 3.30a 3.40ab 3.50b 3.51a 3.40b 3.43ab Boar breed Duroc (D) ..... 610 Hampshire (H) . 499 Spot (S) ....... 1,032 Sow breed Landrace (L) ... 619 Duroc-Landrace (DL) ......... .821 Yorkshire-Landrace (YL) ..... 701 Boar breed x sow breed D x L ......... 162 Dx DL ....... .237 Dx YL ........ 211 H x L......... 145 H x DL ....... .206 H x YL........ 148 SxL.......... 312 Sx DL ........ 378 SxYL ........ 342 171.4ab 169.3a 174.6b 170.2a 171.1a 173.9b 1.54a 1.54a 1.49b 1.54a 1.53a 1.50b 61 22 76 33 36 38 5.51a 5.73ab 5.86b 6.15a 6.13a 5.91b 170.1 170.9 173.2 165.8 170.0 172.1 174.7 172.6 176.4 1.55 1.54 1.52 1.57 1.55 1.51 1.49 1.52 1.48 16 20 21 5.95 5.89 5.75 3.37 3.33 3.31 17 16 17 6.35 6.35 6.08 3.65 3.46 3.55 3-breed cross vs. single-cross pigs ......... 2.7 -. 02 -. 09 1 Boar breed and sow breed averages with different superscripts differ (P -4 .10). -. 07 8 ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION weaning period than three-breed cross pigs. This could be partially explained by the larger litters from the crossbred sows and the lower pig weight at weaning. Three-breed crossbred pigs consumed slightly less feed per day during the post-weaning period and were slightly more efficient in converting feed into weight gain. Duroc-Landrace, Hampshire-Landrace, and Spot-Landrace Sows (Experiment 2) Single-cross Duroc-Landrace, Hampshire-Thndmce, and Spot-Lmdmce gilts from the first crossbreeding study were retained in the herd and bred in all possible combinations to six Duroc, six Hampshire, and eight Spot boars. The 106 females in this study farrowed pigs in 274 litters. Averages for litter sizes, litter weights, and growth traits for this experiment are presented by boar breed, sow breed, and boar breed x sow breed combinations in tables 4 to 6, respectively. In this study, three-breed crossbred litters and backcross were produced. Backcross litters and pigs were produced by breeding Duroc, Hamp- 3,015 litters TABLE 4. LITER SIZE AVERAGES FOR BOAR BREEDS, Sow BREEDS, AND BOAR BREED X Sow BREED IN STUDY INVOLVING DUROC-LANDRACE, HAMPSHIRE-LANDRACE, AND SPOT-LANDRACE SOWS (EXPERIMENT 2) Breed Boar breed Duroc (D) ......................... Hampshire (H).....................97 Litters farrowed No. 92 85 Pigs born No. 11.2 11.5 10.8 11.4 11.2 10.8 10.7 Pigs born alive No. 10.7 10.8 Pigs at 21 days No. 8.9a 1 Pigs at 42 days No. 8.7 7.7 7.8b Spot (5) ........................... 10.3 10.7 10.8 10.3 10.1 8.2b 8.5ab 8.7a 7.7b 8.7 7.9 8.2 8.4 7.6 8.5 Sow breed Duroc-Landrace (DL)................ 85 Hampshire-Landrace (HL)............ 91 Spot- andrace (SL).................. 98 Boar breed x sow breed D xHL........................... xDL ........................... D D SL............................ H x DL ........................... SxDL............................ S xHL ........................... H xHL........................... HxSL ........................... S xSL ............................ 3-breed cross vs. backcross litters........................... 1 X 29 29 34 32 34 11.9 11.0 11.7 11.2 11.5 10.4 10.6 10.9 10.6 7.5 7.7 7.6 10.1 7.4 7.2 7.6 8.2 8.6 7.8 7.3 31 24 28 33 11.6 11.8 10.6 9.9 11.0 11.4 9.9 9.6 8.2 9.2 7.8 7.5 .8* .6+ .6+ .6+ Boar breed and sow breed averages with different superscripts differ (P 4 .10). +P 4.10. *j) . .05. A SUMMARY OF SWINE CROSSBREEDING RESEARCH TABLE 5. LITTER WEIGHT AVERAGES FOR BOAR BREEDS, Sow BREEDS, AND BOAR BREED X Sow BREED IN STUDY INVOLVING DUROC-LANDRACE, HAMPSHIRELANDRACE, AND SPOT-LANDRACE SOWS (EXPERIMENT 2) 9 BreedLitters Breed farrowed Litter wt. at birth Litter wt. at 21 days No. Boar breed Duroc (D) ...................................... Hampshire (H) ................................... Spot (S) ....................................... Sow breed Duroc-Landrace (DL) ............................. Hampshire-Landrace (HL) ......................... Spot-Landrace (SL) ............................... Boar breed x sow breed D x DL............... .......................... D x HL ..................................... D x SL ........................................ H x DL ....................................... H x HL ....................................... H x SL ......................................... S x DL ......................................... S x HL ....................................... S x SL ........................................ 92 97 85 85 91 98 29 29 34 32 34 31 24 28 33 Lb. 36.16ab 37.26a 34.39b 36.60 36.82 34.61 34.61 39.68 34.39 36.60 37.48 37.92 38.14 33.51 31.53 1 Lb. 90.39 81.35 84.22 84.66ab 93.70a 77.60b 86.42 112.44 72.53 78.71 79.15 86.20 89.07 89.29 74.08 3-breed cross vs. backcross litters ............................... 2.20* 8.16 1 Boar breed and sow breed averages with different superscripts differ (P - .10). *P - .05. shire, and Spot boars to Duroc-Landrace, Hampshire-Landrace, and Spot-Landrace sows, respectively. Three-breed crossbred litters would have 100 percent of the available individual and maternal heterosis for these traits, while backcross litters and pigs would utilize 50 percent of the individual and 100 percent of the available maternal heterosis. Differences among the Duroc, Hampshire, and Spot boar breeds were not significant for number of pigs born per litter or number of pigs born alive. But at 21 days of age, litters sired by Duroc boars were 0.7 and 1.1 pigs larger than litters sired by Spot and Hampshire boars, respectively. This result agreed with what was observed in experiment 1. At 42 days of age, numeric differences in litter size among the three boar breeds could not be considered statistically significant even though Hampshire-sired litters were 1.0 pig per litter smaller than Duroc-sired litters. These differences in litter size have economic importance to commercial swine producers even though only the differences at 21 days of age were statistically significant. Litters sired by Hampshire boars weighed 2.87 pounds heavier at birth than litters sired by Spot boars, but litter weights at 21 days of age were similar among the three boar breeds. Duroc-sired pigs required fewer days to obtain market weight 10 ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION and grew faster during the post-weaning growth period than