FAMILY CAMPING IN ALABAMA BULLETIN 374 JUNE 1967 A A ~*44 ~ &g l 7 'i Iw 1 + -d - Agricultural Experiment Station AUBURN UNIVERSITY E. V. Smith, DirectorAbuAlbm Auburn, Alobomo CONTENTS Page STUDY OBJECTIVES AND METHODSCHARACTERISTICS OF CAMPERS .....PREFERENCES OF CAMPERS 6 7 9 Desirable Aspects of Camping Undesirable Aspects of Camping Popular Camping Time Location, Type, and Size .....Campground Operation Accommodations and Activities TRENDS IN CAMPING ___ -14 9 10 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 18 19 20 21 Types of Equipment Used Plans for New Camping Equipment Distances Traveled by Campers Expenses of Camping Trips Campers' Willingness to Pay Information Used by Campers in Selecting Campgrounds .Age and Camping Experience Camper Trips and Opinions SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS OF REMARKS AND RECOMMENDATIONS APPENDIX A: SAMPLE BY RESPONDENTS CONCERNING CAMPING IN ALABAMA, 1966 APPENDIX TABLES 25 28 APPENDIX B: FIRST PRINTING 4M, JUNE 1967 Family Camping in Alabama* L. S. DRISCOLL, Instructor Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology** IN THE FIELD of outdoor recreation, family camping has grown rapidly in popularity since World War II. Evidence of this gain is reflected in recent efforts of many state and private operators to supply campgrounds to meet increasing demand. The amazing improvement in camping equipment, increased leisure time, and higher disposable incomes are major factors contributing to gains in camping popularity. Many other minor factors, however, contribute to the increasing number of tent trailers, travel trailers, and various other camping rigs observed on highways today. Many states are becoming increasingly conscious of the potential for deriving income from tourism-recreation trade. Camping families represent a significant part of this trade since one out of six American adults participated in camping in 1961.1 Thus, Alabama's campground potential may warrant greater expansion and promotion to attract the State's share of the camping trade to both public and private facilities. The present status of public campgrounds in Alabama does not promote camping as a prime attraction of the State. Presently there are approximately 55 advertised campgrounds in the State, 7 of which are in national forests and 3 in state parks. State parks This study was supported by Hatch Research funds for State Project 196, "Marketing of Outdoor Recreational Services in Rural Areas." *" The author expresses appreciation to Robert R. Clark, Specialist in Rural Resource Development, Auburn University Cooperative Extension Service, for help in this study. Special appreciation is also expressed to Alabama campers who responded to the survey. 'Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Commission, Study Report 20, Participation in Outdoor Recreation. A report by Eva Mueller and Gerald Gurin, assisted by Margaret Wood, Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office, 1962. 4 ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION have 165 developed and 80 undeveloped campsites, 2 with another 84 undeveloped sites in national forests.3 Ten other state parks in Alabama offer camping in picnic areas subject to approval of camp managers; however, the areas are not designated and developed camping sites. Of the 45 privately owned campgrounds listed in the Alabama Camping Directory, only 13 are currently listed in the most comprehensive 1966 Rand McNally, Guidebook to Campgrounds. Requirements for listing exclude campgrounds that do not allow tent camping and those without minimum requirements for camping. Listing, however, does not carry the publication's endorsement or recommendation. A total of 3,399 tent sites is available at the 13 listed Alabama campgrounds, with 2 facilities reporting over 88 per cent of the total.4 Quality camping is provided at many of the campgrounds listed in the Guidebook. On the other hand, many of the 45 listed in the Alabama Directory are not developed. Locations of listed camping areas are shown in Figure 1. Numerous factors must be considered in meeting the increasing demand for outdoor recreational facilities, such as quality campgrounds. This is true of either the private or public sectors. If operators are to construct campground facilities that please the camper and promote visitation, they must know the answers to questions such as these: (1) What are the characteristics of people that go camping? (2) What kind of facilities and accommodations do campers desire? (3) How much are campers willing to pay for the desired facilities? (4) What are the good and bad aspects of camping experiences? (5) What type of advertisement is most effective in attracting the camper? (6) What are the various trends in camping? Answers to these and other pertinent camping questions must be provided to promote optimum resource utilization and camper satisfaction. 2 Developed campsites are those considered as specifically designated and with such accommodations as water and toilets; undeveloped campsites are those in general areas with minimum accommodations. 3Bureau of Publicity and Information, Alabama Camping Directory, Montgomery, Alabama. 4Guidebook to Campgrounds, a family camping directory of campgrounds throughout the United States and Canada, Rand McNally and Company, New York, 1966. FAMILY CAMPING IN ALABAMA 5 "i"..."....................... " "" "" " LALOEDQLLAIS TONE ...... MAD/SON .. JACKSON "" e e" """"""".""""""""" @ .f0 VO" "0. 00 0 . " 0" ALETO;".;""0;" COV"IN. 0 *00""0U . 0 00. 00* SCALe . . . .. . . . . . . g 00 00 e e e.g.." .g0.. e0 0000 0e 0 e "0""Private ampgrounds"0 5d 0000.0000 e "ee"e"eg"." " e" gg" FIG 1.Loctio ofAlaam"capin Caras SnA166 ae map. PshownHonMtESabove " 6 ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION STUDY OBJECTIVES AND METHODS The general objective of this family camping study was to provide camper and camping data that might be of value to the public and private sectors in providing the type of campgrounds desired, thereby contributing to marketing of outdoor recreation services in Alabama. Specific objectives were: (1) To determine the characteristics of campers, camper preferences, and related data. (2) To determine trends in camping and in camping equipment. A list of all members of the Alabama Campers Association and Alabama members of the National Campers and Hikers Association that are not affiliated with the State organization was secured. A total of 758 camping families was included, 124 of whom were not affiliated with any of 30 camping clubs in the Alabama Association. 