BULLETIN 386 BULLETN 386DECEMBER 1968 POULTRY MANURE for VEGETABLE CROPSEffects and Value Li LI " - Agric ultu ral A U BUR N E. V Smith, Director Experiment Station U N IVE RS I TY Auburn, Alabama CONTENTS Page STUDY OUTLINE- RESULTS ---------- - -- - - - - - - - - - Effects of Poultry Manure on Tomatoes, Series 5 Effects of Time and Method of Application on Tom atoes, Series 6----------------------- -------- Effects of Poultry Manure on Fall Crops, Series 5-----_ Effects of Time and Methods of Application on F all Crops, Series '6-------------------- -------- -V alue of M anure--------------------------------Effect of Poultry Manure on Soil Acidity ------------8 Effects of Seasonal Conditions on Manure Effectiveness- DISCUSSION- SUMMARY-- 10 LITERATURE CITED _ .13 APPENDIX . 15 FIRST PRINTING 3M, DECEMBER 1968 POULTRYMANURE for VEGETABLE CROPSEffects and Value L. M. WARE, Head Professor Emeritus of Horticulture W. A. JOHNSON, Assistant Professor of Horticulture ~THEE Is MUCH disagreement over the value of animal manures in crop production (2,5). Albrecht (1) states that organic matter content of the soil offers the best index of the productivity and value of agricultural land. Others have questioned whether manure is worth hauling. In an Alabama study measuring the separate and combined effects of irrigation, organic material, and fertilizer rates, irrigation increased the average yield of 11 vegetable crops by 2,752 pounds per acre, organic material by 4,987 pounds, and higher fertilizer rates by 3,127 pounds when each was used in combination with the other 2 treatments (7,8). A study to determine by experiments the actual effects of specific materials on specific crops on sandy soils was undertaken at the Auburn University Agricultural Experiment Station. STUDY OUTLINE The study was started in 1962 and continued through 1966. Initial and residual effects were measured. Two series of studies, Series 5 and Series 6, were undertaken. In Series 5, different rates of poultry manure were applied in 1962 and 1963, and residual effects were studied in 1964, 1965, and 1966, Appendix Table 1. In Series 6, different methods and times of application were studied in 1962 and 1963. In 1964, the outline was changed; three treatments continued unaltered, and three treatments were altered to permit comparison of initial and residual effects of manure and commercial fertilizer, Appendix Tables 5 and 6. 4 ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Studies were conducted in field plots bordered by concrete walls on three sides and opening into a walkway and drainage alley on the fourth side. Plots were 1/640 acre in size. The soil was limed at the beginning and gypsum added each year after the first year. A mixture of magnesium and micronutrients was added each year. The summer crop was tomatoes, and the fall crops were collards, turnips, and lettuce. RESULTS For those interested in responses by years and by seasons, data are given in Appendix Tables 1 to 17. Initial and Residual Effects of Rates and Kinds of Poultry Manure on Tomatoes, Series 5 Yield and Grade. Broiler manure gave substantial increases in yield at all rates during the initial period and during the first 2 years of the residual period, Appendix Table 1. Increases in total and marketable yields from the application of broiler manure were recorded each year. Average increases for the broiler manure exceeded 220 cwt. per acre total and 170 cwt. marketable yield for all rates. There were no differences in total or marketable yields among different rates of broiler manure for the 2-year average or for 1963. Yields from hen manure were lower than from broiler manure, but 2-brood broiler manure was as effective as 5-brood. Residual effects of manure continued for 2 years after the last application of manure at the 9-ton rate. Increases in marketable tomatoes from residual effects of the 9-ton rate over the no-manure plots were 79 cwt. in 1964 and 134 cwt. in 1965. Only in 1965 was there a difference in marketable yields among rates of manure and this was between the 3- and the 9-ton rates. Except for the first year at the lowest rate, manure did not reduce the percentage of tomatoes in the marketable grade. The percentage of marketable tomatoes from the 6- and 9-ton manure rates in 1963 and from the 9-ton rate in 1965 was higher than from the no-manure treatment. Earliness. The effect of manure on earliness was not consistent. In 1962, the percentage of early tomatoes was higher from treatments receiving broiler manure than from the no-manure treatment, Appendix Table 2. There was no difference in percentage POULTRY MANURE for VEGETABLE CROPS 5 of early tomatoes from any manure treatment any year of the residual period. Cracks and Culls. Manure did not increase cracking or the percentage of culls, Appendix Table 3. In no year was there a significant difference in cull tomatoes. In 1965, there was a significant difference in cracked tomatoes. In that year, the percentage of cracked tomatoes was lower from the 9-ton than from the 3-ton rate. Size of Fruit. In 1962, size of fruit was 0.02 to 0.04 pounds smaller on the 6-ton and 9-ton broiler manure treatments than on other treatments, Appendix Table 4. In other years, there was no difference in fruit size. Initial and Residual Effects