either Hampshire- or Spot-sired pigs, table 6. Differences in age at market weight and post-weaning growth rate between Hampshire- and Spotsired pigs were not considered to be statistically significant. Duroc- and Hampshire-sired pigs consumed 0.44 pound less feed per day during the post-weaning period than Spot-sired pigs and were more efficient in converting feed consumed into weight gain. Differences between Duroc- and Hampshire-sired pigs for these two traits were small and not of any great importance. Litters out of Duroc-Landrace, Hampshire-Landrace, and SpotLandrace sows were essentially of equal size at birth. At 21 days of age, litters out of Duroc-Landrace and Hampshire-Landrace sows were 0.8 and 1.0 pig per litter larger, table 4. At 42 days of age, the differences in litter size were not significant among the three breeds of crossbred sows, although the fewest number of pigs raised per litter was by SpotLandrace sows. Litter weights at birth did not differ significantly among the sow breeds, however at 21 days, litters out of Spot-Landrace sows TABLE 6. GROWTH TRAIT AVERAGES FOR BOAR BREEDS, Sow BREEDS, AND BOAR BREED X Sow BREED IN STUDY INVOLVING LANDRACE, HAMPSHIRE-LANDRACE, AND SPOT-LANDRACE SOWS (EXPERIMENT 2) Breed No. of pigs Age at 220 lb. Days Post-weaning av. daily gain Lb. No. of pens daily feed consumption Lb. Feed efficiency Lb. 3.19a 3.25a 3.5 2 b Boar breed Duroc (D) ....... Hampshire (H) ... Spot (S) ......... 767 642 575 180.4a 189.1b 185.5b 1 1.45a 1.37b 1.40b 35 31 30 5.07a 5.07a 5.51b Sow breed DurocLandrace (DL).. 602 HampshireLandrace (HL).. 714 SpotLandrace (SL) .. 668 Boar breed x sow breed Dx DL ......... 219 Dx HL ......... 272 DxSL ......... .276 220 H x DL ......... 194 H x HL ........ H x SL ......... 228 Sx DL ......... .163 S x HL ......... 202 Sx SL .......... 210 3-breed cross vs. backcross pigs ... **P . .01. 183.5a 185.2ab 186.3b 182.2 178.7 180.3 184.2 194.8 188.5 184.1 182.2 190.3 -6.2** 1.42 1.40 1.40 1.43 1.46 1.46 1.41 1.32 1.37 1.42 1.42 1.36 .06** IBoar breed and sow breed averages with different superscripts differ (P 4 .10). A SUMMARY OF SWINE CROSSBREEDING RESEARCH 11 weighed 16.1 pounds less than litters out of Hampshire-Landrace sows. Litters out of Duroc-Landrace sows were 7.06 pounds heavier than litters out of Spot-Landrace sows and 9.04 pounds lighter than litters out of Hampshire-Landrace sows at 21 days, table 5. Neither of these differences was statistically important. Pigs out of Duroc-Landrace sows required 2.8 fewer days to obtain market weight than pigs out of SpotLandrace sows, but pigs from these two types of crossbred sows grew at similar rates in the post-weaning period, table 6. Feed consumption and feed efficiency data were not collected for the three breeds of F1 SOWS. In this study, differences between three-breed crossbred litters and pigs and backcross litters and pigs were large and of importance for each trait evaluated. The loss of 50 percent of the available individual heterosis for each trait resulted in poorer performance of the backcross litters and pigs compared to the three-breed crosses. In addition, there was evidence in this study that for litter size and weight at 21 days and for number of pigs at 42 days of age, the Duroc, Hampshire, and Spot boar breeds did not combine the same with the three breeds of crossbred sows. Duroc-Landrace, Hampshire-Landrace, and Spot-Landrace Backcross Sows (Experiment 3) Backcross gilts that were 3/4 Duroc-1/4 Landrace, 3/4 Hampshire-1/4 Landrace, and 3/4 Spot-1/4 Landrace from crossbreeding experiment 2 were kept and bred to purebred Yorkshire boars to evaluate reproductive performance of backcross sows. The 100 sows in this study farrowed 299 litters and 3,271 pigs. In these litters and pigs, 100 percent of the available individual heterosis and 50 percent of the available maternal heterosis would be expressed for each trait evaluated. Differences in the number of pigs born and born alive among the three breeds of backcross sows were not significant, although SpotLandrace sows did farrow 0.9 fewer pigs and 0.9 fewer live pigs than TABLE 7. LITrER SIZE AVERAGES FOR Sow BREEDS IN STUDY INVOLVING DUROC-LANDRACE, HAMPSHIRE-LANDRACE, AND SPOT-LANDRACE BACKCROSS Sows (EXPERIMENT 3) BreedLitters Breed farrowed Pigs born Pigs born alive No. 10.1 10.8 9.9 .10). Pigs at 21 days No. 8.4ab 1 9.1a 7.9b Pigs at 42 days No. 8.2 8.9 7.8 No. No. Duroc x Duroc-Landrace (DDL) ....... .124 10.9 Hampshire x HampshireLandrace (HHL) ................... 97 11.3 Spot x Spot-Landrace (SSL) ........... .78 10.4 breed averages with different superscripts differ (P 1Sow -4 12 ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION TABLE 8. LITTER WEIGHT AVERAGES FOR Sow BREEDS IN STUDY INVOLVING DURoC-LANDRACE, HAMPSHIRE-LANDRACE, AND SPOT-LANDRACE BACKCROSS Sows (EXPERIMENT 3) Breed Litters farrowed Litter wt. at birth Litter wt. at 21 days No. Duroc x Duroc-Landrace (DDL) .................... 124 Hampshire x Hampshire-Landrace (HHL) ............ 97 78 Spot x Spot-Landrace (SSL) ........................ ISow breed averages with different superscripts differ (P .10). - Lb. 37.04a 1 34.17ab 33.51b Lb. 89.51 98.11 89.07 Hampshire-Landrace backcross sows, table 7. At 21 days of age, Hampshire-Landrace backcross sows raised 1.2 more pigs than SpotLandrace sows and this result was statistically significant. Although 1.1 more pigs were alive at 42 days from litters out of Hampshire-Landrace backcross sows compared to litters out of Spot-Landrace backcross sows, this difference was not considered to be statistically significant. DurocLandrace backcross sows were intermediate in performance to the other types of backcross sows for litter sizes at birth and at 21 and 42 days of age, and their performance was not considered to be better or poorer than that of Hampshire-Landrace and Spot-Landrace backcross sows. Litters of pigs out of Spot-Landrace backcross sows weighed 3.53 pounds less at birth than litters out of Duroc-Landrace backcross sows, table 8. By 21 days of age, however, differences in weight among the three backcross breeds were small and not of great importance. Pigs out of Duroc-Landrace backcross sows obtained market weight 5.5 days sooner than pigs out of Spot-Landrace backcross sows and 11.1 days sooner than pigs out of Hampshire-Landrace backcross sows, table 9. The number of days required to obtain market weight was 5.6 days less for pigs out of backcross Spot-Landrace sows compared to pigs out of TABLE 9. GROWTH TRAIT AVERAGES FOR Sow BREEDS IN STUDY INVOLVING DUROC-LANDRACE, HAMPSHIRE-LANDRACE, AND SPOT-LANDRACE BACKCROSS Sows (EXPERIMENT 3) Breed No. of pigs Age at 220 lb. Post-weaning av. daily gain No. of pens daily feed consumption Lb. 5.53 5.62 5.58 Feed efficiency Lb. 3.48a 3.63b 3.55ab Lb. Days Duroc x Duroc-Landrace 1 39 1.63a 972 176.6a (DDL) .......... Hampshire x Hampshire-Land35 187.7b 1.55b 779 race (HIHL) ..... Spot x Spot-Landrace 1.60a 27 518 182.1c (SSL) .......... 