5 A mail questionnaire was de- signed to elicit needed information, yet kept short enough for maximum response. A brief let- FIG. 2. Location of Alabama camping clubs that were included in the 1966 study are shown on the map. ter and self addressed envelope accompanied each questionnaire. Before mailing the questionnaire, the Alabama Campers Association paper, Echoes, published a statement telling of the proposed study. Response to the mailed questionnaires reached 50 per cent before a second mailing of 360 letters to non-respondents. Response had reached 72.5 per cent after 2 months when processing of data was begun and a cut-off time was established. Distribution of Alabama camping clubs participating in the SMailing lists of camping families were obtained through the cooperation and help of the Alabama Campers Association and the Auburn University Cooperative Extension Service. FAMILY CAMPING IN ALABAMA 7 study are shown in Figure 2. Other camping families participating were scattered throughout the State. Data from questionnaires were coded, transferred to cards, and processed and summarized for analysis. CHARACTERISTICS OF CAMPERS More than 76 per cent of the campers in this study lived in cities of 5,000 population or more. The remainder were equally divided between smaller towns and rural areas. Occupations of campers were distributed throughout the major occupation groups as defined by the Bureau of the Census. However, three major occupation groups cover 71 per cent of the total. Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers comprised 26 per cent; professional, technical, and kindred workers, 25 per cent; and managers, officials, and proprietors, 20 per cent. Sales workers were fourth, amounting to 9 per cent of the total. Included among the campers were 12 retired families. Age distribution of 543 camper respondents is depicted in Figure 3. Average age of this group was about 44 years. Education Number of respondents 130 1201 0 125 105 10090 80 70 67 60 50 4030 56 28 ....... : 0 2025 2630 3135 3640 4145 4650 5155 5660 6165 66up Age range FIG. 3. Age distribution of 543 surveyed Alabama campers is shown here. 8 ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Per cent in each range 4036.7 35 30.2 30. 25 -::::: .,.........%::.... 20- 30upt $5001 $600 $ 0 1 90 1 $9000 12000 Income ronge I iii i ::::::::::":::.::::' :.:.:..:.:..:.:..:.:. ::::::::::::::::::::: °°.oo .,,.oo..,,., o 10 1 $1000 10 1 abov peci FIG. . Pecentge 534respndin Alaama ampig failie in ach o fied~~~~~~~~~~~96suyis ieo inoernea h hw y h bvegah wasabve te Stae andNatinal aerage The518 rspon wll dents~ usin ~~~~~~~ vrgdsihtyaoe1 toti easo col ing, eqivalentto begining colege sohomores iomragof54apingrspnetsi honi 0 Family~ ~ ~~ up to $3001- ~~ $6001$9001$12001$150014. Aerag famiy inome ws aproximtely89,60. Th Figur above $12000 etoftefaiis $15000 $9000 $3001outside the home in 59pe $6000 wife worked Income range FIG. 4. Percentage of 534 responding Alabama camping families in each speci2 98 16.9 fied income range at time of the 1966 study 85 shown by the above15.4 is graph. 8 4 ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ ... ........................... 173 . 5 12522. 6 47 8.5 7 13 2.4 was well above the State and National average. The 518 respon8 2 .4 9 . No~~~~~~~~~ ..................... response 1. dents to this question averaged slightly above 13 years of school- ing, equivalent to beginning college sophomores. Family income range of 534 camping respondents is shown in Figure 4. Average family income was approximately $9,600. The wife worked outside the home in 35.9 per cent of the families. TABLE TOTAL .... 550 100.0 1. NUMBER BY AND PERCENTAGE OF CAMPING ALABAMA, 1966 FAMILIES SIZE, Size of family Number of camping families Per cent of total families No. 1 2 3 4 5 - I- - - - - - - 6 93 85 177 125 Pct. 1.1 16.9 15.4 32.2 22.7 6 9 47 13 2 8.5 2.4 .4 7 8 No responseTOTAL -- 1 1 550 .2 .2 100.0 FAMILY CAMPING IN ALABAMA 9 This fact, coupled with a much higher average education level, contributed to the relatively high average family income of this group. Family income by occupation groups is shown in Appendix Table 1. Family size of 549 respondents averaged four. Distribution according to family size and percentage included in each are shown in Table 1. PREFERENCES OF CAMPERS Desirable Aspects of Camping Campgrounds must meet the needs and desires of campers for return patronage and increasing popularity. In view of this requirement and to gain insight into camping preferences, campers were requested to rate the most desirable and undesirable aspects of camping. The most desirable factor reported was being out-ofdoors and close to nature, while second in importance was the chance for family participation in recreation together. Rated third was the chance to get away from the "hustle and bustle" of city life, while the "cheapest way to spend vacations" was listed fourth. The low rating assigned to the economic aspect of camping may be surprising, as was the lowest rating given the physical exercise aspect, Table 2. However, many campers may have considered TABLE 2. MOST DESIRABLE ASPECTS OF CAMPING AS RATED BY ALABAMA CAMPERS, 1966 Campers stating preference as Desirable aspects of camping choice First Second choice No. 122 121 129 77 72 14 535 Third choice No. 82 109 117 75 109 44 536 Total No. Pet. Ranking No. No. Being out-of-doors and 222 close to nature Chance for family participation in recreation 165 together Chance to get away from "hustle and bustle" of 84 city life Cheapest way to spend 50 vacations-__ Chance to meet new 13 people -........................... Good way to obtain ---------3 physical exercise 537 TOTAL ....... -.............. 