of Time and Method of Application of Poultry Manure on Tomatoes, Series 6 Yield and Grade. Yield and grade data for Series 6 are given in Appendix Table 5 for the first 2 years and in Appendix Table 6 for the last 3 years. The most obvious effect of method of application was reduction in yield from row application as compared to broadcast applications, Appendix Table 5. With minor exceptions, manure without commercial fertilizer gave higher yields than fertilizer without manure. Differences amounted to 156 cwt. of marketable tomatoes per acre for the 1962-63 average and to 105 cwt. for 1964-66 average. Only in 1964, when 18 inches of rain fell during April, did the fertilizer without manure produce higher yields than the manure without fertilizer. Treatments receiving both manure and commercial fertilizer did not give higher yields than those receiving manure alone either of the first 2 years. However, during 2 of the 3 years of the residual period and for the 3-year average, the fertilizer and manure treatment produced considerably higher yields than the manure alone. These differences were 248 cwt. in 1964, 151 cwt. in 1965, and 143 cwt. for the 3-year average. Yields from both fertilizer and the standard application of manure exceeded yields from fertilizer alone each year of both periods and for the average of each period. The differences in favor of both materials over the fertilizer alone were 196 cwt. per acre for the 1962-63 period and 248 cwt. for the 1964-66 period. There were no significant differences in the percentage of marketable tomatoes from manure and no-manure plots any single 6 ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION year of the first or second period, although the difference between the 1964-66 averages for the manure without fertilizer and the fertilizer without manure plots was significant. For the second period, the percentage of marketable tomatoes was 77.7 for the manure with fertilizer and 68.9 for the fertilizer without manure. Results obtained during the second period, Appendix Table 6, indicated: (1) although manure was added during the second period, omission of fertilizer during the second period resulted in a considerable reduction in yields; (2) addition of manure greatly increased yields where fertilizer was not added during the second period; and (3) application of manure during the first period but not during the second period to plots receiving fertilizer both periods increased yields considerably during the second period. The difference amounted to 172 cwt. of marketable tomatoes per acre in 1964, 173 cwt. in 1965, 83 cwt. in 1966, and 143 cwt. for the 3-year average. These results confirm the relative need for and residual effects of both manure and commercial fertilizer. Earliness. Data on earliness are given in Appendix Table 7 for the first 2 years and in Appendix Table 8 for the last 3 years. In general, any treatment that resulted in low total yields of marketable tomatoes also resulted in a low actual yield and percentage of early marketable tomatoes. In 1962 and 1963, and for the 1962-63 average, the row application of manure gave lower yields and percentage of early marketable tomatoes than broadcast application. There was no significant difference in percentage of early tomatoes recorded between treatments receiving manure and not receiving manure for the 1962-63 average. In 1962, tomatoes receiving manure but no fertilizer gave higher percentage of early fruit than tomatoes receiving fertilizer but no manure. The results were reversed in 1963. Cracks and Culls. Data in Series 6 confirm the Series 5 results indicating that manure does not increase the percentage of cracks or culls, Appendix Table 9. In 1964, a year of abnormally high rainfall, the percentage of cracked tomatoes was 2.6 on plots receiving manure but no fertilizer and 13.3 on plots receiving fertilizer but no manure. This difference was significant at the 0.05 level. Size of Fruit. Series 6 results showed no significant effect of manure on size of fruit for the first period, except for the row POULTRY MANURE for VEGETABLE CROPS 7 treatment, Appendix Table 10. Only in 1964 was there a significant difference in fruit size between no-manure plots and those receiving 6 tons broadcast. The fruit receiving manure was larger in 1964 and for the 1964-66 average, Appendix Table 11. Initial and Residual Effects of Kinds and Rates of Poultry Manure on Yield of Fall Crops, Series 5 Any effect of manure on fall crops in Series 5 during the 5 years of the study was residual. In 1962 and 1963, the residual effect was from application to the earlier tomato crop the same year. In 1964, 1965, and 1966, it was from applications made in 1962 and 1963. Differences were significant for collards in 1964 only. There was, however, an increase in yield of turnips from the 9-ton rate of manure for 1962, the 1962-63 average, and for 1964, Appendix Table 12. Initial and Residual Effects of Time and Method of Application of Poultry Manure on Yield of Fall Crops, Series 6 The same rate of manure that was applied to the tomato crop was applied to the 1962 fall crop in Series 6, but none was added in 1963. This permits a comparison in Series 6 of the effects of applying and not applying manure to the fall crop. Yields in 1962, the only