IL i u; NBULLETINS ALAB AMA Agricultural Experiment Station. VOL. III. BULLETINS 22-58. JANUARY, 1891-AUGUST, 1894. MONTGOMERY, ALA,. THE BROWN PRINTING CO., PRINTERS .AND BINDERS. 1896. qji c CONTENTS, BULLETIN. 22 23 21i* 25 26 27 28f 29 30 31 32 33 31 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 Experiments with cotton...................Jan. Co-operative soil tests of fertilizers...........Feb. Dairying and breeding......................Feb. Effect on butter by feeeding cotton seed and cotton seed meal.......................Apr. Commercial fertilizer.......................Apr. Black "rust" of cotton.....................May Nov. Watermelons and cantaloupes ............... Grapes, raspberries and strawberries..........Nov. Apples, pears, peaches and plums............Nov. Irish and sweet potatoes.....................Nov. Corn, wheat and oats..............Nov. Cotton....................... ........... Dec. Jan. Co-operative soil test experiments for 1891. landers ................................ Jan. Some leaf blights of cotton...................Mch. Tobacco..... ................... ......... Mch. Fertilizers...............................July Wheat..................................Nov. Jan. Cotton experiments ......................... Dec. Some diseases of cotton ..................... Co-operative soil test 1891 1891 1891 1891 1891 1891 1891 1891 1891 1891 1891 1891 1892 1892 1892 1892 1892 experiments. ............ 1892 1893 1892 Jan. 1893 May 1893 43 Eye diseases of domestic animals .............. May 1893 44 Tobacco plant .............................. 45 Injurious and beneficial insects ................ June 1893 46 Rye vs. ensilage ....... ................... .. June 1893 July 189347 Fruits....................................... *Issued by mistake as Bulletin 23, but pen corrected in most copies. ±Issued in two editions, differing in type, tion, but otherwise alike. and- slightly in pagina- 4 BULLETIN. 48* 49 50 61 52. 53 54 55 The effect of organic matter on natural July 1893 phates; Commercial fertilizers.......... Varieties of wheat and grasses...............Oct.'1893 Fruit tree blight in general.................Nov. 1893 Oc.19 Vegetables. .................... Corn and cotton...........................Jan.1894 A new milk or water sterilizer...............Jan. 1894 Tobacco ............... ..... ....... Feb. Apr. A new disease of cotton : cotton boll rot...... .. phos- 1894 1894, Experiments in crossing for the purpose of improving the, cotton fibre.... ...... ..... May 1894 57 Fertilizers: required by, cotton as determined by the analysis of the plant.................May 1894 Paris green : composition and adulterations..Aug. 1894 58 *Issued by the Department of Agriculture, Montgomery, Ala. 56 INDEX. In the following citations the number preceding the colon refers to the number of the Bulletin; the number or numbers following it to the page: ALTERNARIA.................................................27:61 911 Analysis of butter; see Dairying. cotton plant; see Cotton analysis. seed and . ...................... fertilizers; see Fertilizers, foodstuffs; see Dairying. milk; see Dairying. soils.................................... meal. 49:3 .57:15 spurry.......................49:6 tobacco; see Tobacco. Anderson, J. T., Asst. Chemist. Fertilizer requirements of cotton as determined by analysis of plant ................... ANtuILuLID}E......................................................41:62 57:3-16 Ani~als, domesti, diseases of, correspondence regarding.........35:18 how to describe ................. 35 :18 eye; see Eye. Glanders; see Glanders. reported to station ............. 43:77, 78 "big head"....... .......... Catarrh (hollow horn?) ...... Cerebritis or "blind staggers,". .43 Conjunctivitis in fowls ........ Head scab in sheep........... hog cholera.. . ..... 4.. . 4:78, 43:78 43:78 :78 43:78 43:78 79 "hooks," .................... 43:77 "milk fever"................. of cotton Apparatus for applying ....................... "ikeyeAnthracnose insecticides; 43:78 27 :8, 41 :40-49, 55:7 47:5, 6 see Insecticides. Apples, notes on fall varieties..............................47:6 summer varieties ....................... winter varieties...........................47:7 varieties badly affected by blight....................47 :7 entire failures............................. 47 :8 fruiting poorly ............. "..... ... 47.7 6 .... 30:8 Apples--varieties, notes on........................... planted (1885) with northern exposure.30:5-8 tested for adaptability to soil and climate.. .30:3-8 date of ripening...............30:3 Arctic grass; see Bromus anioloides. Asparagus, Conover's Colossal......................... .. 51:8 Atkinson, Geo. F., Biologist. ............................ Black rust of cotton .................... Some diseases of cotton...... Someleaf blights of cotton..... BACILLUS GOSSYPINA ............... MALLEIT.....................................................35:12-15 27:3-16 41:5-65 ......... 36:2-32 :..........................55:6-12 Beans, bush limas, best variety.........................51:7 a nsecticide.. Blckslpu as insecticide............................... sulphur Blight, cotton leaf; see Cotton fruit tree.. .................................. ba3teria cultures.. ........................ description of disease........................50:5 inoculation experiments .................... nature and cause..........................50:6, remedies.... ........................... various trees affected........................50:4 Blue grass, Texas; see Poc arachnifera. Boll rot, cotton; see Cotton diseases. Bondurant, A. J., Agriculturist. Black beetle or flea ........................... 41:34 50:3-11 37:6 50:9 50:9, 10 50:10, 11 10 Co-operative soil tests. (1892)...................42:3-34 52:3-7 ................ Corn and cotton......... 46:3-7 Effect of rye and ensilage on yield of milk ............ Experiments with cotton. (1892)...................40:3-15 Experiments with wheat ........................... 39:3-7 44:3-40 .. 37 :3-20 The tobacco plant................ ................. Tobacco. (1892)............................... .................................. ....... ......... ............ Tobacco......................................... Borers ; see Insects. Breeding, selection of bull 54 :13-29 24:4 cows for butter, milk, or,.beef............ 24:4 BimoMus UNIOLOIDES .............. 49:8 29 Butter ; see Dairying. Cabbage butterfly, and remedies for ................. cut worm ............... .... ... . Harlequin bug .. ......... ....... .............. 45:29, 30 ..... .45:28, .45:24-27 worm.............................................45 :24-27 varieties planted................................51:6 recommended...........................51:6 7 ............. ...................... Calves, raising Cantaloupes; see Melons. Cary, C. A., 'Veterinarian. A new milk or water sterilizer...................53:3-10 Eye diseases of domestic animals.................43:5-79 Glanders...... .............................. 35:3-19 24:6, CERCOSPORA GOSSYPINA...........................27:6,10, 11, 41:18, 60 Cerealite for red rust of cotton.........................36 47:11 Cherries, eight varieties, all failures......... ............. Clayton, Jas., Asst. in Horticulture. Experiments in fruit culture ..................... 47:3-14 Experiments with vegetables.....................51:3-8 49:3-8 Experiments in wheat and grasses ................ COLLETOTRICHUM GOSSYPII.....................27:6, 8, 10, 11, 41:40-49 :32 Co-operative soil tests with cotton, Experiments with tilizers. 1889, see Vol. II. 23:3-61 1890.. ......................................... Test conducted at Auburn. 22:15-21, directions for........ ........... 23:3-7 experimenters, list of.................23:8 1891......... ................................... 34:3-46 ...... 23:54-58 directions for ......................... 53, experimenters, list of....................23:52, quantity and cost of fertilizers per acre. 59, 34 :4, 5 Fer- 23:48-51 23:58, ....... 34:3,4 pounds of fertilizing elements per acre......... 23:-59, 60, 34 :6 42 :3-34 .412:6 '....42:3 1892.. .............. ........................ analysis of fertilizers used ........................ experimenters, list of........................... 42:34 floats with nitrogen .................................. quantity and cost of fertilizers per acre.:..............42 :5 summary of results .......................... REPORTS OF EXPERIMENTERaS ....... (1890). 42:34 11 Aday, Rev. L. C., Newburg, Franklin Co ................ Beasley, E. J., Red Level, Covington Co.............. 23:10, 23:8, 9 13 Bishop, M. A., Madison, Madison Co ................. Brown, D. L., Randolph, Bibb Co.................... Compton, G. W., Dixon's Mills, Marengo Co ......... Cross, R. H., Letohatchie, Lowndes Co ............... 23:12, 23 :14, 15 23:16, 17 23:18, 19 23:20, 22 23 :23 Davison, J. A., Yantley Creek, Choctaw Co ............. Davis, Maj. E. M., Pratville, Autauga Co ............ 8 1891. Aday, Rev. L. C., Newburg, Franklin Co...............34:7 Beasley, E. J., Red Level, Covington Co......... ..... 34:8 Bishop, M. A., Madison, Madison Co ................. 34:10 Bradley,'T. W., Walker Springs, Clarke Co............34:11 Brannon J. M., Seale, Russell Co...................84:12 Brown, D. L, Randolph, Bibb Co....................34:9 Compton, G4. W., Dixon's Mills, Marengo Co...........34:13 Cory, A. F., Mulberry, Autauga Co...............34:42, 45 1892. Dick, R. M., Attalla, Etowah Co............32,2 Ellison, J. M., Creek Stand, Macon Co...............23:28 Ewing, R. T.. Centre, Cherokee Co......... .... 23:26, 27 Experiment Station, Auburn ...... ..... 23:48, 51 Gordon, Dr. John, Healing Springs, Washington Co.23:29 Hall, S. M., Hackleburg, Marion Co...............23:31, 32 Hobdy, J. M., Louisville, Barbour Co................23:30 Killebrew, J. C., Newton, Dale Co.................23:33 Martin, Wir., Greensboro, Hale Co ................. 23:35 Miller. W. H., Union, Green Co.... ............. 23:34 Newman, C. L., Athens. Limestone Co............23:36,38 Newman, W. H., Uniontown, Perry Co..............23:36 Oliver, J. P., Dadeville, Talapoosa Co.............23:39, 40 Stephens, A. B., Keener, Etowah Co..............23:43, 44 Stroud, Z. T., Aberfoil, Bullock. Co...............23:41,42 Watlington, T. M., Abbeville, Henry Co...........23:45, 47 TEST or 14 VARIETIES Or COTTON. Cross, .R . H., Letohatchie, Lowndes Co................ 34:14 ...... Davis, Maj. E M., Pratville, Autauga Co............. Dick, R. M., Attalla, Etowah Co ............... Ellison, J. M., Creek Stand, Macon county .............. Ewing, R. T., Round Mountain, Cherokee county,....... 34:17 34:16 34:18 34:40 34 :15 Gillis, Prof. Dan, Abbeville, Henry county ............ Goodwyn, A. T., Robinson's Springs, Elmore county ... Gordon, Dr. John, Healing Springs, Washington' county. .34:19 Hobdy, J. M., Louisville, Barbour county Inzer, J. T., Eden, St. Clair county ................... Kennedy, J. M., Oak Lane, Clay county 34:20 Hall, Win. B., Lowndesboro, Lowndes county............384:22 .............. 34:21 :34:23 Johnson, Uriah, Trinity Station, Morgan county........ ............... 34:24 34:26 34:28 Killebrew, J. C., Newton, Dale county.................34:25 Logan, J. A., Clanton, Chilton county............ .. .. 34:27 Manning, W. S., Oxford, Calhoun county............... 34:31 Melton, W. B., Davis' Creek, Fayette county......... Miller, W. H., Union, Green county ................... .34 :30 Mize, J. W., Remlap, Blount county..................34:29 Oliver, J. P., Dadeville, Tallapoosa county..............34:32 Pitts, J. W., Cresswell. Station, Shelby county...........34 :33 Porter, T. M. J., Georgiana, Butler county..............34:34 Pruitt, S. A., Chesser, Pike county....................34:35 Radney,J. H., Roanoke, Randolph county............34:36 Sellers, W. H., Geneva, Geneva county........34:39 Snuggs, T. A., Holly Pond, Cullman county.............34:38 Stroud, Z. T., Aberfoil, Bullock county................34 :37 White, W. L., Hatlan, Lawrence county...............34:41 1892. Aday, Rev. L. C., Newburgh, Franklin county............42:7 Bishop, M. A., Madison, Madison county................42:8 Bradley, F. W., Walker Springs, Clarke county...........42:9 Brown, D. L., Randolph, Bibb county..................42:10 Compton, G. W., Dixon's Mills, Marengo Cary, A. F., Mulberry, Autauga county................42:12 Cross, R. H., Letohatchie, Lowndes county.............42:13 Davis, Maj. E. M., Prattville, Autauga county...........42:14 Deer, J. F., Monroeville, Monroe county...............42:15 Dick, R. M., Attalla, Etowah county..-. ............... 42:16 Ellison, J. M., Creek Stand, Macon county..............42:17 Gillis, Dan., Abbeville, Henry county..................42:18 Gordon,' Dr. J., Healing Springs, Washington county .42:19 Johnson, Uriah, Trinity Station, Morgan county.........42:20 Killebrew, J. C., Newton, Dale county.. ............. Logan, J. A., Clanton, Chilton county.................42:22 Martin,, Win., Greensboro, Hale county.................42:23 county.......42:11 42:21 Mize, J. W., Rein]ap, Blount county..................... 42:24 ............ Newman, W. H., Canebrake Exp. Station, Uniontown, Perry county .......................................... .... 42 :25 Oliver, J. P., Dadeville, Tallapoosa county.. Ott, J. C., Florence, Lauderdale Cresswell W., Pitts, J. Station, county............42:27 Shelby county............42:28 ... Pruitt, S. A., Chess, Pike county.......................... Radney, J. H., Roanoke, Randolph county ........ .. .... Sellers, W. H., Geneva, Geneva county'.......... ........ 42 :31 Snuggs, T. A., Holly Pond, Cullman 42:26 42:29 42:30 42:32 county............... ...... Stroud, Z. T., Aberfoil, Bullock county....................42:33 32 :3-6 Corn, exp riments with ................................. method of cultivation........... ............. 32:3 32:6 selecting seed...... ..... .............. ...... thickness of planting for different varieties..... varieties tested for yield ............................... and quality........ ..... 32:3 ...... .32:5 ....... 52:3, 4 10 worms and remedies...........................45:34-36 Cotton, analysis of plant as affected by fertilizers.........57:3-16 at different stages..............57:5-10 45:34 aphides.............. ........................ co-operative soil tests with (see also Co-operative) 22:3-24, 23 :3-61, 84:3-46, 42:3-34 'crossing,", experiments in....................56:3-47 comparison of original and improved forms as to seed, yield and quality of staple..................56:22-25 as to character of plant, boll, seed and staple..................56:26-29 general results..........................56:20 56:21 tabulated ................... methods adopted.....................56:10-12 micro-photographs of. boils closed.......56: Fig. 14 Index open, with fibre..56:Fig. to. .56:40-43 :43-45 :45-47 seeds and adhering staple ............... Index. .56 fibre..56:.56Fig. 16 Index. "problems"considered .............. improvement....56:18 relation of. plant and varieties used.........................56:3,4 as staminate and pistillate, with results in size of boll, weight and per cent. fibre 56: Index. .56:58, ....... 56:13 Fig. 10-13 39 of seed and staple ........ diseases of ................. 56 :30-37 27:3-16,36:2-32,41:3-65,55:3-12 41:54, 55 angular spot .. .......................... anthracnose (Colletotrichumn gossypii) affecting boils, ...................... 27:8, 41 :40-49, 55:7 41:40, 41 leaves........................41:42 41:42 stem ......... ............... .41:44-46 analogy with Cystopus ................. 41:47 artificial cultures ...................... 41:46 characters of fungus.......... ......... inoculation of cotyledon s.......41:43, 44 areolate mildew (Ramularia areola)-.......41:55 -58 55 :3-12 ........... ........ boll rot... bacteria culture ....................... inoculation.................... 55.4, 5 55:5, 6 11 (Cotton, diseases of; boll rot) bacillus gossypina......................55:6-12 characters, biological.......55:6, 7 pathogenic .... .... 55:7 morphology............. description and nature of............55:7-11 55:7 how distinguished from anthracnose. illustration ............ .............. 55:13 presence of fungi in diseased boils........55:4 sap beetles..............55 :3, 4 remedies for......................55:11, 12 45:32-84 ....................... boll worm ....... 41:6 ............... causes of increase.... 41:30-39 "Damping off," "sore-shin" or seedling rot. 41:30 ................ characteristics... cultures with plates and test-tubes. .41:35, 36 on corn stalks..............41:38 cotton seed.............41:39 horse dung..............4:39 Irish potatoes........41:37, 38 oak wood................41:39 experiments with...............41:31-35 41:32 ....... effect of kainit.. "par oidium"........41 :34 rhizopus nigricans...............41:34 fungus of alfalfa root-rot.........41:34 55:6 . germination in infected plant inoculation in soil. ... . .41:35 growth in infected soil.........41:31, 32 soil......... 41.:32, 33 water.........41:33 41:31 fungous cultures ................. Frenhin.......................41:19-29 description of......... ........ 41:19-22 fungous cultures........ ....... 4L:26-28 .. inoculations.......... 41:28, 29 Fusariurnvasinfectuos..........41:22-29, 43 okra affected general nature Leaf blight ..................... of........:.....................41:5 41:58-61 ............ 27:12-14 conditions ............ 27:13 .......... .. 36:5, 6 .................... 41:25 yellow........... 27 :3-16, 36 :2-32, 41:5-65 ability of plant to resist fungus...27:14, 15 cause, theories concerning........... atmospheric , condition of soil. characteristics 27 :12, 13 36:15, 19-21, 41:15 fruiting cotton affected............ of..... 27 :14 12 (Cotton, diseases of; Leaf blight). confusion of names................27:5, 6 difference between Black rust and cotton blight.........................27:6, 7 disease, a complex... ............. a fungous.................27:6-12 a mosaic.................. 41:9-18 a physiological..............36:4-7 experiments with fertilizers.........36:7-18 at Auburn.. .... 36:11-14 Hope Hill............36:8-11 27:4 Mathews Station.......36:7 with kainit fungi, as preventive. 41:10-18 Alternaria ................... 27:6,9-11. botanical character of............ina .27,:78 ('ero.~ora gossyp~ . 76 0,1~t1 Colletotrichum yossypii.27 :6,810,11, :6, i1[croporumnigricantiumrn....27 8-11 Macrosporim n41:17 41:40-49 27J, Sphcerella gossypina...........41:18,58-61 plate, illustrating diseased leaves. explanation..27:6 effect of kainit.......36:1 fungi..............27:1I explanation.... .27:8, 9, 16 Soil conditions, adverse, how improved .36:21-27 by alkaline lyes. cultivation ........ . 36:22, 23 .36:26 36 :25 41 :10-18 humus ............... kainit.. .36:15-18, 25, ...... of potash...36:24 moisture ...... muriate 36 :26 rolling loose soils...36:23, salt...................36:24 wood ashes........ treatment with fungicides Red rust, or Red leaf blight........... ............. 36:7 ..... 36:23, 24 27:5, 6, 36:31, 32 cerealite as remedy for.... ........ effect of, illustrated ................. not caused by Uredinea .. ............ :...27 :5 41 :6t-65 Root gall.................................. (nematode worms. (Tieterodera radicicola) .41 :62-65 ... "Rust," (see also Leaf blight)........... 36:32 36:1 36:2-32,41:5, 6 4t :50-53 Shedding of bolls .......................... 13 (Cotton), distance experiments....... .................. 22:11-15 with cluster and long limbed varieties.......33:6 experiments, in 1890................ ........ 22:3-24 1801..... .............. 1892..........................40:3-15 1893..........................52:5-7 crosssing. ..................... 56:3-47 Fertilizer experiments, conducted by Prof. Atkinson...........40:13-15 effect of fertilizers on yield..............57:13 conclusions. . 57 :16 floats vs. acid phosphate...............22:9, 10 for growth, maturity, per cent. of increase, expense and profit................22 :15-21 intercultural.......................22:22, 23 giving yield and profit per 12 raw vs. acid phosphate.....40:11, residual effects of phosphates...........40:6, 7 results of-recapitulated ................ with different amounts of fertilizer per acre.22 :11-15 phosphates giving yield, cost, profit and per cent. of profit.22:6-8 different fertilizers................40:8,9 fertilizers applied in Feb. vs. at planting..40:10 kainit, effect on yield.............36 :27-32 phosphates ........................ Fertilizer requirements determined by analysis of acre.. .52:5 22:24 33:7 plant................. analysis of soil in Drake field and station garden ............ flowering plants............ plants in bolling 57:3-16 .57:6 57:15 :10 comparison of soil in Drake field stage....57 and Station garden.'.............. 57:5-8 phoric acid.......... effects on composition, of potash and phosresults, consolidated................. flower, description of............... ............... pollen, function of.................... ..... gins, tests of... seed, analysis of .................... feeding, on .................................... .. ....... 57:11,12 57:9, :6 56 :6-8 12, 14 .56 33:5 56 :9 ...... 49 :3 :10 description of ............................... effects of milk and butter ......... 25:3-12 selection of-2................................56 14 (Cotton), soil, preparation of ............................. species, cultivated generally.......... planted for trial.................. 41:7, 8 56:16, 17 ....... 56:4 .......... Bamieh..........................56:4 Mit-Afifi, notes on................56:4 Nankin........................56:4 Sea Island... ........ ................. 56:4 staple, best, characteristics of.......... ............. 56:19 classification ............... ............. 52:7 and value ...... ............ 40:5 improvement by crossing... ............... 56:19 micro-photographs of.'.... .......... 56 Fig.10-16 description of .......... 56:38-47 varieties, classified...... ..... ................. 56:13-15 Boll large............. ............ 56:14 medium and small.................56:14 clustered............. ............ 56:14 leaves 3 to 5 lobed.... .............. 56:14 4 to 5 lobed.. ................. 56:14 limbs long........ .. .... ....... 56:14 short.....................56:14 non-prolific........ ... ........... 56:14 prolific.......................56:14 seeds dark, small, furry..................56;15 smooth ................... 56:15 large, light brown...............56:15 56:14 short........................... 56:13 grouped by similarities. ................. 56:15 legitimate vs. "so-called"....................56:13 notes on ............. .... ................. 33 :8-12 tested by A. F. F. Cory, Mulberry, Autauga County ............ ..... ...... 34:46 for yield ............................. 33:5 length, and quality of staple.33:3, 4 per cent., length and value of staple........ .. 40:8-4 and per cent. of staple......52:5, 6 per cent. of staple and value of crop per acre........22:3, 4 worm......... ...... ....................... 45:30-34 Cow peas as fertilizer............ ....... .... .............. 41:25 Cows; see Dairy and Breeding. ............ small " staple long ........... " .............. 56:15 15 Cream ripening, Boyd method ; see Dairying. 37:12 ......................................... Cut worms 45:29, 30 .............................. of cabbage.. tobacco. 41 :44 .................................... Cystopus candidus 8-10 ..................... Dairying, analysis of butter.. food stuffs...........................25:7 .................... 25:4 milk, ass'... 4.4............... 25:3 25:4 25:4 25:4,5, cow's ............................ ewe's.........................254 goat's .......................... ........................ mare's sow's .. ......... .. ... .... .......25:4 24:6 ....................................... barn 25 :5-12 .. butter, affected by feeding cotton various food stuffs.25 :5-12 24:7, 8 ........................ making.. cows for butter, milk, or beef....................24:4 cream, Boyd method of ripening.......24:11 24:9-11 .............. maxims for dairymen.......... milk, affected by feeding cotton seed.............25:5-12 25:4 ........................ natural changes of production affected by silage (see Silage).46:3-7 sterilization of; see Sterilizer. 24:7 ..................................... milking 24:5 model dairy cow .............................. .................................. culture of Egg plant, 51:7 germination of seed. ......................... .... 58:4 Emerald green....................................... 51:7 Ensilage; see Silage. Eye, diseases of in domstic animals ...................... horse's, anatomy of ............................... 43:5-79 diseases of, the 43:5-14 conjunctiva................. .... 43 :22-25 cornea...........................43:25-37 37 growths on ................ 43:36, 43:26, keratitis or corneitis......... 27 infectious.........43:29-31 punctata...... ... 43:28, 29 opacities .. ................. staphyloma ................ 43:33, 34 43 :34, 35, 42:31-33 26 43 :14-19 43:17, 18 41 :16, 17 ulcer ...................... wounds...........43:25, ........ eyelids.. ................. ....... .......... ectropium entropium........ ......... 16 (Eye, horse's; diseases of eyelids) inflammation .. .............. 43:15 ptosis. ........ ............. 43:18 tumors.....................43:14 wounds........... ........... 43:15 haw.... ....................... 43:19, 20 iris .................... 43:37-40 closure of pupil ............... 43:39,40 inflammation...................43:37-39 tear apparatus......... ........... 42:20 tissues surrounding the eye........... 43:21-25 amaurosis or paralysis of optic nerve ..... 43:44-46 ...... 43:40-44 cataract............ .......... dislocation of eye ball or exothalmus ...... 43:48, 49 glaucoma............ .............. 43:46, 47 hydropthalmus. ......... .............. 43:48 opthalmia, periodic, or "moon blindness." 43:54-70 causes.......... .... ...... 43:58-66 symptoms .... ............. 43:54-58 treatment. ................... 43:66-70 "pink eye"............. ................. 43:77 "snake in the eye" or filaria papilosa....... 42:49-51 strabismus. ......................... 43:51 indistinct vision and shying, causes of ....... 43:51-53 astigmatism .......... ............ 43:53 hypermetropia........ ....... 43:51, 52 myopia .......................... 43:52, 53 methods of examining...................43:70-76 Fertilizersacid phosphates, effect on plant growth...........48:3-6 Liebig's theory........48:3, 4 Voelker's theory......... 48:4 experiments by Fleischer & Kissling.48:4 Dyer, 1882.......... 48:5 floats as substitute for..............48:3 results at Auburn. .48:5 and ground raw phosphates; field tests..48:7, 8 laboratory tests. .48:8-10 analysis of ........ 48:6, 7 analysis of..26:9, 10, 21-24, 38:13, 26-30, 48 :30-35, 38 containing potash ....38:25' 48:13, 28, 29 with nitrogen and potash.. .26:4-8, 12-20, 38 :10-10, 16-24, 48 :12, 14-27, 37, 38 miscellaneous..26:11, 25-29, 35:36, 39, 38:14, 15, 31-34 17 (Fertilizers) cerealite for red leaf blight of cotton............36 :32 commercial, guaranteed analysis. 26:30-41, 38:35-47, 48 :40-65 co-operative soil tests with; see Co-operative. effect, f oncomposition of cotton plant........57:3-16 experiments with cotton ; see Cotton, fertilizerexps. for yellow leaf blight.. .36 :7-18 for tobacco; see Tobacco. 3:451486-8 laws concerning................ licenses issued ................... phosphates, Florida..................48:3-10, 38 :5-7 38:3 use of ..................................... valuation.................................38:3-5 38:5263, 48:69-80 FestucaNo. 1..............49:8 Flea beetle; see Tobacco. Florida phosphates, (see Fertilizers, floats)... .... 38:5-7, 48:3-10 Food-experiments, cotton seed,,effect on dairy products. rye vs. silage........................46 :3-7 58:4 .......................... . French green...... Fruit culture, experiments in.........................47:3-14 :3-11 Fruit tree blight in general...........................50 41;23-28, 43 ". ... . ......................... ........... Fusarium 33:5 .......................... Gins, cotton, tested...... :3-19 Glanders..........................................35 animals, susceptible to...........................35:3 35 :16 cases suscepted, and exposed .................... 35 :11-14 ................. causes and transmission..... 25:5-12 bacillus mallei............................. 35 :12-15. climate favorable to................................35 correspondence disinfection. of premises'. concerning solicited. ...............35:418 ........... :3 . ............. 35:15 :4-7 law concerning farcy...........................................35 :8-10 diseased animals................ 35,:17, 18 nasal. (common)..................................35:4-7 symptons.................................35 ..... ............................. pulmonary. recapitulation of bulletin on ................... remedy no efectiv............................ systemic conditions............................35 ..................................... treatment. in men ........................ 35:18,19 53 :10, 11 ...... . .. . . . . . . . . .41:27 29 :3-23 35:7, 8 35 :16 35:17 29:4 GLz osPoRnir.................... Grapes, culture of...... ... .. .. ................................ evil and its preparation......................... 18 (Grapes) propagation of .............................. 6 cuttings how to make................29:5 plant................29:6 grafting . ......................... layers......... ................. 29:5 transplanting- rooted vines.......................29:7 treatment of vine first year......................29 :7 second year.. .............. 29 :8 third year..................29:8,9 varieties discussed..........................29:9, 10 most hardy.. .................. Rotundifolia or Muscadine.. ... 29:18-20 culture of...29:18 varieties discussed......29 :18, 19 tested for yield and character of fruit.29 :20 Scuppernong... ...................... tested (northern exposure) for fruit'ripening, growth and liability to disease. .29:11-14 (southern exposure) as above, also for size and color of :15-17 Grasses, list of, planted in 1893 .......................... 49 :7 varieties, notes on............................49:7,8 recommended.........................49:8 ..... 33 :5 Gullet cotton gin tested................... 29:5, 29:6 47:3,4 47:5 berry. .29 HETERODERA Horn worm. RADICICOLA. . . ... .................................... ....... ........... 41:62-65 .... Horse, eye diseases; 37:13 see Eye. glanders ; see Glanders. Insecticides. arsenic (white) ................................. bisulphide of carbon ........................... black sulphur ....... carbolic acid .............. hellebore kerosene London purple.............. emulsion............................. 45 :10 ............... (white)............ :.........................41:34 :................... 45 :10 ......... ...... 45 :9 45:11 45:9 45:9 machines for applying ....................... 45:17 field force pump............45 :17, 18 45 Excelsior spraying outfit...... ........ Climax automatic agitator pump....... clock pump................. Garfield knapsack sprayer 45:12-21 ............. 45:18 ............. 45:20 :20 Gould's sprayers ....... powder gun, Leggett's . ............ 