426 395 330 202 194 61 1,608 26.5 24.5 20.5 12.6 12.1 3.8 100.0 1 2 3 4 5 6 10 ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION the chance for physical exercise as a part of being out-of-doors and close to nature. Undesirable Aspects of Camping Insight into the undesirable aspects of camping is of importance to campground operators in correcting specific discrepancies and making camping more attractive. The undesirable qualities of camping reported by campers undoubtedly reflect actual experiences, Table 3. Rated as the number one undesirable factor was poor sanitation and unkept facilities. Lack of restroom facilities was second in importance. Overcrowded campgrounds with campsites too close together was another major complaint. Minor complaints of excessive noise at night, pro and con complaints about restrictions on pets, and many others were added by respondents. However, consideration of the major complaints first, with correction of minor ones to follow, should improve camping experiences considerably. TABLE 3. MOST UNDESIRABLE ASPECTS OF CAMPING AS RATED BY ALABAMA CAMPERS, 1966 Campers rating of undesirable aspects as Undesirable aspects of camping First choice No. Poor sanitation and unkept facilities ............ Lack of restroom facilities Overcrowded campgrounds (sites too close together)....... Poor location of campsites Lack of recreation facilities Other TOTAL Second choice No. 157 235 79 48 9 12 540 Third choice No. 52 77 219 111 42 17 518 Total No. Pct. Ranking No. 303 184 73 17 3 14 544 512 446 371 176 54 43 1,602 31.9 27.8 23.2 11.0 3.4 2.7 100.0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Popular Camping Time Campers were asked to select their three most popular camping months. Results indicated a preference for June, July, and August in that order, Table 4. The usual vacation time, normal out-ofschool period for children, and favorable weather conditions undoubtedly contributed heavily to the selections made. FAMILY CAMPING IN ALABAMA TABLE 4. MOST POPULAR CAMPING MONTHS BY ALABAMA CAMPERS, 1966 11 AS INDICATED Campers stating preference as Month First choice Second choice Third choice Total No. 2 4 29 60 173 395 345 Pct. .1 .2 1.8 3.6 10.5 23.90 20.90 No. Jan uary ------------------------F ebruary -------------------------------M arch------------------------April----------------------------------M ay-------------------------------------June-----------------------------------July-----------------------------------2 1 11 31 89 2171 88 No. 0 2 6 15 44 103 1924 No. 0 1 12 14 40 75 65 August ---------------------------------------48 83 1794 310 18.8* September------------------------------20 46 75 141 8.6 October --------------------------------------------23 29 58 110 6.7 Novem b er----------------------------------------0 7 5 12 .7 December -------------------------------1 3 5 9 .6 No response-------------------------------TOTAL * 19 20 21 60 3.6 ---------------------------------------550 550 550 1,650 100.0 First, second, and third choice of most popular camping months. Seasonality of demand for use of camping facilities is evident. Higher labor requirements for campground operation and maintenance during the May through September period should receive consideration of the potential campground operator. Location, Type, and Size Another important consideration in the establishment of campgrounds is location. 6 Contributing to or detracting from a particular location are factors of accessibility, availability of water, scenic qualities of the area, and location relative to other recreational attractions. In determining campground location preference of Alabama campers, respondents were asked to select one of four areas, Table 5. Apparently a majority of campers prefer campgrounds located near lakes and streams. However, a combination of scenic areas with lakes or streams would be approaching the ideal situation, since 92 per cent of all campers prefer these two locations. Closely related to campground location is the type of campground preferred. Although some campers still prefer to "rough it," the overwhelming majority apparently prefer campgrounds GDriscoll, L. S., and Kern, E. E., Marketing Outdoor Recreational Services, Bulletin 367, Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabamau, p. 34, May 1966. 12 TABLE 5. ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION PREFERENCE OF ALABAMA CAMPERS FOR CAMPGROUND LOCATIONS, 1966 Location of campground Near lakes and streams Near scenic areas Near historical sites Near other recreational areas....... No response T O TAL----------------------------------- Campers stating preference Number 392 114 16 12 16 550 71.3 20.7 2.9 2.2 2.9 100.0 TABLE 6. TYPE OF CAMPGROUND PREFERRED BY ALABAMA CAMPERS, 1966 Type of campground Moderately developed type (water, central toilets, electricity)-Highly developed type (all conveniences, including sewer connections) Wilderness type------No response ..--------. TOTAL ------------------ Campers stating preference Per cent Number 3-------73 128 32 17 550 67.8 23.3 5.8 3.1 100.0 that furnish "comfort." Results of camper preference for type of campgrounds are summarized in Table 6. In relation to individual campsites, respondents were asked how large campsites should be. Answers ranged from extremes of 150 to 15,000 square feet. A majority of campers, however, indicated areas of 625 to 2,500 square feet. Since overcrowding is a major complaint, an average of 1,500 square feet (30 X 50) per site may be minimum requirements. Designation and numbering of campsites was considered desirable by about 96 per cent of the campers responding to this question. Campground Operation Camper preference was shown for campgrounds operated by state parks over national parks and privately owned operations. Fifty-one per cent of 503 respondents to this question favored state park operation, with the remainder about equally divided between the other two. Response to the above question was obviously in terms of state parks in general, rather than on the basis of Alabama parks, in view of answers to the following question: In comparison with other states, how do you rate camping areas visited in Alabama? A wide range of comparison from excellent to poor was provided FAMILY CAMPING IN ALABAMA 13 FAMILY CAMPING IN ALABAA TABLE 7. 