year manure was applied to fall crops, were considerably higher than in any other year of the experiment. Treatments receiving these applications gave yields almost as high as treatments receiving both fertilizer and 'manure, whereas in all other years plots receiving only manure yielded much less than did plots receiving both fertilizer and manure, Appendix Tables 13 and 14. Commercial fertilizer applications were the limiting factors on yields during the second period, Appendix Table 14. While manure did not exert the major influence on fall crops, the 3-year average yields were significantly higher on plots that had received manure, provided commercial fertilizer was also used. Value of Manure The value of manure is ultimately measured in dollars. In Series 5, 6 tons of manure per acre gave yield increases valued at $2,687 per acre or $448 per ton of manure. Values per acre increased from $2,687 to $6,419 and values per ton decreased 8 ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION from $448 to $357 as the annual rates of manure applied increased from 3 to 9 tons per acre, Appendix Table 15. Values in Series 6 were still quite high although shown for only the 2 years manure was applied, Appendix Table 16. Effect of Poultry Manure on Soil Acidity Soil samples for soil acidity were taken in November or December. Acidity of soils in plots receiving manure but no fertilizer remained essentially constant throughout the first and second periods, Appendix Table 17. Acidity of soils receiving commercial fertilizer either with or without manure continued to increase over the years. Effects of Seasonal Conditions on Effectiveness of Manure Weather, especially rainfall, exerted a marked influence on the effects of manure. Variation in rainfall from year to year at times caused a complete reversal in relative yields from manure and commercial fertilizer. The effect of rainfall on relative value of manure and commercial fertilizer is illustrated by yield data in Appendix Tables 5 and 6. Yields of marketable tomatoes from manure without commercial fertilizer exceeded yields from commercial fertilizer without manure by 77 cwt. per acre in 1962, by 235 cwt. in 1963, by 206 cwt. in 1965, and by 172 cwt. in 1966. In 1964, however, the order was reversed and the yield from the commercial fertilizer without manure exceeded that from the manure without fertilizer by 65 cwt. In April 1964, rainfall was 18.10 inches, exceeding 3 inches on 3 different dates. Rainfall in May was 3.01 inches, in June 3.98 inches, and in July 6.01 inches. The first fertilizer application in 1964 was made on April 16 and the second on May 13. Seasonal effects were shown in percentage of early tomatoes between the years 1962 and 1963, Appendix Table 7. DISCUSSION Salter and Schollinberger (6) used $3.00 per ton to compute the value of manure on the basis of its nutritive value. In data released by Cottier and Rouse (3), it was reported that a ton of broiler manure had nutrients ranging in value from $8.00 to $13.50 per ton and that the average bird produced 2.6 pounds of POULTRY MANURE for VEGETABLE CROPS 9 manure. In 1966, Alabama produced 324,120,000 birds. The potential value of poultry manure in Alabama, therefore, ranged from $3,370,848 to $5,688,306 on the basis of nutrient value. The true value of manure can only be measured by determining its value when used on a particular crop. From data obtained in this study, gross returns from tomatoes grown as an early summer crop followed by turnips or collards grown as a fall crop ranged from $357 to $448 per ton of manure applied, Appendix Table 15. The gross value of poultry in 1966 was $161,100,000. Theoretically the potential value for Alabama poultry manure might then range from $136,097,988 to $195,509,184, figures roughly equivalent to the gross returns from poultry meat. It would be an error, however, to assume that all crops would respond the same as tomatoes and turnips, that the price received for the crops would be similar, and that acreage of such crops would be sufficient to utilize the full amount of the manure produced. Profitable disposal of manure poses a problem to the poultry producers. There must be a sufficient acreage in crops with potential value per acre high enough to justify use of manure, and there must be a practical method of delivering the manure to users. The poultry producer is not primarily interested in or equipped for delivering and distributing the product. Other parties should, however, be interested in delivery and there should be a good business in this occupation. A major problem confronting the party delivering the manure concerns a fair price for the product. Certainly the user cannot pay more than a fraction of its potential value. On a national basis, for each dollar spent for fertilizer approximately three dollars is expected in return. Furthermore, there is a considerable risk on the part of the user in realizing the full potential value from the manure. However, the user and the producer or the one delivering should be able to arrive at a price offering a good return to each. Certainly the potential value of the manure produced by the poultry industry of Alabama is too high to allow this product to go to waste or to constitute a disposal problem,. although the returns may be