1 .10). Sow breed averages with different superscripts differ (P -4 A SUMMARY OF SWINE CROSSBREEDING RESEARCH 13 backcross Hampshire-Landrace sows. These differences are of economic importance to a commercial producer. In the post-weaning period, pigs out of backcross Hampshire-Landrace sows grew at a slower rate than pigs out of the two other types of backcross sows. Differences in feed consumption were minimal among the three breeds of backcross sows. Because of the superior growth rate of pigs out of backcross DurocLandrace sows, however, these pigs were 0.15 pound of feed per pound of gain more efficient than pigs out of Hampshire-Landrace backcross sows. Feed efficiency of pigs out of Spot-Landrace backcross sows was intermediate to the other two types of crossbred pigs and was not considered to be better or worse. Duroc-Landrace, Hampshire-Landrace, and Yorkshire-Landrace Sows Managed in Two Gestation Systems (Experiment 4) The Yorkshire-Landrace crossbred sow has been used most frequently in commercial sow herds in the United States. However, YorkshireLandrace sows have often been criticized as being fragile and difficult to keep in good condition. There has been a recommendation that Yorkshire-Landrace sows should be only kept in gestation stalls and should not be used in herds where sows are kept in pasture lots or in dry lots. In previous crossbreeding experiments at Auburn University, Duroc-Landrace and Hampshire-Landrace sows performed as well as or better than Yorkshire-Landrace sows when kept in pasture lots during the gestation period. In this experiment, it was of interest to compare these two types of F1 crossbred sows with Yorkshire-Landrace sows when they were managed in two different types of gestation systems. Half the sows of each breed were confined in sow gestation stalls during the gestation period, while the remaining sows of each breed were penned by breed in 0.5-acre pasture lots. The 256 sows in this study were bred to 16 Duroc, 19 Hampshire, and 19 Yorkshire boars in all possible combinations to produce three-breed crossbred and backcross litters and pigs. These matings produced 10,169 pigs in 844 litters. Each sow had the opportunity to farrow four litters. Differences in sizes of litters sired by Duroc, Hampshire, and Yorkshire boars were small and not significant at birth, table 10. At 21 days of age, litters sired by Hampshire boars were 0.9 pig less than Duroc-sired litters and 1.1 pigs less than Yorkshire-sired litters. One pig per litter less was marketed from litters sired by Hampshire boars than from litters sired by boars from the other two boar breeds. Differences in litter size at 21 days and at marketing of the Hampshire-sired litters compared to the Duroc- and Yorkshire-sired litters were considered to be 14 - 14 ALABAMA ALABAMA AGRICULTRLEP AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT IMN STATION SAIO TABLE 10. LITER SIZE AVERAGES FOR BOAR BREEDS, Sow BREEDS, AND BOAR BREED x Sow BREED IN STUDY INVOLVING DUROC-LANDRACE, HAMPSHJIRE-LANDRACE, AND YORKSHIRE-LANDRACE Sows MANAGED IN Two GESTATION SYSTEMS (EXPERIMENT 4) Breed Litters farrowed No. Boar breed Duroc (D) ........................ Hampshire (H) .................... Yorkshire (Y) ..................... Sow breed Duroc-Landrace (DL)............... Hampshire-Landrace (HL)........... Yorkshire-Landrace (YL)............. Boar breed x sow breed D xDL.......................... D x HL .......................... D xYL ........................... x DL .......................... x HL .......................... HxYL ........................... Yx DL ........................... YxHL ........................... YxYL ........................... 292 285 267 279 303 262 93 109 90 95 99 91 91 95 81 Pigs born No. 12.0 11.9 12.3 12.1 11.8 12.3 12.4 11.2 12.4 11.4 11.5 12.6 12.5 12.5 11.9 Pigs born alive No. 11.1 10.8 11.2 11.1 11.0 11.0 11.1 10.5 11.7 10.4 10.7 Pigs at 21 days No. 9.3a 8.4b 9.5a 9.1 9.2 8.9 9.1 9.2 9.6 8.4 8.3 1 Pigs marketed No. 9.Oa 8.Ob 9.Oa 8.6 8.8 8.5 8.7 9.0 9.2 8.0 7.8 H H 11.2 11.6 11.7 10.3 8.5 9.7 10.1 8.6 8.2 9.1 9.7 8.1 .7 3-breed cross vs. ........ 2 .5 .6 backcross litters .............. 1 .10). Boar breed and sow breed averages with different superscripts differ (P 4 sired statistically important. The observed reduction in size of by Hampshire boars in this experiment has also been seen in previous sired by Duroc, Auburn crossbreeding experiments. In this study, Hampshire, and Yorkshire boars weighed essentially the same at birth, weighed 6.61 pounds but at 21 days of age, Hampshire-sired less than Yorkshire-sired litters, table 11. Duroc-sired pigs required 4.8 days fewer to obtain market weight than Yorkshire-sired pigs and 5.1 days less than Hampshire-sired pigs, table 12. Post-weaning growth rate was 0.07 pound per day faster for Duroc-sired pigs than for Hampshiresired pigs and 0.06 pound per day faster than for Yorkshire-sired pigs . Differences between pigs sired by Hampshire and Yorkshire boars were not important for age at market weight and post-weaning growth rate. Hampshire-sired pigs consumed 0.15 pound of feed per day less than Duroc-sired pigs and 0.26 pound per day less than Yorkshire-sired pigs during the post-weaning growth period. Even though Duroc-sired pigs consumed more feed per day than Hampshire-sired pigs, the superior growth rate of Duroc-sired pigs resulted in their feed efficiency being essentially equal to the feed efficiency of the Hampshire-sired pigs. Yorkshire-sired pigs consumed 0.11 pound more feed per day and were litters litters litters A A SUMMARY OF SWINE CROSSBREEDING RESEARH1 TABLE 11. LITTER WEIGHT AVERAGES FOR BOAR BREEDS, Sow BREEDS, AND BOAR BREED X Sow BREED IN STUDY INVOLVING DUROCLANDRACE, HAMPSHIRE-LANDRACE, AND YORKSHIRE-LANDRACE SOWS MANAGED IN Two GESTATION SYSTEMS (EXPERIMENT 4) SUMMARY OF SWINE CROSSBREEDING RESEARCH 15 Breed BedLitters farrowed No. Litter wt. at birth Lb. 36.38 Litter wt. at 21 days Lb. 104.50ab Boar breed Duroe (D).................................... Hampshire (H) ................................ Yorkshire (Y)..................................267 Sow breed Duroc-Landrace (DL)...........................279 Hampshire-Landrace (HL).......................303 Yorkshire-Landrace (YL)........................262 292 285 36.82 36.82 39.68a 35.49b 34.83b 39.90 34.61 34.83 38.80 35.27 36.60 40.57 36.82 32.85 98.55a 105.16b 03.84 105.16 98.99 101.19 107.37 104.94 100.97 96.34 98.55 109.79 111.77 93.70 8.38** Boar breed x sow breed Dx DL....................................... 93 D xHL......................................109 D x YL.......................................90 Hx DL....................................... 95 Hx HL......................................99 Hx YL.......................................91 Y x DL....................................... 91 Yx HL....................................... 95 Yx YL....................................... 81 3-breed cross vs. backcross litters ................................. 88 1 Boar breed and sow breed averages with different superscripts differ (P **P) - 4 .10). .01. 0.18 pound of feed per pound of gain less efficient in converting feed to gain compared to pigs sired by Duroc boars, table 12. The number of pigs born per were essentially equal among the three breeds age, and marketed per of F1 crossbred sows and were not considered to be significantly different, table 10. Litters out of Duroc-Landrace sows weighed 4.19 and out of Hampshire-Landrace and 4.85 pounds more at birth than Yorkshire-Landrace sows, respectively. Litters out of HampshireLandrace sows weighed essentially the same at birth as litters out of Yorkshire-Landrace sows. At 21 days of age, however, litter weights litter litter, born alive, alive at 21 days of litters were numerically but not statistically different. The at 21 days of age were from the Yorkshire-Landrace sows, table 11. Pigs out of Hampshire-Landrace sows required 5.0 days more to obtain market weight than pigs out of Duroc-Landrace sows and 3.5 days more than pigs out of Yorkshire-Landrace sows, table 12. During the post-weaning period, pigs out of Duroc-Landrace and YorkshireLandrace sows grew 0.06 and 0.05 pound per day faster, respectively, than pigs out of Hampshire-Landrace sows .Age at marketing and post- lightest litter weights 16 ALABAMA 16 ALABAA AGRICULTUA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT XEIMN STATION TTO TABLE 12. GROWTH TRAIT AvERAGES FOR BOA BREEDS, Sow BREEDS, AND BOAR BREED X Sow BREED IN STUDY INVOLVING DUROC-LANDRACE, HAMPSHIRE-LANDRACE, AND YORKSHIRE-LANDRACE Sows MANAGED IN Two GESTATION SYSTEMS (EXPERIMENT 4) No. of pigs Boar breed Duroc (D) ..... 2,620 Hampshire (H).. 2,256 Yorkshire (Y) ... 2,382 Sow breed Duroc-Landrace (DL) ......... 2,397 Hampshire-Landrace (HL)....2,652 Yorkshire-Land- Age at 220 lb. Days 171.9a 177.Ob 176.T 1 Post-weaning av. daily gain Lb. 1.66a 1.60b 1.59b No. of pens Postfweaning cdaifed Lb. Feed Lb. 3.15a 3.12a 3.33b 55 46 51 5.41a 5.26b 5.52c 173.Oa 178.Ob 174.5a 175.4 171.9 168.3 171.6 185.0 174.3 172.0 177.1 180.9 1.64a 1.58b 1.63a 1.62 1.65 1.71 1.65 1.51 1.63 1.65 1.59 1.55 52 50 46 5.53 5.51 5.49 3.23ab 3.27a 3.17b race (YL).....2,209 Boar breed x sow DxDL....... D x HL....... D xYL........ H x DL....... H x HL....... Hx YL........ Yx DL........ Yx HL........ Yx YL........ breed 812 980 828 755 767 734 830 905 647 3-breed cross vs. backcross pigs.. -7.9** .09* t Boar breed and sow breed averages with different superscripts differ (P **P- 4 .01. 10). weaning growth rate did not differ a significant amount among pigs out of Duroc-Landrace Yorkshire-Landrace sows. Differences in daily feed consumption during the post-weaning period were small and not considered to be important; but because of the faster rate of postweaning growth for the pigs out of Yorkshire-Landrace sows, these pigs were more efficient in converting feed into weight gain than pigs out of Hampshire-Landrace sows. Conversion of feed consumed into weight and gain was essentially equal for pigs out of Duroc-Landrace and Yorkshire- Landrace sows, table 12. A loss of the heterosis occurs any trait of 50 percent pigorper available individual Thissize in resulted for when the litters pigs are backcrosses. loss in a significant 0.5 to 0.7 litter increase in litter the threebreed cross litters compared to the backcross litters, table 10. Threelitters backcross litters. Backcross pigs required 7.9 more days to obtain market weight and grew 0.09 pound per day slower in the post-weaning period breed cross weighed 8.38 pounds heavier at 21 days of age than A SUMMARY OF SWINE CROSSBREEDING RESEARCH 17 than three-breed cross pigs, table 12. The loss of 50 percent of the available individual heterosis was large for these traits and resulted in poorer performance of the backcross litters and pigs compared to the three-breed cross litters and pigs. Also of interest in this study was the total number of pigs produced by the three breeds of F1 sows during four lactations. Each sow in the study had the opportunity to farrow four litters of pigs. For sows that farrowed four litters, the numbers of pigs produced in each of the four farrowings were added together. Sows that died or failed to conceive or that were culled from the herd after sustaining a permanent injury were given credit for the number of pigs produced during the time they were in the herd and zero pigs produced for any remaining lactations. The total number of pigs produced during four litters was a function of differences in longevity in the herd, fertility, milking ability, and pig survival rate. The averages for the litter size traits