1 CAMPER RATINGS OF PRIVATELY AND PUBLICLY OPERATED CAMPGROUNDS IN ALABAMA AS COMPARED WITH OTHER STATES, 1966 Campers response to rating, by type campground Ratings Privately owned and operated Publicly owned and operated No. _----------------- Pct. No. 19 Pct. 3.7 Excellent ------75 14.6 G ood ------------------------------166 32.2 Average-----------------------------147 28.5 Fair-----------------------------------96 18.7 Poor -----------------8---------------31 6.0 TOTAL---------------------------515 100.0 71 97 136 192 13.8 18.8 26.4 37.8 515 100.0 for privately and publicly operated campgrounds, Table 7. Of 515 respondents to this question, over 63 per cent placed Alabama's publicly operated campgrounds in the poor to fair category as compared with those in other states. Privately operated campgrounds fared much better in the comparison, with more than 75 per cent rating them average through excellent. Accommodations And Activities As mentioned earlier, accommodations provided by campgrounds are important to the majority of campers. To identify the main accommodations desired by campers, respondents were asked to check each facility desired at campsites, Table 8. TABLE 8. TYPE OF FACILITY OR ACCOMMODATIONS BY NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF CAMPERS, DESIRED AT CAMPSITES, ALABAMA, 1966 Type of accommodation or facility Campers desiring facility Percentage of total campers' Rakn raningd rcie No. W ater outlets and toilets-------------H ot showers-----------------------Swimm ing------------------------Picnic tables ----------------------Electricity-------------------- ----C hapel---------------------------Fishing --------------------------N ature trails----------------- Pct. 93.6 87.6 77.4 76.1 67.3 60.0 59.4 50.5 No. 12 22 32 42 Children's play areas ---------------- ------ 515 482 426 419 370 330 327 278 235 52 62 72 82 42.7 9 Barbecue pits.---------------------Concession stand nearby------------Boat rentals.------------------ ----Other (sanitary sewage disposal, hook-up)-----------------------Archery ranges--------------------- 203 195 106 94 13 36.9 35.4 19.3 17.1 2.4 10 11 12 13 14 ' Computed on 550 total camper basis. 2 More than 50 per cent of campers desired these facilities. 14 TABLE 9. ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION RECREATION ACTIVITIES DESIRED MOST BY DURING CAMPING TRIPS, ALABAMA, 1966 CAMPERS Campers expressing a desire for activity as Recreation activity Swimming Planned campfire program_______________ Boating and skiing Hiking__________________________________ Playground games No response________________________ TOTAL First choice No. 282 98 75 45 24 26 550 Second choice No. 130 112 81 117 74 6 550 Third choice No. 44 96 92 142 125 51 550 Fourth choice No. 39 91 99 103 141 77 550 Fifth choice No. 15 104 140 88 117 86 550 Campers form definite opinions as to what facilities are desirable after visiting various campgrounds. First in preference was water outlets (includes flush toilets), followed closely by hot showers, swimming, picnic tables, and electricity. Spiritual aspect of camping and the outdoors was evidenced by the desire for chapel facilities by 60 per cent of all campers. Closely related to the question on accommodations desired by campers was one posed on recreational activities wanted most on camping trips. When respondents rated five activities according to choices of one through five, a majority desired swimming as their first choice in recreational activities, Table 9. This also rated highest among the second choices made. Rating second among the various activities was planned campfire programs, drawing a combined total of 210 first and second place choices. Observations during this study indicated that campers as a group were friendly people, which may have contributed to the planned group programs being high on the list. TRENDS IN CAMPING While family camping is increasing in popularity, there is a trend toward providing more comforts and accommodations for campers. This trend holds significance for present and potential campground operators. Types of Camping Equipment Used The type of equipment in use by campers influences the planning and layout of campgrounds. Operators must make decisions on division of campgrounds according to equipment used and fa- FAMILY CAMPING IN ALABAMA 15 TABLE 10. TYPE OF CAMPING EQUIPMENT PRESENTLY USED BY ALABAMA CAMPERS, 1966 Equipment type Campers reporting each type Number 178 143 135 45 40 4 545 Per cent 32.7 26.2 24.8 8.3 7.3 .7 100.0 Ranking No. Tent trailer Travel trailer--------------------Tent Truck camper Home on wheels-.-...... Other__ ............ TOTAL.......... - 1 2 3 4 5 6 cilities required. Other regulations necessary to maintain a good camping atmosphere must also be in relation to equipment used. Several questions were posed to gain insight into equipment presently used and plans for purchasing new kinds of camping equipment. Results from 545 campers revealed that tent trailers were most widely used, with 33 per, cent reporting. Travel trailers were next with 26 per cent and tents followed with 25 per cent, Table 10. Equipment presently used did not vary according to family income of campers, as shown by data in Appendix Table 2. However, more refined equipment was being used as years of camping experience increased. Plans for New Camping Equipment Results obtained from 537 respondents revealed that over 40 per cent planned to buy new equipment in the next 3 years, while nearly 59 per cent planned no new purchases, Table 11. The major trend found among those making purchases was a "moving up" TABLE 11. NEW CAMPING EQUIPMENT PURCHASES PLANNED IN THE NEXT 3 YEARS, ALABAMA, 1966 BY CAMPERS Type of equipment None planned Travel trailer Tent trailer Truck camper Other Tent _TOTAL ................. Campers planning purchase, by type of equipment Number Per cent 316 87 64 80 17 8 537 58.8 16.2 11.9 5.6 3.2 1.5 100.0 16 ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION to more comfortable types of equipment than formerly owned. Apparently many campers are changing to the plush way of "roughing it" since 16 per cent of all respondents indicated plans for purchasing travel trailers. Second in importance was the 12 per cent of all campers who listed plans to buy new tent trailers. Evidently, some campers anticipate replacing outdated or worn equipment with the same kind as that presently used. Based on data from this survey and with allowances for repeated purchases of like equipment, it is estimated that the next 3 years will see a 20 per cent increase in purchases of travel trailers and truck campers combined. In addition, more than a 10 per cent increase in purchases of tent trailers can be expected if present plans of campers are carried out. Distances Traveled by Campers Family camping trips are normally of two major types, vacation trips and weekend campouts. The average distance traveled oneway was approximately 79 miles for weekend campouts and 564 miles for vacation trips. More than 85 per cent of the campers TABLE 12. DISTANCES NORMALLY TRAVELED ONE-WAY BY CAMPERS ON WEEKEND CAMPOUTS, ALABAMA, 1966 Campers reporting stated distances Number Per cent 0 to 40 41 to 80 81 to 120 121 to 160 161 to 200 201 and above----------------TOTAL--------------------- 54 213 191 48 14 6 526 10.3 40.5 36.3 9.1 2.7 1.1 100.0 TABLE 13. DISTANCES ON NORMALLY VACATION TRAVELED ONE-WAY BY CAMPING 1966 FAMILY CAMPOUTS, ALABAMA, Range in miles Campers reporting stated distances Number Per cent 0 to 200 201 to 400 401 to 600...... 