far less than those reported in this study. Cooperatively owned mechanical equipment for efficient handling or contract handling might be suggested as a means of disposing of 10 ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION manure at a profit to the poultry producer, the handler of the manure, and the farmer. SUMMARY Studies were conducted with poultry manure over a period of 5 years to determine initial and residual effects and comparative effects of poultry manure and commercial fertilizer. Broiler manure gave substantial increases in yields of tomatoes at all rates during the initial period and for 2 years of the residual period at the 9-ton rate. Manure did not reduce the percentage of tomatoes in the marketable grade or increase percentage of cracks. The effects of manure applications on earliness were not consistent. In general, they tended to delay maturity under conditions of high rainfall and to hasten maturity under conditions of low rainfall. Manure had little effect on size of fruit. There was usually not a significant yield increase from tomatoes receiving both manure and commercial fertilizer above that obtained from manure alone during the first 2 years, 1962-63. However, during the residual period the yields from the 2 materials were higher 2 of the 3 years than from manure alone. Row application of manure reduced yields, stands, and vigor of plant. Weather had a marked effect on the efficient use of manure, often resulting in a reversal in relative effects of manure and commercial fertilizers. In years of normal rainfall, manure gave higher yields than fertilizer. In seasons of high or excessive rainfall, commercial fertilizer gave higher yields than manure. Residual effects on fall crops from applications of manure in the spring of the same year were less marked than on the spring crop of tomatoes the following year. Without commercial fertilizer, manure failed to produce satisfactory fall crops without reapplication to the fall crops. For the 1964-66 period, manure treatments gave significant increases in yield of fall crops over no manure treatments where commercial fertilizer was also used. Satisfactory increases in yields of fall crops were produced when manure was applied to both spring and fall crops. In the only year manure was reapplied to the fall crop, yields from manure were essentially as high as from commercial fertilizer and manure. Repeated applications of manure did not appreciably affect soil acidity. Repeated applications of commercial fertilizer increased soil acidity considerably. POULTRY MANURE for VEGETABLE CROPS 11 Gross returns from tomatoes and turnips at the prices used ranged from $357 to $448 per ton of manure used when it was applied for 2 years to tomatoes and values were determined for 5 years from both crops. Increases in per acre yield and value continued as rates of manure were increased from 3 to 6 to 9 tons per acre. Increases in yield and value from each ton of manure applied decreased as rate of application increased. POULTRY MANURE for VEGETABLE CROPS LITERATURE CITED 13 (1) A. 1938. Loss of Soil Organic Matter and its U.S. Dept. of Agr. Yearbook. (2) ANONYMOUS. 1961. Is Manure Worth Hauling? Farm Journal. (3) COTTIER, G. J. AND R. D. ROUSE. 1966. Composition of Broiler House Litter as Affected by Number of Broods Raised. Paper presented 55th Annual Meeting Poultry Sci. Logan, Utah. (4) DUNCAN, DAVID B. 1955. Multiple Range and Multiple F. Tests. Biometrics 10: 1-42. ALBRECHT, WILLIAM Restoration. (5) (6) HESTER, JACKSON B. AND FLORENCE A. SHELTON. 1939. The Soil Side Manure. of Growing Tomatoes. Campbell Soup Company. Bull. I. 1938. Farm SALTER, ROBERT M. AND C. J. SCHOLLINBERGER. U.S. Dept. of Agr. Yearbook. WARE, L. (7) M. AND W. A. JOHNSON. 1951. Studies of Organic Materials for Vegetable Crops. Auburn Univ. (Ala.) Agr. Exp. Station Bull. 280. 1953. Value of Irrigation with Dif(8) -. ferent Fertility Treatments for Vegetables Crops. Auburn Univ. (Ala.) Agr. Exp. Station Bull. 276. POULTRY MANURE for VEGETABLE CROPS 15 APPENDIX APPENDIX TABLE 1. MARKETABLE YIELDS AND PERCENTAGE OF MARKETABLE MANURE, SERIES 5 TOMATOES FROM DIFFERENT KINDS AND RATES OF P' Kinds Check Broiler Broiler Broiler Broiler Hen Manure applied' Broods Per acre No. 0 Marketable yields and-percentage Pct. 55.2b 65.4ab 68.7a 68.9a 5 5 5 2 1962 Pct. Tons Cwt. 444c 79.2a 0-----------------------------------74.9b .---------------------------------556b 3 82.4a 642a 6 81.2a ----------585ab 9-----------------------77.7a 564b 6-----------78.9a 538b 3-----------------------------------1964 1963 Cwt. 295b 522a 534a 585a 515a 349b 1962-63 Av. Cwt. Pct. 369c 539ab 590a 585a 539ab 444bc 67.5bc 70.Ob 75.6a 74.6a 69.3bc 72.3ab -----------------------------------62.Oab ----------------------64.lab Residual effects 1965 65.4a 69.4a 67.3a 65.4a 63.6a 62.2a 331b 375b 4l0ab 5 46 a 395ab 400ab 69.2b 72.8ab 75.Sab 79.4a 73.Sab 75.lab I- c X 1966 213a 212a 5 2 1a 256a 219a 224a 69.4a 65.9a 70.1a 69.2a 66.3a 68.1a Check Broiler Broiler Broiler Broiler Hen 0 5 5 5 2 255b 0-----------------303ab 3-----------------308ab 6------------------334a 9-----------------295ab ------6------------258b 3------------------ r m - -I a zb 1'Manure applied 3 weeks prior to the tomato crop. Tomatoes were followed by a fall crop of leafy vegetables that did not receive additional manure. No manure applied in 1964, 1965, and 1966. All treatments were fertilized with 60 lb. N, P 05, and 2 K20 per acre (60 lb. N, 26 lb. P, and 50 lb. K) before and again about 4 weeks after planting both the spring and fall crops. 