45:13, 14 45:21 19 (Insecticides, machines for applying) spraying nozzles.................45:15, 16 Weaber's sprayers..................45:21 Woodason's spraying bellows.........45:14 Paris green..........................45:8, 58 :3-7 chemical composition................58:5 composition and adulteration.......58:3-7 description of.......................58:5 method of analysis..................58:7 preparation...............58:4 samples, analysis of.................58 :5 trade'names for....................58:4 ................................. pyrethrum. tobacco decoction..........................45:11 Insects, injurious and beneficial.......................45:3-36 cabbage butterfly and remedies for............45:24-28 cut-worm 45:29,30 harlequin'bug. " ...... 45:9 45:28,-29 classified as- 45:6 ....................... biting insects ..................... 45:5 borers insects.... ................. 45:6 corn worms. and -remedies for.................45:34-36 45:34 ...................... .cotton aphides....... boll worms and remedies...............45:32-34 ....... sucking leaf ".... .. ... 45 :30-32 life cycle. egg.,~ . . . . . . larva............... .................... pupa..............:...................45:5 perfect insect.......... ............... potato beetle........... ..................... Kainit; see under Cotton. Laws regarding fertilizers.; see Fertilizers. see Cotton, diseases of. Leaf see. Animals. Live stock, diseases T., Chemist. Lupton, 4: 45:4 45 45:22, 23 blight; diseased animals;. see Glanders. N. of; Commercial Fertilizers, analysis of...............26 :3-41 Effects on butter by feeding cotton seed and Effect of decomposing cotton seed organic matter on meal ............ 25:3-12 natural phosphates........ MACROSPORIUM- NIGRICANTIUM............. .......... Fertilizers...................................... 38 :3-63 48:3-10 27:6,8-11, 41:17 20 Mell, P. H., botanist. Experiments in crossing to improvecotton Meteorological, report..........22:25-29, 23:62-64, 24:12-16 :8, 9 Melons, cantaloupes, cultivation of.....................28 varieties compared for earliness, weight, size and character of fruit 28 :10, 11 ......... recommended.......... watermelons.. seeds tested from different parts of melon.,..28:3, 4 of different ages..........28:6, 7 :13 recommended.............28 :5, . tested for earliness, weight, size and character of fruit.......28:4-7 Meteorological reports; see Mell,.P. H. Fig. 10-16 Micro-photographs of cotton boils, staple, Milk; see Dairying. 58 :4 ............. .................. Mitis green.......... Moth, tobacco ; see. Tobacco. Mulberries, varieties recommended......................47:12 41:62-65 ......... ...... Nematode .worms................... Newman, J. S., agriculturist. Apples, pears, peaches and plums.............30:3-15 Co-operative. soil tests, 1890.... .............. Corn, wheat and oats.......................32.3-10 ........................ Cotton.......... Experiments with cotton, 1890... .............. 22:3-24 Grape culture, test of varieties...............29 :3-23 Irish and sweet potatoes........ .... ......... 31:3-8 fibre..56:3-47 47:13 47 varieties etc.......56: 23:3-61 33:3-12 28:3-11 Watermelons. and, cantaloupes................. Nut trees planted, at station ........... Oats,: top-dressing. with nitrate of soda.............. Okra, affected by frenching............... Onions, how to raise from seed .................. varieties ............ .... varieties,, Kansas. and Texas rust proof,. tested for yield. . ..32:8 ....... 47:12 32 :6, 7 recommended......... 41 :25 .. 51:7 51 :7 .................... Parker, Henry C. Classification of cotton staple.......... ......... ,22:5 and value of cotton staple............... 40:5 ... 41:34 30 :15 ............... ............... Par oidi um ........ Paris green ; see Insecticides. Peaches, budded on cuttings of Brill plum .................. varieties, notes .1885 on .................................. 47 :9-11 planted in ........................... 30:13 tested for time of ripening............... 30:14 Pears, blight, disease and treatment.... ................ transmitted how.................... 47:8, 9 30:9, 10 21 (Pears), varieties affected by blight................30:11,12, ...... ... planted in 1885.............. Phosphates, natural ; see Fertilizers. Plates, illustrating, "1, II Black-rust on 36:11 Cerealite, effect on cotton........ ............ 56 Fig. .Cotton boils, fibre,&c .................... 55:1 Cottonboll rot. ............................ Kainit, effect on cotton........................36:1 ............... Plums, varieties of Japan. type... ....... .... 47:11 recommended...................... wild goose on different stocks.....................30:15 .............. 49:8 Poa arachnifera,planted in 1889............ ... 52:7 Porter, C. E. classification of cotton staple............. Potato beetle.....................................45:22,23 Potatoes, Irish, methods of applying manure tested.31:3-5 ............. 31:6 cultivation..... tuber, whole, or cuttings................31:6, 7 varieties, notes on....................31:3, 51:5, 6 tested for yield peracre.........31:4,t5 sweet, large vs. -small for seed..................31:7, 8 .. 33 :5 Pratt cotton gin tested.. .......................... 30:9 47:8 -cotton........................27 10-16 47:11 'Pythium de baryanun...... ............. ..... . .41:31 Quince trees planted in 1885.............................47 Rarnatariaareola .......................................... Raspberries, black-c3p......................... ..... red cap, best varieties :11 41:56, 57 .. 47 :12 . .29 :21 discussed;....... varieties.... .............. ..... ........ ........ 47:12 ......... Rescue :grass ; see Brornas nioloides. Rhizopus nigricans ...................................... 41:31, 34, 35 and Ross, B. B., chemist. Ross, Isaac, asst. agriculturist. Paris Green, composition adulteration.. :3-7 58.. 24:3-11 Dairying and Breeding... ............. 27 :3-16 Rust, black, of. cotton .................................. 46:3-7 Rye vs. silage for milk production ........................ :4 Scheele's green..........................................58 58:4 ..... Schweinfurt green ................ Silage vs. rye for milk production......................... 46:3-7 Soils, analysis of.. ....................... Soil Soil-test, temperatures......2........................2:28, experiments; see Co-operative. .. :......:............41:18, ................ 57 :15 58-61 23 :63, 24 :15 Sphnrella Bossypina.............. 22 Spurry, analysis of air-dried............................49:6 description of............. ........ .49:5, 6 Stedman, J. M., biologist. ............ 55:3-12 Cotton-boll rot................ Fruit-tree blight in general..................50:3-11 Injurious and beneficial insects...............45:3-36 Sterilization of milk and.water methods....................53:3 need of..................53:3,4 Sterilizer,a new, for milk and water....................53:3-10 description... ...................... how operated.........................53:5milk-dealer's..........................53:9,10 Strawberries, varieties discussed.......................29:21,22 29 :22, 23 ........................ list of 47:13 .................... recommended 44:15 ............................. Tobacco, analysis of... 16 barn..................37:15, 44:35,38 .................. Snow's modern... Virginia ................................. 7, 44:4, 11 beds, covered3....76, 37:6, 7 ......... frame for. .............. 37:7 .................................... hot 54:13, 14 ............ ........ laboratory ... 5,44:3 open air or woods.. bulking...............................54:20 burning quality.............................44:16 effect. of soil on......................44:17 ..... 44:17 fertilizers on ............. 53:4-6 44:32 cigars, manufacture of...................................44:5 number per pound...... conditions favorable for........... vs. cotton for profit ................. .............. ............ . .. 54:27, 4:9,44 :9, 44:6 44:7, 8 28 cultivation of crop .......................... curing, English shipping ........... methods of air curing ............ by artificial 37:11, 54:18 37 :16, ..... ............ ......... 17 heat,.................... 54:20 ...... 44:32 flue curing..... . .................. followed 18903...... Temperature for yellowing. .37 :1.7, 18, 54:19 ....54:19,20 .44:37 setting color...... on or off stalk:.................... 54:19 44:33,34 Snow process (advantages).............44 :36 .. 37 :18, 44:33 sun curing............ ...... cutting............................37 :14,15, 44:30, 54:18 23 (Tobacco) experiments conducted 1892 ................... 1893 .................. fertilizers, effects of................. formulas for. ..................... insects injurious, black or flea beetle and remedies, 87:3-20 54:13-29 ........ 44:18 44:18,19 37:6,,44:4, 54:14, bore, or cut worm.............87:12, 26 horn. worm ......................... 37:13 moth and remedy for................87:13, 14 manuring plants............ .................. 87:9 marketing ................................... nicotiana,crispa........ ...................... 44:7 persica ............................. repanda ............................. 44:7 rustica........ . ... : ... 447 tabacam..................... . ... 44:7 ordering .................................... 87:17 packing......................................44:40 plant, capsule. ................................ 44:21 flower.............. ................ .44:21 leaves.. .............................. 44:20 stalk ........................... .... 44:19 suckers. ......................... 87:14, samples examined from Dr. J. Gordon, Healing Springs........54:28 R. D. Martin, Florence...............54:28 44:25, 15 37:20 44:7 44:22 371:8 Z. T. Strond, Aberfoil.... seeds, selection of...................... .......... .... .... 54 :28 ........ sowing.............. soil, ...... ..... preparation of ............ 37:10, 44:12, 54:15-17 37:5, 6, 9, 44:11 requisites ............................. ....... sorting into' grades ....... .44 :8, 12, 18, 18 54:21 ................ ................... 44:81 statistics as. to acreage, yield and value of.......54:26, 27 stringing............. ...... stripping .................................... topping, or priming.......................37:12, 44:39, 40 transplanting..... ...................... 37 :10, 44:15 37 :3, 4 13, 44:28 varieties, angustifolia.............................44:7 classification according to use.......... and valuation by S. P. Carr, IRichmond, Va.. 54 :24, 25 Dibrell Bros. Danville, V.... .54:24 F. M. Rogers, Florence, S. H. T. Duffield, New York. .54:22, 23 0.54:23, 24 24 (Tobacco varieties) Cuban........ ...... ..... .. .... ... 44:5 high-priced, characteristics of ........... 44:9, 10 44:17 ... ........... macrophylla........... most valuable ............ ............. 44:8 ..... 44:7, 27-29 notes on.................. yield from branch-bottom sandy soil.......54:16 upland or white.................54:17 light.................54:18 Tomatoes, planting for fall crop ............ ............... 51:3 ........ 51:3-5 varieties, notes on.............. 27:5 .................... Uredine ...................... Ustilagine..............................................41:44 51:3-8 .............. Vegetables, experiments in.. .......... Watermelons; see Melons. Water sterilizer; see Sterilizer. 49:3-8 .. ............. Wheat, experiments in 1893..........: with varieties for increase..................39:3-7 Experiment No. 1, with 3 varieties....39:3, 4 2, with 3 varieties ...... 39:4, 5 3, with 15 varieties....39:5. 6 co-operative.. .......... 3:96, 7 cost and profit per acre itemized...............3:95 varieties, notes on............... .............. 49:4, 5 recommended............... ................... 49:5 tested for maturity, size and character of heads.32:9 test of DeR eiti...............................32:9, 10 White Richelle de Naples...........32:9, 10 top-dressing............ .......... 32:10 ................. BULLETIN NO. 22, NEW SERIES. RIULTURAL EXPERIMSTATION, OF TilE Agricultural and Mechanical College, AUBURN, ALA., - JANUARY, 15 9. EXPERIMENTS WITH QOTTON. REPORT OF ALABAMA WEATHER SERVICE. .The Bulletins of this Station will be sent Free to State, on' application to the Director. any, citizen of the Smith, Alired &Co., State Printers and Binders, 24 Commerce St., Montgomery, Ala. BOARD OF VISITORS. COMMITTEE OF TRUSTEES ON EXPERIMENT STATION HON.J. G. GILCHRIST, lION. R. F>L GON, HON. J. B. MITCHELL. BOARD OF DIRECTION. W. L. BROUN............................ ................. President. J. S. NEWMAN........................Director N. T. LUPTON........Vice-Director P. H. MELL........ ..................... G. F. ATKINSON ..... ...... .... ..... and Agriculturist. and Chemist. Botanist and Meteorologist. Biologist. ................ ASSISTANTS: ISAAC Ross .. First Assistant Agriculturist, charge Live Stock and Dairy. J AS. CLAYTON .......................... J. T. ANDERSON, PH. D..................... .......... L. W. WILKINSON, M. Sc ....... J. F. WILKINSON, B. Sc....................Third A. M. LLOYD, Second Assistant Agriculturist. First Assistant Chemist. Second Assistant Chemist. Assistant Chemist. B. Sc...................... ..... Assistant Botanist. W. B. FRAZER... .............................. Clerk and Accountant, EXPERIMENTS WITH COTTON-1890. J. S. NEWMAN-JAS. CLAYTON. Comparison of Varieties. Seven varieties of cotton were planted April 28th, 1890, for the purpose of comparing their productiveness, yield of lint from seed cotton and quality of lint. The Cook and King varieties were received from the ecretary of Agculture at Washington, Storm Proof was. planted from seed presented by W. J. Smilie, Baileyville, Texas, who originated it ; Southern Hope and Peterkin were from seed grown on the station in 1889, Peerless and Truitt were presented by Mr. James Clayton from his farm near Opelika, Ala. The soil upon which the first five varieties were grown was a uniform piece of sandy creek bottom which has been gradually brought up to an excellent state of productiveness during the last seven years. The comparison is perfectly accurate and reliable in every respect. The following tabulated statement shows the comparative yield per acre in seed cotton and lint, and the per cent. of lint. The King and Cook varieties were on a somewhat different soil from the others 'and upon smaller areas, and hence, are not comparable with them as to yield per acre, but are compared with each other. As the seed cotton was picked, each variety was securely stored in a bin to itself and at the time of ginning all were weighed under like conditions and ginned separately. A sample of the lint of each was taken, numbered and sent by express to Mr. H. C. Parker, an expert at Montgomery, for classification and valuation. His report contains matter of much interest to producers of cotton. Mr. Parker, as is shown in his report, knew the samples by number only, but he seems to have had no difficulty in separating the longer stapled varieties from the short in grading them. The season for gathering cotton was not favorable for good samples. RESULTS. Yield in CottonSer acre. 1 Peerless........... 2650 Plot Name of Varieties. Yield in Per lbs. Lint cent of per Acre. Lint. Value per Acre. Priced by Mr. Parker. 876 331-17 35%2 $76 65 84 914 2' 3 4 5 6 Peterkin...... .... Southern Hope. 22112 2239 786 638 717 7S3 385 580 72 70 70 18 60 94 67 53 53 90 49 30 2812 331-24 32%, 2713 331-5 11 8/ 8 Storm Proof..:.....2170 Truitt............ W. A. Cook..... 7T. J. King......... 2400 1405 1745 %g 14 8'% These were on poorer soil than 1 to 5 and compare only with each other except in price. REPORT OF MR. HENRY C. PARKER, CLASSIFYER OF COTTON FOR LEHMAN, DURR & Co., MONTGOMERY, ALA. No. Classification. Length in Inches. Price. REMARKS. 1 4 Shy Midling........ Strict Low Midling.. Fully Str't Low M'd'g Strict Low Midling.. Midling ............ Midling ........... Strict Low Midling.. 7 84 8%( % 5 7 2 3 6 5 7A 7)( These have nothing specially to recommend them. The price is Smainly a question of 8 handling. 91/ ( ) c for length, stronger and longer. 11 14 Like Allen variety. Touch of Sea Island...... "These last require particular attention as to their prolificness and yield of lint. The light lands are hardly adapted to them without continual renewal of seed as they lose in strength and length. Fertilizers aid considerably in keeping them up." The numbers of samples above correspond to plot numbers in table of results. These varieties of cotton were all planted in checks four feet each way. The plants were thinned by hand and plowed both ways, thus entirely dispensing with hoeing. This was too thick for the long limb varieties which so completely shaded the early fruit as to cause rotting of the bolls. The stalks of the Peerless variety fell over with their weight of fruit and suffered from rotting where the bolls rested upon the ground. It was not practicable to ascertain the comparative loss by the different varieties from this ,cause. The season was very favorable for production but very unfavorable for picking. The following statement of rainfall from April to October, inclusive for 1890, kindly furnished by Mr. J. M. Quarles, assistant in meteorology, compared with the average precipitation for twelve years as given in Bulletin No. 18, Climatology of Alabama, shows an 6 abnormal precipitation in May, August, September and October. Since the cotton boll is opened by the drying and consequent contraction of the exterior of each lobe of the bur, long continued wet weather during September and October is disastrous, not only to the quantity, but the quality of the product. PRECIPITATION FROM APRIL TO OCTOBER, 1890, AND AVERAGE. AVERAGE 12 Y'RS. 1890 INCHES 1855 51889. INCHES. April............................................... .1.5 May................................................6.1 8 June............................................ .... 3.82 July................................................4.80 September................................ August............................................ 5.75. 5.53' October................................... ..........7.24 3.82 3.17 5.28 4.37 4.20 3.2~9 2.48 It will be observed that there were 12.74 inches of rain during September and October of last year against 5.77 inches as the average of twelve years, or more than twice the normal quantity. EXPERIMENT WITH PHOSPHATE. Question-Will the vegetable matter in freshly cleared land supply all the nitrogen needed by the cotton plant? This experiment was conducted upon land from which the lrge timber, principally longleaf pine, had been removed many years before, but was cleared for the plow during the winter of 1889-90. It was very thoroughly broken for "new ground," was very uniform in character and, as shown by the yield where no manure was used, was naturally very poor. As shown by the results of the "soil test of fertil- izers" conducted on an adjacent acre, the soil is decidedly deficient in phosphoric acid. In addition to the above question, an inquiry as to the quantity of phosphate that can be profitably applied upon such laud is made. The results show that the plant was not commensurately profited by the additional 500 lbs. and that the decomposition of the vegetable matter did not furnish all of the nitrogen needed by the cotton plant. PHOSPHATE ALONE, AND PHOSPHATE AND NITROGEN ON NEW GROUND. Yield in pounds Seed Cotton per acre. Names Pounds Cost of Fertilizers per acre. Profit from 00 profit Plot No. of Fertilizers, used per acre. 1st picking 2d 212 Sept. 1st. Sept. 18. 382 picking 3d picking 4th picking 5th picking Total. Oct'. 15. 168 Nov. 10. 25 Nov.25 32 819 Fertilizers $ 6 67 use of from use of Fertilizers. 1 Acid Phos 500 $4 12Y2 48; C. S. Meal, 2 Aid Phos. 3 Aid Phos. 500 500 1000 310 270 453 400 152 150 47 29 55 34 1017 883 9 55 8 25 7 19 4 47 52 1-5 3.2'., 54 Acidomnr..9 1000 Phos.el 10 226 .. 4066 3494 1196 113 4 1213 49..S 10 19 3 52 2 5' Floats vs, Acid Phosphate. In several experiments, previously conducted to ascertain the comparative agricultural value of the phosphate rock, ground to impalpable powder, known as floats, with that of acidulated phosphate, the results have indicated, that used in conjunction with cotton seed meal, floats were more prfitable than the acid phosphate, taking into consideration the fact that floats contain nearly twice the percentage of phosphoric acid. Thc soil used in this experiment was sandy drift that had been lying out many years. No commercial fertilizer had been previously applied to it. It had been closely depastured for seven years. The floats were at some disadvantage in comparison of costs, since they were purchased at ton rates, while the acid phosphate was bought at car load rates. The results are so plainly set forth in the table that comments are unnecessary. 9 ACID PHOSPHATE AND FLOATS COMPARED. RESULTS. Fertilizers used per Acre. PLOT. Seed Cotton gathered per Acre. Pick1st Pick- 2d Pick- 3d Pick- 4th Picking ing ing ing ing Sept. 1. Sept. 17. Oct.-15. Nov. 1. Nov. 25. Pounds. i Names. Floats.................... Floats................... No manure ............... 5th Total Yield per Acre. Cost of fertilizer per Acre. Profit from Fertilizers. Per ct. profit from Fertilizers. 26%4 511 2 No. 1.. 400 800 40.0 72.0 167.2 220.0 218.4 319.2 73 6 42.41 43 2 541 731 344 $3.14 $2.77 6.28 5.33 No. 2.. No. 3.. No. 5.. No. I .. I 76.8 800 800 II II 400 Floats, 400 C.. S. Meal.... 208.0 389.6 172.8 38.4 24.0 24.8 21.6 833 814 7.48 7.64 7.19 69.3-5 6.46 623- 341.6 400 C. S. Meal, 400 Acid Phos. 344.0 83.2 I CIIT\OT n 1 11 1 I I 1 11 -~ I - l~LII 11 Cotton at D~ferent Distances in Row and Drill, With same quantity of manure per acre and same distance, with different quantities of manure. This experiment was conducted upon land, of almost exactly uniform quality, which had been somewhat improved by rotation of crops and fertilizing during six years. It produced without manure, in 1884, 3z bushels of corn per acre, under the influence of a favorable season. After thoroughly preparing and bedding the land, a Thomas harrow was drawn across the beds to reduce their height and leave them in good condition for the planter. Owing to the difficulty previously experienced in securing and maintaining a stand when planted in hills, the seed were sown in the usual way along the row with the planter. In order to secure perfect accuracy and insure a stand, lines were stretched across the rows at the desired distances apart, and the cotton chopped between them, leaving two stalks to the hill, under or as near as practicable to the lines. By this means a perfect stand was secured. After danger of attack from cut worms was past, the stand was reduced to one stalk to the hill. Besides the comparison of the effects of giving different areas to the plants, the effects of doubling the quantity of manure per acre is tested in plats 1 and 5 and 2 and 6, which are adjacent, and have the plants at the same distance each way, 1 and 5 being planted 4 ft. by 5 ft., and 2 and 6, 4 by 4 ft. To half of plat 8, 200 lbs. of kainit were applied,* August 13th, and to the other half, 200 lbs. of cotton seed meal. The object of these applications was to prolong and thereby increase the fruitfulness of the plants. Each of these is compared with plot 4, which had the same quantity of manure, applied before planting, that plot 8 had, and received no additional application. The labor of applying them, as well as the additional manures, seems to have been wasted. * Owing to the continued rains this application was made later than intended. 11 12 It will be observed that crowding the plants as in plots 7, 10 and 11, hastened maturity, as is shown by the yield at the first picking. Half the crop on these plots was gathered September 7th. As appeared in similar experiments in 1889, 4 by 2 seems to be the best distance for such land as was used for this experiment. Doubling the fertilizer was not profitable. 12 COTT( )N AT DIFFERENT DISTANCES AND Fertilizers Used per Acre. PLOT -WITH DIFFERENT QUANTITIES OF, MANURE. Distance Planted. .Pounds. =i No. Names. 1 _Yield in lbs. Seed Cotton per Acre i 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Picking Picking Picking Picking Sept 7. Sept. 19. Oct. 20. Nov. 10 i Total. 11I 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 4x5ft. 4x4 ft. 4 x3 ft. 1000 1000 500 500 500 500 500 500 lbs. Cotton Seed Meal, 500 lbs. Acid Phos ........ 198 4 273.2 574.0 580.0 509 2 557.6 460 8 472 8 374 8 487 .2 465 6 398.8 293.2 268 0 260.4 I 297.6 219.6 198.0 176.0 382 0 166 4 61.4 231.2 140.0 198.8 111.2 115.2 270 .0 62 0 28 0 16 0 24.8 65.6 20.0 8.4 30.4 1132 1101 1014 1131 1039 851 250 lbs. Cotton Seed Meal, 250 lbs. Acid Phos ........ 290.8 372.8 130.4 192.0 4x2 4 x 5 ft.! ft.! ft.4x ft 4x4 4 x 1 ft. 700 84 4 x 2 ft. 700 9 10 11 *12 3x3 3x2 4x5 ft. ft. 500 500 500 500 lbs. Cotton Seed Meal, 250 lbs. Acid Phos., and f 200 lbs. Cotton Seed Meal, extra, August 13th. S250 lbs. Cotton Seed Meal, 250 lbs. Acid Phos.,a 200 lbs. Kainit, extra, August 13th .............. . 250 lbs. Cotton Seed Meal, 250 lbs. Acid Phosphate.. S250 430 4 284.8 321.6 407.2 410.8 404.8 1 034 0150 23 2 24.8 84 15.2 13 2 1030 824 803 686.4 3 x 1 ft. ft. 1 1 142 8 _ *This compared with plot 5. 14 DIAGRAM 11 OF 5. PLOTS. 1. PLOT 9. PLOT PLOT 3 x 3 feet. 4 x 5 feet. 4 x 5 feet. Meal. C. C. Meal. 1250 lbs. C. S. Phosphate 250 lbs. AcidS. Phosphate 500 lbs. AcidS. Phosphate Meal. 250 500 250 Acid per acre. per acre. per acre. PLOTr 10. PLOT (. PLOT 2. 3 x 2 feet. 4 x 5 feet. 4 x 4 feet. 250 lbs. C. S. Meal. 500 lbs. C. S. Meal. 250 lbs. C. S. Meal. 250 Acid Phosphate' Acid Phosphate 500 Acid Phosphate per acre. per acre. per acre. 250. PLOT 11. PLOT 7. PLOT 3. 3 x 1 feet. 4 x 1 feet. 4 x 3 feet. 250 lbs. Acid Phosphate. ~250 lbs. C. S. Meal.. 250 lbs. C. S. Meal. 250 " C. S. Meal. 250 Acid Phosphate 250 Acid Phosphate 250 " Acid Phosphate per acre. per acre. per acre. i PLOT 8. PLOT 8%. PLOTS 14 acre each except 8 and 8%, which are 18 acre each. 4x2feet 4 x2 ft. 250lbsC.S. 2501bs.C. S. PLOT 4. Meal. Meal. 250lbs. acid 2.50 lbs. acid 4 x 2 feet. phosphate phosphate per acre. per. acre. 250 lbs. C. S. Meal. 200 lbs. of; 200lbs.C. S. ~250 Acid Phosphate kainit ad- Meal added S per acre. ded 13th August. I1 reec. iFX I :13th Aug. ~eet. 14 15 Plot 12 extends along the side of plot 5, and partly by 1 and 9, and is compared with plot 5, the object being to test the effect of so-called rest while closely pastured. During 1883 the land occupied by both 5 and 12 was cultivated in cotton by a negro tenant without fertilizer. During the winter of 1883-'4, that occupied by 12, was turned out into a standing pasture, and has been since very closely pastured. Plot. 5 has been in cultivation continuously. The question, therefore, is, does such rest improve land? Plot 12 had the same treatment in every respect as plot 5 in 1890. Plot 5 has produced profitable crops each season since 1883, plot 12 has produced no crop since that year. Plot 5 produced 1,039 lbs. seed cotton and 12 produced 686 a difference of 353 lbs. per acre in favor of the land continuously cultivated over that supposed to have rested seven years. The value of the difference in production is more than the market value of the land. Soil Test of Fertilizers With Cotton. For the purpose of learning the chemical needs of the various soils of the State, chemicals already prepared and weighed, ready for application, were furnished thirty volunteer experimenters cultivating typical soils of as many sections of the State, with the request that they be applied, as far as practicable, to soil upon which no commercial or othe.i fertilizer had ever been used. In order to compare the soil of this section with those in the different parts of the State, the same chemicals in character and quantity were applied upon an old field which had been lying out for many years, and for the last seven closely pastured. No commercial fertilizers was ever applied to this soil previous to 1890. It had been cleared so long that even the long-leaf pine stumps had disappeared. The following diagram of the plots will convey a clear idea of the arrangement for securing accuracy of results. The two centre rows of each ,plot were used since the outside rows are influenced by the manure in the apjacent plots: lbs., 15 DIAGRAM OF EXPERIMENT PLOTS. 1..210 FEET.......... 6 lbs. Sul.Anm Zmonia. 2..................... 3............ .... 1j .. . 13 lbs. Dis. Bon( Black. e .1....................... 10 lbs. Kainit. .13..................... No manure. 6 lbs. Sul. Ammonia. 10 lbs. Kainit. 6 lbs. Sul. Ammonia. 13 lbs. Dis. Bone Black. . . 6 . { 4.. .. ..... 1................ 3 .................. 4.... .... 1....................... ... ... 2....................... .... 13 lbs. Dis. Bone Black. 10 lbs. Kainit. 2..... I.. ..< +.L+ .13....................... ................ ...... No manure. 6 lbs. Sul. Ammonia. 13 lbs. Dis. Bone Black. lbs. Kainit. 10.................... 8 ........ 10 . ...... .3 ........................ .2.......... ............. 12 20 lbs. Floats. 20 lbs. Floats. 6 lbs. Sul. Ammonia. .. ... . . ._.. . . . No manure. .1........... ........ 13{..: . ... u ............ 53 lbs. green cotton, sec ed. ed. 14 .... ... .... 3 . .. 15 .... ... . .. ... ... 20 lbs. Floats. 4 .1........................5 ......... ..... :: : 265 l bs . stable manure. 17 The manures were applied with the utmost care, and almost a perfect stand secured. The cultivation throughout was perfectly satisfactory. When the cotton was large enough to be exempt from attack by the cut worm, the stalks in the two last rows in each plot were counted and reduced to the same number in each by pulling out from those having the largest number, down to the last number found in any plot. This is the only practicable plan by which an absolutely uniform stand can be secured. Observations were made, as shown in the table, upon the height, condition and appearance of the plants on the different plots, June 14th, July 8th, August 11th, and September 11th. The quantity gathered at the different pickings was recorded and is printed to show the effects of different manures in hastening the growth and maturity of the crop. It will be observed, that while from some plots more than ninety per cent. of the crop was gathered by the 15th of October, from others less than sixty per cent. was gathered. This is often a very important effect of manures, since the price is usually better during September and October than later, and a laborer can gather fully one-third more per day in September than in November or December. Besides, by reference to the table giving the average rainfall it will be observed that September and October are generally compar atively dry months, and hence favorable for maturing and gathering cotton. In order to have a check upon the accuracy of the field weights, the seed cotton from each plot was kept separate, tied up in sacks and suspended from the joist of the gin house, where it was exempt from liability to be disturbed by either men or mice. At the time of ginning, the cotton was re-weighed under like conditions. The columns in the table headed " field weights " and " gin house weights" show the loss of each plot up to December 17th, when it was ginned. The results indicate that the soil upon which the experiment was conducted was especially 17 18 deficient in phosphoric acid, since a marked increase in production results from its application in every instance, whether used alone or in combination with potash or nitrogen. The results from kainit and sulphate of ammonia used either singly or together, indicate that the plant was unable to utilize these without phosphoric acid. That the soil needed both potash and nitrogen is shown by the increased yield where these are combined with phosphoric acid. That these, potash and nitrogen, were to some extent available in the soil is shown by the fact that phosphoricacid alone gave good results. The indications from the results of this experiment are therefore, that the soil needs all three of the principal ingredients, nitrogen, potash and phosphoric .acid but is most deficient in the latter. Attention is invited to the per centages of increase from the use of the different manures, as shown in the table. It is interesting also to note the cost of fertilizers applied per acre, the actual profit and the per cent. of profit. As the profit and per cent. are calculated upon and due to the increase resulting from the fertilizers and as all other expenses are the same on the unfertilized land as upon the fertilized the effects of the fertilizers alone are considtered. While the stable manure produced the largest increase and the largest profit per acre, attention is called to the fact that it was applied at the rate of nearly two tons per acre or half a ton more than the amount annually saved from each mule kept. There is no question about the efficacy of good stable manure properly used but the available supply is too small. The late fall was favorable to the plots which produced little since a larger per cent. of the fruit on these was produced late in the season than upon the plots upon which the plants grew off more promptly in early summer. 