601 to 800 801 to 1,000 1,001 and above TOTAL --------------------- 64 143 87 27 53 108 482 13.3 29.7 18.0 5.6 11.0 22.4 100.0 FAMILY CAMPING IN ALABAMA 17 reporting traveled less than 100 miles one-way on weekend campouts, and over 56 per cent traveled 500 miles or less one-way on vacation camping trips. However, about 22 per cent traveled more than 1,000 miles one-way on vacation campouts. Distances normally traveled one-way by campers for weekend and vacation campouts are given in Tables 12 and 13, respectively. Expenses of Camping Trips More than 80 per cent of all weekend campouts were for 2 nights' duration. Average normal expenses reported by 503 camping families for such campouts were $19.41. On the other hand, vacation campouts for 491 camping families averaged 11 nights each with average expenses reported of $183.23. Expenses reported included those for car, food, sightseeing, and other normal camping expenses. Indications of the range of expenses and number of campers reporting are listed in Tables 14 and 15. TABLE 14. AVERAGE AMOUNT SPENT ON WEEKEND CAMPOUTS CAMPING FAMILIES,' ALABAMA, 1966 BY Range in dollars $0 to $10 $11 to $20 $21 to $30----------$31 to $40 $41 to $50 $51 and above TOTAL 1 Campers reporting stated amount Number Per cent 65 232 155 31 14 6 503 --- 12.9 46.1 30.8 6.2 2.8 1.2 100.0 Includes expenses for automobile, food, sightseeing, and other normal costs. TABLE 15. AVERAGE AMOUNT SPENT BY CAMPING FAMILIES ON VACATION CAMPOUTS,' ALABAMA, 1966 Range in dollars $0 to $80 $81 to $160 $161 to $240 $241 to $320 $321 to $400 $401 and above TOTAL ------------------SIncludes Campers reporting stated amount Number Per cent 93 155 81 72 36 34 -----471 19.8 32.9 17.2 15.3 7.6 7.2 100.0 expenses for automobile, food, sightseeing, and other normal camping costs for 10.7 days. 18 ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Campers' Willingness to Pay In relation to accommodations and facilities desired, campers were queried on how much they were willing to pay per night for use of campsites having recommended facilities. Recommended facilities were considered to include electricity, flush-type toilets, and hot showers. Of the 545 campers responding to this question, about 59 per cent were willing to pay up to $2 per night, while 37 per cent said they would go as high as $3. Only 2.2 per cent indicated a willingness to pay over $3, Table 16. Willingness to pay above $2 per night was directly related to family income level, Appendix Table 3. TABLE 16. AMOUNT CAMPERS ARE WILLING TO PAY PER DAY FOR USE OF RECOMMENDED FACILITIES', ALABAMA, 1966 CAMPSITES WITH Range in dollars Campers reporting specified amount Number Per cent $0 to $1.00 $1.01 to $2.00 $2.01 to $3.00 $3.01 and above___ T OT AL .......... .......... .......... .......... 6 324 203 12 54 5 1.1 59.4 37.3 2.2 10 0 .0 1Recommended facilities include electricity, flush-type toilets, and hot showers. Campground operators may find that facilities desired and willingness to pay are not compatible. However, the price set by the private sector must cover costs of establishing and operating facilities over a long period. Therefore, campers will necessarily have to pay more as facilities are demanded. The increased demand for family camping without corresponding increases in public accommodations may provide incentives for private operators to expand operations. The present status of public accommodations in the State strongly indicates this possibility. Information Used by Campers in Selecting Campgrounds Nothing substitutes for a quality product in creative marketing or advertising. Nowhere is this more evident than in marketing outdoor recreational services where "word-of-mouth" advertising is important. Campers depend heavily on fellow campers for sound advice FAMILY CAMPING IN ALABAMA 19 USED BY CAMPERS IN CHOOSING TABLE 17. SOURCES OF INFORMATION THEIR NEXT CAMPGROUND, ALABAMA, 1966 Source of information Campers reporting specified source Ranking Per cent Number No. 273 50.6 Friends' recommendations ----------------------.......... 1 "216 40.0 2 Camping guides 3 28 5.2 Other (state maps, AAA, road maps) .... 4 20 3.7 Brochures, cards, and leaflets Roadside signs 3 .5 5 T O T AL _----------------- --------- --------- --------- --------540 10 0 .0 on the location of quality campgrounds. Actually, one of the major topics of conversation among campers is campgrounds and camping equipment. Moreover, many campers report that keeping current on campgrounds and camping in general is the major reason for belonging to camping clubs. To gain insight into sources of information used in selecting their next camping areas, Alabama campers were queried on the subject. Over half of 540 respondents claimed recommendations from camper friends as their major source of information in selecting campgrounds. Ranking high among the various sources of information was camping guides, with about 40 per cent of the respondents using this medium. Some guides consider quality of campgrounds in determining those to be listed, so quality is important for both information sources. Other sources of information are also used by campers in selecting campgrounds, Table 17. The low rating of roadside signs as a source of information in this respect is understandable. However, their importance to campers in location of specific campgrounds should not be overlooked. Age and Camping Experience The relative newness of family camping and the tendency to remain active in it for a limited number of years is indicated by the 6.6 years average camping experience of respondents. Of 530 camping families, over 69 per cent had been in camping for 6 years or less, while only 21 per cent reported experience of 10 years or more. The 31 through 50 age bracket comprises about 73 per cent of 20 TABLE ALABAMA 18. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION NUMBER OF YEARS IN CAMPING AS RELATED TO AGE OF CAMPERS, ALABAMA, 1966 21-30 No. 1-3 years 23 4-6 years._____ 6 7-9 years .......... 