are presented in table 13. Large breed differences were observed among the three breeds of F1 sows in their ability to complete four lactations. Only 70.2 percent of the Yorkshire-Landrace sows that started the study completed four lactations, while 78.4 percent of the Duroc-Landrace and 86.9 percent of the Hampshire-Landrace sows completed four lactations. In the pasture gestation system, 85.3 percent of the Duroc-Landrace and 85.8 percent of the Hampshire-Landrace sows completed their fourth lactation, while only 70.6 percent of the Yorkshire-Landrace sows were able to complete their fourth lactation. When the sows were managed in a confinement gestation system, 88.0 percent of the HampshireTABLE 13. TOTAL NUMBER OF PIGS PRODUCED BY DURoc-LANDRACE, HAMPSHIRE-LANDRACE, AND YORKSHIRE-LANDRACE Sows IN FOUR LACTATIONS WHEN MANAGED IN Two GESTATION SYSTEMS (EXPERIMENT 4) Breed and system Sow breed Duroc-Landrace (DL) ........................ Hampshire-Landrace (HL) ................... Yorkshire-Landrace (YL) .................... Sow breed x DL x pasture HL x pasture YL x pasture gestation system ............................... ............................... ............................... Pigs born No. 40.8 41.4 37.1 43.8a 40.7a 34.9b Pigs born alive No. 37.4ab 1 38.6b 33.4a 40.0a 38.2a 31.1b Pigs at 21 days No. 30.4a 31.9a 26.5b 32.5a 30.9a 24.7b 28.2 32.9 28.4 Pigs marketed No. 28.lab 29.4b 24.8a 29.9a 28.5a 23.4b 26.2 30.3 26.1 DL x gestation stalls.........................37.8 34.8 HL x gestation stalls.........................42.1 39.0 YL x gestation stalls ......................... 39.3 35.8 1 Sow breed averages with different superscripts differ (P .10). 4 18 ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Landrace sows completed a fourth lactation but only 71.4 percent of the Duroc-Landrace and 69.8 percent of the Yorkshire-Landrace sows completed four lactations. These results are interpreted to mean that Hampshire-Landrace sows are durable enough for either type of gestation system and that Duroc-Landrace sows are better suited for a pasture gestation system. Longevity of Yorkshire-Landrace sows in either gestation system was essentially equal and was less than for either of the other types of crossbred sows. Hampshire-Landrace sows farrowed a total of 5.2 more live pigs at birth in four litters than Yorkshire-Landrace sows. Duroc-Landrace sows were intermediate to the other types of crossbred sows and not significantly different from either for the total number of live pigs farrowed in four litters. Yorkshire-Landrace sows raised 3.9 fewer pigs at 21 days in four farrowings than Duroc-Landrace sows and 5.4 fewer pigs than Hampshire-Landrace sows. In four farrowings, a total of 4.6 pigs more was marketed from litters out of Hampshire-Landrace sows than from those out of Yorkshire-Landrace sows. In the pasture gestation system, Duroc-Landrace and Hampshire-Landrace sows produced more live pigs at birth and 21 days of age and more pigs were marketed from these litters in four farrowings than from litters out of YorkshireLandrace sows. In the confinement gestation system, however, the total number of pigs produced by Yorkshire-Landrace sows did not differ significantly from the number produced by Duroc-Landrace and Hampshire-Landrace sows. Longevity of sows within a herd has economic importance, especially when costs of producing or purchasing replacement gilts and the lower productivity of gilts are taken into account. The results of this study are interpreted to mean a producer should select the breed of crossbred sow for the type of gestation facilities at the farm. On farms with a pasture or possibly a dry lot gestation system, the producer should consider using either Duroc-Landrace or Hampshire-Landrace crossbred sows and should not use YorkshireLandrace sows. With a confinement gestation system, any of the three sow breeds would perform equally well over four litters. Chester White Crossbred Sows and Yorkshire-Landrace Sows (Experiment 5) Yorkshire-Landrace is the breed of crossbred sow most often used in commercial swine operations in the United States. In a crossbreeding experiment conducted at Iowa State University, Chester White-Yorkshire sows were shown to excel in reproductive performance. That study did not compare Chester White-Yorkshire sows and Yorkshire-Landrace A A SUMMARY OF SWINE CROSSBREEDING RESEARH1 SUMMARY OF SWINE CROSSBREEDING RESEARCH 19 I F sows, and crossbred Chester White-Landrace sows have not been evaluated in any previous crossbreeding study. Therefore, a crossbreeding study was initiated to compare the performance of Chester WhiteLandrace, Chester White-Yorkshire, and Yorkshire-Landrace crossbred SOWS. A question often asked by commercial producers is whether boars available ftom corporate breeding companies are better than boars available from purebred breeders. The three breeds of crossbred sows in this study were bred in all possible combinations to purebred Duroc and Hampshire boars and to boars from lines 414 and 929 from the Farmers Hybrid Company. (Farmers Hybrid-Company is a corporate breeding company in Des Moines, Iowa, that has been selling breeding stock since the early 1960's.) The 130 sows in this study farrowed pigs in 321 litters. Litter size averages for boar breed, sow breed, and boar breed x sow breed combinations are presented in table 14. Litters sired by purebred boars tended to have slightly fewer pigs at birth and 21 days of age, but not at market time, compared to litters sired by Farmers Hybrid 3,379 TABLE 14. LITTER SIZE AVERAGES FOR BOAR BREEDS, Sow BREEDS, AND BOAR BREED x Sow BREED IN STUDY INVOLVING CHESTER WHITE-LANDRACE, CHESTER WHITE-YORKSHIRE, AND YORKSHIRE-LANDRACE SOWS (EXPERIMENT 5) Breed Litters farrowed Pigs born No. 10.9 10.2 10.8 10.8 10.8ab 1 l1.la Pigs born alive No. 10.0 9.1 9.9 9.9 9.2a 9.2a Pigs at 21 days No. 8.5 7.9 8.2 8.9 8.4 8.5 8.1 Pigs marketed No. 8.0 7.5 7.5 8.1 8.0 7.9 7.5 No. Boar breed Duroc (D) ....................... 109 Hampshire (H) .................. 95 Farmers Hybrid 414 (FH414)......66 Farmers Hybrid 929 (FH929)....... 51 Sow breed Chester White-Landrace (CL)....... 116 Chester White-Yorkshire (CY)....... 