18 19 Attention is invited to the effect of kainit in retarding the appearance of blight as well as to the fact that early growth and heavy fruitage was favorable to its attack-see and compare plots 2, 3, 5, 7 and 9. 19 20 Sall-, Fer rtilizers used per Acre. June 14th. TEST OF August 11th. July 8th. h.U Condition of 0 Names. 0 CoA Condition of u.r Condition of Plant. Plant. Plant. a B 1 90ISulphate ? a . Ammonia, Yellow, 2 195 Dissolved Bone Black, D'k green i 3 150 Kainit, 4 No manure, Green, Yellow, & SGreenvigand 7 to 16 Free. rapidly (Gr'n and fruit 15 to 30 B vig'rrn 5 to 10 Color good vigi 11 to 24 Sing ended.ad. vig. and 10 to 18 Free. 2 to 6 612 to 14 1 mak'g rapidly 2 to 5 Yellow, not vig. 7 to 13 2 to 9 2 to 5 Yellow, not 'rig. "4 to 1112 & ~fruit'g Gron, "4 " 5 240 150 Kainit, 90 SulAm. 2 to 5 Col. gd and vtg. 412 to 9 6 285 195 Dis. Bone Black Dk green & vig'us 4 to 8 7 to 22 92 Sul, Ammonia, $195 Dis. Bone Blacic, 345 150 Kainit, 5 to 10 Vig.,col.little off S to 24 8 9 435 No Manure, 195 ils, bone blk, 90 soll. am., 150 " 9 to 20 " 5 Vigorous 1 Fig and 11 is 30 Slight. fruitg slightly " 11 to 30 Free. Yellow, 2 to 5 Yel. and not vig 4'2to 9 4 to S Col. gd and vrig. 10 to 22 2 to 6 2 to 6 7 to 12 8 to 15 kainit, Green, Light Green, and mak- 6 to13 lng rapidly. 5Vigand fruit- 14 to 30 Slight.. V ig. and mak- 11 to 24 ing rapidly. Fig. and mak- 12 to 26 ing moderat-ly} lung rapidly. i 10 300 Floats, 11 12 390 300 Floats, 90 sul. am. No manure, Yellow, Yellow, 2 to 5 Yellow not vig. 412 to9 2 to 5 Very yellow. 9 to 15 (Vig. and mak- 7 to 13 Free. 13 '795 Green cotton seed, 14 1095 (795 Green cot'n seed Light Green, 1300 Floats. iv r; I Iro- 1210to28 Slight. 15 3975 Stable manure, I -I I ~11 nmmnn~o ~11I 11 to 30 2 to 6 Col. g'd arid vig 9 to 20 Very vigoroue Ito 10 Col. little offeand 12to 26 Fruiting ended. 18 to 30 very sit and dark green, vigorous, -o --I I I 20 21 FERTIIIZBJIS, September 1890.. ,, W0V O V0 0 11th. 4 Yield in Pound Seed Cotton per Acre. Field Weight. bet s ate'. Condition of Plant. bL 0. ¢ b 0 br a o 0a ~ c iel VO 0 t0. 0. a bT! O U baOo E.09 U) 0. j0. a IIc 0 Q. 0. 1 2 Mak'g smill and vig V'y slight Matured, Vy badly 9 33 108 141 174 138 123 186 222 129 303 162 258 159 222 249 162 75 36 135 108 144 66 69 105 63 45 105 93 69 63 33 264 648 414 351 378 813 939 324 1041 537 759 357 588 918 1146 255 624 390 330 369 F1 $3 30 88.4 20.3 2 53 6 59 1 37 13 5 10 1 231 57 92 50 55 183 270 6 9 6 27 45 30 Vigorous and mak'g Free, 4 5 Yig'us and mak'g, Vig'us and mak'g, Slight, Free, Badly, Slight, 9.9 4 67 80 135 3 65 42 88 88 55 6 Matured, 7 180 345 198 12 198 81 105 9 411 42 450 225 255 66 765 136.3 5 83 8 24 900 173.0 309 11 3 90 13 95 8 Small, vigand m'kg Vy slight 9 Matured', Badly, Badly, Badly, Slight, Badly, Badly, Badly, 4 963 204.4 7 20 13 86 E 134 33 66 91 87 10 11 12 Mhatured Matured, Making, and small, 510 56.1 2 36 3 43 732 120.6 5 66 6179 342 570 71.0 3 57 3 75 882 167.2 5 93 11 29 81 66 13 Matured,. 48 228 156 420 35585 36 109 194 85 14 Matured, 15 Matured,- 90 95 1119 233.1 3 97 20 09 v rLUV"""~ I"C~U'J) r ^VVI "'"1 ""I ""I ""I ""' I 21 22 INTERCULTURAL FERTILIZATION. In order to test the efficacy of the application of additional fertilizer during the growth of the plant in prolonging its fruiting period and increasing the yield, two hundred pounds of cotton seed meal per acre were applied at the 2nd plowing of the cotton June 18th, and covered lightly with scrape. Two hundred more were applied in the same way at the last plowing, July 30th. These [were applied to two plots to which two hundred lbs. of cotton seed meal and acid phosphate, mixed in equal parts of each, were applied in the drill before planting, and were compared with a third plot to which the same quantity of cotton seed meal and acid phosphate were used before planting but to which no subsequent applications were made. The results presented in the accompanying tabulated statement show that the average increase caused by the additional applications was 339 lbs of seed cotton. The intercultural applications had the effect of continuing the growth and fruitfulness of the cotton after that on plot 3 had ceased to grow. The results are plainly set forth in the tabulated statement. 22 INT'E"I+RC ULTTRA~LF f ETILIZA.TION. I i r FERTILIZERS PER ACRE. HOW AND WHEN APPLIED. Pounds. r I Names. I i 2nd 1st 3rd 4th 5th Total yield Picking Picking Picking Picking Picking seed cotton Sept. 1st Sept. 17. Oct. 15. Nov. 8. Nov. 25. per acre. 1- I i 200 lbs. C. S. Meal and Acid Phosphate in equal parts before planting. 200 lbs. C. S. Meal at second plowing. 600 'Cot'n Seed Meal and Acid Phos. 200 lbs. C. S. Meal at last plowing. -i I I I 222.3 1 I 288.61 1--f 195 O1 -t 97.5 62.4! 865. 8 200 lbs. C. S. Meal and Acid Phosphate in equal parts before planting. 200 lbs. C. S. Meal at second plowing. 600 Cot'n Seed Meal and Acid Phos. 200 lbs. C. S. Meal at last plowing. I C tcond 206.7 265 2 195.0 81.9 54.6 803.4 ~ - T ~ II~ C I~r \~l( L~ r n II~ 1 ~ 1 1 l~ 200 C. S. Meal and Acid Phos. Sin equal parts......... . 100 lbs. C. S. Meal. 100 lbs. Acid Phosphate mixed and applied before planting. 202.8 175.5 78.0 23.4 15.61 495.3 351 4 Without manure ... ,.... 9 45 138 108 51 24 Recapitulation. 1. The high price commanded by the long staple varieties will justify the most careful effort through selection and breeding to increase their productiveness. 2. While the decomposition of the vegetable matter in the " new ground" did not furnish all of the nitrogen needed by the cotton, the increase from phosphate alone is satisfacfactory, and the increase caused by the addition of nitrogen did not justify its use. 3. A part of the phosphoric acid in floats plainly becomes available to plants the first season. This is facilitated by combining them with cotton seed meal. Floats and cotton seed meal have uniformly equaled acid phosphate and cotton seed in producing power. 4. Of the different distances experimented with, 4 ft. by 2 ft. gave best results in 1889 and 1890. Thick planting hastens maturity. 1,000 lbs. fertilizer per acre was not as profitable as 500 lbs. The addition of cotton seed meal as late as August 13th was not profitable. 5 This experiment indicates that land improves more under continuous, judicious cultivation than uncultivated, in closely grazed pasture. 6. The unfertilized soil of this station needs nitrogen, potash and phosphoric acid. It is especially deficient in the latter. Kainit causes the cotton plant to retain its leaves after they have blighted where none is used. Needed fertilizers hasten the maturity of the cotton plant. The per cent of profit from a judicious use of fertilizers, followed by intelligent cultivation, is most satisfactory. 7. Cotton seed meal, applied interculturally, in June and July, increased the crop more than cotton seed meal and acid phosphate, applied before planting. 24 25 REPORT OF THE ALABAMA WEATHER SERVICE. Co-operating with the U. S. Signal Service. December, 1890. STATE POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE, Auburn, ,Ala., January 15th, 1891. The month began with clear and cool weather, but the temperature gradually rose, and the average for December was 3.02 above the normal. The weather was generally mild and pleasant, but never too warm to prevent the saving of meat. The middle of the period was dry and dusty, almost as much so as mid-summer. Flowers were in bloom during most of ' the month. The lowest recorded temperature was 20 at a few stations, and this low range occurred only on three days, during the first and last weeks of December. The amount of rain that fell during the month was small, the average being 2.19 inches below the normal. A low pressure passed over the State on the 3d that was followed by rain in all sections, with an immediate depression in temperature. Another low pressure occurred on the 24th and 25th that produced a similar result; the rain fall at Auburn being as high as 1.50 inches in less than twelve hours. The temperature fell to 310 at the Central Station on the 27th, while in " North Alabama the reading of the thermometer was as low as 20 . season was excellent for sowing small grain, and the reports from the observers indicate that the farmers have availed themselves of these fine conditions. SThe P. H. MELL, Director. J. M. QUARLES, Assistant. 25 26 MONTHLY SUMMARY. Almosheric pressure (in inches.) - Monthly mean, 30.227; maximum observed, 30.632, at Auburn on 28th; minimum observed, 29.780, at Uniontown on 3d; range for State, .852 Temneralure (degrees F.) -- Monthly mean, 49.8; highest monthly mean, 58 2, at Brewton; lowest monthly mean, 42.4, at Valley Head; maximum, 91, at Brewton, on 5th; minimum, 20, at Valley Head, 4th, 28th and 29th, and at Citronelle on 9th; range for the State, 71; greatest local monthlY range, 68, at Brewton; least local monthly range, 39, at Chattanooga. Precipitation,including melting snow, (in inches).-Average for the State, 2.30; greatest, 3.97, at Double Springs; least, 1.35, at Bermuda. Mean relative humidity, 68, at Auburn; 66 at Uniontown; 86 at Valley Head. Wind-Prevailing direction, N. W. Miles traveled, 5,515, at Chattanooga; 6,332, at Mobile; 4,030, at Montgomery; 3,236, at Auburn. ANNUAL SUMMARY. Maximum barometer, 30.632, at Auburn, 28th of December. Mean barometer for year, 30.110 inches. Minimum barometer, 29.615, at Chattanooga, Tenn., on 29th of October; range, 1.017. Mean relative humidity, 74.6; average temperature, 65.6; maximum temperature, 105, at Opelika, 1st and 3d of July; minimum, 10, at Valley Head, 2d March; range, 95. Clear days, 132; fair days, 117; cloudy days, 116; days of rain, 91; annual rain fall, 50.69 inches, is 1.2 below the normal; monthly rain fall, 4.22; highest rain fall for any month, 12.10, at Fayette Court House, during February; lowest, 0.00, at Bermuda and Columbiana, during November. 26 27 NOTES FROM OBSERVERS. Livingston, (J. W. A. Wright).-The average temperature for this month was 470, which is 1' warmer than the normal for December. The ° coldest day was 24 ' on 19th, which is 4 higher than the coldest for the past three winters. The entire rainfall for the month 1.59 inches, the smallest amount for December in 20 years with one exception, when in 1873, we had only 1.25 inches. Our average or normal for December in past 20 years is 5.09 inches. Our rainfall by.month, for 1890, has been as follows: January, 1.67; February 6.72; March, 4.73; April, 3.06; May, 4.15; June, 4.50; July 4.80; August, 5.75; September, 5.93; October, 2.60; November, 0.67; December 1.59, making a total of 46.17 inches. Total rainfall in 1889 39.38; 1888, 57.21; 1887, 44,90 inches. Greensboro, (M. H. Yerby).-It has been unusually dry and mild for December. Some days it was as dusty as mid-summer; the street sprinklers were in constant use throughout the entire month. There are a few tender plants still blooming in open air. I have in my garden a young peach tree now in full bloom. There has been a considerable quantity of pork slaughtered in this vicinity. 27 28 TABLE OF SOIL TEMPERATURES-December, 1890. (The observations for this table were taken at Auburn, Ala.) A. M. LLOYD, Observer. NOTE-There are three sets of thermometers-Nos. 1 and 2 are situated on a hill in sandy soil, and No. 3 is placed near a small stream in bottom land. The depth of instruments range from 1 inch to 96 inches below the surface, and the observations are made three times each noon, and evening. day-morning, Set No. 3, in Bottom. 50.6~ 49.9 50.0 50.0 50 7 54.8 56.0 57.3 60.0 Depth in Inches. Set No. 1, on Hill. 50.00 49.7 49.4 49.3 49.9 53 8 56.4 58.7 60.0 Set No. 2, on Hill. 52.1la 51.6 51.1 50.4 50.2 53.9 56 3 58.1 :... 1 3 6 9 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 61.0 62.3 63.9 ________ 28 1 1 1 " " . '1l . VIATTT\/n TIT BAROMETERi . z 'STATIONS. COUNTIES. C 0 G Max. Min. TE1MiPERiATURE. Max. Mim. N a'"Se Ua -a a OBSERVERS. -I o a I a) CU a3 N Selma Valley Pine Apple. Head .. Florence.... Chat tanooga Montgomery Marion. Union Spgs. Bermuda Mobile... Carrolton. . Auburn.. Livingston Greensboro M\t. Willing. Uniontown . Citronelle... Fayette C H Opelika.. Guntersville Chepultepec Columubiana Centre. Double Spgs Butler .... Jasper.. Tuscumbia . Fort Deposit . 32.28 87. 1031 34.34 85.37 .. .- 31.35 87. 34.48 87.37 Lauderdale.. Tenn....... 783 35.03 85.30 Montgomery 219 32.22 86.23 33.12 87.4~2 Perry .. Bullock...516 32.12 83.39 Monroe .. " 31.43 87.12 30 30.41 88.20 Mobile.. 88.03 Pickens... " Lee..........826 32.40 85.30 Sumter.. .150 32.34. 8808 220132.41 87.36 Hale . Low ndes .. 32.07 86.45 Perry .,.273 32.28 86 44 Mobile ... 352 31.03 87.30 33 42 83.12 Fayette.... Lee. 32.45 85.28 Marshall.655 34.24 86.18 90 3:3.58 86.20 Blount.... Shelby ... 560 :33 i586.38 34.10 8.3 42 Cherokee .728 Winston 34.08 85.35 .. 32.05 87.24 Choctaw. Walker .. 310 33.49 88.12, 34.42 87.38 Colbert... Lowndes .. 34.42 86.39 Dallas .. DeKalb Wilcox. Calhoun . .. .. 424}53 731.1 29815 30.195330 470 282 29.873 41 8 54 5 35 1 51 1 61 6 41 7 68 2-23 20 4,28,2 9 48 22 4;3 84 65 73 226 5 29 6 125 I 7 NE E. P. -Nicholson. 3 39 34 1i 19. 91.85 113 11 1.35 19.2 1.55 C. WV.Asheraft. Nw L. Pincell. N w L. DLunne. M. 30.212 30.525 2S 30 345 30.632 30.220 30 28 490:28 2 29 2 868 554162 50.76(2 744.5 76 70 72 69 71 74 80 3 7- 2 5 23 5 5 5-6 0 ,52 9 45 9 16 *6i 2 29.950 50. 158 741.4 39 5 29 890 30,190 30.500 2S~i, 19 780 48.3 .95 52 3 60.5 40 1 55.7 68.4 43 341.5 17.3 2.62 16 0 6 9 48 22.5 1.59 14 413 3.37 0 1714 2 8 41 1.50 0 40 15 846 20 4- 2 417 610 '25 4 x.71 15 4 12 9 60 R. J. Grady. Win. Fowler. N A. Pritchard. M, L. 'Stangel. N wx MN'. J. Quarles. W. A. Wright. Nw N wvM. A. Yerby. Wmn. Garrett. Nw W. H. Newman. J. G. Michael. Daniel Collier. .j. 46.559 48 6 34 2 9 47 3 48 25 1.9a 69 .36'.5 5 73 3 97 2.61 21 45 7 . 00 10 Piedmont . Mt S .. i' I .... Home.. . Lawrence. Bessemer . Brewton... Wiggins ... Talladega Means.. Jefferson Escambia. . 1 Covington .. . 47 55.8 38.2 58.2 72 44.4 46.6 ..... 65 91. 68 22 5 4 ..5 2 41 1-1 1 17.6 0 68 . 58 27 6 1.70 Talladega. A. J. Baker. WV. Allgood. B. WV. Lovett. D. Thos. Bradford. A. M. Weller. B. F. Gilder. Howxard Lamnar'. S w L. B. Thornton.; T R. Swaine Perry A. J. Weaver. Win. Swvan. W. J. H-olland. Nxx M. D. Jones. . 30.227I . 491 6. . 3 .44.71 21.52 30 _. 13 1 ... J, 0. Huey. BULLETIN NO. 23. NEW SERIES. OF THE AgricuIturaI and MechanicaI CoIIee 1 AUBURN, ALA.,-----l FEBRUARY, 18919 CCoOperative of Fertilizers. Report of Alabama Weather Serviee. The Bulletins of this Station the State, on application to the Director. will be sent Free to any citizen of THE BROWN PRINTING CO., PRINTERSp MONTGOMERY, ALA. BO.AEII Off' -VISITORS 5 COMMITTEE OF TRUSTEES ON EXPERIMENT STATION : 11ON. J. G. GILcIIsT, ... HON. R. F. LIGON,... HON. J. B. MITCHEL. BO0.ED QOF DIP EC'TIOTh President. Director and Agriculturist. Vice-Director and Chemist. Botanist and Meteorolgist. Biologist. W. L. BIIOUN.......................................... J. S.' NEWMAN ........................... N. T. LUPTON ......................... P. H. MELL ............................ GEO. F. ATKINSON ...................................... ASSISTANTS : ISAAC Ross, 1st Assistant Agriculturist, in charge of Live Stock &Dairy. Assistant Agriculturist. JAS. CLAYTON.........................Second First Assistant Chemist. J. T. ANDERSON, PH. D................... Second Assistant Chemist. L. W. WILKINSON, M. Sc ................. Third Assistant Chemist. B. Sc................... J. F. Assistant Botanist. .......... A. M. LLOYD, B. Sc................ Clerk and Accountant. W. B. FRAZER................... .......... WuILKISON, *Deceased. 82 CO-OPERATIVE SOIL TESTS---189, So great is the variety of soils in Alabama and -such the demand for knowledge of their needs, that a call for volunteer experimenters was issued in January, 1890, through the official organ of the Farmer's Alliance of the State. The response was prompt and the desired number-thirty-soon secured. The results printed in this bulletin show how faithfully and intelligently they have discharged their duty thus voluntarily assumed for the general good of the tillers of soils similar to their own. Notwithstanding the fact that the first shipment of chemicals to the experimenters was lost in a railroad wreck, and some two weeks passed before the loss was reported, rendering it necessary to duplicate the order for the chemicals, as well as all of the labor of mixing and labeling them, thus delaying their reception by the experimenters, the number of reports as well as the manner in which the experiments were conducted leave no room for complaint. Indeed, the number of satisfactory reports is most gratifying. The following extract from Bulletin No. 12, New Series, illustrates the plan of the experiments and embodies the detailed instructions then furnished each experimenter: DIRECTIONS FOR CONDUCTING SOIL TESTS WITH FERTILIZERS, 1890. SELECTION OF LAND. The area upon which the experiment is made should be level, or nearly so; should represent in character of soil and subsoil the section in which the experimenter lives, should not have been fertilized for several years, or better still, never at all, but should not be new or fresh land; the object being to learn what fertilizer the ordinary cultivated lands of the section need. ARRANGEMENT OF PLOTS. The accompanying diagram shows the arrangement of the plots. There will be fifteen plots of 1-15 of an acre each. For convenience, the "farmer's acre," seventy yards square, is used. Each plot is, therefore, 210 feet long and 14 feet wide, admitting of four rows of cotton 32 feet apart. All of the experiments will be made with cottonthis year. 33 4 DIAGRAM OF EXPERIMENT PLOTS. ...1...210 FEET.......... .1 2................... ... 6 lbs. Sul. Ammonia.. 13 lbs. Dix. Bone Black. 2 .3 . 1.:.... ........ ............ 4.."..... . ..... ... .......... ....... 2 .,........... 3.. ..................... 4.................. ..... No Manure. 6 lbs. Sul. Ammonia. 10 lbs. Kainit. 5 .. 1 ...................... 6 lbs. Sul. Ammonia. 13 lbs. Dis. Bone Black. 13 lbs. iDis. Bone Black. 10 lbs. Kainit. No Manure. 6 lbs. Sul. Ammonia. 13 lbs. Dis. Bone Black. 10 lbs. Kainit. 20 lbs. Floats. 20 lbs. Floats. 6 lbs. Sul. Ammonia. No Manure. .. .1............... .. .. 1....................... *.1 .. . ....................... 3 . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 10 ..... 11 .. ................. .. . .. . .1.........."............ .... 1........ ............. . ....................... 53 lbs. Green Cotton Seed. 53 lbs. Green Cotton Seed. 20 lbs. Floats. I ............................. 1 b0 a0 2........................ 265 lbs. Stable Manure. 34 The fertilizers are sent, freight prepaid, to the depot designated by each experimenter. That intended for each plot bears two labels-one showing its contents, the other the number of the plot to which it is to be applied. As shown in the diagram, each fertilizer is to be applied to four rows. Each row should receive as nearly as possible the same quantity. Numbers 4, 8 and 12 are to receive no fertilizer. The experimenter is expected to furnish the cotton seed for plots 13 and 14, and the stable manure for 15. Apply the cotton seed in a deep furrow and distribute the floats over the seed in plot 14. In plots 13 and 15 distribute the cotton seed and stable manure respectively, and bed upon them as on the fertilizers in the other plots. PREPARATION. First break the land " flush," deeply and thoroughly after accurately measuring the area 210 feet square. Lay off rows exactly 31 feet apart, distribute the fertilizers and bed with a good turn plow, making a high bed. Then draw a harrow or heavy brush across the beds. It is important to secure a perfectly uniform stand of plants, and hence the seed-beds ahould be thoroughly prepared. PLANTING. Use the same kind of seed upon the whole area and plant all of the plots the same day. If a part was planted before and the rest after a rain, the experiment would be worthless. Use every precaution necessary to secure a full stand. If a uniform stand is not secured at the first planting, plow up promptly and plant again. CULTIVATION. As soon as the plants are large enough "side" with a scrape or sweep and, several days after, chop to two stalks every two feet. As soon as danger of loss by cold or cut worms has passed reduce the stand to one stalk in the hill. Rows 2 and 3 of each plot are to be gathered to determine the yield from each fertilizer. This reduces the "test area" to 1.30 of an acre. One missing stalk on this area would therefore represent 30 to the acre. To make the experiment reliable, therefore, there must be the same number of stalks upon each such "test area." To insure this, when the plants are eight or ten inches high, count carefully the stalks in rows 2 and 3 of each plot. A perfect stand would give 105 stalks to the row or 210 on rows 2 and 3. 35 suppose the count shows that the number of stalks range front 210 to 190 to the test areas. Reduce the number of plants to 190 in all of the test areas (rows 2 and 3 of each plot), by pulling from each the number of stalks it was found to contain above 190. This is the only reliable way to secure uniformity of stand, without which the experiments cannot be accurate. Replanting, the method often resorted to, will not answer. Let all the plots be cultivated on the same day and in exactly the same manner through the season. See that no tree stands within 100 feet of any of the plots. MEMORANDA. Record in a book kept exclusively for that purpose the time and manner of performing every operation connected with the experiment, from the preparation of the land to the gathering of the crop. Make weekly or bi-weekly notes on the appearance of the cotton on the plots. Note especially the effects of either excessive moisture or drouth upon plants of the different plots. Record any changes in the weather likely to affect the growth or fruitfulness of the cotton plant, such as unusually high or low temperature, excessive rain-fall or continued drouth, and note the different effects, if any upon the plots; keep a careful record of the "seasons" and their apparent effects upon soil and plants. GATHERING. Before the crop matures printed blanks upon which to record results will be furnished. The slightest mistake in gathering or weighing the seed-cotton will destroy the value of the experiment. The utmost care is necessary to prevent such mistakes. The picking and weighing of the product of the different plots must be done under uniform conditions. Picking should not be commenced until the morning dew has disappeared from the cotton. If some plots are picked and weighed in the early morning and others in the afternoon, accuracy will be sacrificed. Each experimenter must exercise a sound judgment in these matters of detail, looking constantly to securing perfect accuracy in the comparison of the effects of the fertilizers. Experiments, like statistics, unless full and accurate, are misleading. No account need be kept of the production of rows one and four, as they being only 3- feet from the adjacent plots to which different fertilizers are applied, receive, by the spread of their roots, the benefit of both fertilizers. The product of rows two 36 And three will be used to oompare the effects of the different ettilizers. The plants in these rows being seven feet from those to which a different fertilizer was applied, only the "extremities of their longest roots will reach it, and hence will not be materially affected by it. Pickings should be made with sufficient frequency to avoid risk of having the experiment vitiated by storm. Record the weight and date of each picking. Record the average height of the stalks upon each "test area," rows two and three in each plot. Note the character and extent of injury to the plants by any casualty, such as storms, boll worm, caterpillar, rust or blight. When the plants are sufficiently advanced in growth to show plainly the effects of the fertilizers, invite the farmers of the neighborhood to inspect the plots at intervals during the season. This is important, since the object of the experiment is to be benefit the farmers who cultivate the character of land upon which the experiment is made. The chemicals were sent in the spring of 1890, to the following named gentlemen for experiment. Several of them failed to receive the chemicals or received them in such a mingled condition as to render them unfit for experimental use. One who received two sets of chemidals for different types of soil was prevented from giving the work such personal attention as he deemed necessary to secure accuracy on account of protracted illness. Twenty-four reports, however, out of thirty, is very satisfactory. The results of several years of such inquiry must prove profitable to the farmers of the State, since there will be but few who cannot find in some of the reports a counterpart to their soils and indications of their chemical deficiencies. 37 ipm~t~ NAMES. COUNTY. 80 POST-OFFICE. .Cusseta, Aday, L. C., Rev. Beasley, E. J........ Brown, D. L......... Bishop, M. A........ Compton, Geo. W. Cross, R.H. Davis, E.-M.,Ma..... Davison, J. A....... Tick, R. M......... Ewing, R. T......... VEubank, A. H....... Ellison, J. M........ Gordon, John, Dr. Hobdy, J. M........ Askew, B. F.......... Chambers...... Alabama. Franklin..............Newburgh. Covington............Red Level. Bibb...............Randolph. Madison..............Madison. SMarengo....... Hall, S. M.......... Jeter, 0. 'I ......... Killebrew, J. C.... Miller, W. H......... Greene...............Union. McEwin, G. W....... Coosa ................ Rockford. Martin, William. .... Hale................ Greenshorough. Newman, W. H..... Perry ................ Uniontown. Newman, C. L ........ Limestone ............ Athens. Oliver, J. P............ Tallapoosa ............ Dadeville. Perkins, J. W......... Marshall............. North. Reeves, W. M........ . Wilcox ................ Stroud, Z. T..... Bullock ............... Stephens, A. B....... Etowah ............... Watlington, T. M ... Henry...........Abbeville. EXPERIMENT BY REV. L. Lowndes............Letohatchie. Autauga.............Prattille. Choctaw............Yantly Creek. Etowah.............Attalla. Cherokee............Centre. Montgomery........ Pine Level. Macon.......... Creek Stand. Washington..........Healing Springs. Barbour............Louisville. Marion.............Hackleburgh. Chambers........ .... Boyd's Tank. Dale......... ....... Newton. Dixon's Mills. Nellie. Aberfoil. Keener. FRANKLIN and one-half miles east of iRussellvile, Alabama. Mr. Aday's report shows very thorough preparation of the soil and cultivation of the crop. He used the sweep throughout the cultivation. He remaks that, "Owing to the amount of rain from August 1st, to about October 1st, the plants went too much to weed and became so rank that the bottom bolls rotted. An early frost cut off the top crop to a large extent." The results obtained from plots four, eight and twelve indicate a want of uniformity in the soil to the disadvantage of the plots adjacent to four, The general indications from the results are that the soil needed nitrogen and phos. acid. Further inquiry, however, is needed, since the loss from rotting of the bottom crop was probably greatest where the plants matured the largest per cent. of early fruit, and with the fertilizers which the most luxuriant growth. Mr. Aday remarks that the season was very unfavorable for cotton in his section, and hence he was desirous of repeating the experiment. The following tabulated statement gives results as reported by Soil-Red cedar land with clay subsoil. 0. ADAY-NEWBIJG, 00. Mr. Aday lives seven duced Mr. in- Aday: 3 COTTON EXPERIMENT WITH FERTILIZERS-RESULTS. F~b 10 _3 POUNDS FERTILIZER PER C POUNDS FERTILIZER PER :ACRE. b 0o ZPLOT. ~ C0 P ~ 0, ~ 28. 26 28 1912 REMARKS, 6 lbs. Sul. pct. 15. Ammonia..90 lbs. Sul. Ammonia.. 2212 Nov. 21 750 780 840 585 13 lbs. Dis. Bone Black... 195 lbs. Dis.. Bone Black.. .22 24 1612 4 4 Plot No. 1 very promising till Rust appeared onfruitthen, and 1st of Aug.[ it caused thee to fall off. leaves and small Plots Nos. 3, 7 and 11 turned yellow owing~ to a dry spell from June 1st to 24th, whichi caused co 3 10 lbs. Kainit......... 4 No Manure........... 5 6 lbs. Sul. Ammonia, 10 lbs. Kainit......... 6 6 lbs. Sul. Ammonia, 13 lbs. Dis. Bone Black... 7 10 lbs. Kainit, 13 lbs. iDis. Bone SNo Manure....... .. . 6 lbs. 9 10 -lbs. Sul. Ammonia, Kainit, 13 lbs. Dis. Bone Black... . 1020 lbs. Floats .......... 11 6 lbs. Sul. Ammonia, 20 lbs. Floats .......... 12 'lo Manure ........... 1353 lbs. Green Cotton Seed. 1420 lbs. Floats, 53 lbs. Green Cotton Seed. 15, 265 lbs. IIStable Manure... ~I1A I~ I Black.. 150 lbs. Kainit......... No Manure.......... 90 lbs. Sal. Ammonia, 150 lbs. Kainit......... 90 lbs. Sal. Ammonia, 195 lbs. Dis. Bone Black.. 150 lbs. Kainit, 195 lbs. Dis. Bone Black.. No it to shed the forms to some extent. 2612 28'2 6 6 7%' 3212 975 34%2 1035 90 lbs. 150 lbs. 195 lbs. 300 lbs. 90 lbs. No 795 300 795 lr Manure........... 26 23%2 . 612 5'% Sul. Ammonia, Kainit, Dis. Cone Black.. . Floats .. Sul. Ammonia, 30 334 1005 900 31 24 30%2 7 8 8 121'2 21 712 36%2 1095 31 930 300 lbs. Floats . Manure ........... lbs. Green Cotton Seed lbs. Floats, lbs. Green Cotton Seed L^ I/ --- - u .......... 24 20 24 3812 1155 31% 945 24 32 960 _ 3,975 lbs. Stable Manure.. 