2Figures followed by the same letter do not differ significantly at the 0.05 level by Duncan's test. POULTRY MANURE for VEGETABLE CROPS 17 POU'LTRY MANURE for VEGETAB.LE COPS 1 APPENDIX TABLE 2. MARKETABLE YIELD PERCENTAGE OF EARLY AND MEDIUM TOMATOES FROM DIFFERENT KINDS AND RATES OF POULTmY MANURE, SERIES 5 Manure applied' Kind Broods No. Check Broiler Broiler Broiler Broiler Hen Maturity distribution of marketable tomatoes Initial effects Per acre2 16 1962-63 Av. 1963. Early Med. Med.Early Early Med. Tons Pct. Pet. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. 40.2ab 21.2b 9.7c 44.3a 38.6a 42.6a 13.7b 39.2a 39.1a 32.3c 26.Oa 35.9bc 30.la 37.7a 33.9c 17.1a 23.Oab 36.Oc 24.8a 14.4b 38.7a 34.4c 36.Sbc 19.6c 14.4ab 41.5a 28.8a 35.4bc 21.3b 38.6bc 33.8a 11.9bc 37.7a 45.Oa 20.6b 40.6ab 1964 Residual effects 1965 1966 43.1a 23.6a 55.Obc 15.3a 44.4a 49.5a 23.6a 61.2a 12.4a 45.7a 44.1a 43.6a 19.4a 54.4bc 7.3a 22.Oa 52.8c 50.Oa 47.7a 11.4a 49.7a 23.4a 59.5ab 41.2a 13.6a 47.2a -22.Oa 17.Oa 64.Oa 36.Oa 8.4a 1'Manure applied 3 weeks prior to the tomato crop. Tomatoes were followed by a fall crop of leafy vegetables that did not receive additional manure. No manure applied in 1964, 1965, and 1966. All treatments were fertilized with 60 lb. N, P25 and K2O per acre (60 lb. N, 26 lb. P, and 50 lb. K) before and again about 4 weeks after planting both the spring and fall crops. 2'Figures followed by the same letter do not differ significantly at the 0.05 level by Duncan's test. Check Broiler Broiler Broiler Broiler Hen 23.9a 21.8a 21.8a 19.5a 22.7a APPENDIX TABLE 3. TOTAL YIELDS AND PERCENTAGE OF CRACKED AND CULL TOMATOES FROM DIFFERENT KINDmS AND RATES OF POULTRY MANURE, SERIES 5 Initial effects 2 Total yields per acre and percentage cracks and culls Residual effects 1965 1964 Yield Cracks Culls u Yield Cracks Culls Kind Manure applied' Broods Per acre i- No. Check 0 5 Tons 0------3 Yield Cwt. 534b 798a 1963 Cracks 1966 r Culls Pet. 22.8a 18.1a 14.Oa 17.Oa 18.8a 13.9a Pet. 22.0a 16.5a 17.2a Cwt. 374c 437abc Pet. 11.2a 10.9a 12.Oa 15.6a 14.Oa 14.7a Pct. 20.7a 19.7a 20.7a 18.8a 22.4a 23.1a Cwt. 478b Broiler Broiler Broiler Broiler ------_------ 516ab 543ab Pet. 12.4ab 14.Oa Pct. 18.4a 13.2a 14.8a 11.6a 15.6a 15.2a Yield Cwt. 307a 321a 358a 370a 331a 329a ,, Cracks pet. 11.7a 12.9a 14.Oa 11.3a 11.7a 13.Oa Culls .bp Pet. 18.8a 21.2a 5 5 2 6------9 6_------ 784a 849a 830a 14.Oa 19.1a 22.Oa 459ab 511a 464ab 586a 537ab 533ab Hen 3 ------- 544b 415bc 9.7ab 9.Ob 10.9ab 9.7ab 16.Oa 19.5a 22.Oa 18.9a C I- 'Manure applied 3 weeks prior to the tomato crop. Tomatoes were followed by a fall crop of leafy vegetables that did nut receive additional manure. No manure applied in 1964, 1965, and 1966. All treatments were fertilized with 60 lb. N, P2 O5, and K2 0 per acre (60 lb. N, 26 lb. P, and 50 lb. K) before and again about 4 weeks after planting both the spring and fall crops. 2 Figures followed by the same letter do not differ significantly at the 0.05 level by Duncan's test. -I 'I z 0 C z C APPENDIX TABLE 4. SIZE OF MARKETABLE FRUIT FROM DIFFERENT KINDS AND RATES OF POULTY MANURE, SERIES 5 0 Kind Manure applied' Broods Per acre No. Tons 0.__________ 3----------- Average fruit size' m 1962 Lb. .39a .38a 1963 Lb. .42a .43a 1962-63 Av. Lb. .40a .40a 1964 Lb. .32a .36a .36a 1965 Lb. .35b .4lab .4Oab 1966 Lb. .37a .37a .37a 1964-66 Av. Lb. .35a .38a .38a m m Check Broiler Broiler 0 5 5 [' 0I 6----------- .37b .39a .38b Broiler Broiler Hen 5 2 9.__________ 6.__________ 3----------- .35c .37b .39a .40a .41a .38a .38b .39ab .39ab .33a .34a .38a .4Oab .40ab .4lab .37a .39a .39a .37a .38a .38a ' Manure applied 3 weeks prior to the tomato crop. Tomatoes receive additional manure. No manure applied in 1964, 1965, and K2 0 per acre (60 lb. N, 26 lb. P, and 50 lb. K) before and again ' Means followed by the same letter do not differ significantly were followed by a fall crop of leafy vegetables that did not 1966. All treatments were fertilized with. 60 lb. N, P20 5, and about 4 weeks after planting both the spring and fall crops. at the 0.05 level by Duncan's test. N APPENDIX TABLE 5. MARKETABLE YIELDS PER ACRE AND PERCENTAGE OF MARKETABLE TOMATOES METHODS AND TIME OF APPLICATION OF POULTRY MANURE, SERIES 6 FROM DIFFERENT Treatments' Marketable yields and percentage 2 Fertilizer Lb. 0 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,500 N, P2 0 5, and K2 0 per acre (60 lb. N, 26 lb. P and 50 lb. K) before and again about 4 weeks after planting both the spring and fall crops.D 2 Figures followed by the same letter do not differ significantly at the 0.05 level by Duncan's test.r 'Applied 3weeks before planting. Aple 6 weeks before planting. ' Applied 1 week before planting. 'Manure 1962 Manure Tons Cwt. 6' BC___________________ 535ab 6' BC _---- _________ 607a 6' Row ---387c 37c_______ 64 BC .