97 Yorkshire-Landrace (YL)........... 108 10.ib 11.0 11.5 10.2 9.9 10.5 10. lb 9.8 10.9 9.2 9.0 9.3 Boar breed x sow breed DxCL ......................... D xCY ......................... D xYL ......................... H xCL......................... H xCY......................... HxYL ......................... FH414 x CL..................... FH414 xCY..................... FH414 x YL..................... FH929 xCL..................... 37 37 35 39 24 8.4 9.0 8.1 7.8 7.7 8.0 8.4 7.8 7.4 7.4 32 21 27 18 19 10.3 10.6 11.5 10.1 11.7 8.9 9.8 10.5 9.3 10.3 8.1 8.7 8.5 7.3 8.9 7.7 8.3 7.6 6.8 8.2 FH929 x CY..................... FH929 x YL..................... Purebred vs. Farmers Hybrid-sired 1 9 23 10.8 10.0 -. 3 9.8 9.4 -.4 8.7 9.0 -. 4 8.3 7.8 -.1 Boar breed and sow breed averages with different superscripts differ (P -4 .10). litters.................. 20 ALABAMA 20 ALABAMA AGRICULTUA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT XEIMN STATION TTO TABLE 15. LITTER WEIGHT AVERAGES FOR BOAR BREEDS, Sow BREEDS, AND BOAR BREED x Sow BREED IN STUDY INVOLVING CHESTER WHITE-LANDRACE, CHESTER WHITE-YORKSHIRE, AND YORKSHIRE-LANDRACE Sows (EXPERIMENT 5) BreedLitters Bedfarrowed No. Boar breed Duroc (D) ..................................... Hampshire (H)..................................95 Farmers Hybrid414 (FH414) ....................... Farmers Hybrid 929 (FH929) ...................... Sow breed Chester White-Landrace (CL) ...................... Chester White-Yorkshire (CY) ...................... Yorkshire-Landrace (YL) ......................... Boar breed x sow breed D x CL........................................ D x CY........................................ D xYL....................................... Hx CL....................................... Hx CY....................................... Hx YL........................................ FH414 x CL....................................21 FH414 x CY.................................... FH414 x YL....................................18 FH929 x CL.................................... FH929 x CY.................................... FH929 x YL....................................23 109 Litter wt. at birth Lb. 32.85 Litter wt. at 21 days Lb. 97.22 66 51 116 97 108 37 37 35 39 24 32 27 19 9 32.41 33.29 33.29 34.39a 1 32.4lab 32.19b 34.45 32.61 31.80 32.29 32.31 32.53 32.99 34.82 31.82 38.00 29.90 32.17 90.17 89.29 98.77 96.56 91.71 91.71 98.45 99.08 93.83 91.11 80.90 98.38 95.85 90.30 82.00 101.27 96.65 98.39 -.33 Purebred vs. Farmers 66 Hybrid-sired litters ..............................-. 1 Boar breed and sow breed averages with different superscripts differ (P -4 .10). boars. This difference was primarily because of the reduction in size in the sired by Hampshire boars. Litter weights at birth and 21 days of age were essentially equal among sired by the purebred and Farmers Hybrid boars, table 15. Pigs sired by Duroc and Farmers Hybrid line 414 boars required 9.0 and 6.9 fewer days to obtain market weight and grew 0.12 and 0.09 pound per day faster in the post-weaning 929 Farmers Hybrid period, respectively, than pigs sired by the boars, table 16. Hampshire-sired pigs did not differ a significant amount ftom pigs sired by the other boar breeds for these two traits. Differences in daily feed consumption during the post-weaning period were 0.37 and 0.28 pound per day greater for pigs sired by line 414 boars than for pigs sired by Hampshire and line 929 boars, table 16. Hampshiresired pigs were 0.16 and 0.23 pound of feed per pound of gain more 929 and 414 Farmers Hybrid boars, efficient than pigs sired by the respectively. Duroc-sired pigs were 0.20 pound of feed per pound of litters litter litters line line gain more efficient than Farmers Hybrid line, 414-sired pigs. The feed A A SUMnMARY OF SWINE CROSSBREEDING RESEARC SUMMARY OF SWINE CROSSBREEDING RESEARCH 21 2 efficiency of pigs sired by boars from the two Farmers Hybrid lines was essentially equal. On the average, pigs sired by the purebred boars consumed 0.1 pound of feed per day less and were 0.2 pound of feed per pound of gain more efficient than pigs sired by the Farmers Hybrid boars. These results are not indicative of the performance of pigs sired by boars from other Farmers Hybrid lines relative to the performance of pigs sired by Duroc and Hampshire boars. Chester White-Yorkshire sows farrowed 1.0 more pig per than Yorkshire-Landrace sows. Chester White-Landrace sows were mtermediate and the litters from these sows were essentially equal in size at birth with litters from the other two breeds of crossbred sows. Lit- litter TABLE 16. GROWTH TRAIT AVERAGES FOR BOAR BREEDS, Sow BREEDS, AND BOAR BREED x Sow BREED IN STUDY INVOLVING CHESTER WHITE-LANDRACE, CHESTER WHITEYORKSHIRE, AND YORKSHIRE-LANDRACE SOWS (EXPERIMENT 5) Breed No. of pigs Age at 220 lb. Days Post-weaning av. daily gain Lb. 1.74a 1.69ab 1.71a 1.62b No. of pens dailyfeedwd consumption Lb. efficiency Lb. Boar breed Duroc (D) ....... 859 Hampshire (H)... 691 Farmers Hybrid 414 (FH414) ... 508 Farmers Hybrid 929 (FH929) ... 404 Sow breed Chester WhiteLandrace (CL).. 895 Chester WhiteYorkshire (CY). 741 YorkshireLandrace (YL) .. 826 Boar breed x sow breed D x CL ......... 295 D x CY ......... 297 D x YL ......... 267 H xCL ......... 281 H xCY ......... 163 H xYL ......... 247 FH414 x CL..164 FH4L4 xCY..206 FH414 xYL..138 FH929 xCL..155 FH929 xCY..75 FH929 xYL..174 Purebred- vs. Farmers Hybrid-sired 1 ** 164.9a1 168.7ab 167.Oa 173.9b 69 61 5.89ab 5.71a 5.80a 3.32ab 3.29a 37 38 6.08b 3.52c 3.45bc 169.0a 170.4a 166.4b 165.1 167.2 162.2 169.0 173.2 163.8 166.1 170.9 164.1 175.8 170.5 175.4 -3.7 1.68a 1.68a 1.72b 1.72 1.72 1.77 1.68 1.66 1.73 1.71 1.67 1.76 1.60 1.67 1.61 .05 75 59 71 22 23 24 26 15 20 12 14 11 15 7 16 5.75a 5.78a 6.08b 5.85 5.85 5.96 5.49 5.75 5.89 6.00 5.85 6.39 5.64 5.68 6.09 - 1* 3.37ab 3.35a 3.46b 3.31 3.30 3.35 3.21 3.33 3.33 3.55 3.50 3.52 3.42 3.29 3.63 litters Boar breed P .05. 4.01. *P-~4 and sow breed averages with different superscripts differ (P -4 .10). .