32'2 975 I 26%2 795 I I I7 10 .iXPiERIN T O~ g 3. BEASL E. .). LY-RD LEVEL, OOVIINGTON do. Soil-Red sandy; subsoil, clay. The effects of phosphoric acid are especially marked upon Mr. Beasley's soil. While neither potash nor nitrogen, used singly with the phosphoric acid, materially increased the yield over that of phosphoric acid used alone, when the proper allowance is made for the difference in the soil indicated by the unfertilized plots, still their combined effect upon plot nine to which the complete manure was applied, shows that their presence materially increased the productive power of the phosphoric acid. The three elements combined upon plot nine produced 330 lbs. of seed cotton per acre more than phosphoric acid and nitrogen, without the potash, and 300 more than the phos. acid and potash, without the nitrogen. The three combined produced 390 lbs. seed cotton per acre more than the phosphorie acid alone, and 770 lbs. more than the production of the unaided soil as indicated by the average yield of the unfertilized plots. The complete manure used on plot nine nearly quadrupled the average production without manure. The effect of the phosphoric acid in hastening the maturity of the cotton is most strikingly illustrated by the weights gathered in September. The complete manure matured 62 lbs. in September, while the average from the unfertilized land was only 6- in that month. The indications drawn from this experiment are that phosphoric acid is the element especially deficient in this soil, but that its efficiency is increased by combination with potash and nitrogen. So far as can be judged from this one experiment, the results correspond very closely to those obtained from similar inquiries made upon the soil of this station. Attention is invited to the tabulated statement : 40 COTTON EXPERIMENT WITH FERTILIZERS-RESJLTS. b aaa - POUNDS +z FERTILIZER PER PLO. POUNDS FERTILIZER PEE ACRE. .R "3 - o ~ca Q4 r.Q x, ~ Oct. 8 8 8 0 0~ 1 6 lbs. Sul. Ammonia. 2 13 lbs. Dis. Bone 3 10 lbs. Kainit......... 4 No Sept. Black... Black... Black... 5 6 lbs. 10 lbs. 63 lbs. 6 13 lbs. 7 lbs. 710 13 lbs. Manure........... 195 lbs. Dis. Bone Black.. 150 lbs. Kainit .... 90 lbs. Sul. Ammonia Sul. Ammonia, Kainit.......... Sul. Ammonia, Dis. Bone Kainit, Bone ..... No Manure. 90 lbs. Sul. Ammonia, 150 lbs. Kainit........ 90 lbs. Sal. Ammonia, 195 lbs. Dis. Bone 150 lbs. Kainit, 195 lbs. Dis. Bone 42 8 6 4 48 42 8 62 6 6 6 14 8 12 14 10 8 8 Nov 4 2 6 6 6 2 2 6 4 4 6 6 6 4 2 Dis. ..... 8 No Manure........... . No Manure ....... 90 lbs. Sal. Ammonia, 6 lbs. Sul. Ammonia, 150 lbs. Kainit, 10 lbs. Kainit, 195 lbs. Dis. Bone Black 13 lbs. Dis. Bone 300 lbs. Floats...... ... lbs. Floats..... ..... 90 lbs. Sul. Ammonia, 11 6 lbs. Sul. Ammonia, 300 lbs. Floats ......... . lbs. Float*~...... ... . . No Manure ........... 12 No Manure .......... 13 53 lbs. Green Cotton Seed. 795 lbs. Green Cotton Seed 300 lbs. Floats, 14 20 lbs. Floats, lbs. Green Cotton Seed. 795 lbs. Green Cotton Seed 15265 lbs. Stable Maure... . 3,975 lbs. Stable Manure. ~? ~a Black Black.. 270 I Prepared the land as instructed in BulletinI regularly, 780 No. 12-planted April 330 had six weeks drouth in the last of June and 270 July, then had four weeks rainy weather. The cotton threw off all but the grown bolls. About 240 the 20th of August the blight struck it and it did, no more. I gave it a fair test aud was very care840 ful in cultivating it. 15-cultivated t 870 330 78 M17 1020 .?0 Black.. 14 22 6 22 30 40 32 480! 38 570 20 300 36 540 501 _r-X 53 IU -akl~r rrl K l~ r I L% 1 16 10 IL I % 52i 780 ?7P 750 tXP RIMENPT OF Mn. D. P, ti ROW1, Rt ANIOt 1m Com . Soil-Light Sandy, Subsoil Clay. The land had been cultivated in cotton for three years previous to 1890, and the results indicate that phosphates had been applied. The crop was cultivated with sweeps, * The results indicate that the soil was reasonably well supplied with phosphoric acid and potash, but deficient in nitrogen. Having been subjected to clean culture in cotton for three years previous to 1890, it was natural to expect results from the application of nitrogen, which readily leaches or volatilizes, while phos. acid remains in the soil. A decided increase results from the use of manures containing nitrogen or ammonia in every instance, while neither phos. acid nor potash meets with appreciable response. Attention is invited to the tabulated statement following. * Since writing the above a card received from Mr. Brown states that 200 pounds of acid phos. was used per acre in 1888-9. 42 COTTON EXPERIMENT WITH FERTILIZERS-RESULTS. +' rep m / CD a 4s C-oa u ~ -a . 2 3 4 5 C~7 6 lbs. Sul. Ammonia. 13 lbs. Dis. Bone Black. 10 lbs. Kainit...... No Manure....... 6 lbs. Sul. Ammonia, 10 lbs. Kainit....... 6 lbs. Sul. Ammonia, 13 lbs. Dis. Bone Black. 10 lbs. Kainit, 13 lbs. Dis. Bone Black. No 90 lbs. Sul. Ammonia.... 195 lbs. Dis. Bone 150 lbs. Kainit........ No Manure........ 90 lbs. Sul. Ammonia, 1.50 lbs.Kainit......... 90 lbs. Sul. Ammonia, 195 lbs. Dis. Bone Black.. Black.. Black.. Sept. 15 Oct. 8th Nov. 1st 6 2 60 900 '3 2 30 540 13 1 12 3 32 480 4 2810 427%2Died 10 6 13 '3 worse than any. 21 25 18 3 1 3 4 60 78 900 1170 I-a Sul. Ammonia, Kainit, Dis. Bone Black. 195 lbs. Dis. Bone 12 21 1 1 Floats ..... 300 lbs. Floats...... ... . 19 11 4 90 lbs. Sul. Ammonia, Sul. Ammonia. 5 Floats....... . 300 lbs. Floats.......... 30 No Manure ........ No Manure......... 12 19 5 1Y2 13 53 lbs. green Cotton seed 795 lbs. green Cotton Seed. 27 4 300 lbs. Floats, 14 20 lbs. Floats, 9 lbs. green Cotton Seed. 4 53 lbs. green cotton seed 30 19 9 26 15 265 lbs. Stable Manure .. 3,975 lbs. Stable Manure . NOTE.-Comparing results from plots 4, 8 and 12 it will be seen that there was of the fertilzers adjacent to number 12. 6 10 13 20 6 20 9 lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. Manure........ 150 lbs. Kainit, 195 lbs. Bone Black. No Manure........ 90 lbs. Sul. Ammonia, 150 lbs. Kainit, 4 14 X48 720 3612 54734 68 48 76 49 74 71 1020 Suffered from drouth. 1140 735 65 975 1110 795 I I. I I _ 19 I I G F 1065 [any. Suffered from drouth almost as badly as lack of uniformity in the quality of the soil in favor 14 EXPERIMENT OF MR. M. A. BISHOP, MADISON, MADISON COUNTY. Soil-Deep red, with stiff, red subsoil; the typical red soil of the Tennessee Valley. Mr. Bishop says the soil is "destitute of gravel," and has only "a trace of sand." "It has been planted in cotton twenty-four years consecutively, and vegetable matter apparently, entirely exhausted from it. No fertilizer of any kind had ever been applied to the land previous to 1890. Twenty years ago the land produced in favorable seasons 800 lbs. seed cotton per acre without manure. "A perfect stand was secured May 10th. May 22nd, sided vith Barton harrow-fine season in the ground. May 31st, chopped to two stalks every two feet. June 17th, cultivated shallow with Syracuse stock cultivator, run twice to the row and thinned to one stalk every two feet-195 stalks to the test rows. Cultivated every two weeks with cultivator or sweep until July 17th, when rain stopped all farm work for the season. "The early part of the season was unfavorable on account of cold nights in May. June was dry but otherwise favorable. Rains commenced July 13th and continued till August 20th, causing the cotton to shed. "Farmersfrom every portion of the county visited and inspected the crop during the growing season. All were forcibly struck with plots 6, 9, 14 and 15, which showed favorably throughout the season." The results of this experiment indicate the need of phosphoric acid in the land under investigation, as shown in plots to which the disolved bone black was applied. It indicates also the need of nitrogen and potash as shown by the increased productive power of the dissolved bone black, when combined with these, over its use alone. The nitrogen and potash, however, though needed, were powerless without phosphoric acid. See plots 1, 3, and 5, and compare them with 6, 7 and 9. Cultivators of red valley lands may profit by an examination of these results. 44 COTTON EXPERIMENT WITH FERTILIZERS-RESULTS. ) 'U 0 'U POUNDS FERTILIZER PER 4 PLOT., POUNDS FERTILIZER PER AR ARE J PUao REMARKS. -a ,,5a 41 H H ~ 1 6 lbs. Sul. Ammonia.... 90 lbs. Sul. Ammonia... 6% '73 64 202'% 23212 2 13 lbs. Dis. Bone Black.. 195 lbs. Dis. Bone 150 lbs. Kainit....... . 3 10 lbs. Kainit......... 4 No Manure........... 5 6 lbs. Sul. Ammonia, 10 lbs. Kainit......... 6 lbs. Sul. Ammonia, 13 lbs. Dis. Bone 7 10 lbs. Kainit, 13 lbs. Dis. Bone NoManure......... 90 lbs. Sul. Ammonia, 150 lbs. Kainit........ Black. 4 3 3%1 {' {' 312 ,14 195 120 3 3 14 14 7 7 312 1 4 Black.. Black.. Black.. . 195 lbs. Tis. Bone Black. 150 lbs. Kainit, 195 lbs. Dis. Bone Black. No 90 lbs. Sul. Ammonia, 614 187' 21 630 21 630 5 2312 ing, 3 weeks late in blooming, branches small. Height 2 ft., green foliage, good stalks, formed well, but shedded during wet weather in Aug., bloomed early. Stalk small, in., foliage yellow, fruit small. 3Stalks to i6 in. high, very yellow, retained the forms, late, some unmatured at frost, like No. r. 5 Height to ins., foliage yellow, fruit medium, grew late, matured slowly. Height 2 ft., early fruit, good size, foliage green, good stalk, shedded some during the wet weather in & Aug. {Height 2z ft., foliage dark green, fruit small and scatter- 1416i 16 18 No Manure.......... . .9 6 lbs. Sul. Ammonia, 10 lbs. Kainit, 13 lbs. Dis. Bone 150 lbs. 90 Manure.... Kainit, . 16 150 705 225 465 150 lbs. Sul. Ammonia, 195 lbs. Dis. Bone Black . 10 20 lbs. Floats.....:... 11 6 lbs. Sul. Ammonia, .... 300 lbs. Floats 90 lbs. Sul. Ammonia, 20 lbs. Floats.......... . 300 lbs. Floats ......... ... 12 No Manure.......... . No Manure ....... 13 53 lbs. green Cotton Seed. 795 lbs. green Cotton Seed; 9 300 lbs. Floats, lbs. 14 20 lbs. Floats, green Cotton Seed. 1795 lbs. green Cotton Seed 11 53 15 265 lbs. Stable Manure... ,3,975 lbs. Stable 16%. 2 J) 2 712 5 5 5 3 15%N {'3bloom, {'3frost, 18 fGrowth TAppearance No. 4 was short by accident, a few hills which is shown in yield. {The July Growth resembled No. 6 at all stages, result equal. g owth ot 1Nos. 4, 8 and 12 was about the same, only first 5 2 1 16 480 1742525 23'2 Manure.. 705 to Height 21 ft., foliage dark green, very stockey, fruit large, retained it well, matured early. in., fo'iage light, rather late, grew until Height few bolts frosted. like No. io, retained its fruit well but rather late, some green fruit when frost came. Like No. 8. 2-j ft ,foliage dark green, fruit not so thick, set a~sNos. 15 and 9, later onfll1 matured, started slow, caught up. like No. only started off more promptly. All matured in Oct, good picking Sept. 15th. The appearance of No. 9 2 or 3 days earlier. {Height 13, only 16 EXPERIMEMT OF MR. G. W. COMPTON, DIXON'S MILLS, MARENGO COUNTY. Soil---Sandy, with clay subsoil; has been in cultivation sixty years. Original growth, oak, hickory, dogwood and pine. The land was sown in oats in 1888 and 1889, and fertilized with 40 bushels cotton seed in 1888, and 30 in 1889. Pastured after the oats were harvested in 1889. Preparation--Laidoff rows with eight inch shovel, applied the fertilizers in these furrows; bedded with one-horse turn-plow; opened bed with scooter ; sowed the seed, and covered with a board. The seed were planted 25th of April. May 6th, a good stand was up. off" with turn-plow May 15th and folThe cotton was lowed with 14 inch solid sweep. Chopped to a stand May 28th and plowed with solid sweep ; subsequent cultivation done with wider sweeps. Seasons were good 'till August 24th, then a drouth of six weeks. "Plots to which nitrogen and phosphoric acid were applied shedded most, having most to shed." "Plots with kainit shed less because they did not have much to shed." Mr. Compton concluded his report with the remark: "Will send copy of my report to our county paper, as a good many farmers have asked me to do so. Our people seem to be very much interested in the experiment, and some have come many miles to see it, as it is a new departure in this county." An examination of the following tabulated statement reveals the plain indication of the need of phosphoric acid in the soil under experiment. The producing power of the phosphoric acid is, however, much increased in every instance by association with nitrogen, but not at all by adding kainit. See and compare plots two and seven with six, nine and eleven. The effect of phosphoric acid in hastening the maturity of the crop is plainly shown by the weight of the first pickings in plots two, six, seven and nine. *"barred * "Barring off," was not included in the "directions." 46 COTTON EXPERIMENT WITH FERTILIZERS--RESULTS. e i ! F POUNDS FERTILIZER ZPLOT. PER b0 . O'ff' + O . r.., 2, O I)O POUNDS FERTILIZER PER ACRE. -1I°- °--I .m1 21.. { IMARKS .* 0 . O _ _ _ _ _______ __lI__ - Ammonia... 512 13 512 1 25 375 Greenest all the season. lbs. Dis. Bone Black. 1114 151 1114 3734 56614 Greener than No. 3. 19%2292%2 Yellow all the time. 514 9 5% lbs. Kainit........ Greener than No. 3. 14%4 2'2 934 2%2 Manure lbs. Sul. Ammonia, 1 24 360 Not as green as No. 1. lbs. Kainit........ 534 1Y lbs. Sul. Ammonia, lbs. Dis. Bone Black 22 17 22 133 6214 933%4 Came up best and remained in better health. lbs. Kainit,v 710 lbs. Kainit, lbs. Dis. Bone 10%4 1614 10%4 37% 56614 Little better than Nos. 4, 8 or 12. 13 lbs. iDis. Bone Black. 2014 303%4 Improved by a spot from which I dug up locust 414 Manure ........ . Manure .......... 4'4 [about five years ago. lbs. Sul. Ammonia, 9 6 lbs. Sul. Ammonia, lbs. Kainit, lbs. Kainit, 59Y2 ,9212 About same as No. 6. 195 lbs. Dis. Bone Black. 20%4 20% 13 lbs. Dis. Bone 2614 39334 Little better than Nos. 4, 8 or 12. . 300 lbs. Floats.. 6 146/ 6 10 20 lbs. Floats ......... 90 lbs. Sul. Ammonia, 11 6 lbs. Sul. Ammonia, 114 12%4 14 4214 Not good as 9 & 6, better than where no ammonia was. 20 lbs. Floats.......... 300 lbs. Floats.......... No Manure.... ..... .... 12 No Manure... 3%4 3416%4 25114 Greener than No. 3. 3:4 First came so late I used value of green seed in 1318 lbs. Cotton Seed Meal. 270 lbs. Cotton Seed Meal 14%215%414%4 4434 [fearing seed would not come up-iS lbs. meal. 300 lbs. Floats, 14 20 lbs. Floats, 14 4512 Used meal instead of seed--18 lbs. 18 lbs. Cotton Seed Meal. 270 lbs. Cotton Seed Meal 15 15%415 3,975 lbs. Stable Manure 9 14 32Y2487%2 Stable manure used was at least 14 pine straw & leaves 9 lbs. Stable Manure.. *Remarks refer to the appearance of the cotton until it was knee high. 1 6 lbs. Sul. Ammonia 213 lbs. Dis. Bone 310 lbs. Kainit........ 4 No Manure.......... 5 6 lbs. Sul. Ammonia, 10 lbs. Kainit......... 6 6 lbs. Sul. Ammonia, 13 lbs. Dis. Bone Black. Black.. 90 lbs. Sul. 8 No 10 Black.. 195 150 No 90 150 90 195 150 195 No 90 150 ~f 4 Black.. stump meal, **...... plot 15265 2 18 EXPERIMENT OF MR. R. H. CRoss, LETOHATOHIE, LOWNDES COUNTY. Soils-Sandy Loam, with Yellow Clay Subsoil. Mr. Cross. says: "The area upon which the tests were made was nearly level, had been in cultivation more than sixty years, and had never been fertilized before. The soil was of the character which generally prevails in this section, viz: sandy loam with yellow clay subsoil. It had not been in cultivation for several years. This gave me a pretty good crop of grass aid weeds to plow under the first of January. The acre was broken, fallowed with two-horse Avery plow, turning under the vegetation to rot. The 10th of April it was again broken with onehorse plows across the original fallow. It was then laid off into plots according to your instructions. The 2nd of May the fertilizers were distributed in furrow of a long scooter plow and covered with single Avery plows at least eight inches. The 12th of May planted with an Avery planter in Ozier silk cotton. In a few days had up a fine stand, which was preserved throughout the entire year. The land being well pulverized to a depth of ten or twelve inches, in the outset, it was only necessary to cultivate the crop with wide winged sweeps, never running them deeper than an inch. Hoed only twice-25th of May chopped to two stalks two feet apart-12th of June thinned to one stalk and quit it so far as hoeing was concerned. "Laid it by" the last of June flat and clean of grass and weeds. The seasons were very favorable, except slight drouth about the middle of July. This soil plainly needed all three of the elements, but the effect of phosphoric acid are less marked than usual upon sandy soil while that of potash is more conspicuous than usual. 48 COTTON EXPERIMENTS WITH FERTILIZERS.-RFSULTS. L Lb.- -lo. rilie dlI o p e ba " bo b1 b ~ o Ls.Frtlze.prAceo '" I I~ so ..sn a ~ u~~ a0 C1 adElc a an n ~C~~H o c H I~0~4 , 1 6lbs. Sul. Ammonia... 90 lbs. Sul. Ammonia.... 7 9 10 6 8 9 12 6 12 11 12 8 10 11 13 4 6 5 6 3 9 12 11 7 4 3 5 .2 5 4 6 2 6 3 10 1 4 29 435 28 420 33 495 19 285 32 36 {Average height 21 2 13 lbs. Dis. Bone Black.. 3 10 lbs. Kainit......... 4 No Manure........ 5 6 lbs. Sul. Ammonia, 10 lbs. Kainit... .. P 6 6 lbs. Sul. Ammonia, 13 lbs. Dis. Bone 7 10 lbs. Kainit, 13 lbs. Dis. Bone Black. . 8 No Manure......... 9 6 lbs. Sul. Ammonia, 10 lbs. Kainit, 195 lbs. Dis. Bone 150 lbs. Kainit........ No Black.. Black.. Black.. 90 lbs. 150 lbs. 90 lbs. 195 lbs. 150 lbs. 195 lbs. No Manure........ Sul. Ammonia, Kainit......... Sul. Ammonia, Dis. Bone Black.. Kainit, Dis. Bone Black..I {Average {Average 480 {Average 540 IAverage IAv. I 31 IAverage I injuredheightJulyfeet. Didn't rust at all. Drouth it in 21c very little. Pods large, and well developed. Average height 2 ft. 8 in. No perceptable change in this except it stood the droutit a little better.! feet. Stood the drouth very! well. Pods large and well matured. Average height 2 feet 2 inches. Rusted. height 2 ft. i inches. Grew off at first and held its o en throughout. height 3 feet. An excellent composition for our soil. nicely . 10 20 lbs. Floats ......... 11 6 lbs. Sul. Ammonia, . 20 lbs. Floats ......... No Manure........ . 12 Cotton Seed. 131 53 lbs. green 141 20 lbs. Floats, 13 lbs. Dis. Bone 90 lbs. Sul. Ammonia, lbs. X150 Kainit, 1195 lbs. Bis. Bone Black.. Manure...... .. . 300 lbs. Floats .......... 13 8 16 6 16 12 14 9 19 9 13 10 6 14 4 10 73,975 lbs. Stable Manure.. II ~I-I I 151265 lbs. Stable Manure.... I ~r\r ll~N rr TI -~ 1 Vl~~lr 1II1; ~ U~~rh 53 lbs. green Cotton Seed. 795 lbs. green Cotton 90 lbs. Sul. Ammonia 300 lbs. Floats... ....No Manure........ . 795 lbs. green Cotton Seed. 300 lbs. Floats, Seed. 7 6 8 I I6 I I~ I 2 2 I nr L-~ this growing and vigorous thi oughout the entire season. 285 height 2 feet 2 inches. Rust killed all {No Manure plots dead. h't 3 ft. 2 in. Grew off at first, and 43 645~ was done making earliest of any. 26 390 Average h't 2 ft. Pods well grown ; no rust;! drouth in July parched it severely, 59 885 Av, h't ft, Seems best composition for our soil.! 20 300 Average height 2 feet. Rusted. height 3 feet 2 inches. Made on after all: 43 645 {other plots seemed done. 27 405 Average h't 2 ft. io in. Plot 15 seemed to injure, this, it fired badly in July. same as plot i5. 23 345 Average height 31 ft. Parched badly in July. 42 630 {Average hit 3 feet. The kainit evidently kept) 19 finely 20 EXPERIMENT OF MAJ. E. M. DAVIs, PRATTVILLE, AUTATGA, Co. Soil-Red Sandy, with Stif Clay Sub-soil. This experiment was in part vitiated by previous applications of manure, as is explained by Mr. Davis as follows: "You notice that No. 1 is better than No. 2, and that No. 2 is better than No. 3, and then No. 4, without manure, is better than any of them. This I account for in this way: I had last year a compost heap of about ten or twelve feet in diameter on the land, where I had composted cotton seed, stable manure and acid phosphate, and plot No. 4 ran right through that spot, and I found that the cotton grew much larger and was much better there than anywhere else. No. 5 also got some of the benefit of that spot. Then Nos. 7 and 8 ran through a spot where I had a similar heap two years before. The last unmanured plot, No. 12, as compared with the plots immediately around it, is about the only correct list that I had. None of the plots, from eight up, had any advantage of any excess of manure for the past two years. The whole acre was manured in checks, 3 feet by 3 feet, for two years previous to 1890. "What astonished me most is that No. 15, with such an application of stable manure, is not as good by a little over 100 lbs. as No. 12 without manure, though I noticed that that plat grew off more rapidly than the others at the start and seemed to quit earlier. All of the manured plots quit fruiting earlier than the unmanured plots. The manured plots seemed to have been affected more by a little dry spell in July than those without manure. "I conclude from this experiment that my land doesn't need any kainit and not much acid phosphate; that is, unless the phosphate is combined with a good share of nitrogen. No. 6, you observe, is the best plot. No. 9, which has the same manure as No. 6, with kainit added, is not so good. "The floats seem to be a poor form of phosphate, as it seems to have been a disadvantage. "Another thing I think I have proved, and that is that a thin stand is not better than a thick one. The outside rows of the plots were not thinned to one stalk, as the test rows were, but two stalks were left to the hill, wherever there were two, and I gathered 74 lbs. cotton more from the outside rows than from the test rows, making a difference of 148 lbs. to the acre in favor of the thick stand. "I wish you would send me the cost of the different fertilizers 50 21 used, so that I can tell the actual advantage that one has over another." Mr. Davis was unfortunate in the selection of his soil for experiment. Besides the influence of the compost heaps, the whole having been manured for two years previous to 1890, caused an element of uncertainty in interpreting the results. Since nitrogen disappears from the soil more promptly than phosphoric acid the influence of the residue from previous applications would supply more of the latter than the former, and hence, in the results, would be misleading, since the unmanured plots would not correctly measure the producing power of the unaided soil, as shown in plots 4 and 8, and would prove less favorable to applications of phosphoric acid than to those of nitrogen.. The observations mentioned in regard to the low yield from the stable manure, may be explained possibly by the injurious influence of the drouth in July, resulting from the firing effects of the manure. One of the effects of manure is to hasten growth, and the more fruit cotton produces previous to a drouth the more it suffers from its effects. Conclusions drawn from this experiment are premature. This is especially true as regards the influence of the thickness of stand in the outside rows of the plots. The reason assigned for not using these outside rows in the test of the fertilizers, applies here. These rows have the advantage, by the spread of the roots of the plants, not only of the manure applied to them but of that applied to the adjacent plots also. This influence is often very marked in favor of the outside rows. The prices of the chemicals used are given in this bulletin in connection with the soil test experiment made on this station. 51 COTTON EXPERIMENT WITH FERTILIZERS-RESULTS. POUNDS FBRTILIZER PER POUNDS FERTILIZER PER C) 1 4 . 0 ,10 F.-C. C .-' ZPLOT. ACRE. 0 EMRS 0 0 1117%2 The land was prepared and cultivated 1 6 lbs. Sul. Ammonia. 13 lbs. Dis. Bone Black... 3 10 lbs. Kainit......... 4 No Manure........... 5 6 lbs. Sul. Ammonia, 10 lbs. Kainit.......... 6 6 lbs. Sul. Ammonia, 13 lbs. Dis, Bone Black... b~7 10 lbs. Kainit, 2 90 lbs. Sul. Ammonia '195 lbs. Dis. Bone 150 lbs. Kainit.......... No Manure............ Black.. Black.. . Sept. 16. Oct. 28 23 13 19 11 12 114 371 31 930 directed in Bulletin No. 12. 90 lbs. Sul. Ammonia, 150 lbs. Kainit, ,13 lbs. Dis. Bone Black... 195 lbs. Dis. Bone Black. 24'2 10 20 lbs. Floats.......... . 300 lbs. Floats ..... .... 12 11 6 lbs. Sul. Ammonia, 90 lbs. Sul. Ammonia, Sept. 17. 20 lbs. Floats .......... . 300 lbs. . 17 12 No Manure........... . No Manure........... . 13 53 lbs. Green Cotton lbs. Green Cotton Seed 20'2 14 20 lbs. Floats, lbs. Floats, 53 lbs. Green Cotton Seed. 795 lbs. Green Cotton 2012 15 265 lbs. Stable Maure... 16 / ( r\L~ 1LL1 ~ K- ~~1IT 3,975 lbs. Stable Manure. . ~I\~T I- -1L~K~n~~ K ~I~IT U 6 9 10 lbs. Sul. Ammonia, lbs. Kainit, 8 No 13 lbs. Dis. Bone Manure. . .. . .. . . . . Black... 90 lbs. 150 lbs. 90 lbs. 195 lbs. 150 lbs. 195 lbs. No Sul. Ammonia, .. Kainit......... Sul. Ammonia, Dis. Bone 15 18 25 182 1412 13%2 1%4 26%4 802%2 21%4 112 3734 113212 23 19 1512 2%4 43%4 129712 Manure........ .... Kainit, Dis. Bone Black.. 1 45 1350 1065 18 12 1 '2 X34%4 1027%' 16% 1%r2814 847% 1112 1%429% 15 1%4 2814 1114 1 32%4 982% Floats,......... Seed. 795 300 Seed _A - - _ --- 9 1114/ C- 907 1 4128/ / 840Il Jk ~L The effects of stable manure and green cotton seed are again disappointing. EXPERIMENT OF MR. J. A. DAVISON, YASTLEY CREEK, CHOCTAW COUNTY. Soil-Sandy, with some lime, Clay Sub-soil. The results of this experiment point to the need of phosphoric acid, the effect of which is, however, improved by the addition of itrogen and potash in 6 and 7, but not in plot 9a As is usually the case, the activity of floats is developed by the addition of nitrogen. COTTON EXPERIMENT WITH POUNDS FERTILIZER PER POUNDS FERTILIZER PER A Q'I -a. a Q0Q FERTILIZERS-RESULTS. " -t 0 o i p.~o~o~ RMRS ZPLOT. 0 ~ 14 6 lbs. Sul. Ammonia.... 90 lbs. Sul. Ammonia... 17 195 lbs. Dis. Bone Black. 13 lbs. Dis. Bone 11 150 Kainit........ 10 lbs. Kainit......... 8 No Manure.......... No Manure............ 90 lbs. Sul. Ammonia, 6 lbs. Sul. Ammonia, 12 150 lbs. Kainit........ 10 lbs. Kainit......... 90 lbs. Sul. Ammonia, 6 lbs. Sul. Ammonia, 24 13 lbs. Dis. Bone Black.. 195 lbs.ils. Bone Black.. Sep. 15 150 lbs. Kainit, 10 lbs. Kainit, 20 13 lbs. iDis. Bone Black.. 195 lbs. Dis. Bone Black. No Manure........... No Manure.......... 90 lbs. Sul. Ammonia, 6 lbs. Sul. Ammonia, 150 lbs. Kainit, 10 lbs. Kainit, 17 195 lbs. Dis. Bone Black 13 lbs. Dis. Bone 9 20 lbs. Floats_........ . 300 lbs. Floats. ...... 90 lbs. Sul. Ammonia, 11 6 lbs. Sul. Ammonia, 18 20 lbs. Floats........... 300 lbs. Floats....... . 6 .... No Manure.......... . No Manure ....... 12 53 lbs. green Cotton Seed. 795 lbs. green Cotton Seed 300 lbs. Floats, 14 20 lbs. Floats, 12 795 lbs. green Cotton Seed 53 lbs. green Cotton 17 3,975 lbs. ' 'I Stable Manure... I~C~11 TTStable Manure. lr( LI~265 lbs.TI lrl Black.. lbs. 11 10 10 11 11 10 13 2 27 810 855 12 28% 660 22 12 20% 60 7 24% This acre of cotton was showing up remarkably' well until about the 12th July; at that time we had a cool north wind which seemed to poison the and but little has been. made since that time. 12 12 10 12 13 11 9 12 10 I 1 2 with plot No. 15, and. picked up to plot No. 7 (inclu-J' sive), wxhen there came up a very unexpected rain, 35 1050 and it was not dry enough to finish picking 'tillf Sept. 19th, when the remaining plots were picked. 3& 1020 20 Besides the apparently poisonous wind, rust[, cotton, Commenced picking on Sept. 15th, in the afternoon, Black.. $40 1 1%4 2214 1 1 28 32 18 0 0 6 "I~ PI and struck it, also the boll-worm, both doing much~ damage. 1 960 540 22 660 22712 Seed. , . . - - 1 .v! I 735 825 lrl 24 EXPERIMENT OF MR.R. M. DICK, ATTALLA, ETOWAH COUNTY. Mr. Dick writes as follows: "Land nearly level; soil, gray sandy, 3 to 5 inches deep, with yellow sandy clay sub-soil. It has made twelve crops. First corn and then eleven cotton crops in succession, without commercial fertilizers, since 1884, and very little of other manure. Rows formerly ran east and west; the test rows were planted north and south, to give each fertilizer the benefit of manures remaining in the soil. Instructions were closely followed. The first planting, made April 29th, was destroyed by frost May 6th. Planted again May 15th; stand a little irregular (caused by east winds eight days in succession), but made reasonably uniform in all of the plots. The cultivation was thorough and shallow with harrow, sweeps and Planet, jr., cultivator. Each working was done on all the plots the same day and when the soil was in good working order. Cotton all picked from one to five p. m., perfectly dry. There was excessive moisture during June and July to August 5th. Plots Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 4 had some advantage in soil for twenty feet at the north ends of the rows. With this exception the plots were of very uniform fertility." Description of Plants on Dferent Plots. "No. 1 passed through the rains and cool nights with moderate growth, very good color, and at the end of the drouth a little yellow, throwing off but little. No. 2, vigorous grower, fine color, fruited well, but fired at the end of the drouth. No..3, yellow cast through the entire season and grew slowly, did not fruit well but retained its fruit better than any other. No. 5, like No. 1, only more yellow through the growing season and at the end of the drouth. No. 6, the best for dry soils, fired but little. "Bone black to push through the water and cool nights and ammonia to pull through the dry is what I tell my neighbors." No. 7, good for damp soils-did well with excessive moisturefired considerably. No. 9 "lead the troop" in everything until the drouth, when it fired and threw off terribly. No. 10, "if this is good for anything I have not found it out." No. 11, no better than No. 1, but a little earlier. No. 13 grew slowly throughout the season and was yellow at the close of the drouth. No. 14 more yellow than No. 13. No. 15 did a little better through the moisture than No. 6, but not so well through the drouth. The appearance of the plants upon the different plots at the first of the months of June, July, August and September is recorded under the head of "Remarks." It will be observed that plot nine, upon which the complete manure was used, was graded No. 1 for the first three months, while No. 6, having the same manure, except the potash, ranked next during June, July and August and one in September. These results indicate that the soil needs phosphoric acid and nitrogen. 54 COTTON EXPERIMENT WITH i, 1 . FERTILIZERS-RESULTS. r , ! POUNDS FERTILIZER PER POUNDs FERTILIZER PER C~" Oa nO REMARKS. 0. - 0 PLOT. O .- ACRE. 0 0 ad a H 5 o Illro~~~i~~rr C i I.t~ -~ r Appearance of from to 11. dates named gradeplants 1on the F)I~ plots at the N O .i. DROUTH FROM AUGUST THE 5TH TO 28TH. -- 6 lbs. Sul. Ammonia.... 90 lbs. Sul. Ammonia.. 13 lbs. Dis. Bone Black.. 195 lbs. Dis. Bone Black 10 lbs. Kainit........... 150 lbs. Kainit........ No Manure....... .... No Manure.......... 6 lbs. Sul. Ammonia, 90 lbs. Sul. Ammonia, 10 lbs. Kainit............150 lbs. Kainit........ 6 lbs. Sul. Ammonia, lbs. Sul. Ammonia, 13 lbs. Dis. Bone Black... 195 lbs. Dis. Bone Black 10 lbs. Kainit, 150 lbs. Kainit, 13 lbs. Dbis. Bone 195 lbs. Dis Bone Black . 14 9 9 6 190 10 9 S 5 9 9 4 7 6 4 4 24 720 29 870 21 630 15 450 24' 720 30 900 21 630 11 330 29 870 13 390 24 720 11 330 19 570 20 6001 I June 6 4. 9 1st. July 1st. 7 6 11 8 3 4 Aug. 5th. Sept. 1st. 2 6 10 4 1 5 3 11 12 4 6 4 5 3 15 9 5 2 7 1 No M~anure 6 lbs. Sul. Ammonia, 10 lbs. Kainit, Black.. ........ ... No Manure ..... 7 1. No good . 8 10 10 U 9 ...... r. 11 6 lbs. Sul. Ammonia, 20 lbs. Floats ......... 300 lbs. Floats........ . 12' No Manure ... ........ No Manure .. ..... .. . 13 53 lbs. green Cotton Seed. 795 lbs. green Cotton Seed 14 20 lbs. Floats, 300 lbs. Floats, 53 lbs. green Cotton Seed. 795 lbs. green Cotton Seed 15 265 lbs. Stable Manure... iiwn Inn ii1n Kni Manure. lbs. Stable 13 lbs. Dis. Bone Black.. 