____________________ 529ab 6'BC ---------------------556ab 0 458bc 1963 Pct. 74.9a 78.4a 73.4a 73.la 76.5a ---------------------------79.4a 62.7a Cwt. 561a 570a 449ab 615a 478a 326b Pct. 67.2a 64.8a 65.3a 68.8a 61.5a 1962-63 Av. Cwt. Pct. 548ab 70.8a 588a 71.2a 418bc 68.8a 572a 70.Oa 517ab 392c 68.8a 71.5a w applied to tomatoes and fall crops in 1962, but only to tomato crop in 1963. Fertilizer applied at the rate of 60 lb. c M mo m Z 0I ZI C z C APPENDIX TABLE 6. MARKETABLE YIELDS PER ACRE AND PERCENTAGE OF MARKETABLE RESIDUAL EFFECTS OF POULTRY MANURE, SERIES 6 TOMATOES FROM INITIAL AND m Treatments' 1962-63 FertiBroiler lizer manure 1964-66 Ferti- Broiler lizer manure 1964 Marketable yields and percentage' 1965 1966 1964-66 Av. 0 m -I m Lb. 0 1,500 Tons 6 6 Lb. 0 1,500 Tons 6 6 1,500 6 0' 6 ____________ -----------____________ Cwt. 195c Pct. 70.3a 68.7a Cwt. 535b 686a Pct. 78.8a 79.6a Cwt. 445a 476a Pct. 79.9a 76.1a Cwt. 392b 535a Pct. 77.7'a 75.3ab 443a 318b 66.4a 501b 76.6a 361ab 71.9a 393b 1,500 1,500 1,500 1 6 6 0 0. 1,500 1,500 0____________. 0.____________ 0_____________ 210c 432a 260b 64.5a 69.6a 60.Oa 200d 502b 329c 75.2a 80.5a 74.2a 139c 356ab 273bc 67.1a 76.7a 71.8a 183d 430b 287c 72.2abc 68.7c 60 lb. 75.5a 68.9bc N, 0 Manure applied to tomatoes and fall crops in 1962, but only to tomato crop in 1963. Fertilizer applied at the rate of P205, and K20 per acre (60 lb. N, 26 lb. P, and 50 lb. K) before and again about 4 weeks after planting both the spring and fall crops. 2Figures followed by the same letter do not differ significantly at the 0.05 level by Duncan's test. APPENDIX TABLE 7. PERCENTAGE OF EARLY AND MEDIUM MARKETABLE TOMATOES FROM DIFFERENT METHODS AND OF APPLICATION OF POULTRY MANURE, SERIES 6 TIME Treatents)Maturity e1962 Fetilrea FriieMaueEarly Lb. Tons BC 6'3 64 63 Med. Pct. Pct. 35.7a 37.2a 18.9b 36.9a 36.2a 38.6a 14.Oa 16.7a 5.5c distribution of marketable tomatoes' 1962-63 Av. 1963 Early Med. Early Med. Pct. 27.2c 26.8c 16.7d 33.lab 32.1bC 41.2a Pct. 40.6a 42.Oa 41.6a 37.3a 31.7a 45.Oa Pct. 20.7a 21.6a 11.5b 23.9a 23.Oa 21.4a Pct. 38.3ab 39.5ab 31.1c 37.1b 34.1b 41.3a RIIIf I. r 0 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,500 BC-.- 63 Row_ 13.3ab 6' BC.15.5a 1,500 7.2bc --- - 1 ' Manure applied to tomatoes and fall crops in 1962, but only to tomato crop in 1963. Fertilizer applied at the rate of 60 lb. N, P2O5, and K2O per acre (60 lb. N, 26 lb. P, and 50 lb. K) before and again about 4 weeks after planting both the spring and fall BC-- G) 0 9I- crops. Figures followed by the same letter do not differ significantly at the 0.05 level by Duncan's test. e3 weeks before planting. Applied 6 weeks before planting. ;-Applied m m 1 week before planting. z 0 z C C APPENDIX TABLE 8. PERCENTAGE OF EARLY AND MEDIUM MARKETABLE TOMATOES OF POULTRY MANURE, SERIES 6 FROM INITIAL AND RESIDUAL EFFECTS m 0 Treatments' 1962-63 Fertilizer Broiler manure 1964-66 Fertilizer Maturity distribution of marketable tomatoes? 1964 _I Early Pet. 24.8bc 20.Sbc 28.6ab 20.3bc 18.5c 33.1a Med. Pet. 52.5a 48.1a 48.1a 42.1a 53.8a 47.5a Early Pet. 21.Obc 16.9c 26.4b 32.9a 21.6bc 31.3a 1965 Med. Pet. 63.4a 53.9a 61.1a 49.2a 56.9a 52.7a Early Pct. 6.9a 6.4a 8.3a 9.9a 8.1a 9.6a 1966 Med. Pet. 36.1a 36.6a 46.2a 29.6a 36.7a 52.1a P' manure Broiler Lb. 0 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,500 1 Tons 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 Lb. Tons 6 - --- - --- -- - 00 1,500 6-----------6 -- -- -- --- -- 0 -- -- -- --- -0 1,500 1,500 --------------------- 0 Manure applied to tomatoes and fall crops in 1962, but only to tomato crop in 1963. Fertilizer applied at the rate of 60 lb. N, P 205, and K20 per acre (60 lb. N, 26 lb. P, and 50 lb. K) before and again about 4 weeks after planting both the spring and fall crops. Figures followed by the same letter do not differ significantly at the 0.05 level by Duncan's test. w APPENDIX TABLE 9. TOTAL YIELDS AND PERCENTAGE OF CRACKED AND CULL TOMATOES EFFECTS OF POULTRY MANURE, SERIES 6 FROM INITIAL AND RESIDUAL Treatments1 1962-63 Fertilizer Lb. 0 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,500 Broiler manure Tons 6 6 6 6 6 0 1964-66 Fertilizer Lb. 0 1,500 0 0 1,500 1,500 Broiler manure Tons Total Cwt. 1964 Cracks Pct. 2.6b 10.3a 10.9a 4.3b 9.1a 13.3a Culls Pct. 27.0a 20.8a 22.6a 31.2a 21.3a 25.7a Yields per acre and percentage cracks and culls2 1965 1966 Total Cwt. 679b 862a 654b 267d 623b 443c Cracks Pct. 11.0a 10.7a 9.4a 7.2a 8.1a 10.0a Culls Pct. 10.2a 9.7a 14.0a 17.6a 11.4a 15.8a Total Cwt. Cracks Pct. Culls Pct. 10.0a 10.6a 14.2a 19.8a 13.3a 15.7a 1964-66 Av. Total Cwt. 504b 711a 545b 266d 570b 417c Cracks Pct. 9.2ab 11.3a 11.2a 7.6b 8.9ab 10.7a Culls Pct. 13.2b 13.3b 16.6b 23.7a 15.5b 19.2ab 6-.............. 277e 645a 6.___________ 6 ........... 478b 326d 0 621a 0._____________. 428c 0 10.0a 557a 635a 13.2a 502ab 14.0a 13.1a 207c 465ab 10.1a 12.6a 380b c C C .- 1 Manure applied to tomatoes and fall crops in 1962, but only to tomato crop in 1963. Fertilizer applied at the rate of 60 lb. N, P 205, and K20 per acre (60 lb. N, 26 lb. P, and 50 lb. K) before and again about 4 weeks after planting both the spring and fall crops. 2 Figures followed by the same letter do not differ significantly at the 0.05 level by Duncan's test.M X X Z -I -I .I z POULTRY MANURE for VEGETABLE CROPS 25 POU'LTRY MANURE for V EGETABLE CROPS FRUIT FROM METHODS MANURE, SERIES 6 2 Average-fruit size AND 2 APPENDIX TABLE 10. SIzE OF MARKETABLE TIME OF APPLICATION OF POULTRY Treatments' Fertilizer Manure 1962 1963 1962-63 Av. Lb. 0 1,500 Tons Lb. 63 BC_________________ .4Oab 6' BC__________ Lb. .43a .43a .39a Lb. .41ab .4lab .38b 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,500 63 Row ----------.37b 64 BC__________ .39ab 6' BC___________ .4Oab 0 .39ab .43a .38a .43a .4lab .4lab .42a --. 