* 22 ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION ters out of Chester White-Yorkshire sows contained 0.9 more live pigs than litters out of Chester White-Landrace and Yorkshire-Landrace sows, but at 21 days of age and at marketing, litter sizes were essentially equal among the three breeds of F1 crossbred sows, table 14. Litters out of Chester White-Landrace sows weighed 2.20 pounds heavier at birth than litters out of Yorkshire-Landrace sows, table 15. Differences in litter weights at 21 days of age were small among the sow breeds and were not considered significant. Pigs out of Yorkshire-Landrace sows required 2.6 and 4.0 fewer days to obtain market weight and grew 0.04 and 0.04 pound per day faster during the post-weaning period than pigs out of Chester White-Landrace and Chester White-Yorkshire sows, respectively, table 16. During the post-weaning period, appetites of pigs out of Chester White sows were smaller compared to pigs out of Yorkshire-Landrace sows. Even though pigs from Chester WhiteYorkshire sows grew slower than pigs out of Yorkshire-Landrace sows, the smaller appetites of pigs out of Chester White-Yorkshire sows resulted in them being 0.11 pound of feed per pound of gain more efficient. Feed efficiency of pigs out of Chester White-Landrace sows was intermediate and not significantly different from the feed efficiency of pigs out of the other two types of F1 crossbred sows. Overall Rankings Of Boar Breeds and Sow Breeds Boar breed and sow breed averages from the Auburn University experiments involving F1 crossbred sows were pooled to obtain an overall ranking of the six boar breeds and seven sow breeds for litter size, litter weight, and growth traits evaluated in these studies, table 17-19. Litters sired by purebred boars tended to have 0.1 to 0.5 fewer pigs in the pre-weaning period than litters sired by Farmers Hybrid boars. The smaller litters sired by purebred boars were due primarily to the smaller litters sired by the Spot and Hampshire boars. The differences among the purebred-sired litters and Farmers Hybrid-sired litters were not statistically significant because of the relatively small number of Farmers Hybrid boars used. Litters sired by Yorkshire boars were 0.8 and 1.1 pigs larger than litters sired by Spot and Hampshire boars at 21 days of age, respectively. Duroc-sired litters were 0.6 and 0.9 pig larger than Spot- and Hampshire-sired litters at this age. Similar results were found at 42 days of age and at marketing. The exact reason for the reduction in litter sizes from the Hampshire and Spot boar breeds compared to the Duroc and Yorkshire breeds is unclear. One possible explanation is that young (9- to 15-month-old) boars were used in these studies. It is possible that if older boars were used, the reduction in litter sizes at 21 days of age and at market time would not be so pronounced. c+U\I nC @WIAIC nonacRRGr111N[. A UMaMARY VF ZAIEIEC V ODDVI rcvn RFCFR[_H f f AD~.I l 23 92 TABLE 17. LITFER SIZE AVERAGES FOR SIX BOAR BREEDS AND SEVEN Sow BREEDS IN THE AUBURN UNIVERSITY CROSSBREEDING SrUDIS Breed Litters farrowed No. Pigs born No. 11.4 11.3 10.6 11.7 11.5 11.5 10.6 12.0 12.3 11.2 10.9 10.6 11.3 Pigs born alive No. 10.7 10.4 9.9 10.8 Pigs at 21 days No. 8.9 8.0 8.3 9.1 Pigs marketed No. 8.6 7.7 8.0 8.7 Boar breed Duroc (D)....................... Hampshire (H) .................... Spot (S) ......................... Yorkshire (Y) ..................... Farmers Hybrid 414 (FH414)......... Farmers Hybrid 929 (FH929)........ Sow breed .......... Landrace (L) . (CL)........ Chester (CY)........ Chester White-Yorkshire Duroc-Landrace (DL)............... Hampshire-Landrace (HL)........... Spot-Landrace (SL) ................. Yorkshire-Landrace (YL) ............ 580 543 237 267 66 51 90 116 97 477 394 98 472 10.9 10.9 9.6 10.4 8.5 9.2 7.1 8.8 7.9 8.5 6.7 8.7 White-Landrace 11.3 10.5 10.5 8.9 8.7 8.8 8.6 8.3 8.5 10.0 10.4 7.9 8.5 7.7 8.2 Crossbreeding research conducted at other universities in the United States also has shown a reduction in litter sizes when Hampshire and Spot boars are used. Litters sired by purebred boars weighed 1.56 pounds less at birth than litters sired by Farmers Hybrid boars, but at 21 days of age the litters sired by purebred boars weighed the same as litters sired by Farmers Hybrid boars. Because of the reduction in litter size at 21 days in the litters sired by Hampshire and Spot boars, TABLE 18. LLITT-ER WEIGHT AVERAGES FOR SIX BOAR BREEDS AND SEVEN Sow BREEDS IN THE AUBURN UNIVERSrTY CROSSBREEDING STUDIES BredLitters Bedfarrowed Litter wt. at birth Litter wt. at 21 days No. Boar breed 580 Duroc (D).................................... 543 Hampshire (H).................................. 237 Spot (5)....................................... 267 Yorkshire (Y)................................. Farmers Hybrid 414 (FH414)....................... 66 Farmers Hybrid 929 (FH929)............... .. .. .. . .51 Lb. 35.64 36.30 31.99 36.19 36.59 36.59 32.99 36.15 34.17 38.45 35.21 Lb. 97.82 90.00 91.44 97.56 89.53 99.01 77.00 97.77 92.92 96.57 99.79 Sow breed ....................... (L)... Landrace Chester White-Landrace (CL)....................... Chester White-Yorkshire (CY).................. Duroc-Landrace (DL)............................ 90 116 97 477 394 Spot-7Landrace (SL) Yorkshire-Landrace Ham shire-Landrace (HL)......................... ............................... (YL).............. 98 472 34.67 33.95 86.50 92.92 24 ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION litters from these boar breeds weighed less at 21 days than litters sired by Duroc and Yorkshire boars, table 18. Age at market weight was 2.3 days less and post-weaning growth rate was 0.03 pound per day greater for the pigs sired by the purebred boars compared to pigs sired by the Farmers Hybrid boars. Differences in daily feed consumption during the post-weaning period were small between the purebred- and Farmers Hybrid-sired pigs; because of their faster growth rate, the purebred-sired pigs were 0.07 pound of feed per pound of gain more efficient than pigs sired by the Farmers Hybrid boars. Pigs sired by Duroc boars obtained market weight 4.5 to 4.9 days quicker than pigs sired by Hampshire, Spot, or Yorkshire boars. Although Hampshire-sired pigs grew slower than Duroc-sired pigs, they were as efficient in converting feed into weight gain. Spot- and Yorkshire-sired pigs were less efficient in converting feed into gain than Duroc- or Hampshire-sired pigs, table 19. Litters out of purebred Landrace sows were 0.8 to 1.6 pigs smaller than litters out of F1 crossbred sows. This would be expected since there would not be any maternal heterosis in purebred Landrace sows, while the F1 crossbred sows would supply 100 percent of the available maternal heterosis for each trait. Litters out of Spot-Landrace sows were TABLE 19. GROWTH TRAIT AVERAGES FOR SIX BOAR BREEDS AND SEVEN Sow BREEDS IN THE AUBURN UNIVERSITY CROSSBREEDING STUDIES Breed No. of pigs Age at 220 lb. Days Post-weaning av. daily gain Lb. 1.60 1.55 1.54 1.53 1.57 1.48 1.60 1.53 1.53 1.58 1.53 1.54 1.57 No. of pens daily feed consumption Lb. Feed efficiency Lb. 3.25 3.25 3.47 3.44 3.46 3.39 3.46 3.26 3.24 3.37 3.43 Boar breed Duroc (D) ...... 