195 lbs. Dis. Bone 10.20 lbs. Floats. .. . . . . . .300 lbs. ....... 90 lbs. Sul. Ammonia, 150 lbs. Kainit, 2 4 Floats. Black. . 90 lbs. Sul. Ammonia, 1S 6 9 10 14 5 7 4 2 5 2 4 1 11 6 8 6 6 10 13,975 4 6 1 130II1 11 llr 1~13~1~~ 900 ) 7 1I ;111 )~1 9 2 9 3 i~r 7 4 fnmtt n ME. IL . Soil-Black Sandy, with Sti'&Red Clay Sub-soil. Preparation.-The land was thoroughly broken with scooter 20th March, and again with same plow 20th April and harrowed. May 7th and 8th applied the fertilizer, bedded, harrowed off the beds and planted Jones' improved seed. As soon as the cotton was up harrowed three times. June 9th, sided with scooter and scrape and chopped to two stalks, two feet apart. June 10th, after cultivation done with scooter, scrape and hoe. July 2d, counted stalks and got 102 to each test row. Completed the 1 Nl, UNR1 , dmnoiti 6U6" U y. cultivation August 2d with harrow. A drouth of six weeks, commencing 20th June, injured the cotton somewhat. There was then too much rain until growth of weed. No difference could be discovered in the appearance of the plants upon the different plots at any time during their growth. The stalks averaged from 31 to 4 feet in height. October 1st. This caused excessive 56 COTTON EXPERIMENT WITH FERTILIZERS-RESULTS. yF n 1 ' r Lbs. Fertilizers per Plot. Lbs. Fertilizer per Acre. U ;, " a) 0 REMRK$ 1 2 3 4 5 6 ,c i A " 7 8 9 6 lbs. Sul. Ammonia.... 90 lbs. Sul. Ammonia.... 13 lbs. Dis. Bone Black.. 195 lbs. Dis. Bone Black.. 10 lbs. Kainit .......... 150 lbs. Kainit......... No Manure........ No Manure............ 90 lbs. Sul. Ammonia 6 lbs. Sul. Ammonia 10 lbs. Kainit........... 150 lbs. Kainit........ 90 lbs. Sul. Ammonia 6lbs. Sul. Ammonia 13 lbs. Dis. Bone Black.. 195 lbs. Dis. Bone 150 lbs. Kainit, 10 lbs. Kainit, 13 lbs. Dis. Bone Black.. 195 lbs. Dis. Bone Black.. . No Manure ...... No Manure........... 90 lbs. Sul. Ammonia 6 lbs. Sul. Ammonia 150 lbs. Kainit, 10 lbs. Kainit, 33 32 30 24 33 30 36 27 39 32 35 27 33 16 17 25 29 38 30 24 27 32 17 17 18 23 735 735 825 795 1065 900 900, 810~ Black.. 300 10 20lbs. Floats .......... 90 11 6 lbs. Sul. Ammonia, 300 20 lbs. Floats ......... No Manure........ .. 12 13 lbs. Dis. Bone Black.. 195 lbs. Dis. Bone lbs. Floats..... .... . lbs. Sul. Ammonia lbs. Floats.... ..... . . No Manure .... Black.. 71 1065 49 735 13 53 lbs. green Cotton Seed. 795 lbs. green 15265 14 20 lbs. Floats.......... 300 lbs. Floats, 521 7801 19 53 lbs. green Cotton Seed. 795 lbs. green Cotton Seed.~ 33 lbs. Stable Manure.... 3,975 lbs. Stable Manure.. aI~ia CClnr~ll I 591 885' I 44 I 15 '- H H REMARKS. o4_ 4-a -W a 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 6 lbs. Sul. Ammonia... 13 lbs. Dis. Bone Black. 10 lbs. Kainit......... No Manure......... 6 lbs. Sul. Ammonia, 10 lbs. Kainit......... 6 lbs. Sul. Ammonia, 13 lbs. Dis. Bone Black. 10 lbs. Kainit, No Manure..... 6 lbs. Sul. Ammonia, 10 lbs. Kainit, 13 lbs. Dis. Bone 20 lbs. 90 lbs. Sul. Ammonia.... 195 lbs. Dis. Bone Black 150 lbs. Kainit.......... No Manure........... 90 lbs. Sul. Ammonia, 1.50 lbs. Kainit............ 90lbs. Sul. Ammonia, 195 lbs. Dis. Bone Black. 150 lbs. Kainit, No Manure.......... 90 lbs. Sul. Ammonia, 150 lbs. Kainit, 90 lbs. Sul. Ammonia, 300 lbs. Floats............ No Manure.......... 13 111% 8%3 712 8 21 630 7 1812 555 7%16%2 495 5%i2%43.2%2 2 131/ 23j2 Foliage green; growth large; fruit scattering. Not so green, and one-fourth smaller. Alike in foliage and color. co, 10 16 912 705 705 300 Greener, and continued so longer than 3 and 4. Rusted or burned badly. 7/2 23' 8 13 lbs. Dis. Bone Black. 195 lbs. Bone Black. ... 17'2 525 5%'4%4 12 7 8% 10 11 12 6 lbs. Sul. Ammonia. 20 lbs. Floats.... No Manure . ........ Floats....... Dis. Bone Black Black.. 195 lbs. Floats....... .... 300 lbs. . 20%4 607'% 5'% 12'% 375 8 4 13 14 53 lbs. green Cotton seed 795 lbs. green Cotton Seed. 300 lbs. Floats, 20 lbs. Floats, 53 lbs. green cotton seed 795 lbs. green Cotton Seed. 10%4 912 ~ 7 15'% 465 (6 tO 300 690 12%4 23 ) Continued green and growing after all others except No. 1, were dead. _____________________ 102,20 600 COTTON EXPERIMENT WITH FERTILIZERS-RESULTS. POUNDS FERTILIZER PER POUNDS FERTILIZER PER Q - up o .HI^ . "PI - W 0 < - 4' N.0,; o c a o , REMARKS. Z PLOT. ACRE. - .o22 E4% H 3112 H 6 lbs. Sul. Ammonia 13 lbs. l)is. Bone Black 10 lbs. Kainit .. ........ tiro Manure. 6 lbs. Sul. Ammonia, 10 lbs. Kainit 6 lbs. SuI. Ammonia, 13 lbs. Dis. Bone Black.. 10 lbs. Kainit, 13 lbs. Dis. Bone Black No Manure.......... 6 lbs. Sul. Ammonia, 10 lbs. Kainit, 13 lbs. I)is. Bone Black . . .. Floats .. 20 6 lbs. Sul. Ammonia, ... 20 lbs. Floats ..... No Manure .5 lbs. green Cotton Seed 20 lbs. Floats, 53 lbs. green Cotton Seed 265 lbs. Stable Manure 90 lbs. Sul. Ammonia. 195 lbs. Dis. Bone Black 150 lbs. Kainit No ........ Manure.......... 5 9 4 4 7 10 S 22 19 16 17 10 6 7 7 11 29 27 :1 39 945 1230 870 810 EXPERIMENT OF MR. W. H. MILLER, UNION, GREENE COUNTY. 90 lbs. 150 lbs. 90 11s. 193 lbs. [50 lbs. 193 lbs. No Sil. Ammonia, Kainit. Sul. Dis. Bone Black Ammonia, Ammonia, Kainit, 150 lbs. Kainit, Manure 90 lb s. Sul. Dis Bone Black ... 20 17 SonS 39 1L~ 6 11 4 5 14 lbs. 19-) lbs. Dis. Bone Black :00 lbs. Floats. 7 3 4 31%j 20 22 21 21) :3:3 90 lbs. Suil. Ammonia, 303 lbs. Fhs.is 22 D1o% 421231275 300 13 10 6%4 12%4 15%2 412 222 19 24%4 675 570 315 742'2 3 1 3 . 16 nI 3~4 32%4 Commenced to rust August 10. 34k 333 t012Y I 48 EXPERIMENT OF THE STATE STATION, AUBURN, ALA. For the purpose of convenient comparison, the following report of the co-operative experiment conducted at this Station is re-printed from Bulletin No. 22, recently issued: Soil Test of Fertilizers with Gotton. For the purpose of learning the chemical needs of the various soils of the State, chemicals already prepared and weighed, ready for application, were furnished thirty volunteer experimenters cultivating typical soils of as many sections of the State, with the request that they be applied, as far as practicable, to soil upon which no commercial or other fertilizer had ever been used. In order to compare the soil of this station with those in the different parts of the State, the same chemicals in character and quantity were applied upon an old field which had been lying out for many years, and for the last seven closely pastured. No commercial fertilizers was ever applied to this soil previous to 1890. It had been cleared so long that even the long-leaf pine stumps had disappeared. The plots were arranged as shown in the diagram on page 16 of this bulletin, and the experiment was the same in every respect as those already reported as conducted by local experimenters. The manures were applied with the utmost care, and almost a perfect stand secured. The cultivation throughout was shallow and perfectly satisfactory. When the cotton was large enough to be exempt from attack by the cut worm, the stalks in the two test rows in each plot were counted and reduced to the same number in each by pulling out from those having the largest number, down to the least number found in any plot. This is the only practicable plan by which an absolutely uniform stand can be secured. Observations were made, as shown in the table, upon the height, condition and appearance of the plants on the different plots, June 14th, July 8th, August 11th, and September 11th. The quantity gathered at the different pickings was recorded and is printed to show the effects of the different manures in hastening the growth and maturity of the crop. It will be observed, that while from some plots more than ninety per cent. of the crop was gathered by the 15th of October, from others less than sixty per cent. was gathered. This is often a very important effect of manures, since the price is usually better during September and October than later, and a laborer can gather fully one-third more per day in September than in November or December. Besides, 78 49 by reference to the table giving the average rainfall it will be observed that September and October are generally comparatively dry months, and hence favorable for maturing and gathering cotton. In order to have a check upon the accuracy of the field weights, the seed cotton from each plot was kept separate, tied up in sacks and suspended from the joist of the gin house, where it was exempt from liability to be disturbed by either men or mice. 'At the time of ginning, the cotton from all the plots was re-weighed under like conditions. The columns in the table headed "field weights" and gin-house weights" show the loss of each plot up to December 17th, when it was ginned. The results indicate that the soil upon which the experiment was conducted was especially deficient in phosphoric acid, since a marked increase in production results from its application in every instance, whether used alone or in combination with potash or nitrogen, The results from kainit and sulphate of ammonia used either singly or together, indicate that the plant was unable to utilize these without phosphoric acid. That the soil needed both potash and nitrogen is shown by the increased yield where these are combined with phosphoric acid. That these, potash and nitrogen, were to some extent available in the soil is shown by the fact that phosphoric acid alone gave good results. The indications from the results of this experiment are, therefore, that the soil needs all three of the principal ingredients, nitrogen, potash and phosphoric acid, but is most deficient in the latter. Attention is invited to the per centages of increase from the use of the different manures, as shown in the table. It is interesting also to note the cost of fertilizers applied per acre, the actual profit and the per cent. of profit. As the profit and per cent. are calculated upon and due to the increase resulting from the fertilizers, and as all other expenses are the same on the unfertilized land as upon the fertilized, the effect of the fertilizers alone are considered. While the stable manure produced the largest increase and the largest profit per acre, attention is called to the fact that it was applied at the rate of nearly two tons per acre or half a ton more than the amount annually saved from each mule kept. There is no question about the efficacy of good stable manure properly used, but the available supply is too small. The late fall was favorable to the plots which produced little since a larger per cent. of the fruit on these was produced late in the season than upon the plots upon which the plants grew off more promptly in early summer. 4 79 COTTON EXPERIMENTS WITH FERTILIZERS--RESULTS. Fertilzers ued perAcre-Yield FertlizrsAre.Acre. er ued in Poiitid Seed Cotton per Field Weight. ~ 4.2 a Z NAMES..~ -D0 o py 1 2 3 4 .. 5 ao 6 O 7 90 Sulphate ................ 195 Dissolved Bone Black .............................. No Ammonia. ...... 9 6 9 6 33 108 75 39 264 255....$ 3 30... .. 183 270 141 36 18 648 624 72 414 390 88.4 20.3 2 53 1 37 6 59 73 ... 70t 5 64........92 7..... .3 23 5 .5 5 42 150 Kainit ..................................... 285 195 lbs. Dis. 345 195 lbs.. Dis. .... .. Manure........... .......... .................. 240 150 lbs. Kainit, 90 lbs. Sul. Ammonia. ............... 27 174 133 45 138 108 30 123 144 51 351 330 .... ...... 75 378 369 9.9 4 67 ....... 8 9 435 195 lbs. Bone Black, 90 lbs. Sul. Ammonia.......... 180 345 186 66 Bone Black, 150 lbs. Kainit................. 198 411 222 69 No Manure............................. 12 42 129 105 Dis. Bone Black, 90 lbs. Sul. ................... Am., 150 lbs. Kainit ... 36 813 765 136 3 5 83 8 24 80 39 939 900 173.0 3 90 13 135 36 324 309........... .. .... .. 65 55 95, 88... 8 88. 55 91 19S 450 303 63 33 1047 963 204 4 7 20 13 86 134.... 10 11 12 13 300 Floats 390300 lbs. Floats; 90 lbs. Sul. Ammonia................... .... No Manure ....... .................................... 10935 lbs. green Cteed 0975lb.genCto 81 225 162 4" 105 255 258 10.5 9 66 159 93 24 537 510 56.1 36 759 732 120 6 30 215850 167.2 30 91.8 82 7. 2111461119 233.1 357342.......... 5 93 11 29 36.14 35737 109.. 3 97 20 2 36 5 66 3 43 6 79 33 66 8 81 66 . . 15, Sed30ls.Fas.156 Floats...............4828226 ed..... bs. 420 249 U3 345 585 33 3975 Stable Manure............ ................. 162, 09, 194 90 95 .. FertilzedA Names. -oxx OBSERVATIONS UPON THE APPEARANCE AND CONDITION OF THE PLANTS UPON THE DIFFERENT PLOTS. used per cre. June 14th. Condition of Plant. Jul 8th Y August 11th. g Sepember11th 2 Condition of Condition of Plant. to Condition of Plant. Plant. 2 to 5 Yellow, not vig. 4 to 11'2 vigor's and Mak'g small and vig V'y slight fruiting rapidly... 7 to 16 Free Green and fruiting 195 Die. Bone Black. D'k green vig. 5 toi10 Col. g'd and vig. 11 to 24 C 24 15 to 30 Badly.. Matured ......... V'y badly tended .......... '' '' 2 to 6 6'2 ;to14 3 150 Kainit....... Green ...... Green, vigorous Vigorous and mak'g Free. making rapidly... 10 to 18 Free Yellow ...... 2 to 5 Yl'ow, not vig. 42 to 9 7 to 13 SIgt. Vigorous and mak'g. Slight. Nto manure. 2 to 5 C l. g'd and vig. 4'2 to 9 9 to 20 Vigorous and mak'g. Free. 150 k't, 90 sulam Yellow...... 4 to P 7 to 22 SVigorous and fruit285 S195 dis. B. Bi. D'k gr'n and Matured ......... Badly. ing slightly .... 11 to 30 90 Sul. Ammn. 34.5 S195 dis. B. B'k 5toiC0Vig.,col. little 8 to 24 11 to 30 Free. Matured.......... Slight. 1150 Kainit.... tom to 9 3 gor' us and mak2 to 5 Yel. and notv No manure. ... Yellow ....... Vi ing rapidly..... 6 to 13 Free ... Small, vig. and mak. V'y slight S195 dis. B. B'k. Vigor'us and fruit435 90 sulpha. am. Green ....... 4 to 8 Col. g'd and vig. t to 22 5 Matured........... Badly. slightly...... 14 to 30 150 Kainit. I.( '' Light Green... . 2 to 6 7 to 12 Vigor'us and mak300 Floats ....... Matured and small.. Badly. ing rapidly .. 11 to 24 " 393 5300 Floats, It it 8 to 15 5 Vigor'us and mak90 sul. ammo. Light Green.... 2 to 6 Matured.......... Badly. ) ing moderately.. 12 to 26 " 2 to 5 Yellow not vig. 41 to 9 Vigor'us and makNo manure..Yellow ........ Making..........Slight. 7 to 13 ing rapidly.. 12 to 28 Slight.. Matured.........Badly. 795 G2reen cot'n seed Yellow......... 2 to 5 Very yellow.... 9 to 15 795 green cot. 1095 " il to I light.. Matured..........Badly. 30 Light Green ... 2 to 6 Col. g'd and vig. 9 to 20 seed, 300 (Badly. .v 'y vig. & g'n 5 to 10 Col.little off&vig. 12 to 26 Fruiting ended .. 18 to 30 v'y sl'ht Matured. ......... d'k 3975 Stable 90~ Sulphate Ammo. Yellow...... 3Green, & vig i J I ilng Slight. ree... i floats manure. v v v 1 v~ LIST~ Or~ 1a NAMES. COUNTY. CO-OPflATI"VE EXPEIMENTERS FOR 1891. POST-OFFIcE. SOIL. SUB-SOIL. Red clay. Clay. Clay. Stiff clay. Clay. CJlay. Clay. Yellow clay. Red clay. Clay. Red clay. 4 5 6 7 8 9 10, 11 12 N 13 Franklin C., Rev. 1 Aday, L. E. J.........Covington. .. Beasley, 31Brown, D. L..........Bibb......... Newberg, Ala. .. Red cedar loam........... .................... Red Level, Ala.......Red Randolph, Ala.......Sandy. .......... adsn... SBishop, M. A..... Clarke......... F. W... B oMBradley, Brannon, J. M.......Russell....... . Marengo....... G. W . Compton, ... Autauga. Davison, J. A........Choctaw. Dick, 11. M..........Etowah....... Deer, John F.........VI onroe....... Ewing, R. T.........Cherokee. bS14 Ellison, J. M.........Macon........ Washington 15 Gordon, John, Dr. .16 . Goodwyn, A. T.......Elmore...... 17 J. M.........Barbour...... 18 Hall, S. M..........Marion. 19 Hall, Win. B..... ... Lowndes.. ... 20 Inzer, J.- ........... St. Clair.. . 21 Johnson, Uriah ........ Morgan......... . 22 Killebrew, J. C........ Dale ......... Kennedy, J. M....... Clay.......... . 24 Logan, J. A .......... Ohilton ......... 25 Miller, W. H .......... Greene........ . 26 Martin, Wm ........... .... Blount. 27 Mize, J. W............ .. Fayette....... . 28 Melton, W. B ...... 29 Manning, W. S........ Calhoun....... . 30 Newman, W. H....... Perry.......... . . 31 New man, C. L........ Davis, E. M.. Maj ..... Cross, R. H ...... Lowndes. (Hobdy. Madison, Ala.........Clay loam ............... Walker Springs, Ala.Sandy................. Seale, Ala...........Sandy loam.............. Sandy loam........... Dixon's Mills, Ala Sandy loam ............. Letohatchie, Ala Prattville, Ala........Sandy loam............. Sandy, with some lime. Yantley Creek, Ala Attalla, Ala.........Red loam ............... Monroeville, Ala. Gray sandy.............. Centre, Ala..........Black sandy............. Sandy.................. Creek Stand, Ala. Gray sandy loam......... Healing Springs, Ala Robinson Springs, Ala Gray sandy.............. Louisville, Ala.......Sandy loam Clay, Stiff clay. Hale......... Limestone.... Sandy clay. Red clay. Red clay. Hackleberg, Ala......Dark gray.............. Red clay. Black clayey. Lowndesboro, Ala .. Lime prairie.............dnAl...Sdyoa.......... Red clay. Red clay. Trinity Station, Ala. Red satndy loam.......... Ala..........Srandy loam ............... Clay. Red, stiff clay. Oak Lone, Ala..... .. Red ..................... Clanton, Ala.......... Mulatto and sandy......... . Red clay. ........ . Clay. Union, Ala ...... .... Sandy .......... .............. iareensboro, Ala....... Sandy loam Clay. Remlap, Ala.......... Red and sandy.......... . Sticky clay. Davis' Creek, Ala... Gray sandy.............. Clay. Red clay. Mulatto .......... Oxford, Ala .......... Black clay. .Black prairie ............. Uniontown, Ala..... Athens, Ala,.......... Clay loam....... ... :.. . Red clay. Sandy. ............. Newton, LIST OF CO-OPERATIVE EXPERIMENTERS FOR 191--OoNTINuED. NAMES. __ COUNTY. 1 POST- OFFICE. _~_ __ __. SOIL. 1 1 SUB-SOIL. 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 Oliver, J. P........ J. C... ...... Pitts, J. W......... Porter, T. M. J. Pruitt, S. A ....... Radney, J. H ....... Stroud, Z. T........ . Snuggs, T. A....... . Sellers, W. H ...... . Watlington, T M... White,I W. S. I Ott, Tallapoosa ... Lauderdale.. Shelby........ Butler.. ... Pike.. ......... Randolph .. Bullock ....... Cullman..... Geneva........ Lawrence . Dadeville, Ala....... Florence, Ala....... Cresswell Station, Ala . Georgiana, Ala. Chesser, Ala....... Roanoke, Ala....... Aberfoil, Ala ........ Gray sandy ........ ...... Gray, little gravelly,. Red clay loam Henry.......... Pine, light sandy......... Sandy.................... Sandy loam ............ .. Light, gray............. Sandy and gravelly....... Holly Pond, Ala ... andy.................. Geneva, Ala........ Abbeville, Ala....... Sandy .............. .... Hattan. Ala ___ Clay loam. . ............. Clay. Clay. stiff red clay. Yellow clay mixed with sand. Clay. Stiff red clay. Clay. Yellow, sandy. Rcd clay and sanid mixed. Sand and clay mixed. Red clay. 0~t DIRECTIONS FOR CONDUCTING- SOIL TESTS WITH FERTILIZEIS FOR 1891. Selection of Land. The area upon which the experiment is made should be level or nearly so; should represent, in character of soil and subsoil, the section in which the experimenter lives, should not have been fertilized for several years, or better. still, never at all, but should not be new or fresh land; the object being to learn what fertil. izer the ordinary cultivated lands of the section need. Arrangement of Plots. The accompanying diagram shows the arrangement of the plots. There will be 19 plots of% 1-16 of an acre each. plot will be 1724 feet long and 16, feet wide, admitting of four rows of cotton four feet apart: Each . 1...... 172% FEET. ...... 2................ .. ...... 3.................... 4 .CO b.Ntrt.o .... 1 ........................ ..... ....... ............... .Muiat ? .. ...................... 154 lbs.AidPosht. ... 1 ... .......... ... 1 C .. I 4 ...................... ...... .. ...... Maue 4N M urie. l. P tah ........................... 4.. .1 ................... L....................... 2.. 2...........................15 ... ............... 3 4 . 6.... .. . . " 9 . . . ... 3 . . 6lsNtaeoa lbs. AidraPhospa. . .. . . .. l s it a e o a . . .. . . . . .. . . .. .... .............. 7 .. ........................ "" . . . . . ...... z84 1 2 . .................... s _ .. ...---a~ i 4 lbs. Muriate Potash. 15ls cdPopae 1 ls.Acd l s hophte 4 u i t o a h 4 I .. . . . . . . . . . . .... 10 .6 . .. .. 3 ..... '.......... .. .. . . . . .. . .. ...... . . . . . .2 ....................... 1.. Std ) ................. .............. 7 . 4 ... . . . .. . . . .. . . . 108..3...... .4........... .................. .. 6ls irt.o 61 lbs. Nciratehodpa. 4b. uiaePoah 15 lbs. Acid Phosphate. 5 . F lo ts 15o lbs.las 55 .1 ..................... . .... 11 .. 3........... 4 . .15 1.1...............l ...... 1134 1 ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda. lbs. Floats. Ib . 1 .. .53 lbs. Green Cotton Seed. .... 1........................ i .... ........ . 2 .?:::: :: 144 1............... 3 . ............ 16 .. 3.. , 16............ ... ' ........ ........ . 53 lbs. Green Cotton 15 lbs. Floats. Seed. 15.... 265 lbs. Stable Manure. 15 lbs. Acid Phosphate. 15 lbs. Cotton seed Meal. 17 be Toed planted in peas and vines turnturned in green. 18To be hay. planted in peas-vines cutfo 1 19~rot. To be planted in peas--vices left toe The fertilizers are sent, freight prepaid, to the depot designa- ted by each experimenter. Each package bears two labels-one showing its contei ts, the other the plot to which it is to be applied. As shown in the diagram, each fertilizer is to be applied to four rows. To nteefrosdsrbt accurate distribution,etlzr secure an divide each ofteepos h n parcel into four equal parts, by 85 weight, and apply one-fourth to 15I each row. Numbers 4, 8 and 12 are to receive no fertilizer. The experimenter is. expected to furnish the cotton seed for plots 13 14, and the stable manure for No. 15. Apply the green cotton seed in a deep furrow and distribute the floats over the seed, in plot 14. In plots 13 and 15, distribute the cotton seed and stable manure, respectively, and bed upon them as upon the fertilizers in the other plots. Preparation. First break the land "flush," deeply and thoroughly, after accurately measuring the area to be occupied by the experiment, viz.: 1724 feet by 304 feet. Lay off nineteen plots 16 feet wide and 1724 long, and then open four furrows 4 feet apart in each and 56 bed with a good turn plow, making a high bed. Then draw a harrow or heavy brush across the beds to reduce and smooth them and prepare them for the planter. It is important to secure a perfectly uniform stand of plants, and hence the seedbeds should be thoroughly prepared. Planting. Use the same kind of seed upon the whole area, and plant all the plots the same day. If a part of the plots were planted before and the rest after a rain, the results of the experiment would be impaired in value. Use every precaution necessary to secure a full stand. If a uniform stand is not secured at the first planting, plow it up promptly and plant again. Cultivation. As soon as the plants are large enough, "side" with a scrape or sweep, and after several days, chop to "two stalks every two feet." As soon as danger of loss by cold or cut worms has passed, reduce the stand to one stalk in every hill. Rows 2 and 3 of each plot are to be gathered to determine the yield from each fertilizer. This reduces the "test area" of each plot to 1-32 of an acre. One missing stalk on this area would, therefore, represent 32 to the acre. To make the experiment reliable, therefore, there must be the same number of stalks upon each such "test area." To insure this, when the plants are eight to ten inches high, count carefully the stalks in rows 2 and 3 of each plot. A perfect stand would give 86 stalks to the row, or 172 to the "test area," rows 2 and 3. Suppose, for instance, the count shows that the number of stalks range from 172, a perfect stand down to 160 to the test areas. Reduce the number of plants to 160 in all of the test areas (rows 2 and 3 of each plot) by pulling from each the number of stalks it was found to contain above 160. This is the only reliable way to secure uniformity of stand, without which the experiments cannot be accurate. Neither calculating the yield on the basis of a perfect stand, nor replanting is reliable, but both are misleading. Let all the plots be cultivated on the same day and in exactly the same manner throughout the season. See that no tree stands within 100 feet of any of the plots. The Pia-Vine Plots. On plots 17, 18 and 19 plant some variety of peas duces most vine. As soon as a few pods begin to under the vines on plot No. 17, and cut them from cure them for hay, weighing the hay and reporting 86 which proripen turn No. 18, and its weignt 57 and value with other results. When the peas ripen, gather them from No. 19, weigh accurately, and report weight and value with the cotton results. Leave the vines upon this plot until the land is prepared for cotton in 1892. The object of these three plots is to compare effects upon the crop of next year of turning under the vines, cutting them for hay, and allowing them to rot upon the land. Since the size of the plots for 1891 is different from that of 1890, those who conducted the experiment in 1890 will select a different area from that used in 1890. The area used in 1891 will be used again in 1892, and plots 17, 18 and 19 planted in cotton or corn. MEMORANDA. Record in a book, kept exclusively for that purpose, the time and manner of performing every operation connected with the experiment, from the preparation of the land to gathering the crop. Make weekly or bi-weekly notes of the appearance of the cotton on the different plots. Record all changes in the weather likely to affect the growth or fruitfulness of the cotton plant, such as unusually high or low temperature, excessive rainfall or continued drouth; and note the difference, if any, in the effects upon the different plots. Keep a careful record of the "seasons" and their apparent effects upon soil and plants. GATHERING. Before the crop matures, printed blanks upon which to record results will be furnished each experimenter. The slightest mistake in gathering or weighing the products will destroy the value of the experiment, and the utmost care and watchfulness should be exercised to prevent such mistakes. The gathering and weighing of the product of the different plots must be done under uniform conditions. Pickings should not be commenced until the morning dew has disappeared from the cotton. If some plots are gathered and weighed in the early morning and others in the afternoon, accuracy will be sacrificed. Each experimenter must exercise a sound judgment in these matters of detail, looking constantly to securing perfect accuracy in the comparison of the effects of the fertilizers. Experiments, like statistics, unless full and accurate, are misleading. No account need be kept of the rows one and two, since they 87 58 being only four feet from the adjacent plots to which different manures were applied, receive by the spread of their roots the benefit of both fertilizers. The products of the rows two and three will be used to compare the effects of the different fertilizers. The plants in these rows being eight feet from those to which a different fertilizer was applied, only the extremeties of their longest roots will reach it, and hence, will not be materially affected by it. Pickings should be made with sufficient frequency to avoid the risk of having the experiment vitiated by storm. Record the weight and date of each picking. Record the average height of the stalks upon each "test area." Note the character and extent of injury to the plants by any casualty, such as storms, boll-worm, caterpiller, rust or blight. When the plants are sufficiently advanced in growth to show plainly the effects of the fertilizers, invite the farmers of the neighborhood to inspect the plots at intervals during the season. This is important, since the object of the experiment is to benefit the farmers who cultivate lands similar in character to that upon which the experiment is made. Cost of Fertilizers Applied per Acre. In order that the experimenters and other farmers may better understand the inquiry made upon the different plots, the cost of the different materials used is given in the statement which follows. The calculations are made upon the cost laid down at Auburn for all of them, since the local freights upon the packages re-shipped to the depots of the experimenters would produce a false impression, since the average local rate of freight charged upon the amount sent to each experimenter from Auburn to their depots exceeds five dollars per ton. Shipped in quantity, the freight to the various depots of the experimenters would average little more than that from the factories to Auburn. Again, in estimating profits resulting from the use of the different fertilizers, it will be more convenient to have a common standard of comparison. Quantity and Cost per Acre of Fertilizers used by Co-operative Soil Test Experimenters, 1891. Plot 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda ............. ....................... 2401lbs. Acid Phosphate............ .......... 64 lbs. M uriate Potash ................................ No manure. 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda..........................$2 64 lbs. Muriate Potash ..... ...... .............. $ ........ 2 13 1 98 1 44 13 1 44 3 57 88 59 Plot 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda.......................... 240 lbs, Acid Phosphate........................1 64 lbs. Muriate Potash.............................. 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate ......................... No manure. 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda... .......................... 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate.. ...................... 64 lbs. Muriate Potash........................... 240 lbs. Floats..... ....... ................ 240 lbs. Floats ............... ................. ........ 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda ................... No manure. 848 lbs. Green Cotton seed, @ 45c. per cwt............... " " ........ 848 lbs. Green Cotton seed, 240 lbs Floats ............. .. ................. 4,240 lbs. Stable manure, @ $1 per 1,000 lbs................ 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate.......... ................. 