41a_____ 1 Manure applied to tomatoes and fall crops in 1962, but only to the tomato crop in 1963. Fertilizer applied at the rate of 60 lb. N, P205, and K20 (60 lb. N, 26 lb. P, and 50 lb. K) before and again about 4 weeks after planting both the spring and fall crops. 2'Figures followed by the same letter do not differ significantly at the 0.05 level by Duncan's test. 3 weeks before planting. 4Applied 6 weeks before planting. 1week before planting. 'Applied 'Applied APPENDIX TABLE 11. SIZE OF MARKETABLE FRUIT FROM INITIAL AND RESIDUAL EFFECTS OF POULTRY MANURE, SERIES 6 Treatments1 Average fruit size 2 1962-63 1964-661946 Fertilizer Manure Fertilizer- Manure Lb. Tans Lb. Tons 0 6 0 6.______ 1,500 6 1,500 6 0 1,500 1,500 6 6 0 0 1,500 1,500 applied to tomatoes and fall crops in 1962, but only to tomato crop in 1963. Fertilizer a pplied at the rate of 60 lb. N, P205, and K20 per acre (60 lb. N, 26 lb. P, and 50 lb. K) before and again about 4 weeks after planting both the spring and fall crops. 2'Figures followed by the same letter do not differ significantly at the 0.05 level 1'Manure 0 1,500 0 6 1,500 ------0.______. ------- .46a 6._______ .37a .45a .37a .31b 16 Lb. .31b 96 Lb. .45a .34b 96 Lb. .45a .42a Av. Lb. .42b .42b .48a .32a .45a .31d ------.30c .36a .42a .42a .44a .39a .45a .38c by Duncan's test. N% APPENDIX TABLE 12. YIELDS OF FALL CROPS FROM DIFFERENT RATES AND KINDS OF POULTRY MANURE, SERIES 5 Manure appliedYields Per acre Tons 1962 Cwt. per acre Kind Broods No. Initial effects 1963 1962-63 Av. Cwt. Cwt. 167a Residual effects 1964 1965 1966 1964-66Ay. Check Broiler Broiler Broiler Broiler Hen Check 0 5 5 5 2 0 ._____________________________ 149a 185a 3______________________________ 178a 156a 6_____________________________201a 196a 9______________________________ 227a 209a 6._____________________________ 195a 217a 3______________________________ 169a 167a 0--------------612b 508a 167a 198a 218a 206a 168a 56Gb Cwt. Collards 33c 47abc 46abc 54ab 57a 4Obc Turnips 194b Cwt. 132a 136a 143a 146a 146a 137a 358a Cwt. 61a 62a 48a 63a 49a 59a 161a Cwt. - 75a r 82a 79a 87a 84a 77a 238a a a 0 Broiler Broiler 5 5 3._______________ 6--------------- 610b 706ab 472a 494a 541b 600ab 266ab 297ab 365a 333a 139a 162a 257a 264a C I- Broiler Broiler Hen 5 2 9.______________ 6_______________ 3 -------------- 813a 680b 652b 549a 503a 437a 681a 592b 545b 357a 282ab 232b 427a 450a 379a 144a 145a 144a 309a 292a 252a 'Ii x 2rz m z zI applied 3 weeks prior to the tomato crop. Tomatoes were followed by a fall crop of leafy vegetables that did not receive additional manure. No manure applied in 1964, 1965, and 1966. All treatments were fertilized with 60 lb. N, P20 5, and K20 per acre (60 lb. N, 26 lb. P, and 50 lb. K) before and again about 4 weeks after planting both the spring and fall crops. 2 Figures followed by the same letter do not differ significantly at the 0.05 level by Duncan's test. 1 Manure 0 C APPENDIX TABLE 13. YIELDS OF FALL CROPs FROM METHODS AND TIME OF APPLICATION OF MANURE, SERIES 6 Treatments' Yields per acre Collards 1963 Cwt. 38b 153a 133a 172a 132a 137a Fertilizer Lb. 0 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,500 1962 Tons Cwt. 63BC______________ 255ab 63 BC-____________-- 231ab 6' Row__________ 226ab 65 BC .__________ 288a 6~ 0 ----------------- Manure BC ----------- 1962-63 Av. Cwt. 147b 192ab 180ab 230a 178ab 1962 Cwt. 713bc 853ab 903a 873ab 707bc 629c Turnips 1963 Cwt. 119b 376a 359a 339a 362a 323a 1962-63 Av. Cwt. 416c 614a 631a 606a 534abH 476bc G M M W 224ab 166b 152b 1Manure applied to tomatoes and fall crops in 1962, but only t o tomato crop in 1963. Fertilizer applied at the rate of 60 lb. N, P2 0 5, and K20 per acre (60 lb. N, 26 lb. P, and 50 lb. K) before and again about 4 weeks after planting both the spring and fall crops. 2 Figures followed by the same letter do not differ significantly at the 0.05 level by Duncan's test. 4Aped6 weeks before planting. 5 pli1 week before planting. 'Apid3 weeks before planting. APPENDIX TABLE 14. YIELDS OF FALL CROPS FROM INITIAL AND RESIDUAL EFFECTS OF POULTRY MANURE, SERIES 6 Treatments' 1962-63 Fertilizer Manure 1964-66 Fertilizer Manure 1964 Collards 1965 1966 Yields per acre 1964-66 Av. 2 1964 1965 Turnips 1966 1964-66 Av. Lb. 0 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,500 Tons 6 6 6 6 6 0 Lb. 0 1,500 0 0 1,500 1,500 Tons 6.--------6 .------------- _ 6.