2 10-12 years _______ 1 13-15 years _______ 1 16-18 years _______ 1 19 + years _______. 0 Years of camping experience Campers reporting specified experience by age groups 31-40 No. 61 70 10 12 9 2 6 170 -.......... 41-50 No. 62 85 25 23 6 5 13 219 51-60 No. 15 30 10 11 3 3 10 82 61 No. 7 9 2 2 0 1 4 25 + Totals No. 168 200 49 49 19 12 33 530 Per cent Pct. 31.7 37.7 9.2 9.2 3.6 2.3 6.2 99.91 TOTAL__________ 34 Per cent __________ 6.4 32.1 41.3 15.5 4.7 100.0 1 Does not equal 100 because of rounding. the 530 campers, Table 18. Apparently income and age of children have reached the point at this age level where family camping is more attractive. The rapid decline in participation after age 50 tends to substantiate this assumption. However, there are indications that camping may become more popular with the older age groups since 64 per cent of those campers above age 69 started camping in the last six years. As retirement time approaches and camping equipment and facilities continue to improve, it is conceivable that an increasing trend in camping among the older age group may be expected. On the contrary, without improvement in camping facilities this age group along with others may find other recreation for their leisure time. Camper Trips and Opinions An average of 7.6 camping trips per year inside Alabama was reported by respondents, as compared with the average of 2.6 trips to out-of-state camping areas. Complaints of campers indicated the desire to camp closer to home if more adequate campgrounds and facilities were made available. However, the general concensus of opinion among campers was that neither was available in adequate quantity. Reference to Figure 1 reveals certain areas of the State (mainly southern Alabama) have fewest available camping areas. Other trends of camper opinions on camping in general are included in Appendix A. FAMILY CAMPING IN ALABAMA 21 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Family camping is an important type of outdoor recreation for an increasing segment of today's population. Its importance in the tourism-recreation business has encouraged action programs by some state and private campground developers in attracting more of this trade. Recognizing that successful programs of this nature require knowledge concerning the subject, data were collected for use by agencies and individuals considering or charged with the responsibility of supplying this type of outdoor recreation. Data in this study revealed that of 543 campers the average age was about 44 with a family composed of four members. Average education of campers was equivalent to a beginning college sophomore. Annual family income averaged about $9,600. Slightly more than one out of every three women in camping families work outside the home. Also, chances are more than three to one that camping families in this study come from a city with 5,000 population or more. Indications of the desirable and undesirable aspects of camping, as viewed by the camper, give better insight to camping promotion. The two most desirable aspects of camping were: (1) being out-of-doors and close to nature, and (2) the chance for family participation in recreation together. These are interesting facts that are of value to the entrepreneur. Additionally, undesirable aspects of camping cited identify specific areas where corrections can be made in improving camping experiences. The two most undesirable aspects of camping were: (1) poor sanitation and unkept facilities, and (2) lack of restroom facilities. Overcrowded campgrounds were also rated as a major undesirable aspect of this type of outdoor recreation. Of particular importance to campground operators is the seasonality of demand. June, July, and August were the three most popular camping months reported, but the spring and fall months were popular with a select few. Implications of higher labor requirements during the popular summer season should receive consideration by prospective entrepreneurs. An overwhelming majority of campers prefer campgrounds located near lakes and streams. However, the ideal location would include scenic areas in conjunction with lakes and streams. Im- 22 ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION plications of the above preferences may hold significance for individuals with sites ideally located or for public officials in promotion of similar public land areas. Nearly 68 per cent of the campers preferred moderately developed campsites, with more than 23 per cent desiring those that are more highly developed. In addition, campers want adequate space provided for each campsite with individual sites designated or numbered. Facilities and accommodations wanted by campers indicated the desire for "comforts" while "roughing it." The facilities listed most often, in order of importance, included: (1) water outlets (includes toilets), (2) hot showers, (3) swimming, (4) picnic tables, (5) electricity, (6) chapel facilities, (7) fishing, and (8) nature trails. All of the above facilities were selected by more than 50 per cent of the 550 campers surveyed. Children's play areas and barbecue pits were other popular facilities mentioned. Closely related to facilities were the activities desired. Swimming, planned campfire programs, and hiking were rated highest on this list. However, fishing probably would have been among the highest if it had been among the choices in activities offered. The majority, 59 per cent, of 545 campers are willing to pay up to $2 per night for moderately developed campground facilities and accommodations, while 37 per cent would pay up to $3. Willingness to pay more than $2 increases directly with family income. Facilities desired and willingness to pay by many campers are not compatible. Consequently, the attitude of some campers must change to get desired accommodations. The type of camping equipment used at present and that planned for the future give entrepreneurs insight to campground requirements. Presently, tent trailers slightly outnumber travel trailers and tents in terms of equipment used. The trend for the future, however, is a "moving up" to more comfortable and refined types of equipment. In a list of anticipated purchases, travel trailers led with 16 per cent, tent trailers were next with 12 per cent, and truck campers accounted for 6 per cent. Increased demand for accommodating facilities for some of this equipment can be expected. More than 8 out of 10 campers in this study