240 lbs. Cotton Seed Meal ...................... To be planted in peas and vines turned-in green. To be planted in peas and vines cut for hay. To be planted in peas and vines left to rot. 2 13 98 1 44 1 98 2 13 1 98 1 44 1 88 2 13 4 11 3 42 5 55 1 88 4 01 3 81 3 81 1 88 1 98 2 60 5 70 4 24 4 58 Pounds of Fertilizing Elements per Acre. When a farmer purchases acid phosphate he pays his money for the available phosphoric acid it contains. No value is placed upon the sulphate of lime, the water or the sulphuric acid it may contain. By available phosphoric acid is meant that which is in condition to be promptly utilized by the plant. The fertilizer laws of Alabama require the vendor to guarantee the per cent. of water soluble phosphoric acid, the citrate soluble phosphoric acid and the acid soluble phosphoric acid. The corresponding terms used in other States are "soluble phosphoric acid," "reduced phosphoric acid," and "insoluble phosphoric acid.': The water soluble means that which is soluble in distilled or pure water; the citrate soluble means that which is soluble in citrate of ammonia, which is supposed to have solvent power equivalent to soil water. The insoluble or acid soluble means that which is not soluble in either pure water or the water of the soil impregnated with acids and alkalies extracted from the soil and the vegetable matter it contains. Experiment, often repeated, has demonstrated that the citrate soluble and the water soluble are both promptly available to the plant, and hence are together called "available phosphoric acid," and in calculating commercial values are given the same valuation. In the statement following the number of pounds of "available" phosphoric acid is given in one column and the insoluble in another. While the insoluble or "acid soluble" phosphoric acid has a very low valuation, when finely powdered insoluble phos89 60 phates are used in connection with organic matter containing nitrogen, a portion of the phosphoric acid becomes promptly available. The valuable ingredient of the nitrate of soda is nitrogen, and in muriate is potash. The nitrate of soda used in these experiments contains 15.19 per cent. of nitrogen, which is equivalent to 18.44 per cent. of ammonia. The cotton seed meal contains 7.17 per cent. of nitrogen, equivalent to 8.71 per cent. of ammonia. The cotton seed meal contains, also, 2.78 per cent. of acid sol. phos. acid, and 1.43 per cent. of potash. The acid phosphate used contains 12.88 water soluble phosphoric acid, 2.02 citrate soluble and 2.53 acid soluble. The muriate of potash contains 52.31 per cent. of potash. These percentages are as reported by Dr. Lupton, chemist of the college and station. All fertilizing material intended for experiment is submitted to him for analysis before being used. The following table shows quantity of potash, phosphoric acid, nitrogen (and its equivalent of ammonia) contained in the different fertilizers used per acre : 6 NAMES OF FERTILIZERS. c 58 17.70 1 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda...............14 2240 lbs. Acid Phosphate................. 35.96 6.07 3 64 lbs. Muriate Potash.................33.47 ..... ..... 4 No Manure. ....... . ............ .... 5 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 64 lbs. Muiriate Potash................ 33.47..........14.58 17.70 ,g6$ 96 lbs. Nitrate Sodat, ~240 lbs. Acid Phosphate................ 35.96 6.07 14 58 17.70 7 64 lbs. Muriate Potash, ~240 lbs. Acid Phosphate........ ...... -8 No Manure................................ 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, :9 lbs. Acid Phosphate, 33.47 35.96 240 6.07... .... ..... . 64 lbs. Muriate 10 240 lbs. Floats .... 11 Potash...... ......... ............. 33.47 35 96 6 07 14 58 17.70 20 08 46 84 .... .... .... .. 25.74 Floats, Nitrate Soda............... 12 No Manure 13 848 lbs. Green Cotton 1240 lbs. S96 lbs. 20.08 46.84 14.58 17.70 10 ... 6 .10.17 21.2 Seed. ........ 14 848 Green Cotton Seed, ~240 lbs. Floats .............. ......... 10.6 20 08 57 01 21.2 25.74 lbs. 15 4,240 lbs. Stable Manure ............... 28.40 . .13.14 26.71 32.43 4 2 35 96 13 27 16.80 20.35 Phosphate, 16 3240 lbs. Cotton Seed Wleal .... 240 lbs. Acid Nitrogen, Potash and Intercultuiral Experimnents. InadtoToth.ooeaie.xeiet lraymnind 61 A. & M. College, will conduct some special nitrogen, potash and intercultural experiments during the present year. He and others will also co-operate with this station in comparing varieties of cotton, which will be furnished from this station. In addition to the experiments with fertilizers to learn what the different soils of the State need, plants of a few standard varieties of grapes, strawberries and raspberries have been presented to each experimenter in order that the adaptation of these varieties which have proved especially successful on the grounds of this station, are adapted to cultivation on the various typical soils of this State. In order to supply information as to the cultivation and other treatment of these plants and to secure uniformity of treatment in all cases, a bulletin of information upon grapes, strawberries and raspberries will be issued during the next month. 91 REPORT OF THE ALABAMA WEATHER SERVICE. Co-operating with the U. S. Signal Service. January, 1891. STATE POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE, Auburn, Ala., February 15th, 1891. The precipitation for the month was well distributed, and was above the average at all the stations. The continued rains have placed the roads in bad condition, and in some of the counties are rendered, in places, almost impassable. The average rainfall for the State was 0.67 inches above the normal. The temperature has ranged rather high and the weather has been generally mild. With the exception of a few days the atmosphere was sufficiently warm to cause the buds of the forest plants to swell, and in some instances delicate flowers came forth. The average temperature was 2.°2 above the normal. The farmers, however, have been delayed in the preparation of the land by the damp condition of the soil. P. H. MELL, J. M. QUARLES, Assistant. Director. MONTHLY SUMMARY. Atmospheric pressure (in inches), monthly mean, 30.181; maximum observed, 30.556, at Auburn on 7th; minimum observed, 29,519, at Chattanooga, on 1st; range, 1.037 Temperature (degrees F.), monthly mean 45.1; highest monthly mean 51.2, at Uniontown; lowest monthly mean, 39.4, at Valley Head; maximum observed, 80, at Citronelle on 30th; minimum observed, 18, at Jasper on 4th; range for State, 620; greatest local monthly range 53, at Citronelle; lowest local monthly range 38, at Mobile. Precipitation, including melting snow, in inches.-Average for State, 6.03; greatest, 8.11, at Jasper; least, 2.96 at Citronelle. Mean relative humidity, 77.7 at Auburn; 87.3 at Valley Head; 74.5 at Uniontown. Wind-Prevailing direction, N. W. Miles traveled, at Chattanooga, 4596; at Montgomery, 4109; at Mobile, 5829; at Auburn, 3227. 92 NOTES FROM OBSERVERS. Greensborough, (M. H. Yerb).-This month has been unusually wet, raining eleven days, and rainfall amounting to 6.75 inches in consequence of which farm work is very backward; scarcely any plowing has been done in this section. The roads are almost impassable for any kind of vehicle. Livingston (J. W. A. Wright). Our normal temperature for January being 450, the average for this January was 1° colder than usual. The total rainfall for this month (7.46 inches) nearly two inches above the normal. Our first wild flowers for early spring began blooming; the star chick weed (Stellaria media) and Bluets or Innocence (Housatonia ccerulia). On 31st temperature rose to 740, almost summer heat. TABLE OF SOIL TEMPERATURES-JANUARY, 1891. (The observations for this table were taken at Auburn, Ala.) A. M. LLOYD, Observer. NOTE-There are three sets of thermometers. On the Ist of January they were arranged as follows: One set ranging from 1 inch to 96 inches was placed in clay soil on the college campus for the purpose of determining the "frost line" among other problems that will require several years of continued observations. The other two sets were left in their former position, viz. ;--One on the hill and the other in the bottom. They were left their to determine the effect produced upon the temperature of the roots of plants by stirring the soil over one set, and permitting the soil to cake over the other. SET No.]1, DIEPTH IN INCHES. ;aervatins, Th tw SET No. 2, set o SET No. 3, On Hill. iar On Hill. ~~hem (DErs In Botto~m. 1...................45.50 3..................45.5 6................... 45.3 46.3° 45.6 45.8 45.3 45.5 491 50.5 52.4 9..............44.9 45.2 12................ 48.6 24...... .............. 36..:............50.6 52.7 48.. .................. 53.8 60................... ............... 72 ............... 84................ .............. 96............................... ~ecncr ~ " CD54.1 63 Monthly Summary of Meteorological Reports of the Alabama Weather Service, January, 1891. 1 t 1 1 _._ 1 i 1 1 BAROMETER. MAX. MIN. TEMPERA MAX. MIS . . 51 OC STATIONS. COUNTIES. '0 Sd Bx O1 0 l t tnn . n w O NQ .n " ' 0. 4 Isy OBSERVER. a ba i nn cry, ai n Valley JHead.. Florence... Chattanooga. . Montgomery .. Union Springs. Bermuda .... Mobile ... Carrolton.... . Auburn... e. Livingston .... t r _/ l _ r T_ _ Tl r De~aso .. Lauderdale... Tennessee.. Mlontgomery Bullock.. Mionroe ..... _ T 7_ 7 L 1 I fl.1 1. ~.Greenshoro... M1obile.. Pickens... .. Lee. Sumter. . Hale Lowndes .. Perry ... Mioile... Fay ette .... Marshall .. Blount.. Shelby.. Cherokee.. Winston. .... Choctaw... Walker.. se..Tuscumbia . .. . Colbert Bessemer... Jefferson Bewton... Escambia.... Mount'n Home Lawrence.... Edwardsville.. Cleburne.... Talladega... Talladega.... Means.. Mt. Willing .... Uniontowna. Citronelle... Fayette Guntersville. Chepultepec.. Columbiana... Centre. . Donhie Sprigs Butler.... ... . -I 85.37 Z 87 37 83.30 783 35.03 30 519 219 32.22 86.23 30 196 30 .412 516 32 12 85.39 87.12 .31.43 30 30 41 88.20 30.148 30.331 88.03 826 32 40 85 30 30.319 30 556 150 12 34 88 08 30.150 30 440 220 32 41 87.36 32 07 86 43 273 32.28 86 44 30 12 30 480 352 31 03 87 30 33.42 83 12 65.1 34 24 86.18 890 33 58 86 20 560 33 15 86 38 728 34 10 85.42. 34 08 85351 87 24 .32.05 310 33.49 88 12 34.42 87 18 " l A 11 r A 39.~49.1 2.981 31 20 829.519 1929.623 1 42 50.4 34.3 76 21 46-955.7 38.1 457 .... 1 69 ~ 4 49 51 1948 19.3 16.1 17.6 ... 1.34 31 26 30 28 30 . C. ... .15 ..11 .13 .1335W.L.Ashcroft. 1 5I E Sgt. M. Pindell 3W. *Sgt. L. Dunne. 5 8 8 1 60 10 6 15 9 NI 1EE. P. Nicholson. ) 1929 1929 710 49 56 3 41.6 68 73 31 30 21 1452 1938 .. 14 7 5.00... 5 12 14 ... ..... R J. Grady. f. 1C .. *Win. Fowler. 0 15.3 N.. Sgt. A. Pritchard M.H 7 29 764 650 1 4r 253.9 38.4 71 72 43 6 .... 1 68 44 8 74 1 51 254. 37.1 !51.161.5 40.6 80 31 26.1941 31 26 4, 25-2646 4-1942 1-29- 26 209 17.1 28 29.530 [31 ... 30 30 24 27 1950 13 53 20.9 42 553.5 31.4 72657, 31 45 9I.... 52 18 13 24.1 38.4 ..29 31 31 31 30 . 81 5 7 28 25 32 40.849 7 70 40 9 .... 334.4 70 41 .949 4 49.1 60.9 37.2 75 .: 4 52.5 17.7 25 466 4-5 46 19 50 23.7 .... ... . .... 145. 54136:.11. .30.181 ... 53.4 68.7 38.179 17.3 18.9 30.6 20 1 M. INvwvJ.W. Quarles. 1 J A. Wright 7.46 ....... 1: 1Nv *W.HI.Yerhy. Win. Garrett. H. Newman. 2.9631 4I 162 15 wJWV. Michael. 15 " G. " Dan Collier. .1N.. A. J. Baker. W. B. Allgood. 6.37 W. D. Lovette. 2Nv Thos. Bradford. 6.18 A. M. Weiler. P . F. Gilder. 10 8.11 15 Howard Lamar. 5.74 18 w L. B. Thsornton. 7.52 .. Win. H. Swann. 5 80 wW. J. Holland. A. J. Weaver. .3 N.. Dodson Bears. J. 0. Hney. 1 6.03 10 8 13 .20 22 4 4 3.58 12 1 18 7 6 13 12 3S. wrR. J. GradyV. L. Stansel. *Jasper . -Jasper... -Uinion Spri'gs * Delayed Reports. 48.5 58.9 38.2 69 50.3...71 51 12 44 28 39] 29 Howard Lamar. Howard Lamar November, 1890. 1-December. BULLETIN NO. 24 FEBRUARY, 1891. AGRICUL TURAL EXPERIMENT STA TION, OF THE Agricultural and Mechanical College, AUBRN , T, ALA. 0 PAIR YING ikeport a121d. BREEDING. Weather Service. 0 of 'Alabamna ~The Bulletins of this Station will be sent Free to any citizen of the State on application to the Director. R. J. Rice, Job Printer and Stationer, Auburn, Ala. 29 Board of Visitors. COMMITTEE OF TRUSTEES ON EXPERIMENT STATION: HON. J. G. GILCRIIIST, HON. R. F. IGON, HoN. J. B. MITCHELL. Board of Direction. W. J. L. BROUN............................ S. NEWMMAN. ..................................... ................. President. Director and Agriculturist. N. T. LUPTON..................................Vice-Director and Chemist. P. H. MELL ..................... ................. Botanist and Meteorologist. G. F. ATKINSON .................................................. Biologist. ASSISTANTS : ISAAC J. J. A. Ross. o....First Assistant Agriculturist, charge Live Stock and Dairy. JAS. CLAYTON... ............................ Second Assistant Agriculturist. ........ First Assistant Chemist. L. T. ANDERSON, PH. D............... ..... W. WILKINSON, M. Sc......... ............... F. WILKINSON, B. Sc................. M. LLOYD, B. Sc.............................. ........................ .............. Secoad Assistant Chemist. Third Assistant Chemist. Assistant Chemist. ........ Assistant Botanist. Clerk and Accountant. H. E. NOBLE, B. Sc..................................Fourth W. B. FEAzer.................... 30 Dairying and Breeding. [ISAAC Ross, IN CHARGE OF LIVE STOCK AND DAIRY.] This Bulletin is not intended to make every land owner anc cotton raiser an exclusive dairyman, nor is it presumed in its pre sentation to attempt to cover the wide and important field of Its object is mainly to throw out a few suggestion for the careful consideration of the farmers of the State, as wel as to give some practical thoughts and demonstration of facts from our experience as a breeder of dairy cattle. It is exceedingly unfortunate that the masses of our farmers are so ill inform ed on this matter, but few of them read a dairy or stock paper of any sort, hence have no knowledge of many important facts witll reference to stock breeding and its management. It is with the hope of instructing this class of farmers that we propose to send out this bulletin. Let me beg you not to conclude because you do not own a fine herd of Jersey or other pure bred dairy cattle, that this is of nc interest to you. yourself as how If you own only one cow it will pay to inform best to manage and feed her, and if together dairying. with securing this information you will procure at reasonable cost recently improved appliances for butter making, your wife, who generally has the bulk of the work to do in this department. will rise up and call you blessed. So then subscribe at once foi some good stock and dairy paper and learn from the practical experience of others how to feed and manage your cows, and the best process of making butter with the least cost and labor. of farmers of Alabama own from six to own many more, and a few none. It is frequently the case that a man milking five cows does not make a pound of butter for sale, The first trouble is, the most of eight milch cows, others cotton producers own too many cattle. Sell off all of your non-paying and worthless cows and reinvest this money in more feed, if you have not already a sufficient quantity on hand, a good comfortable stable for the dairy implements, cow, and a few at least of the many important An important step for the farmer who decides THE PURCHASE OF A BULL. The great majority to improve his cattle is in the right way is of the first importance,and do not cherish for one: moment the thought that you own in on( of your native cows one that is superior to all others for milk, butter and beef, "a general purpose cow," and propose to raise and use in your herd a bull calf from her. such a cow nor ever will. or Ayrshire; beef, Shorthorn or Hereford. You do not own Grading up your herd If you want butter, buy a Jersey or Guernsey; if milk, Holstein There are other breeds worhty of note. These are used by way of illustration, as they have been bred for a specific purpose for a long time, and the buyer when he gets a represenative animal of either breed, knows what he i,, getting before he pays his money. Once in awhile there will appear a phenomonal butter cow of the milk and beef breeds, a phenomenal milker of the butter breeds. Pay no attention to this, it is the breed you are after, backed by indisputable performance both at the pail and the churn. There are plenty of reliable breeders of the diffierent breeds that will one. sell you a bull at a reasonable figure. Fifty dollars will buy a very good bull, one hundred dollars a much better It maybe that you cannot afford this outlay as you have but you. Co-operate, few cows; in this case your neighbors can join use your order, the Alliance. First, decide on the breed; next buy as near home as you can, thus avoiding acclimating fever. If you cannot find what you want in your own State then go out of it. Get the best. The bull is half the herd, and under no circumstances use a grade. TEST YOUR COWS. Get your natives in good condition and test each cow by the churn. The cow giving the largest flow of milk does not always make the most butter-quite often the very reverse is true. Continue along to weed out, keeping the best until you breed a model dairy cow. WHAT IS A MODEL DAIRY COW? One:of medium size, small head, full and placed eyes, neck long, thin and clean, broad hips, and back of great breadth at the loins, large, roomy stomack, short legs, large udder, medium sized well placed teats, tortuous milk veins. first-class The escutcheon, like the solid cloor, is thought to be desirable by some, but many good dairy cows have escutcheons and others equally as good have very poor ones. The cow when well fed should, of coures, give a large quantity of good rich milk. COLOR. Do not be a " stickler" on color or size, or decide to let a cow remain in your herd beause she has a good escutcheon and pretty horns. If she only weighs 600lbs., is as black as"'a crow, and has neither escutcheon nor horns but yields the butter, keep her. You want the cow that will produce the most butter at the least cost. IN AND IN BREEDING. perhaps you have already paid dearly for it. Be ware With perfect animals on both sides and in the hands of a skillful breeder it may do, but as now practiced it is ruinous, and why of it, should you in-breed so much? There is no necessity for it. Breed to the winner, and it is not out of place to say that this Experiment Station has been practicing in-and-in breeding for a number of years with a small herd of Jersey cattle, the ill effects of which can be seen by any practical breeder. The old cows are still the best, and one of the last heifers that came in milk young and which is intensely in-bred, had no fore udder at all. stock is deficient here. The experiment has proven conclusively, both in form and at the churn, that unless you have perfect animals on both sides to start with and you are The foundation 33 skilled, it is best not to undertake it. THE BARN. If you have no barn, and the means to build one, make a shed, plank up the north and west sides, have separate stalls or fastenings for each cow, either stanchion or halter, and do not allow them to run all over your '"cow-pen" as practiced by most farmers. Take your calves away from the cows at four to six weeks old. Feed your cows well. The most costly thing on a dairy farm is a poor cow. Milk and feed regularly, make them comfortable (this word implies a great deal) and with kind treatment they are certain to respond. Feed-tables are sometimes given to show you how much feed to use. Remember that it requires n:ore than a maintenance ration, and that you cannot get good results from raw cotton seed and shucks for instance. RAISING THE CLAF. Many farmers have asked, "how do you raise your calves?" We practice here the following plan: The first milk from the cow's udder acts as a physic and the calf should be allowed to take it. When the calf is four days old, separate from its mother; after 12 hours of fasting, take a couple of quarts of its mother's milk, warm from the cow, dip the fore and middle fingers into the milk and insert into the calf's mouth. If it is very unruly, back into corner of the stable and get straddle of the calf's neck. Repeat this until the calf sucks the fingers and do not lose your patience. As it is certain to throw up its head, lower it until the mouth comes in contact with the milk in the pail, and when it begins to drink the milk, gradually withdraw the fingers from the mouth. The calf will continue to throw up its head many times, but with patience repeat the process until the calf continues to drink the milk after the fingers are withdrawn. It will generally do this at the third or fourth trial. Two quarts of milk three or four times a day is all that it will take for the first three weeks. At the end of this time a ld a gill of sweet skimmed milk heated to blood heat (98o) to each feed twice per day and 12 hours apart until the quantity is incrased fo 3 quarts. Continue this for 10 days then decrease the new milk one gill at a feed until no new milk. is given; at the same time increase the warm skimmed milk half a pint at a feed until it reaches a gallon. Skim the milk after it sets 12 hours, and always feed it blood warm and while it is perfectly sweet. The great object in thus changing so gradually from new to skimmed milk is to avoid the"scours " Bright hay or fodder should always be accessible after a few weeks old. Corn and oats mixed, may be put in the feed trough; the calf will soon learn to eat and chew its cud. Keep the calves in a dry, clean stable with plenty of pure water and salt when a few months old. At seven months, take the milk entirely away and continue to feed and let them run on good pastures. Breed at 18 months old. We use linseed meal here with the milk to raise our calves, knowing how few cotton raisers would put themselves to the trouble of procuring the meal we have omitted it here. MILKING AT THE STATION. At present the cows are fed at 5:30 a. m. and 4:30 p. m. The first thing in the morning is to ct ean and. sweep the stables; the cows are then fed and groomed, udders brushed carefully, and with a clean rag and bucket of tepid water, washed and wiped dry with a clean towel. The milker is now ready for business and with clean hands and short finger nails, he goes at his job with both hands quickly and quietly. The milk is weighed from each cow and a record kept; it is then strained through a wire and cloth strainer into a ten gallon can and carted to the dairy. The details of our method have been given in order to show that good butter making must begin at the barn. When no experiments are being carried on, we feed on ensilage and one third each of corn meal, ground oats and bran, giving what the cows will eat clean. BUTTER MAKING. It may be of interest to many farmers that we give in a short, plain and simple way how we make butter. We have the facilities for making good butter,viz,a good dairy hand-power separator, cooling creamer, ripening vat, butter worker, print, etc., besides John Boyd's automatic fermenting can and automatic ripening vat, anda good well of pure water, though not cold. After the milk is carried to the dairy it is run through a hand 35 power DeLaval separator. The cream is at once cooled down to 55o, placed in a Cooley creamer and kept sweet until enough cream is gathered for a churning. It is then poured into a cream vat to ripen, kept at a temperature of 7(0, and well stirred durnng the ripening period. As soon as it is slightly acid, it is ready for churning, Cool down to 62o, scald out the churn well and pour in the cream. When the granules of butter are the size of wheat grains, the churn is stopped and rinsed down with a gallon of cold water (56c). A few swings of the churn and the butter-milk is ready to be drawn off. Wash the butter with about the same quantity of cold water as you have butter-milk; in two washings the water is clear. Tilt the churn to one side and let the butter drain thoroughly. It is then taken up and placed on a butter tray, weighed and salted, one ounce to the pound, put on the worker and worked only enough to distribute the salt, printed into one pound prints, wrapped with paraffin paper and forwarded to the consumer. When making butter in this way, we stir the cream; when using Boyd's method (which we like better)stiring is unnecessary, Never mix sweet and sour cream. Ice is necessary in summer. WHAT TO DO WITH THE MILK. This is an important question, and one you must decide for yourself. There is more money lost by the farmers of Alabama between the milk pail and the churn through ignorance and carelessness than they are aware of. You fail to get money out of your cows by improper feeding and handling, then after you get the milk,alarge per cent.is lost by bad manipulation,by having only few if any of the improved dairy implements and no dairy proper. This is to be expected. Stop and reflect whether you can afford to do this any longer. You say that a dairy is costly, and it generally is, but this not the kind that most cotton raisers need. Buy the right sort of dairy goods and a cheap structure will answer your purposes. Boyd's automatic fermenting can and cream ripening vat is what you need. We have tried them both to churn the cream and the milk. Is not your milk carried now from the "cow-pen" to the house cold and the cream on top strain 36 9 cd into jars and set away to turn, the weather continues cold and the jars are transferred from your faulty cellar or shed room to the family room or kitchen, there to remain two, three, and some times four days? spoiled. Your wife turns the jar to the fire often during all the while it is getting Not the day and the milk will not turn, dash churn begins. She gets disgusted and attempts to churn it, and with a Generally she knows what to expect. the boiling water is poured in, and someThe fermenting can and you on this point. A having a thermometer, thing that you call butter is taken out. cream ripening vat will do away with this,and if you will visit this Station, as you should, we will convence little money expended for dairy goods will furnish you the means for making agood article of butter and will be a great relief to your over-worked wife. The actual cost of feeding will vary in different portions of the State. in which he perfection. silo. Each farmer knows what he can grow in the section lives. Barley,ryc,corn,millet,sorghum, peas, cotton seed and in many sections of our State, the clovers and grasses grow to Those farmers who intend to increase the number of ilch cows should by all means build a dairy cattle to 20 to 25 est feed we have. Try it. Corn and pea-vine ensilage is the most nutritous and cheap- The attention of farmers is called to the following maxims, derived from my own experience and that of other practical dairymen: Feed your cows twice per day pure water at regular intervals, and have and salt always accessible. You do not need a dog to drive up dairy cattle. A dairy cow does not need as much exercise as a trotting horse. A cow with a good escutcheon and nothing else should be butchered. A yellow skin we like to see, but it is not always a true index to the color of the butter. often yellow. Your "scrub" cows are averaging you not more that 100 to 1251bs. of butter per year. You should try to double this yield. 37 The butter from a pale-skin cow is very The cow likes a variety of food; gratify her taste as often as 10 you can. The winter dairy pays best, therefore breed the most of your cows in December and January and they will be fresh in September and October following. Decide on the breed and stick to it. There are many worthless cows in every breed. The cow is a machine for the manufacture of milk and butter, and the stomach is the beast laboratory in the world for this purpose. There are many ways to test the richness of a cow's milk besides the churn; and every dairyman should have Dr. Babcock's or some other milk test. The farmer can use the churn if he prefers to do so. In ordering your dairy goods, the first thing to be put on your list is a thermometer. It is more reliable than your wife's forefinger. One ounce of salt to the pound of butter is our rule, but always try to salt to please your customers. It is much better to wash the milk out of the butter while in the churn than to work it out on the worker. It is impossible for you to be too clean either at the barn or dairy. Keep your milk out of the kitchen, it absorbs all the bad odors and your customers will complain of the flavor. Set aside your old dash churn and buy a barrel, swing, or box churn. Churn your cream when slightly acid, and do not put it off to suit your convenience. Here is where you lose money. Churning temperature 62' in summer, 64° in winter. If you feed much cotton seed in winter you can go to 68° or 70' and it will do no harm. The lower the better. You cannot make a first-class article of butter by feeding cotton seed alone. They spoil the flavor. Cotton seed meal, or well steamed cotton seeds, fed in limited quantities in connection with other feed, will do no harm. The farmers of Alabama can have a succession of green crops almost from one end of the year to the other. Add to this, cotton 38 11 seed meal, raw cotton seed, and they can make butter very cheap. hulls, with good ensilage, Raw cotton seed is like the sweet potato, it can be served in many ways. Place a high value on it and learn to feed it the right way, but never to excess. When the patent butter maker comes around do not let his persuasive tongue induce you to buy a county right to manufacture his butter. He is a fraud, let him alone. Milk your cows ten months in the year. Rich food will decrease the quantity of milk, but will increase the amount of butter. The dairy business is a renovater, a restorer of worn out lands, and an educator of those who engage in it. BOYD METHOD. Mr. John Boyd, 199, Lake st., Chicago, Ill., patentee of Boyd process of ripening cream or milk, says: "It consists of making a lactic ferment from sweet skimmed milk taken from a fresh cow or cows, the milk divested of its butter fat, is treated to a warm water bath and brought to a certain required temperature when it is placed in the fermenting can and the vessel closed tightly. In a given time the lactic ferment is ready for use, A mrnall per centage of this ferment is placed in the cream at a required temperature and the cream vat is closed in the same manner as dhe fermenting can. In so many hours the result is ripe cream, that is, cream of one chemical condition, the operation is uniform, as also is the result. If the rules are strictly obeyed, the operator is at all seasons master of the situation, he has perfect control over the conditions, consequently his work is all done to rule, nothing being left to chance or good luck." I am in no wise interested in the sale of Mr. Boyd's goods. Come to the Station and see them tried before buying. 39 REPORT -OF THE- ALABAMA WEATHER SERVICE, Co-operating with the U. S. Signal Service. February, 1891. STATE, POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE, Auburn, Ala., March 15th, 1891. Rain was of frequent occurence during the monthof February and very few days were even fair. The weather was very damp and disagreeable and the farming operations were much retarded by the unfavorable condition of the soil for planting. The average rainfall for the State was 3.91 inches above the normal. The lowest range of the temperature recorded by the observers was 17°, at Valley Head, and this cool snap passed over the State on the 26th and 27th. There were a number of warm days, the thermometer recording ashigh as 80' at several stations, and under the warming influence of the air on those days many trees and other plants put forth flowers and the buds on many more were greatly swollen ready to break forth into leaves and flowers *when the cool spell of the 27th stopped their growth and seriously injured some. The average temperature was unusually high, and was 5°.3 above the normal. A light fall of snow occurred on the 26th but melted as fast as it came in contact with the ground. A low pressure hung over the State most of the month and the atmosphere was often in a condition favorable for violent storms, but the storm tendencies were dissipated as fast as they formed and no violent winds were reported from any quarter of the State, J. M. QUARLES, P.H11. MELL, Assistant, 40 Director. 13 MONTHLY SUMMARY. ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE (in inches).-Monthly mean, 30.122; maximum observed, 30 .528, at Chattanooga on the 5th; minimum observed, 29.586, at Montgomery on the 25th; range for the State .942. TEMPERATURE (Degrees F.)