------------------0_--------_--_----____ 0 ______________ 0 ---------------- Cwt. Cwt. 10c c---_ 37b 76a 188a lie 25b 10c 15b 86a 185a 53b 152a Cwt. 4c 84a 6c 2c 61b 45b Cwt. 17c 116a 14c 9c lila 83b Cwt. 85c 422a 51c 67c 405a 261b Cwt. 156c 441ab 142cd bid 462a 412b Cwt. lib 124a 6b 3b 96a 108a Cwt. 84c 329a 66c 57c 321a 260b c ' Manure applied to tomatoes and fall crops in 1962, but only to tomato crop in 1963. Fertilizer applied at the rate of 60 lb. N, P205, and K2 0 per acre (60 lb. N, 26 lb. P, and 50 lb. K) before and again about 4 weeks after planting both the spring and fallr c'Figures followed by the same letter do not differ significantly at the 0.05 level by Duncan's test.x 2V A z ZI V1 0I Z C APPENDIX TABLE 15. MARKETABLE YIELDS, INCREASES, AND VALUE OF INCREASES FROM DIFFERENT RATES AND POULTRY MANURE, SERIES 5 2 Yields, increases, and value of increases '3 Turnips SOURCES OF z C m 0 Manure applied' Kind Broods Total per acre Yield per acre Tomatoes Both crops Value of increase Value each ton manure applied m an Increase fo manure Value of increase Yield per acre Increase Value of increase from manure 1'1 r No. Check Broiler Broiler Broiler Broiler Hen 1,833 2,592 1,852 19 95 2,687 448 3,672 1,992 159 372 4,467 795 4,134 2,290 457 2,285 6,419 357 2,706 2,060 227 320 3,841 1,135 61,392 1,844 241 11 55 1,447 1Manure applied 3 weeks prior to the tomato crop. Tomatoes were followed by a fall crop of leafy vegetables that did not receive additional manure. No manure applied in 1964, 1965, and 1966. All treatments were fertilized with 60 lb. N, P20 5 , and K20 per acre (60 lb. N, 26 lb. P, and 50 lb. K) before and again about 4 weeks after planting both the spring and fall crops. 2 Yields and values measured over 5-year period, 1962-1966. 'Tomatoes valued at $6.00 and turnips at $5.00 per hundredweight. 121812432 612 689 451 232 Tons 06. Cwt. 1,537 1,969 2,149 2,226 1,988 1,769 Cwt. Dol. Cwt. Cwt. Dot. Dol. Dol. CA wJ 0 APPENDIX TABLE 16. MARKETABLE YIELDS, INCREASES, AND VALUE OF INCREASES FROM DIFFERENT TIME AND METHODS OF APPLICATION OF POULTRY MANURE, SERIES 6 Yields, increases, and value of increases' Both crops 6 Total value of increase Dol. 3,749 1,868 Value each ton of manure app. I Treatments' Tomatoes' Turnips' Value of increase Yield Increase Value from of manure increase Fertilizer Manure per acre Yield Increase from manure c Lb. 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,500 BC 18' B C 185 BC ----------183 ------------------- Tons Cwt. 1,177 836 1,143 1,034 783 Cwt. 394 53 360 251 Dol. 2,364 318 2,160 1,506 Gwt. 1,229 1,262 1,212 1,069 --952 Cwt. 277 310 260 117 ----- Dol. 1,385 1,550 1,300 585 Dol. 208 183 Row ------- ---- 3,460 2,091 104 192 116 0 - -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 'Manure applied 3 weeks prior to the tomato crop. Tomatoes were followed by a fall crop of leafy vegetables that did not receive additional No manure applied in 1964, 1965, and 1966. All treatments were fertilized with 60 lb. N, P 2 05, and K20 per acre (60 N, 26 lb. P, and 50 lb. K) before and again about 4 weeks after planting both the spring and fall crops. ' Yields, increases and values for 1962 and 1963. 3Applied 3 weeks before planting. 4 pli6 weeks before planting. Applied 1 week before planting. Tomatoes value at $6.00 and turnips at $5.00 per hundredweight. manure. lb. 0 z POULTRY MANURE for VEGETABLE CROPS APPENDIX TABLE 17. SOIL ACIDITY FROM INITIAL AND RESIDUAL OF MANURE AND FERTILIZER APPLICATIONS, SERIES 6 31 EFFECTS Treatments 1964-66 1962-63 Fertilizer Fertilizer Man. per per Man. acre2 acre2 3 Soil acidity 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 11/14 11/6 pH 6.68a 11/13 pH 6.73a 5.70c 12/3 pH 6.53a 5.23d 6.27b 11/16 pH 6.57a Lb. 0 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,500 Tons 6 6 6 6 6 0 Lb. 0 1,500 0 0 1, 500 1,500 Tons pH -------6.80a -- _-_--- 6.25c 5.60b 5.73b -_______ 6.38bc 6.43bc -------6.27c -------6.47b -------- 6.33b 6.23b 5.87c 5.85c 5.50b 5.70b 5.68b 6.18b 5.27d 5.55c 5.10d 6.40b 6.33b 5.13d 5.20c ' Figures followed by the same letter do not differ significantly at the 0.05 level by Duncan's test. 2 Fertilizer applied each year to both crops where treatment received fertilizer; nitrogen was derived 3/4 from ammonium and 14 from nitrate forms. The soil was limed at the beginning of the study to aproximately 7.0 pH. 3Manure during the 1962-64 period applied only to tomatoes except in 1962 when it was applied to tomatoes and fall crops. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION SYSTEM OF ALABAMA'S LAND-GRANT UNIVERSITY \With al agricultural research unit in every major soil area, Auburn Uiniversity serves the needs of field crop, livestock, forestry, and hor- ticoltural prodlucers in each region in Alabamanh. Evervl citizen of the State has a stake in this research program, since any advantage fIrom new and more e'collniical ways of prodllcilg and handling falm products directly ibelefits the consoming publlic. Research Unit Identification 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. Tennessee Valley Substation, Belle Mina. Sand Mountain Substation, Crossville. North Alabama Horticulture Substation, Cullman Upper Coastal Plain Substation, Winfield. Alexandria Experiment Field, Alexandria. Forestry Unit, Fayette County. Thorsby Foundation Seed Stocks Farm, Thorsby Chilton Area Horticulture Substation, Clanton. Forestry Unit, Coosa County. Piedmont Substation, Camp Hill. Plant Breeding Unit, Tallassee. Forestry Unit, Autauga County. Prattville Experiment Field, Prattville. Black Belt Substation, Marion Junction. Tuskegee Experiment Field, Tuskegee. Lower Coastal Plain Substation, Camden. Forestry Unit, Barbour County. Monroeville Experiment Field, Monroeville. Wiregrass Substation, Headland. Brewton Experiment Field, Brewton. Ornamental Horticulture Field Station, Spring Hill. Gulf Coast Substation, Fairhope.