4,856 Hampshire (H) . 4,088 Spot (S) ........ 1,607 Yorkshire (Y) ...2,382 Farmers Hybrid 414 (FH414) .. 508 Farmers Hybrid 404 929 (FH929). Sow breed 619 Landrace (L).... Chester White895 Landrace (CL). Chester White741 Yorkshire (CY) DurocLandrace (DL) 3,820 HampshireLandrace (HL) 3,366 SpotLandrace (SL) . 668 YorkshireLandrace (YL). 3,736 171.9 176.4 176.8 176.4 174.3 181.2 171.4 177.1 178.5 172.9 177.4 177.2 174.5 220 160 106 51 37 38 88 75 59 88 50 5.48 5.41 5.80 5.62 5.72 5.44 6.01 5.50 5.53 5.95 5.89 155 5.83 3.35 A SUMMARY OF SWINE CROSSBREEDING RESEARCH 25 smaller at 21 and 42 days of age and fewer pigs were marketed from these litters than from litters out of the other F1 crossbred sows, table 17. Similar results were found for litter weights at 21 days of age, mainly because litters out of Spot-Landrace sows had fewer pigs compared to litters out of the other breeds of F1 sows. Pigs out of Landrace sows required fewer days to obtain market weight than pigs out of the F1 crossbred sows. These differences could be partially due to smaller litter sizes out of Landrace sows. The superior growth rate of the Duroc breed was also reflected in the growth of the pigs out of Duroc-Landrace sows. Pigs out of Duroc-Landrace sows required 1.6, 4.2, 4.3, 4.5, and 5.6 days fewer than pigs out of Yorkshire-Landrace, Chester WhiteLandrace, Spot-Landrace, Hampshire-Landrace, and Chester WhiteYorkshire sows, respectively. Pigs out of Hampshire-Landrace sows were less efficient in converting feed into weight gain than pigs out of Chester White-Landrace and Chester White-Yorkshire sows. SUMMARY Results from crossbreeding studies conducted at Auburn University show differences in litter sizes, litter weights, and growth traits among litters sired by Duroc, Hampshire, Spot, and Yorkshire boars. In general, the Duroc and Yorkshire breeds were superior for the traits associated with reproduction and the Duroc breed was superior for those traits associated with growth. Litters out of purebred Landrace sows had fewer pigs than litters out of F1 crossbred sows, and this could be explained by the absence of maternal heterosis in the purebred sows. Spot-Landrace sows had the poorest reproduction of the six types of F1 sows evaluated on a perlitter-farrowed basis. The Chester White-Landrace, Chester WhiteYorkshire, Duroc-Landrace, Hampshire-Landrace, and YorkshireLandrace sows were similar in their reproductive performance on a perlitter-farrowed basis. There was some evidence that, when reproduction of Duroc-Landrace, Hampshire-Landrace, and Yorkshire-Landrace sows was compared over four farrowings, a greater percentage of Duroc-Landrace and HampshireLandrace sows were able to complete four lactations than YorkshireLandrace sows. However, longevity in the herd seemed to be dependent on the type of gestation system used on the farm. The importance of longevity in the herd cannot be overlooked since it costs $100 to $150 above market price to purchase replacement gilts and gilts have poorer reproductive performance than mature sows. Over four parities, Duroc-Landrace and Hampshire-Landrace sows raised more total pigs to market weight than Yorkshire-Landrace sows. 26 ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION The Duroc-Landrace and Hampshire-Landrace backcross sows performed better than would be expected even though there was a loss of 50 percent of the available maternal heterosis. How backcross sows would compare with F1 sows needs to be studied. The importance of individual and maternal heterosis for traits associated with reproduction and growth is quite evident. Three-breed crossbred litters and pigs performed better than either single-cross litters and pigs or backcross litters and pigs in these studies. The general recommendation is for producers to maximize individual and maternal heterosis in their crossbreeding programs and this probably would mean that producing single-cross and backcross litters of pigs should be avoided. AUBURN UNIVERSITY With an agricultural research unit in every major soil area, Auburn Univcrsit serves the needs of field crop, livestock, forestry, and horticultural producers in each region in Alabama. Every citizen of the State has a stake in this research program, since any advantage from new and more economical ways of producing and handling farm products directly benefits the consuming public. 0 00 t101 7 8 13 ) 07 0Main Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn. ;,C E. V. Smith Research Center, Shorter. 1. Tennessee Valley Substation, Belle, Mina. 2. Sand Mountain Substation, Crossville. 3. North Alabama Horticulture Substation, Cullman. 4. Upper Coastal Plain Substation, Winfield 5. Forestry Unit, Fayette County. 6. Chilton Area Horticulture Substation, Clanton. 7. Forestry Unit, Coosa County 8. Piedmont Substation, Camp Hill. 9. Plant Breeding Unit, Tallassee. 10. Forestry Unit, Autauga County. 11. Prattville Experiment Field, Prattville. 12. Black Belt Substation, Marion Junction. 13. The Turnipseed-Ikenberry Place, Union Springs. 14. Lower Coastal Plain Substation, Camden. 15. Forestry Unit, Barbour County. 16. Monroeville Experiment Field, Monroeville. 17. Wiregrass Substation, Headland 18. Brewton Experiment Field, Brewton. 19. Solon Dixon Forestry Education Center, Covington and Escambia counties. 20. Ornamental Horticulture Substation, Spring Hill. 21. Gulf Coast Substation, Fairhope.