traveled 100 miles or less on average weekend campouts and spent $30 or less on normal camping expenses. Camping trips taken annually included FAMILY CAMPING IN ALABAMA 23 one vacation and nine weekend trips. More than one of every four of these trips were made outside the State of Alabama, with the longer vacation trip of 10 days included in this group. Recommendations from friends were used more extensively by campers than any other form of campground "advertisement," while camping guides were second in importance. More than 90 per cent of the campers used these two sources. Prerequisites for good advertisement by campers are based on satisfactions received in specific camping experiences in return for fees paid. Consequently, quality campgrounds that maintain a good camping atmosphere encourage constructive advertisement, thereby increasing trade. Family campers between the ages of 31 and 50 comprised about 73 per cent of 530 respondents, over 69 per cent of whom have been camping for 6 years or less. This indicates a recent surge in camping popularity or a decline in participation after 5 or 6 years' camping experience. The rapid decline in camper numbers after the sixth year indicates the feasibility of both assumptions. However, there are indications of an increasing trend in older age group participation in this form of outdoor recreation. The concensus of opinion among the majority of campers was far from a recommendation for public campgrounds in the State. Comments volunteered by almost half the campers were critical of the camping situation in the State. Consequently, a random sample of the volunteered comments that are included in the Appendix will give an indication of the trend in camper thinking on the subject. Implications for successful campground operation for either the public or private sector can be drawn from this study. Chances for success in attracting local and out-of-state campers should increase by following recommendations based upon such data. Recommendations are as follows: (1) Locate campgrounds near lakes or streams, preferably with scenic and natural qualities. (2) Locate campgrounds near well traveled routes within a 100-mile radius of adequate population. (3) Maintain a moderately to highly developed campground with regulations that promote a good camping atmosphere. 24 24 ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION ALABAMA AGRICULTUA XEIMN TTO (4) Maintain clean and sanitary campgrounds with adequate restroom facilities. (5) Allow adequate space for each campsite and clearly mark each site. (6) Provide facilities or accommodations for swimming, fishing, campfire programs, water outlets, hot showers, picnic tables, electricity, chapel, and nature trails. (7) Plan more spaces for travel trailers and truck campers in the future with more campground division included. (8) Promote quality camping for repeat patronage and wordof-mouth advertisement. Also, maintain camper guest registers by name for promotion of repeat patronage. (9) Provide the chance for family campers to be close to nature and share in recreation together. (10) Promote listing of campground in camping guides. (11) Base charges on a normal profit basis. (12) Provide and maintain adequate roadside markers on all access roads and approaches to the area. (13) As the operator, maintain a friendly and helpful attitude at all times. FAMILY CAMPING IN ALABAMA 25 APPENDIX A SAMPLE OF REMARKS AND RECOMMENDATIONS BY RESPONDENTS CONCERNING CAMPING IN ALABAMA, 1966 The following statements are representative of those comments made by respondents in the study to this open-end question: Any further remarks or recommendations on camping? "I would prefer camping more in Alabama and closer home if there were better facilities than what we presently have in the State." "Alabama leaves much to be desired in public campgrounds when compared to Tennessee and Kentucky." "With the waterways and natural woodland, Alabama has great potential for public recreational areas. At present, I would rate the State very low, however, it has much more potential to offer than Kentucky which is way out front in recreational development." "No one goes to Alabama State Parks because there is nothing to go to." "We have camped in 42 states. Alabama has much to offer, but the beautiful locations for camping have been neglected. This State should be among the first in camping programs." "Promote more and better camping grounds in beautiful Alabama." "Alabama is missing a lot of tourists by not having more and better state parks." "In comparing private, state, and national campgrounds, I would rate Alabama very high in scenic beauty but low in state park and campground accommodations." "Many people pass through Alabama without a stop because of our lack of camping facilities." "I want to see and want to help Alabama excel in campgrounds and facilities that will attract more people to visit the number one State in the Nation." "Alabama has the least and poorest campgrounds on the whole of any state I've been in, and I've camped in 30 other states. Ex- 26 ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION cept for a couple of private campgrounds, camping is in bad shape. We are missing a golden opportunity by not having more campgrounds. Millions in revenue are being lost to other states." "For long vacations, we like the highly developed campground in good locations so that it can be used as a base to visit other sights in the area." "We need more camping areas located close to the big cities." "Wake up Alabama! Realize the tourist dollars we are losing." "Alabama needs more campgrounds in areas nearer home." "They wish to bring industry into Alabama and overlook the fact that 95 per cent of campers bypass the State because of lack of camping facilities." "Alabama unquestionably has the greatest natural resources and potential for excellent camping." "Alabama needs campgrounds like Kentucky's." "Have camped in about 20 states, but I am ashamed of my State in so far as camping goes." "More state facilities are needed. I believe Gulf State Park could be one of the best state owned parks in the Nation if some effort was put forth." "Many states have more campsites in a single camp than we have in all the state parks." "Kentucky, Tennessee and Florida have excellent publicly owned parks." "Alabama has the worst parks of any state that I have been in. I have camped from Alabama up to the State of Maine and back again. "Camping is fast becoming modernized from tents to tent trailers and travel trailers, needing water outlets, electrical outlets, and sewer dumping stations." "The contrast in campground density (public) in Alabama compared with other states is sickening. Travel trailers and truck campers are becoming numerous, and those who use them must have means. Hence, more tourist dollar income for Alabama." "More camping areas are needed close to main highways." "My family and I have traveled and camped in every state except Vermont and Hawaii, within the past four years. We have FAMILY CAMPING IN ALABAMA 27 'FAMVILY CAMPING IN ALABAA 2 also traveled the Trans-Canada Highway from the East Coast to the West Coast. It is my opinion that considering the quantity and quality of facilities, for the camper or traveler, the State of Alabama has less to offer than any of the areas that we have visited. On the other hand, we have the natural resources and scenery which are comparable to any area which we have visited." "I can't understand why a state with all the water resources, and developable scenic areas, that Alabama does have should be so blind to the advantages of tourism in relation to the family campers. The best way to encourage tourism to the state is to first cater to those going through the state; maybe they will return and bring their friends with them next time." "In the last eight years I have camped in 20 or more states and Ontario, Canada. In all honesty my home State of Alabama is by far the poorest I have found. Campers I have met in other areas all remark that if they are going through they plan to pass through nonstop to the next state, not stopping in Alabama. Alabama has so many mountains, streams, lakes, and sea coast to be enjoyed by our families, but not camps." "Alabama has some of the most beautiful potential camping areas to be found anywhere. It is my belief that Alabama, as a state, is missing a wonderful opportunity to attract tourist and campers from other states simply because they won't appropriate funds to develop camping facilities in its state parks. Camping facilities, as a whole, in Alabama State Parks, are far below those in adjoining states and other states where we have camped." "Alabama is far behind in campground development. Millions of dollars are being lost." 28 ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION APPENDIX B APPENDIX TABLE 1. OCCUPATION AND FAMILY INCOME RANGE OF ALABAMA CAMPERS, 1966 Occupation 1 Number of campers in each salary range $0$3,001- $6,001- $9,001-$12,001-$15,001 $3,000 $6,000 $9,000 $12,000 $15,000 Total + Pct. No. Retired__________ 3 Professional, technical 0 Farmers. farm managers .0 Managers, officials, prop. _ 0 Clerical, kindred workers ------ No. 3 3 1 11 4 No. 3 24 1 33 No. 1 52 1 34 6 No. 0 26 0 17 3 No. 0 27 0 13 1 No. 10 132 3 108 31 Pct. 1.9 24.7 .6 20.2 5.8 Sales workers --1 17 16 70 2 18 11 44 12 5 6 1 0 0 2 50 47 139 38 16 10 534 8.8 26.0 7.1 3.0 1.9 100.0 Craftsmen, Operatives, dred fore- men, kindred workers ------ Service workers-O ther---------- 0 5 21 9 3 0 5 8 2 1 2 2 3 1 0 TOTAL _______ 6 54 196 161 67 1 Major occupations as defined by Bureau of the Census. workers- kin- on APPENDIX TABLE 2. TYPE OF CAMPING EQUIPMENT USED RELATIVE TO FAMILY INCOME, 1 ALABAMA, 1966 z Number and percentage of campers owning each type of equipment Family income range No. Tent Pet. Truck camper Home on wheels No. Pct. No. Pct. 16.7 18.5 6.1 6.8 11.8 4.1 0 5 15 8 5 7 0 9.3 7.6 4.9 7.4 14.3 Tent trailer No. Pct. 1 14 63 61 20 15 16.7 25.9 31.8 37.7 29.4 30.6 Travel trailer No. Pet. 3 14 48 42 20 15 50.0 25.9 24.2 25.9 29.4 30.6 No. 0 1 2 0 0 0 Other Pct. 0 1.8 1.0 0 0 0 .6 All groups, no. 6 54 198 162 68 49 537 a $0 to $3,000--1 16.7 1 $8,001 to $6,000 10 18.5 10 $6,001 to $9,000 58 29.3 12 $9,001 to $12,000 40 24.7 11 $12,001 to $15,000--....... 15 22.0 8 $15,001 and above........ 10 20.4 2 All income levels 134 25.0 44 Percentages computed for each type of equipment 8.2 40 7.4 174 32.4 142 26.4 3 according to number of campers in that income range. 30 ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION 30 APPENDIX ALAB AA AGRICULTUA XEIMN TTO TABLE 3. AMOUNT PER NIGHT THAT CAMPERS ARE WILLING TO PAY FOR USE OF A WELL DEVELOPED CAMPSITE,' ALABAMA, 1966 Number and percentage of campers willing to pay Income range Up to $1.00 $1.01-$2.00 $2.01-$3.00 No. $0 to $3,000 to $6,000 $3.01 -No. 0 0 Pct. 0 0 2.5 1.8 2.9 4.1 2.2 Pct. 0 3.7 0 1.2 0 4.1 1.1 No. 4 37 138 90 34 16 319 Pct. 80.0 No. Pct. 20.0 27.8 28.1 41.4 47.1 59.2 37.3 All groups, no. 5 54 199 162 68 49 537 $3,001 -----___ $6,001 to $9,000 $9,001 to $12,001 $12,000-levels--- $15,001 1 to $15,000- and above-- All income 0 2 0 2 0 2 6 68.5 15 1 69.4 56 55.6 67 50.0 32 32.6 29 59.4 200 5 3 2 2 12 Well developed campsites include electricity, flush toilets, and hot showers. APPENDIX TABLE 4. NUMBER OF YEARS IN CAMPING TO AGE OF CAMPERS, ALABAMA, 1966 AS RELATED Years of camping experience 1-3 --- -- - - 4-6 -------7 -9 ---- - - -10-12 -----13-15 -----16-18 ---- -19-21 ---- -22-24 -----25 and Nunmber of campers according to age 20-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45 46-50 51-55 56-60 61-65 66 + 3 7 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 Total No. 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 4 No. 21 6 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 30 No. 27 25 3 5 4 1 1 1 0 67 No. 34 45 7 No. 41 42 15 13 3 4 1 0 4 123 No. 21 43 10 10 3 1 5 0 3 96 No. 7 19 8 9 2 2 3 0 5 55 No. 8 11 2 2 1 1 0 0 2 27 No. 4 2 1 2 0 1 0 0 2 12 No. No. 168 200 49 49 19 12 11 1 21 530 7 5 1 0 0 4 103 over- TOTAL---- 13 APPENDIX TABLE 5. CAMPERS AGE AS RELATED TO CAMPING TRIPS TAKEN ANNUALLY IN ALABAMA, 1966 Annual camping trips taken in Alabama by Alabama campers Range in age ii1-2 3-4 5-6 7-8 9-10 12 13- 15- 17- 19- More. 14 16 18 20 than Total 20 No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. 20 to 25_____ 26 to 30_____ 31 to 35------ No. 0 0 5 4 1 5 1 0 0 0 16 No. 4 29 65 97 122 95 49 27 12 14 514 36 41 46 51 56 to 40._____ to 45______ to 50._____ toS5.S ____ to 60______ 21 3 8 18 11 13 9 61 to 65 66 and above- ----- 7 2 1 74 TOTAL_____ 0 3 6 7 17 20 17 40 21 15 19 12 13 2 10 1 5 4 3 105 111 0000010 5 5 5 7 10 3 9 10 9 18 18 4 10 12 9 3 7 1 3 1 2 2 2 0 2 3 1 60 67 34 1 3 0 2 3 0 0 0 0 9 0 3 6 6 6 1 1 0 0 23 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 2 3 1 3 2 1 0 0 13