-Monthly mean, 54 .5; highest monthly mean, 61 .7 at Citronelle; lowest monthly mean, 47.8, at Valley Head; maximum observed, 83, at Montgomery on the 19th; minimum observed, 17, at Valley Head on the 26th and 27th; range for the State, 66; greatest local monthly range; 60.5, at Jasper; least local monthly range, 48, at Chepultepec. PRECIPITATION-INCLUDING MELTING snow (in inches).- Average for the State, 8 .58; greatest, 11 .20, at Auburn; least, 4.54, at Mobile. WIND.-Prevailing directon, south; miles traveled, 6530, at Mobile; 5004, at Montgomery; 5374, at Chattanooga; 2990, for 18 days,: at Auburn. Mean relative humidity, 77, at Auburn; 84, at Valley Head; 75, at Uniontown. NOTES FROM OBSERVERS. Bessemer. (W. H. Swan).-We had some snow to fall on the 26th, but it melted as fast as it fell. The first snowfall during the winter. Greensboro, (M. H. Yerby).-The great amount of rainy, disagreeable weather was the prevailing feature of the month. There has been no weather -for the past two months suitable for farming operations. No plowing of any consequence has been done up to date, or any garden vegetables planted. All out door work has been practically at a standstill. Jasper. (Howard Lamar).--Plum blossoms on February 16th. February 26th snow fell from 7 a. m. until noon - 0 01 inches melted snow fell. Livingston. (J. W. A. Wright). The amount of rain this 41 14 February, 6 .68 inches, is greater than any February since 1873, when we had in this part of Alabama, 7 .87 inches. In 1884 we had within .20 inches of the rainfall of this February. Added to the rainfall for Janiuary, (7.46 inches) this makes a total of 14 .14 inches since January 1st. This is the heaviest rainfall for January and February for 22 years past, except in 1886, 1884, 1883, and 1869. In each of these years we had about 15 inches of rain in January and February, except in 1884, when the amount was 14 .24 inches. Though a comparatively warm month, being 51 above the normal, yet it gave us the coldest hour of the winter, 231a on the 27th. We had ice one-fourth of an inch thick on the 27th as well as on the 4th, the temperature on the latter date falling to 28o. The cold on the 27th nipped tender vegetation that was beginning to appear, but did nothing like the damage to fruit trees that was done by the extreme cold on March the 2nd, 1890. Alight snow on the 26th, melting as fast as it fell. Tuscumbia. (L. B. Thornton).-On the 2nd about 11 o'clock at night a thunder cloud with lightning and heavy rain; 1 .78 inches fell. On the 4th the ground was frozen hard and there was plenty of ice. Commenced raining on the 12th at 9 p..m. and discontinued at 9:40 a. m.; rainfall, 1 .35 inches. Thunder cloud at night on the 20th; 26th snow fell but melted as fast as it fell; 28th hailed at 7 a. m.; heavy rain during the day. 42 15 TABLE OF SOIL TEMPERATURES--FEBRUARY, 1891. (The observations for this table were taken at Auburn, Ala.) A. M. LLOYD, Observer. NOTE.--There are three sets of themometers. On the 1st of January they were arranged as sollows: One set ranging fron 1 inch to 96 inches was placed in clay soil on the College campus for the purpose of determining the "frost line" among other problems that will require several years of continued observations. The other two sets were left in their former positions, viz. ;-One on the hill and the other in the bottom. They were left there to determine the effect produced upon the temperature of the roots of plants by stirring the soil over one set, and permitting the soil to cake over the other. SET No. 1 DEPTH IN INCHES. ON HILL. ON CAMPUS. IN BOTTOM. SET NO. 2 SET NO.3 I 3 6 9 12 24 36 ° 57 .00 57 .7 48 60 72 84 96 56.5 56.4 55.7 55.6 56,3 55.5 55.5 55.1 57.1 57.1 56 .2 55.9 56.2 55,9 56.3 * 57.70 * * 54.9 56.1 56.3 55.8 56.6 55 56.2 56,7 57 .5 .9 SInstruments were broken. 43 M2~othly Swmnniary of Meteorological Reports of the Alabama Weather Service, February, 1891. i r BAROMETER. S MAX. MIX. Ca TEMPERATURE. MAX. MIST. n iA I I I r j 5) Names Stations. Counties, a X0 o o In a 0 A4.) c of n - 0 c3 0 0 a a a A0 0 '~Observers. a Valley Head.. DeKalb...1031 34 34 85 37 34 48 Flrne...Luedl..Chattanooga.. 87 37 30 127 30 528 Tennessee.... 783 35 03 85 30 Montgomery.. Montgomery . 219 32 2286 2:3 192 30 432 30 Union Spr'gs 3ullock ... 516 32 12 85 39........ Bermuda..Monroe .... 31 43 87 12..... .... Mobile .. Mobile . 30 30 41 88 20 30 090 30 433 Carrollton. ... Pickens.... 32 40 85 30530 Auburn ... Lee 826 l3l.: 525 Livingston, .. Sumter . 150 32 34 88 085 140 30 4130 30 Greensboro... Hale.....230 32 4? 87 36...... .... Mt. Willing. Lowndes . 32 07 86 45 . . Uniontown .. Perry .... 273 32 28 86 48 30 050 3 8 Citronelle ... Mobile... '352 "31 87 30 .... .03 .... Fayette C H.. Fayette . 33 4.2 12.. .... 83 . Guntersville.,. Marshall..655 34 24 86 18..... .... Chepultepec .. Blount.,....890 33 5886 2(1......... Columbiana .. Shelby...56033 15 86 38 . ... . 47 8 56 5 39 5 27 27 76 19 17 21/ 1627 59 17 27 27 27 27 27 27 5: 9 58 9 8 9 19 16 1;3 19 13 29 653 29 586 29 662 25 25 25 50 58& !412 76 58 5 66 2, 50 7 83 58 6 . .. 59 65 652 4 76 17" 19 19 25 2i 10 .......... 5 17 1 1030 55 15 6: 8 43 53 8 20 16 13 2.54 4 52 6 4 1120 57 16 9( 6 68 54 8 15 9 05 55 21 1S 9 91 58 19 8 20 48 14 5 10 7 6 9 20 15 15 S E E.P.Nicbiolson ... C. W. AMhcraft S L.MN.Pin a( E S *L. Dunne R. J. Grady .. WM. Fowler 5 4 4 29 644 29 770 7-25 25 642 478 77 56 6 64 6 47 7 80 5 57 .. .. 78 55 6 66 2 56 19 19 19 25 235 '24 24 24 18 21 15 29 63.) 25 61 7 71 5 45 52 1 79 19 18 17 19-20 27 27 11 27 .. M. L.Sansel. E J. M. Quarles 19 N w J.W A,Wright M. H. Yerby 13 W. M. Garrett 13 * A. Pritchard 4 S 11. 16 7 12 Centre Double Sprgs Winston . Butler ... Jasper .. Brewton... Tascumbia .... Mt . Home . . Cherokee,.728 34 1C Choctaw. Walker . E'caintda. Colbert Lawrence Bessemer..Jefferson . .. .... Lawrence.Wign....Cvgon... Averages . ... 30122. . 34 08 85 32 05 87 310 33 49 88 87 34 42 . 8542........ 49 6:50 5 48 6 53 863 8 43 8 52 12 18 19 62 20 51 7 78 8 31 J G Michael .. Daniel Collier A. J. Baker ... W. B. Allgood W. D,Lovett H. Newman .35.......... 24..... .... 12...... .... 38...... .... .... 44 9 70 17-20 50 9 60 6 41 2 78 5 56 5 62 5 51 19 18 81 77 53 6 61 3 46 80 19 19 18 25 22 2 27 27 27 1033 193 14 14 60 5 19 4 8721 56 11 1 5 61' 55 9 30 58 15 3. 1010 11 12 19 B. F. Gilder Howard Lamar S 11 S w1W. J. Holland 11 S w iL. B. Thornton W-H. Swan 16 ... A. J. Weaver Ml.D. Jones .. Thos. Bradford A, M. Weller 54 5 62 4 46 5 ......I....I. j..557 15 7i 8 58 i16 15s 14 S *Sergeants of the United States Signal Corps. E~gPrIBRAgy AfidgR cLg, IGCULTIJRL --rr.y CYiEI E BULLETIN No. 25. REPORT -OF NEW SERIES. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, Agricultural and Mechanical College, AUBURN, ALA. - APRIL, 1891. Effects on Butter by feeding Cotton Seed and Cotton Seed Meal. M~The Bulletins of this Statiotn will be sent Free to any citizen of the State, on application to the Director. Smith, Alired & Co., State Printers and Binders, 24 Commerce St.,.-Montgomery,. Ala. 111 BULLETIN NO. 25. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMIENT STATION, Agricultural and Mechanical College, AUBURN, ALA. - APRIL, 1891. BOARD OF VISITORS. COMMITTEE OF TRUSTEES . ON EXPERIMENT STATION: J. B. MITCHELL. HON. J. G. qILCI-TRIST,.. HON. R'. F. LIGO,.. HON. BOARD OF DIRECTION. L. BROUN........................... J. S, NEWMAN .. ............. N. T. LUPTON.............................. P. H. M ELL............................ G. F. ATKI NSON ........................................ W. ... ................ President Director and Agriculturist Vice-Director and Chemist ........................ _.. Botanist Biologist ASSISTANTS ISAAC JAS. Ross.-.1st Assistant Agriculturist, charge of Live Stock and Dairy ...... CLAYTON ... ....... Second Assistant Agriculturist T. ANDERSON, P~i{. D ..................... L. W. W ILKINSON, M. Sc ............. J. F. W1LKINSON, B. Sc,.....................Third R. W. E. NOBLE................................... FRASER.................................... J. First Assistant Chemist Second Assistant Chemist Assistant Chemist Fourth Assistant Chemist A. M. LLOYD. B.. Sc ............................ B. Assistant Botanist Clerk and Accountant 112 EFFECTS ON BUTTER BY FEEDING COTTON SEED AND COTTON SEED MEAL. N. T. LIPTON. THE COMPOSITION OF MILK. The constituents of milk, as usually stated, are water, butter-fat, casein, milk-sugar, and mineral matter, or ash. The proportions of these constituents, and the quality of the milk, vary with the breed of cattle; the quantity, with the materials upon which they are fed and the treatment to which they are subjected. The average results of the analysis of seventy samples of Jersey milk, made in the State Laboratory by Dr. Anderson during the months of February, March, and April, 1889, are as ................... 84.96 Per cent. Water... Butter Fat..................4.95 c" Casein.......................3.50 Sugar.............................. 5.84 " Mineral matter, or Ash...........0.75 follows: « Total...........100.00 The average of twenty-seven samples, analyzed during the months of November, Deeemher, and January, 1890-91, gave: Water .................................. ............ .............. Butter- Fat .. 84.97 4.97 Casein,.,.. ............... ..... ...... ...... 3.58 Mineral Matter, or Ash........................ 0.74 Total.......................1.00.00 These samples from the same herd of registered Jerseys, show in the two series an average composition of remairk- able uniformiity. The feed-stuffs used were different dur- ing the two periods, the latter samples being those analyzed during an investigation of some of the effects produced by 113 feeding on cotton seed and cotton seed meal, to be discussed in a subsequent part of thisBulletin. Johnston and Cameron, in a late edition of their elements of Agricultural Chemistry, give, in the following table, what may be regarded as a fair average composition of milk of different animals, without reference to breed. Jersey milk contains less water than the average here given, and is especially rich in butter-fat: Water..... Butter-fat.....Casein... Sugar ...Min' matter Cow ...... 87.00.........3.80......... 400 ....... 4.57...... 0.72 Goat ... 86.49.........5.69........3. 51 ....... 3 69............0.62 Ewe...... 83 03.........5.33 ......... 6.98....... 3.94..0.72 M are.....90.36 ......... 1.05 . ...... 1.95 ...... 6.24............0.40 A ss ...... 89.01.........1.85.........3.57 ....... 5 05 ............0.52 Sow ...... 81.76..... 5.83.........6.18 ....... 5.33...........0.90 CHANGES WHICH MILK NATURALLY UNDERGOES. The butter-fat consists of small globules, somewhat lighter than water, which rise to the top when milk is allowed to stand, and with a little water and casein, constitute the cream. The agitation of this cream, in the process of churning, causes the fat-globules to cohere and form butter. The casein is a nitrogenous substance which undergoes spontaneous decomposition on exposure to the air. This decomposition develops a growth, or organism, called a ferment, which changes the milk-sugar into lactic acid and renders the milk sour. The germs of these organisms which cause milk to ferment, are known as bacteria, or microbes and are found abundantly in the air, in water, and also on plants and animals. The casein held naturally in solution, is rendered insoluble by the lactic acid and separates as curd. THE COMPOSITION OF BUTTER. Butter consists mainly of the fat found in milk, and, as just stated, is formed by the fat globules which are made to cohere by agitation, as in the operation of churning. More or less water, casein or curd, and salts, are mixed 114 with the butter-fat. The average composition of the best Jersey butter as determined inthis laboratory, is as follows Fat ........................ ......... .......... 86.06 Casein or Curd.....................1.87 Water ........ ...... ... 961 Salts (chiefly, common salt)........... 2.46 Total ............................. 100.00 When prepared for the market, a small percentage of sodium chloride; or common salt, about one ounce to the pound, is added to impart a desirable taste. Dairymen have long known that consumers of butter prefer that which has a bright yellow or golden color, such as results from feeding on the rich pastures of spring and early summer. To impart this color to butter of lighter shades, a coloring matter known as annatto, is sometimes used. It is gotton from the fruit of a tree that grows in South America, and is said to be harmless. THE EFFECT OF COTTON SEED AND COTTON SEED MEAL. An investigation was undertaken in this laboratory, a few months ago, to determine the effect of cotton seed and cotton seed meal on the composition of the butter fat, especially on the volatile acids, the melting point, and the specific gravity of the butter produced. Several chemists of late years, have called attention to changes produced by the use of the feed-stuffs mentioned, of the Texas Experiment Station especially Prof. and Dr. Wiley of the Department of Agriculture, Washington D. C. This subject was thought to be of sufficient scientific and practical importance to justify an extended investigation. For this purpose, a herd of registered Jerseys at the Experiment Station, was divided into two groups, one consisting of ten cattle and the other of a single cow. The cattle of group No. 1 were fed for a preparatory period of ten days on. the customary ration used at the station, excluding cotton seed meal and hulls, the single cow was fed on the same ration. At the end of the preparatory period, samples of 115 Hlarrington milk and butter were taken for one week, on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, and carefully analyzed. The milk of the ten cattle composing group No. 1, was mixed and churned as a whole; that of the single cow was kept separate and churned by itself. The first preparatory period was for ten days; after that, the preparatory and experimental peiods extended over seven days each. The daily rations for the different periods which repro sent the kind and qualify of food actually consumed, were as follows 1st period, preparatory and experimental: lbs. Ground Oats.......................5 5 Ground Corn...................... " Bran.............................5 Nutritive Ratio......................1:5.8 2d period : Cotton Seed Meal...................3 Ground Oats......................4 Bran ............................. Ensilage ...................... lbs. 5 11 Nutritive 3d Ratio ......................... 1:3.75 period: Cottoni Seed Meal.....................4 lbs. " 9 Cotton Seed Hulls ..................... 4z " Ensilage. ................................ Nutritive Ratio..........................1:5.08 During the fourth period, the cattle were confimed exclusively to raw cotton seed and cotton seed period to cooked cottont seed and cotton seed hulls. the They were allowed as much as they would eat. The nutritive ratios mentioned above, are calculated from the following analyses of feed-stuffs used. In compounding the rations, the object was not so much to conform with strictness to the German standard, as to bring the cows gradually under the influence of cotton seed, cotton seed meal, and hulls without injury to their health. 116 fifth hulls; and during COMPOSITION OF FEED STUFFS USED AT THlE EXPERIMENT STATION. 51) cit U(1 \Vate.................. Ash. ................. Crude Protein (alhumiooid) Ether Extract (Fats Crude m 0 (U 6.47 4.1772 O U w oZ 14.15 1.20 10.55 12.81. 8.48 10.11 60.93 12.76 3 90 7.40. 20.77 24.61 2.43 3.22 1.8 3.121 4.671 5.49 294 2.78 10.36 14.41 3.79 '17.28 4.17 &oils.) 8.22 7.28 '1 2.17 Fibre ............. 1.68 10.45 8.02 13.76 344.84 Nitrog'n free ext (starch etc) 68.82 56 80 52.23 21.83 33 21 17.84 134.51 100.00] 100.00 100 00 100.00 100.00 1 00.00 0100.00 The results of the analyses of samples ol milk and butter, takeli immediately after each milking arxd churning, are given below. The first two tables give the composition of each sample of m silk analyzed, also, the volatile acids, melting point, and specific gravity of the butter from the same milk; the third table gives the average composition for each experimental period. 1117 THE COMPOSITION OF JERSEY MILK.BUTRFO VOLATILE DATE WVATE R BUTTER CASEIN SUGAR ASH ACIDS. BUTTER FROM THE THSAIMLK SATE MILK. Group I. Per Cent Per Cent Per Cent Per Cent one tenth norPerCent mal alkali for o grains of fat. 5.53 3.20 5.73 5.51 5.16 5 96 9.07 5.79 6.41 6.11 5.84 4.87 3 95 4 05 4.09 3 88 3 90 3.64 3.90 3.57 3.58 3.34 3.56 3 393.31 3.96 5.09 5.24 6.19 5.98 5.12 6 03 5.19 5 01 5 FAT Expressed in cc MELTING POINT SPECIFIC GRAVITY RATION at 1000°c 5.OCo Period I. Ground Oats .... 5lbs Corn.5 " Bran . . 5'. Period II. Cotton Seed Meal.3lbs Ground Oats... 4 .. II Nov. " Dec. it 19 21 1 3 85.79 84.95 0 80 0 81 0.82 0 80 0.80 0 75 0 73 0.74 0 73 0.74 0 72 0 74 30 0 29.9 29.7 ';0.5 31.4 28.4 26.9 27 1 22 0 21 9 22.4 23.1 22.2 430 6 430.9 43 .4 0. 90257 ~36°. 360.3 360.1 360 6 3709 0. 90311 0.90111 0 84.15 83.62 84 26 84.53 83.35 90195 ~L~ 00 5 13 SBran..........5" 0. 90263 0 90081 0.901.94 0. 90306 0.90021 0.89721 0 89955 0.90462 0 90057 JEnsilage . " 17 19 Jan. 5 1 Period III. Cotton Seed Meal.4lbs C. S. 84 71 Ensilage ....... Hulls. 41 84'27 84.59 84.51 .7 19 22 5.37 5.16 5 08 5 04 IPeriod I V. Raw Cotton Seed. ICotton Seed Hulls. IPeriod V. Cooked Cotton Seed. ICotton Seed Hulls. 85 84 21 c 420 7 0.77 0 74 23 I 83.38 I 5.53 3 31 I I 22.1 I I i 43.0 0 9026 THE COMPOSITION OP JERSEY MILK. VOLATILE BUTTER ACIDS on-et o-POINT FROM THE SAME MILK. DATE WATER BUTTER Group IT. Cent erPr FAT CASEIN SUGAR ASH Expressed in cc MELTING mal Per Cent Per Cent Per Cent 5grains alkali for of fat. co SPECIFIC GRA\VITY RATION at 100°c GG Jl Nov. 24 5.53 84..03 467 5.93 4.75 4 53 3.94 4.74 3.84 3.93 3.50 3.84 3.66 3.42 523 5.30 5.30 5.24 6.02 5.86 073 0.81 0.68 0 71 0.75 0.72 31.4 350.1 330.4 0.90188 Period I. i Ground Oats.... .5 lb Dc. '. S 10 85.71 83.68 85.63 31.7 30.6 23.5 25 :36°.5 360.2 37035 Con..D0.90458Crn.. . Bran..5. ...... 1 Period II, CottonSeed Meal.3lbs 0.90282 Ground Oats....4 J 12 121 22 Jan. 2 I Bran ........... Ensilage.. 0.90022 .11 5" 41C 85.261 81.31 85.17 0.90192 0878 0.99 Il Entil Period C.S.I-lulls. 5.85 3.69 3.40 5.42 5.60 5 12 4.76 4.80 4.87 4.88 6.00 0.7:3 0.71 4 43°.5 410.0 430.0 430.3 430.3 440. III. Cotton Seed Meal.4lbs .9" 20 3 19.2 21.4 22,0 22.1 21.7 0.89751 0.89929 0.8 988 3 0 89775 0.89994 0.89803 Enilge ........ 42 S14 " 83.10 16 26 3.47 3 31 3.13 3.12 3.18 5.98 5.61 3.09 5.28 4.7~2 0.691 0.68 0.70 0.72 ) 85.54 86.21 86.00 85.39 Period IV. SRaw Cotton Cotton Seed Hulls. Seed. " 1 28 30 I 0.71 I 3 S Period V. r Cooked Cotton Seed. Cotton Seed Hulls. THE AVERAGE COMPOSITION of JERSEY MILK.1 BUTTER FROM SAME MILK. VOLATILE WATER PEIDPer B ECASEIN SUGAR ASH ACIDS METN Cent Per Cent Per Cent Per Cent P'er Cent 5.36 5.47 5.91 6.121 5.45 4.00 3.93 3.60 3.49 3.36 4.52 5.80 5.45 5.20 5.09 Expressed in 5 grains of CC one-tenth norn~al alkali for fat.! POI NT 0 Co SEII GAVIT,. t10C Group I. I II 0-- 85.35 84.01 84.20 84.46 85.37 0.81 0 81 0.75 0.7:3 0.75 29.8 30.5 27.5 22.1 22.5 3506G 360.1 370.4 430.6 0.90284 0 90280 0.90194 0.89899 0.90262 III IV V Group II I 420.7j 84.78 5.30 4.41 .5.30 4 89 3.89 3.69 3.87 3.40 5.26 077 31.4 340.21 0.90323 II III 85.67 84.79 85.27 5.52 5.64 5.74 0.71 0.72 -0.69 31.1 25.45 20.4 360.3 390.4 420.5 430.5 C 1~111 ~- 0.90152 0 89995 0.89854 0 8857 IV V S85.87 4.92 3.14 5.03 0.71 II 21.9 11 The following table, taken from a record carefully kept at the dairy, gives the aggregate, amount of milk and butter produced by group No. 1, consisting of ten cows, for each experimental period of seven days. Milk in Butter Pounds of milk Pounds. Pounds. for 1 lb. butter. ......... 1414 ......... 82.................. 17.2 ......... 1275.... . ........ 85 Period " I II .4.9 « " III ......... 975.......... .. 91..................10.7 IV ......... 896......89.. 75..............11.9 ..... V ........ 716........ . 58...............12.3 5 As will be observed, there is a marked falling off in the quantity of milk and a corresponding increase in the amount of butter, produced during the first three periods as the cattle were getting more and more under the influence of cotton seed meal. During the remaining periods, the quantities of both milk and butter diminished, the ration being confined to cotton seed and cotton seed hulls, without reference to having it well-balanced as a milk ration. The general effects of these valuable feed stuffs when used in carefully prepared rations will be hereafter investigated; at present, we are concerned only, as previously stated, with their effects on the volatile acids, melting point, and specific gravity of the butter-fat produced under their influenc3. For these effects, attention is called to the above tabular statements, from which the following conclusions are drawn. 1. The quantity and, to some extent, the quality of milk and butter vary with the feeding. 2. The milk increases in richness, or yield of butter, by the use of cotton seed and cotton seed meal, but diminshes in quantity. The opinion of some- that the quality of butter and milk is not affected by the feed stuff, is not sustained by these experiments. 121 12 3. Cotton seed and cotton seed meal increase in a marked degree the melting point of butter, the increase in these experiments, amounting to eight or nine degrees centigrade, and diminish to a corresponding extent, the volatile acids, while the specific gravity remains virtually the same. The richness of cotton seed meal in albuminoids, or crude protein, renders it of prime importance to mix it with one or more feed stuffs poor in this nitrogenous compound, such as ensilage, hay, or cotton seed hulls. It may be stated in this connection, that no change was observable in the color of the butter from feeding cotton seed and cotton seed meal. The samples, still in the laboratory, are all of a beautiful golden yellow. It is proper to state that the analytical work represented in the above tables, was done by Dr. J. T. Anderson, first assistant in the chemical laboratory. 122 BULLETIN No. 26. REPORT -OF NEW SERIES. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT'8TATION, Agricultural and Mechanical College, AUBURN, ALA. - d APRIL, 181 COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS. I~The Bulletins of this Station will be sent Free to any State, on application to the Director. Smith, Allred & Co., State Printers and Binders,,.24 farmer in- the Commerce St.,. Montgomery, Ala. 123 BULLETIN NO. 26. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIM~ENT STATION, Agricultural and Mechanical College, AUBURN, ALA. - APRIL, 1891. BOARD OF VISITORS. COMMITTEE OF TRUSTEES ON EXPERIMENT STATION: J. B. MITCHELL. HON. J. G. CJILCHRIST,... HON. R. F. LIGON,. .. HON. BOARD OF DIRECTION. W. J. N. L. ... . ..... ............................... ... .President S. NEWMAN................................ Director and Agriculturist T. LUPTON........ BROUN P. G. H. F. ME ........... aLL..................................................... . Vice-Director and Chemist Botanist ATK.INSON ................................ ASSISTANTS .Biologist ISAAC Ross .. 1st Assistant Agriculturist, charge of Live Stock and Dairy JAS. CLAYTON .... ... Pi-i. ................... D...................... Second Assistant Agriculturist First Assistant Chemist J.. T. ANDERSON, L. W. M. Sc.............. J. F. WILKINSON, B. Sc.....................Third R. E. NOBLE, B. Sc......... .. ............. A. M. WLLKINSON;, LLOYD, Second Assistant Chemist Assistant Chemist Fourth Assistant Chemist ............ Assistant Botanist B. Sc................. W. B. FRASER.................................... Clerk and Accountant 124 3 STATE LABORATORY, AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE, AUBURN, ALA., April 1st, 1891. HON. R. F. KOLB, Com., of Agriculture, Montgomery, Ala. The following report of analyses of commercial fertilizers and other substances made in the State Laboratory for the Department of Agriculture during the year, from DEAR SIR: April 1st, 1890 to April 1st, 1891, is respectfully submitted. Very truly, N. T. LUPTON, Official chemist, Department of Agriculture. 125 Analyses Reported by Dr. N. T. Lupton from April 1890 to October 1, 1890. POTASH. PHOSPHATES CONTAINING NITROGEN AND i - ~---1---I I- --PHOSPHORIC ACdD. I--I- -- z z O NANIE OF FFRTILIZER. BY WHOM SENT. 9.21 0.31 13 O) NTU. Cl) z 2 10 2.24 1.96 1.54 1.68 1.82 2.62 0 SU 0 1596 Troy Perfect Guano................... 1597 Troy Perfect Guano.................... J. M. L. Sansbury, Daleville, Ala. le IAo , 0w 1.55 $24 02 ]W. F. Collins, Daleville, Ala. 8.98 6.27 9.15 6.73 7.66 7.27 8.66 7.52 ... . 0.59 2.11 1.39 2.36 1.16 2.65 1.27 2.08 1.53 1.67 1.31 2.79 1.88 1.12 3.56 2 25 2.73 1.95 1.81~ 2.931 1.82 24 90 1.41 21 62 2.07 23 83 1.35 21 53 4 F- N1599 Soluble Sea Island..... ................ Howle Bros, Edwardsville, Ala. 1600 Southern Ammoniated Dissolved Bone.... Howle Bros., Edwardsville, Ala 1603 Rock City Guano..................... 1604 Ammoniated Dissolved Bone ........... 1(605 Kennesaw High Grade Guano,.......... W. R. Hagood, Gurly's Creek, Ala.. Elowle Bros., Edwardsville, Ala.. Howle Bros., Edwardsville. 1.75 21 07 Ala... 2.38 27 47 2.38 23 63 1.84 26 61 1.28~ 25 72 1606 Georgia State Grange....................1-Howle Bros., Edwardsville, Ala.. 1608 Fertilizer ........... 1609 Fertilizer ........ ..... .. .......... W. M. Grey, Kincheon, Ala....... R. N. L. Watson, Fatama, Ala 1.61 2.66 2.59 2.52 ..................... 8.10 6.93 J. M. Brown, Chulafinne, Afa... 1612 Alabama Fertilizer........ .. ..................... 1,32 24 04 1613 Rock City Guano................... 1621 Troy Perfect Guano................. 1622 Standard of Columbus, Miss., Oil Mills. 1623 Webb Fertilizer..................... 1625 Southern Ammoniated Dissolved 1626 Adair's Guano ...................... 1627 'Alabama Fertilizer................... 1628 Fertilizer No. 1...................... D. H. Vaughan, Geneva, Ala ... T. F. Windham, Daleville, Ala. Perry C. Gum, Tallulah, Ala. A. L. West, Gregory, Ala........ 7.24 8.79 3. 2.30 .... 2 52 0.65 3.50 0.75 1.68 4.52 1.77 1.93 1 .28 1 .84 0 34 1.61 5.18 1 .63 2.48 2.16 1.63 3.33 2.59 3.59 1 .50 0.37 2.10 2.24 2 59 4.34 1 .68 2.17 2.38 2.10 1.82 2.52 0.21 2.32 1.40 3.36 4.83 4.90 2.38 2.26 25 09 1.89 2448 3.08 23 95 1.27 22 76 1.75 23 42 1.12 Bone W. E. Barnett, Germania, Ala 0. P. Ford, McFall, Ala......... S .40 3.24 8.27 21 22 J. T. Morgan, Sneed, Ala.......... . 1.63 25 97 1.60 24 47 1.50 22 16 2.06 26 12 J. C. Cheney, Montgomery. J. C. Cheney, Montgomery, Albert ............ Elmore, Ala..... 7.871 1.8S2 6.31 6.33 9.6 9.00 7.26 2.93 2.80 1.82 2.76 1.83 3.50 2.22 3.63 4.53 0.76 S1629, Fertilizer No. 2...................... 1632 Fertilizer No. Ala.. 1...................... Gordo, Ala....... 1633 Furman's Fertilizer ...... W. A. Brown, Cave Springs, Ala. A. L. Williamson, Chulafinne, Ala.. F. R. King & Co.. Leighton, 1. 03 21 6] 1634 Fertilizer................ ............ 1638 1.61 25 6~2 1.58 16 96 3.49 24 12 0.93 23 60 1.11 23 89 Fertilizer ................ ............ Ala... Ala.... Ala.... 1639 Standard Fertilizer............... ..... 1640 Webb Fertilizer . F. W. McClure, Fayette C. H., Ala. . No. 1...... ..... J. J. L. Harrison, Bevill's Stor~e, Ala.. L. Harrison, Bevill's_ Store, 1641 Webb Fertilizer No. 2 ................ 1643 Merriman's Guano ................... ---- I--------~--~- 0.937 1.321 2.73 2.56 1.19 . S . A. Flemming, Peak's Hill, 2.36 30 02 Analyses Reported by Dr. N. T. Lupton from April 1890 to October 1, 1890. PHOSPHATES CONTAINING NITROGEN AND POTASH-CONTINUED. PHOSPHORIC ACID. A z 0 NAME OF FERTILIZER. 6 ~N i CI By V WHOM SENT. 0 0. 0 z 16441Fertilizer........................... 1645] Furman's Dissolved Bone............. 1646 Gossypiumn Guano.................. 1647 Fertilizer ........................... 16481Fertilizer ............................ 1649] Fertilizer........ ....... .............. Thomas Gilley, Wicksburgh, Ala. 7.66 2.81 2.1: r-I2.10 2 1.61 ..... 8.22 8.47 iJ 3.22 $27 11 1.54 21 67 1.53 25 86 2.14 25 10 1.48 22 91 1.54 20 66 1.48 23 J. F. Kelley, Chulafinne, Ala ... G. W. Pitts, Pitt, Ala. ........ W. P. Hill, Hillsboro, Ala......... W. W. 1.09 0.8-1 1.8; 1.6; 3 2.66 2.31 1.82 Griffin, Ragland, Ala .... 7.41 7.06 6.83 8.25 8.14 9.38 2.86 2.14 2.35 0.88 0.82 2.39 2.42 2.93 3.3' J. M. Wester, Ragland, Ala........ '6 1.81 1 .26 2.3 '3 2.66 2.5 4 2.3 1.96 1.68 1650 Alabama Fertilizer.................... 16511Georgia State Standard Guano .......... 1652 Rainbow Soluble Phosphate ............ 1653 Ammoniated Dissolved J. T. Adams...................... E. B. Hollis ......... ............. 41, 2.63 23 87 1.32 23 66 1.17 23 83 W. H. Farr, Wilsonville, A. H. Crumpton, Hightower, Ala.... Bone ........... 1.9 )0 1.26 0.3 33 4,34 1654 Excelsior Guano. ............ J. A. Seymore, Gregory, Ala... 1.78. 27 38 1655lStandard Fertilizer.................... jPerry C. Gumn, Tallulah, Ala..... 3.80 4.01 6.96 7.35 8.17 7.06 6.72 7.70 5.93 8.29 . 8.33 3.39 8.00 8.58 . 5.26 7.44 7.23 4.021 2.43, 6.32 1.89 2.67 2.97' 1.93 3.84 2.82 1.88 1.49 1.77 2.18 2.41 1.38 2.03 2.06 2.88 2.94 1 .89 1 .05 1.12 1.89 2.59 1.96 2.45 1.54 1.33 2.52 2.38 1.19 1 .33 3.92 2.10 1.82 3.14 26 33 1656 Fertilizer........................... 1657 Rock City Guano.................. 1658 Ammoniated Dissolved Bone.......... 1660 Georgia State Standard................ 1661 Alabama State Standard.............. 1662 Kennesaw High Grade.............. 1663 Furman's High Grade i1668 S. C. Cook, Camden, Ala.......... W. H. Guthrie, Logan, Ala........ W. H. Guthrie, Logan, Ala........ 4.24 2.68 2.86 1.43 0.43 2.61 1.74 4.91 1.18 1.24 4.14 1.37 0.71 2.48 1.29 1.96 1.39 21 12 1.27 19 82 24 1.26 20 93 2.42 J. R. Davies, Chulafinne, Ala ... J. R. Davies, Chulafinne, Ala .. W. W. 21 1.59 22 82 1.79 23 42 2.81 26 52 J. J. Beverly, Rosewood, Ala ..... Beverly, Rosewood, Ala... Guano......... " Guano............................ J. W. Hunnicutt, Asheville, Ala ... Davis, Ragland, Ala......... . 1.23 23 49 0.89 20 27 1.77 25 94 2.47 23 04 1.22 19 91 1669 Fertilizer ........... J. W. .. . ........ 1671. ,Gossypium Phospho ................... 1672 Standard Fertilizer ................ 1675 "Guano"................ 1676 "Georgia Farmer" .. G. W. Pitts, Pitt, Ala .............. Perry C. Gumn. Tallulah, Ala........ G. Outlaw, Post Oak, Ala .......... .... ,.. .. . ..... J K. Wesson, Peak's Hill, Ala .. 1.52 20 63 2.92 29 81 1.40 22 68 1.85 22 72 1679 Standard Fertilizer ................. 1680 "Merryman "............ 1681 Patapsco ........................... ......... B. C. Walker, Barley, Ala . ....... R. Nation, Blountsville, Ala......... R. Nation, Blountsville, Ala....... r --r-------~~~~~~~-~ ----- I-~ -~I-~-1 Analyses Reported by Dr. N. T. Lupton from April 1890 to October 1, 1890. PHOSPHATES CONTAINING NITROGEN AND POTASH-.-CONTINUJED. 0 0 z NAME OF FERTILIZER. BY WHOM SENT. PHOSOHORIC ACID. c3- I) stn G.) ZiA 0 -Ii I z 3.92 3.89 2.56 1.58 4.12 2.90 2.75 4.36 4.42 1.51 4 ^0 U 1682 Guano No. 1 (dark).................. ..1683 Guano No. A. J. Brightwell, Preston, Ga. A. J. Brightwell, Preston, Ga. A. . 1.26 1.21 7.48 7.89 B 91)0 2.20 2.03 2.03 1 .68 3.92 1 .89. 2.24 2.52 1.26 1.65 $18 00 1.56 17 12 2 22 25 19 2 (light).................. ..... ..... X1 68 5 1686 Old Dominion J. Norton, Edwardsville, Ala...I. Soluble Sea Island ................... ........... E. Caffey, Edwardsville, Ala ........ Marks & Gayle, Montgomery, Ala... 12 2 12 22 87 1688 Alabama Fertilizer........ 1692 John M. Greene's Formula .... 1693 Fertilizer ................ 4.01 5.51 0.87 6.96 2.02 2.57 3.98 1.21 2.09 29 56 2.09 22 07 0.66 21 85 2.05 24 42 2.08 19 02 ,.. ...... F. M. Meritt, Abbeville, Ala........ . F. E. Ashford, Courtland, Ala . 1694 Alabama Fertilizer.................... 1696 Complete Cotton Fertilizer .............. 1697 Cherokee Ammoniated Dissolved Bone... J. T. Adams, Chulafinne, Ala .. J. C. Lee, Strickland, Ala ........... 6.08 6.45 2.29 1.57 J. C. Lee, Strickland, Ala.. 8.981 1 .02 1.61 1.67 22 94 Analyses Reported by Dr. N. T. Lupton from April 1, 1890, to October 1, 1890. ACID PHOSPHATES. 6 Z 0 NAME OF FERTILIZER. BY WHOM SENT. PHOSPHORIC ACID. - Qv 1598 High Grade Acid Phosphate ................ 1610 Howle Bros., Edwardsville, Ala........12.36 2.15 1.63 2.56 $21 76 2272 Phosphate ................ ..... . J. M. Smith, Key, Ala................11.21 .11.42 3.97 3.60 2.21 1611 Phosphate...............................N. 1620 Phosphate................ A. Dobbs, Pincheon, Ala ......... ............. 2.47 1.31 22 53 18 79 E. Wiilingham, Buffalo, Ala.............10.32 A. Wilson, Prattville, Ala............1.21 1624 Fertilizer. .............................. .... .... ... 3.02 10.98 9.69 9.901 11.65 12.00 5.95 1.97 3.521 2.78 2.81 2.26 4.13 4.29 0.66 4.16 0.77 2.58 0 90 1.72 21 34 19 42 19 81 19 02 21 69 21 39 15 12 '1630 Phosphate...... ................ 1631 Fertilizer No. 2 J. S. Pearson, Dixon's Mills, Ala... 1636 Phosphate.............................. 1659 Acid Phosphate..... .................... 1664 Phosphate No.1 .............. 1665 Fertilizer ....... ... . ..................... I....... ..... ............... Albert Elmore, Gordo, Ala......... .... James H. Cash, Millport, Ala.... .W. HI. Guthrie, Logan, Ala..... J. J. C. Hillburn, Temple, Ala............ C. Hillburn, Temple, Ala............. Analyses Reported by Dr. N. T. Lupton From April 1, 1890, to October 1, 1890. ACID PHOSPHAT'ES. 0 PHOSPHORIC ACID. U z O NAME OF ......... FERTILIZER. BY WHOM SENT. ,_. 4). t i IUC) U 1. 16663 Guano ......... ................ ................... ... L. C. V. Harrison, Kingsville, G. W . Hunnicutt, Ashville, ..... ... Ala . 7.20 9.44 13.20 1.51 $13 22 06 1067 Acid Phosphate ...... Ala..... . 3.75 1.87 4.03 50' 19 93 59 1670 Pomona Acid Phosphate 1674 Phosphate ......... J. S. Newman, Auburn, Ala ........ W.- H. Richardson, Knoxville, . 2.44 ...................... Ala.. 8.7111 9.75 65 19 11 19 35 23 70 00 82 1677 Acid Phosphate......................... 1678 P~hosphate .......................... 1701 Phosphate ... .. J. K. Wesson, Peek's Hill, Ala ........ L. P. Chapman, Grove Hill, Ala .... Montgomery Fert. Co., Montgomery, Ala 3.11. 315- 0.15 1.97 ................. 0.38 0.17 0.02, Analyses Reported by Dr. N. T. Lupton -MISCELLANEOUS From April 1, 1890, to October 1, 1890. FERTILIZERS. C NAME OF FERTILIZER. BY WHOM SENT. PHOSPHORIC ACID. 0 Water Soluble. -t Citrate Soluble. - Acid Soluble. I - 1 - 1I 1601 Swann Island Guano........ 1602 Cotton Seed Hull Ashes...... 1618 Carib Guano........... 1619 "Fertilizer" .................. A. Adams, Mobile, Ala.............. Columbus Fertilizer Co., Columbus, Ingle & Long, Ark, Ala.............. j. C. Webb, Demopolis, Ala.......... 0 30 4.21 14.77 28 83 G... 2 71 1 63 1.31 2.09 0 27 0 23 78 28.56 23.34 30.18 16.48 14.59 12.51 8.98 ... 6.72 8 85 7.56 8.19 1635 Carib Phosphate..,............ W. J. Hudson, Mobile, Ala............ 1637 Carib Guano................George F. Ellis, Shiloh, Ala........... 1612 Swann Island Guano......... A. Adams, Mobile, Ala............... 1673 4.83 7.56 "Guano No.. 3" ............. ..... McMillan & Harrison, Mobile, Ala.. Montgomery Fert. Co.,. Montgomery, Ala 09 1687 Tankage ............... 169] Blood and Tankage............ 1695 Bat Manure ......... ........ .... J. H. and J. C. Haas, Montgomery, Ala R. P. Glenn, Afton, Ark............... Montgomery Fert. Co., Montgomery, Ala Montgomery Fert. Co., Montgomery, Ala 2.31 23.60 1699 Cotton Seed Hull Ashes 1700 Phosphate Rock.. ............. 1.09 .. , . 15 36 6 '23 1702 Tankage..................... I IMc1Millan & Harrison, Mobile. Ala ... Analyses Reported by Dr'. N. T. Lupton From October 1, 1890, to April 1, 1891. PHOSPHATES CONr['AINING NITROGEN AND POTASH. z 0 NAME OF FERILIZER. d PHOSPHORIC ACID. B WHOM SENT. bfl 4 CI 1711 hdair's Amnmoniated Dissolved Bone./ Adair Bros. & Co., Atlanta, Ga ........ 76 2851430824302 C 1714 Buffalo Bone Guano............. 1715 Planters's Soluble Guano ... . .. . Adair Bros. & Co., Atlanta, Ga.........8.23 Adair Bros. & Co., Atlanta, Ga.........5.74 Adair Bros. & 3 50 2.86 3.37 2 31 2.09 4.24 4.01 3 78 2.39 0.75 3.57 1.58 0 83 1.06 1.42 1 90 1.51 2 50 1.75 2 80 1 5 2.31 2 24 1.93 26 34 2.63 26 47 1.38 20 92 2.60 26 1616 Furman Soluble Bone ........... 1717 Troy Perfect Guano ..... " . ". .. Co., Atlanta, Ga..........3.93 7.91 7 14 3 87 Troy Fertilizer Co., Troy, Ala........... Troy Fertilizer Co., Troy, Ala.......... Clay Rogers, Talladega, Ala............. 93- 1718 Alliance Guano................. .. .... 1.23 23 80 1 38 .20 91 2 69 25 18 2.74 26 23 1.34 26 03 1722 Sea Island Guano . ... .......... 1.89 1.82 1 89 1.89 1723 Bradley's Ammoniated Dis~solved Bone Bradley Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass....6.26 1724 Eagle Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Bradley Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass ... 6.97 8.16 1 1725 B. D. Sea Fowl Guano............ 'Bradley Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass... 1726 Carolina Fertilizer................ 1728 Bradley's Patent Superphosphate. 1730 Ammoniated Bradley Fertilizer Co,. Boston, Mass. Bradley Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass .. . Rasin Fertilizer Co., Baltimore, Md. 8.56 7 71 7.32 7.68 2.831 1.85 2. 32 1.88 2.50 1 49 1 .64 2 01 0.87 0.94 2.29 2.93 1.43 2.67 1 64 1.0 0.93 2.48 0.98 0.38. 1.05 1 .96 2.59 2.27 1.85 2 24 2.66 1 .96 2 10 2. 66 1.8~2 1 89 1.68 1.89 3.00!) 27 72 1 .99 2685 1.80 24 45 1.13 23 61 Guano.............. Guano.......... 1732 Planters's Soluble Bone Guano . 1737 Farmer' Alliance E. A. Hammett, White Plains, Troy Fertilizer Co., Troy, Ala. Ala. 5.04E 2 39 8 04 2.60 1.36 1.89 1 .62 1 .96 3.10 2 13 2 2~2 2.90 1.77 2 84 0.40 -- 2.24 26 61 2 74 29 1741 Buffalo Bone Guano.............. 1743 Fertilizer................... 1746 Complete Cotton Fertilizer....... Gossypium Phosphate............. 1751 Ammoniated Dissolved Bone. 1754 Fertilizer......................... 1755 Ammoniated Dissolved Bone ... Adair Bros. & Co., Atlanta, Ga....... Montgomery Fert. Co., MontgomeryAla Commercial Guano Co., Savannah, James Owens, Simpkinsville, Ala. John Merryman & Co., Maltimore, 07 8 90 2.14 25 171.81 Ga. 6.91 7.18 23 20 i 2.00 25 5~2 2.13 23 43 0 98 25 93 2 09 24 66 1.58 24 37 2 431 26 Md.. 7 .85 8.62 8.60 8.06 7.75 7.15 6.(6 7.00 ------ r--- Lister's Agri'l & Chemical Works, N.J... Patapsco Guano Co., Augusta, Ga... 1756 Patapco Ammoniated Sol. Phosphate Patapsco Guano Co., Augusta, Ga... 1861 Fertilizer ........................ 1762 Eufaula Fertilizer ................. 1769 Samson Guano ................... 1770 B. & B. Guano.... .. ............. I . Montgomery Fert. Co., Montgomery, Ala. Eufaula Oil & Fertilizer Co., Eufaula. Ala Wight, ~2.20 1.96 2.41 1 57 9~8 90 1.88 22 Weslosky & Brown, Albany, Ga.. 1.54 25 18 1.05 18 27 WVight, Weslosky & Brown, Albany, Ga... -I __ Analyses Reported by Dr. N. PHOSPHATES T. Lupton from October 1, 1890, to April 1, NITROGEN AND POTASH-CONTINUED. 1S91.-Cont'd. .- CONTAINING 6PHOSPHORIC 0 NAME OF FERTILIZER. ACID. By ~Ci2 WHOM SENT. (I) ~I) 1.15 1.56 0 92 2.46 1 56 1.851 2.12 2 15 3 19 2.37 1.56 U (A 0c 1771 Southern Am. Bone Super-phosphate 1772 Southern Dis. Bone Supei-phosphate Crocker Fert. Co., Buffalo, N. Y.........10.06 Crocker Fert. Co., Buffalo, N. Y........8 90 49 46 1.52 1.33 1.82 0.15 0.26 0 15 0 5] 0.60 2.11 1.72 1.38 1 47 1.89 1 82 1.54 2.03 2 52 1 96 1.89 1 82 1.21 2.20 2 5425 08 2.45 25 54 1.32 22 62 1.28 23 66 1 .60~23.59 2 25 25 66 1 .9] 23 44 1774 Complete Cotton Fertilizer......... j. W. Cassady, Midland City, Ala........8 1775 Etowah Super-phosphate...........Maddox, Rucker & Atlanta, Ga......8 Co., 1776 Southern Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Maddox, Rucker & Co., Atlainta, Ga 1778 Old Dominion Guano.............. Maddox, Rucker & Co., Atlanta, Ga... ... 7.83 7 21 7 14 .7,08 7.75 10.17 S.40 1786 Elephant Guano.................... 1787 Standaird Fertilizer ................ 1791 Vandiver's Am. Dis. Bone .......... 1792 Fertilizer . .................. Albany Fert. Farm Imp. Co., Albany, Ga Albany Fert. Co., Albany, Ga......... 2.29 23 50 0 51 24 01 1 26 24 78 2 76 26 28 1790 Americus Am. Bone Super-phosphate Williams & Clark Fert. Co., Augusta, Ga Montgomery Fert. Co., Montgomery, Ala Montgomery Fert. Co., Montgomery, Ala. 1795 Ammoniated Dissolved Bone ........ 1797 Georgia State Grange................ Baldwin Fertilizer Co., Savannah, Ga Baldwin Fertilizer Co., Savannah. Ga 7.58 .83 2 11 3 03 2-.11 1 .82 1.75 2.17 2.45 24 07 1.65 2.00 25 11 1.77 24 25 1798 Edisto Ammoniated Dissolved Bone .. Edisto Phosphate Co., Charleston, S. C 1801 Edisto Ammoniated Fertilizer....... Edisto Phosphate 1806 Fertilizer. ................... 7 37 6.60 1. .98 2.07 ertP Co., Charleston, S. C 2. .3- 1.52 2. 13 0.76 062 2.52 1:138 21 58 2.45 224 2.24 2.24 2.17 2.59 2.66 East Alabama Fert. Co., Clayton, Ala. 8.64 8.42 9 50 1 83 27 55 208 2701 2.351 27 22 2.33 23 18 1 17 28 26 1.87 24 66 1.731 27 07' 1807 Golden Rod Guano No. 3............South Ala. Oil 1808 Golden Rod Guano No. 4............ 1809 Fertilizer...................... I--+ &Fert. Co., Ozark, Ala 8.6?2. 18 South Ala. Oil & Fert. Co., Ozark, Ala Eufaula Oil & Fert. Co., Eufaula, Ala 2 341 0 45 0 58 4. 65 1. 84 0 57 1.7. 1.94 0.96 1816 Kennesaw B. & B. Compound........ Kennesaw Guano Co, Atlanta, Ga.......7.44 C -a 11819 Kennesaw High Grade Guano ....... Kenncsaw Guaro Co, Atlanta, Ga.......6.62 1820 Kennesaw Am. Dis. Bone..........Kennesaw Guano Co., Atlanta, Ga........6.81 3. 17 1. 1822 Patapsco 1827 R. & B. Guano ..................... Wight, Am. Soluble Phosphate.. Patapsco Guano Co., Augusta, Ga ... 8.83 -7.85 87 1.01 1.46 1.34 0.48 0.96 3.14 1.82 2.24 1.68 1.96 1.47 2.10 1.85 24 99 1.61 25 77 1.91 21 70 2.02 22 32 2.14 20 83 1.82 25 05 Weslosky & Brown, Albany, Ga 2. 44 2. 59 . 45 1.. 16 1. 64 1833 Cotton Seed Meal Fertilizer..... .... 1841 Perfection Guano ................... 1842 Perfection Guano, " A A "........... Montgomery Fert. Co., Montgomery, Ala McMillan & Harrison, Mobile, Ala ... McMillan & H-arrison, Mobile, Ala....... 6.24 4.99 7.48 8.39 1846 Merryman's Dissolved Bone.......... East Alabama Fertilizer Co., Clayton, Ala Analyses Reported by Dr. N. T. Lupton from October 1, 1890, to April 1, PHOSPHATES CONTAINING NITROGEN AND POTASH. -- l---cl ~--v n PHOSPHORIC 1891.-Cont'd. z 0 0 NAME OF FERTILIZER. BY WHOM SELNT. ACID. I.r. JA cI - O adO .ZO *- z 2,12 2.38 2.17 2.10 0.98 2. 24 1 .54 1 .54 2.00. 2.03 2.03 U U 1.57 $23 1848 Home Mixture Guano .............. Columbus Fertilizer Co.. Columbus, Ga.. 7.68 6.52 0. 6.911 1.44 3.56 3.06 0.92 0.68 1 .34 2. 70 2.05 1 .72 3.53 2.01 4.80 1 .63 2.42 3.16 71 1850 Alabama Fertilizer................. Alabama Fertilizer Co., Montgomery, Ala 2.38 26 78 1.77 25 21 51854 Ashepoo & Eutaw Fertilizer ......... Ashepoo Phosphate Co., Charleston, S, C. 1855 Ammoniated Guano................ Lorentz & Ritter, Baltimore, Md........ 1856 Dissolved Bone with Ammonia...Lorentz & Ritter, Baltimore, Md ...... 1859 Vandiver &Co.'s Am. Dis. Bone Guano W. F. Vandiver & Co., Montgomery, Ala 1860 Imperial Fertilizer.................. Imperial Fertilizer Co., Charleston, S. C. . 1863 Fertilizer .......... 1864 ................ Montgomery Fert. Co., Montgomery, Ala. Montgomery Fert. Co., Montgomery, Ala. 2.84 22 ;77 7.731 2.83 5.70 7.92 4.99 4.64 7.68 5.90 1.85 5.11 5.34 1.92 1.61 21 17 2.31 28 44 1.24 21 89 1.53 22 71 Cotton Seed Meal Fertilizer ......... ...... ............. 1.45 24 22 1.17 23 48 2.68 33 84 1866 Fertilizer. ..... Columbus Oil Mills, Columbus, Miss .. 1867, Corn and Cotton Fertilizer. ..... Cincinnati Desicating Co., Cincinnati, 0. 1,51 14.01 1869 Lee Fertilizer.................... 1870 Farmers' Club Fertilizer.......... 1874 Fertilizer....................... 1875 Lee Fertilizer Works, Opelika, Ala. Lee Fertilizer Works, Opelika, Ala. Blanchard, Humbert 8.58 8.54 1 .37 2.10 3.06 1.21 1.12 2.16 1.96 2.67 2.06 3.48 1.24 3.64 2.38 0.67 1.20 0.72 1.11 3.85 0.88 0.65 1 .30 3.12 O.15 0.97 0.61 1 .76 1 .96 1.61 2.97 2.10 2.10 2.80 2.10 2.10 1.96 2.03 1.89 2.10 2.07 2.06 2.35 24 91 1.39 23 62 & Co., Columbus, Ga 5.14 9.35 8.97 9.40 8.30 6.20 1.88 25 76 1.50 25 53 2.66 25 98 1.72 3007 3.07 26 95 Patapsco Am. Sol. Phosphate. Patapsco Guano Co., Augusta, Ga. 1880 Fertilizer....................... 1882 Pure Blood Guano............... 1884 Coweta j, C. Lee, Midland City, Ala ............ H. C. Fisher, G. M., Newnan, Ga. H-I. High Grade Guano........ C. Fisher, G. M., Newnan, Ga. 1885 Animal Bone Fertilizer............ C 1886 Aurora Amnmoniatd Phospho. CIO c101888 Woodard's Soluble Guano........ 1S89 Reese's Pacific Guano............. 1890 Eutaw 7ertilizer .............. H. C. Fisher, G. M., Newnan, Ga .... 11. C. Fisher, G. M., Newnan, Ga. Coweta Fertilizer Co., Newnan,Ga. John S. Reese 1.96 23 5 6.85 1 3.57 24 57 2.03 25 84 &Co Baltimore, Md. 4.36 6.68 .8.23 7.69 11 .24 9.33 0.42 5.42 2.25 3.08 2.72 1 .7 1 .33 0.3 1.06 23 40 1.80 =2338 1.10 26 16 6.25 32 23 1.32 25 ... Weil Bros., Opelika, Ala.............. 1896 Magnet Soluble Guano........... . Davis, Marshall 1901 Potato Guano..................... 1902 Eclipse Soluble Guano ........... 1903 Mobile Standard Guano ........... . Mobile Phos.& & Co., Mobile, Ala .. Ch-2m. M'f'g Co.,Mobile,Ala Mobile Phos.& Chem. M'f'g Co.,Mobile,Ala 1Mobile Phos.& Chem. M'f'g Co.,Mobile,Ala Col. J. S. Newman, Auburn, Ala... 1.12 2.10 2.32 27 1.14 25 32 0.58.. 1904 Co upost .......... .............. 11 .76 Analyses Reported by Dr. N. T. Lupton from October 1, 1890, to April 1, 1891.-Cont'd. PHOSPHATES CONTAINIING NITROGEN AND POTASH.--CONTINUED. Y111 1-z 0 Cl) el NAME OF FERTILIZER. BY WHOM SENT. O 0e U 0 1907 Excelsior S. Fertilizer........ .... I90S Fertilizer ........................ J. C. Webb, Demopolis, Ala.......... J C. Webb, Demopolis, Ala.......... 1 .78 1.92 8.42 x.75 4.03! 1.95 6.07 2.07' 2.74 7.3.5 0.84 0. 5 1 .63 2.89 1 .59 1.40 203 1.50 $26 85 1.37 26 94 1.03 23 ~1909 Imperial Soluble Guano ........ ... . Smith T. Meadows & Co., Opelika, Ala.. Smith T. Meadows & Co., Opelika, Ala Falmar & Sons, Troy, Ala ............. 52 m 1910 Globe Guano........... .......... 1912 Pure Bird Guano.................. 1913 M. G. C. Dissolved Bone.......... 1914I P. P. Guano . ....... ............. 1.1.7 20 87 2.03 14 25 1.3.7 24 66 2.20 26 81 1.19 26 49 2.67 23 97 1.34 25 32 1.89 21 33 1 Marietta Guano Co., Atlanta. Ga... . Marietta Guano Co., Atlanta, Ga........ Marietta Guano Co., Atlanta, Ga .... Josiah Snider, Little Oak, Ala......... . . Farmby & Stewart, Spring Garden, 8.04 7.87 6.07 7.79 5.76 4.51. 78.90 2.81 2.91 3.36 2.67 2.38 1.74 1.40 1 .47 2.10 2.17 2.10 2'.24 0.21 1916 S. S. Guano ..................... 1919 Fertilizer ....... ................. ......... 1923 Old Dominion Guano.... Ala.. l927IKing Cotton Guano.............. Chattahoochee Fert. Co., Eufaula, Ala.... 1930 Excelsior Guano.................. 1931 Adair's Ammoniated Dissolved Bone. Mayfield, Pittman & Co., Roanoke, Ala.. Ga.. Ga.. Ga 6.0f 3.08 2.68 1.35 2.16 0.72 1.63 2.01 1.54 0.70 3.50 1.68 1 .68 1.68 1.12 1.75 1.75 2.80 1 .68 1 .89 1.85 1 .61 1.341 20 52 Mayfield, Pittman & Co, ayfield, Roanoke, Ala... 9.61 7. 0.88 22 14 3.33 30 22 1.41 21 50 2.66 21 24 0.50 22 71 0.89 24 93 0.75 22 04 0,95 25 83 1.80 25 90 1.40 25 09 1 .83 23 99 1.22 20 44 3.30 21 55 1933 H.H.&Co'b Pure Ani B HighGCVegF't Hammond, hull & Co., Savannah, 1931 Farmers' Am. Dis. Bone.......... Hammond, Hull & Co., Savannah, 48 7.68 7.30 8.04 8.37 9.07 8.35 6.98 8.31 7.66 . 1935 Ga. State Stand. Am. Super-phosphate Hammond, Hull & Co., Savannah, Ga 1936 "Old Reliable ".................. 1942 Potent Pacific Guano............. S1943 1Eclipse Soluble Guano............ S1944 Mobile Standard Guano...... .. 1945 East Alabama 0.72 2.40 4.75 0.58 3.69 2.14 3.12 2.27 3.32 1 .59 1 .03 2.61 1.95 0.72 2.1 6 1.99 1.59 0.72 Hammond, Hull & Co., Savannah, Southern Phos. Co., Atlanta, Ga. Mobile Phos. & Chem. Mlf'g. Co., Mobile. . Mobile Phos. & Chem. M'f'g. Co., Mobile George McDaniel, Cox's Mill, Ala... Daniel Feagin, Clayton, Ala.......... Fertilizer.... ........ 1946 East Alabama Fertilizer ............ 1950 "Guano" .................... 1954, Goulding's Bone Compound .... 1957 Home Made Fertilizer .............. ... Crewsville Alliance, Crewsville, Ala ..... W. B.Tucker, Opelika, Ala ...... 5.03 6.81 ~2.98 1.11 L.C. Cooper, Hatchechubbee, Ala ...... I Analyses Reported byiDr. N. T. Lupton PHOSPHATES CONTAINING fron October 1, 1890, to April POTASH. , 1891. NITROGEN AND z 0 6 PHOSPHORIC NAME OF FERTILIZER. ACID. U) BY Wisoi i SENT. U O U U aj 1703 Guano. ...................... W. S. Hilburn, Hightogy, Ala............... Adair Bros. & Co., Atlanta, Ga.............. Adair Bros. & Co., Atlanta.Ga.. .... 3.70 6.73 2.64 4.01 1 .65 1.38 $13 89 1.63 2.24 0.1.1 2.38 18 73 3.32 21 03 0.91 20 92 1710 Farish Furman Formula.......... ]740 Farish Furman Formula........... 8.34. 3.27 10.57 11.40 12.15 10.21 8.88 9.86 8.33 ........ 1737 Patapsco Acid Phosphate .......... 1794 A cid Phosphate .................. 1800 Edisto Acid Phosphate ........... 1921 . Patapsco Guano Co., AugustaGa........... 2.83 1.90 1.41 Imperial Fertilizer Co., Charleston, S. C .... Edisto Phosphate Co., Charleston, S. C ........ Imperial Fertilizer Co., Charleston, S. C .... . Ashepoo Phosphate Co., Charleston, S C .... Patapsco Guano Co., Augusta, Ga ............. Paul Hloffmann, Haverly, Ala ................ 1.77 1.24 21 19 1.31 1.66 22 00 Bone Ash. ... .................... 1.38 1 .34 2.63 20 3 3.88 2.98 4.01 3.22 1 .88 18533 Ashepoo Bone Ash.............. 1876 Patapsco Acid Phosphate with 1897 Acid Phosphate with 2.00 21 14 1 .00 20 16 Potash. Potash....... . . ~~~ 0.36 2.80 1 .49 1.90 20 41 1.33 17 32 1924 Ashepoo Bone.Ash . ............. ~"I"~'-~ - --~lr-----'~~''~~~~~~'~~ Farmby & Stewart, Spring Garden, I~--r Ala 7.44 Analyses Reported by Dr. N. T. Lupton from October 1, 1890, to April 1, 1891. ACID PHOSPHATES. PHOSPHORIC z NAME OF FERT1LIZER. c ACID. - BY WHOM SENT. .a~ai Gaa U $23 01 1712 Adair's Acid Phosphate................. 1713 Furman Acid Phosphate ................. 17-20 Acid P CL Adair Bros. & Co., Atlanta, Ga.................12.05 Adair Bros. & Co, Atlanta, Ga.................10.73 Ala...................13.72 3.66 4.68 56 23 11 1.27 24 87 1 .02 21 64 0.77 21 36 0.12 21.84 3.37 21 84 0.56 22 71 1.421 21 67 3.69 24 09 5.09; 22 62 Phosphate.......................Troy Fertilizer Co., Troy, 2.86 11.23 3.20 2.16 11 .97 12 .26 13.13 1727 Palmetto Acid Phosphate...............Bradley Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass............ 1731 Acid Phosphate........................ Rasin Fertilizer Co.. Baltimore, Md...............12.08 1739 Acid Phosphate ....................... Rasin Fertilizer Co., Baltimore, Md......... ..... 2.59 2.30 2.01 1742 Acid Phosphate....................... Montgorner5 Fertilizer Co., Montgomery, Ala ... South Alabama Oil & Fertilizer Co., Ozark, 1752 Acid Phosphate ........................ Ala.... 18581 Acid Phosphate............. ........... 1760 Acid Phosphate ........................ 1763 Acid Phosphiate No. 2 ...... ....... .... Eufaula Oil & Fertilizer Co., Eufaula, Ala......... Montgomery Fertilizer Co., Montgomery, Ala . Montgomery Fertilizer Co., Montgomery, 10.04 14.38 4.41 1.68 1.24 I I Ala.....13.84 Analyses Reported by Dr. N. T. Lupton from October 1I, 1890, to April 1, 1891.-Cont'd. .ACID PHOSPHATES.--CONTINUED. ~tlLlli~?Y~itfi3; Llt;l3VPLtSU 23Y I/l~r LY. I. I-JUU~VLI 1I~V111. VCjC/V~3tjl~ 14 PHOSPHORIC PACID. IUEU z 0 Sl CI). - 0 NAME OF FERTILIZER. BY WHOM SENT. IU 1764 Acid Phosphate No. 3................ 1765 Acid Phosphate No. 1766 Acid Phosphate No. Montgomery Fertilizer Co., Montgomery, Ala. South Alabama Oil & Fertilizer Co., Ozark, Ala.. South Alabama Oil & Fertilizer Co., Ozark, 12.53 13.13 12.84 8.83 14.93 12.26 8.02 8 73 12.65 13.74 . 8.54 13.53 1.32 1 .94 1.68 6.09 1.58 2.64 4.14 4.61 1.42 1.02 5.86 1.06 7.401 $20 77 0.94 CoC) 22 60 1 .39 21 78 I................ 2................ Ala... ~1773 Americus Acid Phosphate............. Williams & Clark Fertilizer Co., Augusta, Ga . Maddox, Racker & Co., Atlanta, Ga............ 2.18 22 38 1.71 24 76 0.69 22 35 3.00 18 24 20 00 2.09. 21 10 1.40 22 14 1.24 21 60 0. 761 21 88 1777 Southern. Acid Phosphate............. 1782 Acid Phosphate .................... .. Schloss,&.Kahn, Montgomery, Ala.............. 1783~ Acid Phosphate ...................... 1788 Acid Phosphate ...................... 1793 Dissolved Bone ....................... 1796 Acid Phosphate ...................... 1799 High Grade Acid Phosphate........... 1803 Acid Phosphate ................... M. P. McCarley, Buffalo, Ala................... Albany Fert. & Farm Imp. Co., Albany, Ga.. . Imperial Fertilizer ("o., Charleston, S. C ......... Bald win Fertilizer Co., Savannah, Ga ............. Edisto Phosphate Co., Charleston, S. C.......... .. . East Alabama Fertilizer Co., Clayton, Mla....... . 1813 Acid Phosphate....................... 1817 Kennesaw High Grade Acid Phosphate... -Kennesaw South Alabama Oil & Fertilizer Co., Ozark, Ala..j Guano Co., Atlanta, Ga................ 12.55 i6 2.2 2.3 3.55 0.691 22 24 2.57 1S 43 0.19 20 98 1 .51 21 91 1818 Patapsco Acid Phosphate................Patapsco Guano Go, Augusta, Ga................10.44 1845 Acid Phosphate....................... East Alabame Fertilizer Co., Clayton, Ala..... 1847 Magnet Acid Phosphate................ Davis, Marshall 1849 Soluble Bone .......................... 1851 Acid Phosphate........................ 12.90 1 .73 1.06 1.36 3.02 3.06 & Co, Mobile, Ala...............12.96 0.76 21 03 0.76 19 74 0.61 23 38 1.97 -20 56 2.78 24 2-2 2.32 24 27 1 .66 21 Columbus Fertilizer Co., Columbus, Ga...........11.80 Kennesaw Guano Co., Atlanta, Ga...............12.57 1852 Ashepoo & Eutaw Acid Phosphate........ Ashepoo Phosphate Co., Charleston, S. C.........10.65 185"i1 Diamond Soluble Bone Phosphate........ W. F. Vandiver & Co, Montgomery, Ala ......... 10.21 6.07 4.39 5.39 2.40 1.50 4.58 3.9l01 4.52 2.02 1858 High Grade English Phosphate...........'W. F. Vandiver & Co., Montgomery, Ala.........11.79 1861 Acid Phosphate.......................V. 1868 Acid F. Vandiver & Co., Montgomery, Ala..........8.94 ....... 1Trawick & Jernigan, Opelika, Ala................ 49 Phosphate............ .12.07 1.40 21 70 0.15 21 25 2.07 22 73 3.48 3.45 17 1871 Acid Phosphate........................ Mobile Phos. & Chem. M'f'g Co., Mobile, 1878 Woodard's High Grade Acid Phosphate... Coweta Fertilizer Co.. Newnan, 1881 Eutaw Acid Phosphate . ........... Ala....12.671 Ga....... ....... 10.59 8.07 6.87 12.88 S. L, Burdeshaw, West Point, Ga.................. 901 08 1891 Eutaw Acid Phosphate................. Weil Bros., Opelika, Ala....................... 1893 Acid Phosphate . ...................... Col. J. S. Newman, Auburn, Ala.................. 17 L 2.53 22 35 V Analyses Reported by Dr. N. T. Lupton from October 1, ACID o NAME OF FERTILIZER. C4) PHOSPHATES. 1890, to April 1, 1891. PHOSPHORIC ACID. U BY WHOM SENT. S 1911 Woodard's ACid U 1.57 ') ,7I U 2.07 $21 01 n :,al Phosphate ............. J. T. Seay, Fernbank, Ala................... 12.44 I -I P721 1915 Piedmont Acid Phosphate.............. Marietta Guano Co., Atlanta, 1920 Acid Phosphate...................... Ga............ U.I v 20 85 Josiah Snider, Little Oak, Ala.................. & Stewart, Spring Garden, Ala.......... 10.04 6.88 12.76 11.64 . 9.08 2.13 7.80 2.74 2.55 2.50 3.08 3.81 3.48 3.56 3.41 3.69 6.62 18 25 1.44 22 02 1821 A shepoo Phosphate..................... Farmy 4 1822 Southern Phosphate.................... Farmbv & Stewart, Spring Garden, Ala.......... 1926 Nation Guano (Phosphate)..............1-1. E. Eddins, 1928 Acid Phosphate ........................ 1937 Acid Phosphate....................... Tuscaloosa, Ala................. 0.19 23 25 1.26 21 43 1.78 17 37 1.09 23 47 1.26 21 31 2.60 20 71 1 .78 22 72 2.16 22 47 2.07 22 17 Chattahoochee Fertilizer Co., Eufaula, Ala ....... Columbus Oil Mills, Columbus, Miss .............. 12.57 . .. . 10.40 10.33 11.59 11.57 11.09 1938 Georgia State Standard Acid Phosphate.[lammond, Hull & Co., Savannah, Ga ........... 1948 Edisto Dissolved Bone :................. 1949 Acid Phosphate....................... 1952 Acid Phosphate A".................... Edisto Phosphate Co., Charleston, S. C....... Crewsville Alliance, Crewsville, Ala .............. . Atkeison & Pearson, Atkeiso-ii, Ala ............ 1953 Acid Phosphate " P ".........' Atkeison & Pearson, Atkeison, Ala ......... I Analyses Reported by Dr. N. T. Lupton from October 1, 1890, to April 1, 1891. MISCELLANEOUS FERTILIZERS. PHOSPHORIC ACID. z 0 O NAME OF FERTILIZER. 0 BY WHOM SENT. C1) a CI U1 z Troy Fertilizer Co., Troy, Ala ............... Troy Fertilizer Co., Trov, Crocker Fertilizer Co., 0 1719 Phosphate Rock.................. 1721 Tankage ......................... 1729 Bone .. 2'2.08 ... 0.76 27.64 12.19 ... .. . . ........ .... . . . 3 .20. 25.01 31.77 ... 1.52 10.22 . .... .... 15.30 . . I Ala............... Y .......... 9.94 . 2.38 .. 6.2~3.. Meal...................... . Buffalo, N. 1733 Tankage ........................ 1734 Natural Phosphate................ 1735 Natural Phosphate ................ 1736 Natural Phosphate ............... 1838 Con. Tankage ............ 1744 Tankage......................... 1745 Dried Blood..................... 1747 Swan Island Guano .......... .... ....... Montgomery Fertilizer Co., Montgomery, Al.... H. A. Phares, Yalaha, Fla................... H. A. Phares, Yalaha, Fla .................. H. A. Phares, Yalaha, Fla ........... Troy Fertilizer Co., .... T. Troy, Ala ........... W. Humphrey, Mobile, Ala......... ...... 9.19.. J. W. Humphrey, Mobile, Ala ............... . A. Adams, Mobile, Ala ..................... .. .0.76 13.40 . ... 16.77 11.S Analyses Reported by Dr. N. T. Lupton from October 1, 1890, to April MISCELLA~NEOUS FERTILIZERS-CONTINUED. 1, 1891. ACID. cI ~C). U Ir PHOSI PHORIC NAME OF FERTILIZER. BY WHOM SENT. z I I 1748 Crocker's Pure Bone Meal ....... 1749 Cotton Seed . C. L. Dean & J. J. Robinson, Lafayette. Ala....... .. 30 18 325 .. .3.03 . 4 83 15.93 . .. . . (n 1 96 7.42 7.42 1.38 1.79 49.01 Meal ......... ... Montgomery Fertilizer Co., Montgomery, Ala . South Alabama Oil & Fertilizer Co , Ozark, Ala.. .... Eufaula Oil & Fertilizer Co., Eufaula, Alih..... .... R. A. Finche, Mobile, Ala ................... t.L. 1.. r 1753 Cotton Seed Meal................ 1759 Muriate Potash............. o 1767 Caribbean Phosphate............. 1768 LJIe D1000 i))U ............ . ...... ... lceivi obiC), :ii............ V Ai. ;tO '7 (fl (. w.~... 1779 Muriate Potash "J. R."............East 1780 Muriate Potash Alabama Fertilizer Co., Fast Alabama Fertilizer Co., "J. S."............. Clayton, Ala........51.St Clayton, Ala.............. ...... ..... 50 95 1781 Muriate Potash " C. C. B. ".......... 1784 Muriate Potash No. 1.............. 1785 Muriate Potash No. 2..............South 1789: Muriate Potash. . ..... East Alabama Fertilizer Co., Clayton, Ala South Alabama Oil & Fertilizer Co., Ozark, Ala...... Alabama Oil 50.6 . 0.69 ..... & Fertilizer Co., Ozark, Ala.....50.57 ..... ....... ......... ...... 51 .86 49.99 . Eufaula Oil & Fertilizer Co., Eufaula, Ala...... ...... East Alabama Fertilizer Co., Clayton, Ala....... 1801 '.Muriate Potash ..................... 1805 Cotton Seed Meal ... 1810 " Fertilizer "....... ............. East Alabama Fertilizer Co., Clayton, Mountain & Son, Mobile, Ala.................... .. Ala... 2.69 .... .... 3.2q_ 7.56 31.99 ................ 3.45 3.92 7 21 L1.76 7 35 1.87 5-1 97 1811 Cotton Seed Meal No. 6....... South Alabama Oil & Fertilizer Co., Ozark, Ala Alabama Oil & Fertilizer Co., Ozark, Ala South Alabama ... 3.09 3.03 1812 Cotton Seed Meal No. 7...........South 1014~ Muriate Potash..................... 1815 Caribbean Guano..................L. 1823 tankage.........................J. 1824 Muriate Potash S1825 Oil & Fertilizer Co., Ozark, Ala. 4.41 28.01 9 98 .. 7.07 H. Davis, Biler, Ala.......................... H. & J. C. Haas, Montgomery, Ala............. ' E. B. E. " .......... East Alabama Fertilizer Co., Clayton, Ala ......... .50.71 50.83 51.37 ...... Muriate Potash " U. B. E.".........East Alabama Fertilizer Co., Clayton, Ala......... 1826 Muriate Potash "0. 1828 Tankage ............. B. E."..........East Alabama Fertilizer Co., Clayton, Ala......... ............. Columbus Fertilizer Co., Columbus, Ga........ ... 19.37 1 1 tR ~11.U) 5.60 6 6C 7 1829 Tankage No. 1.......... 1830 Tankage No. 2................... 1831 Tankage No. 3 .......... Montgomery Fertilizer Co., Montgomery, Ala... ... Montgomery Fertilizer Co., Montgomery, Ala........ . M\ontgomiery Fertilizer Co., Montgomery, Ala ......... ..................... 6.39 . . . . 1832 Tankage No 4.................... 1835 Cotton Seed Meal.................. 1836 Pure Bone Mea.... Montgomery Fertilizer Co., Montgomery, Ala... East Alabama Fertilizer Co., Clayton, Ala..... ..... F.D T n lyS lia la. .. . . .. . .. . . rtiliz 9.73 3.50 23 98 i 6.72 7. 2.31 2.20 . ....... I -- - - - -- ~ - -- - - - i i- Analyses Reported by Dr. N. T. lupton from October 1, 1890, to April MISCELLANEOUS FERTILIZERS -CONTINUED. 1, 1891. ACID. . . PHOSPHORIC NAME OF FERTILIZER, BY WHOM SENT. . - U 1837 Ground Bone.......................F. 1838 Bone & Blood Fertilizer............. D. Tinsley, Selma, Ala.................... ........ 26.88 16.87 Z 3.43 5.39. ... o I". Tinsley, Selma, Ala........................ D. F. D. Tinsley, Selma, Ala...................0.74 Columbus Fertilizer Co., Columbus, Ga....... .... 1839 Pure Dissolved Bone.. ........... 1840 Tankage............................ 01843 14.62 .... 7.37 18.12 9.96 238. 5.95. 7 21. 6.86 7 00 ... Tankage No. 1 (St. Louis) .......... Columbus Fertilizer Co., Columbus, Ga. ................ .. 1844 rankage (Kansas City)............. 1862 Liverpool Tankage Columbus Fertilizer Co., Columbus, Ga.......... H. & J. C. Haas, Montgomery, Ala......... ..... .... 14.67 7.50 .................J. 1865 Tankage No. 6 .................... 1872 Cotton Seed Meal (prime) ........... 1873 Cotton Seed Meal " Of" ........... Montgomery Fertilizer Co., Montgomery, Ala................ Col. J. S. Newman, Auburn, Ala.................. ... .... .... .... .... ... 14.40 ... .... 5.95... 42...... 53....3 ..... Col. J. S. Newman, Auiburn, Ala................ .. . 1877 Natural Phosphate................. J. T. Moses, Montgomery, Ala................ 1878 Tankag~e No. 1............ 1879 Tankage ........ Columb'us Fertilizer Co., Columbus, Ga........... .Cobimbw, Fertilizer Co., Columbus, Ga.......... ..... 19.35 .... .... 14.64 18.58. No. 2................... 6.37 . 5.18 .. 1892 Cot"Guano"......................e..........Pauline unsvie, .&..War719eyuanMobile,.....Ala.........Palin.&.arle,.Mbil, 1894 Sodium Nitrate ................... 1895 Muriate .Col. .Col. J. S. Newman, Auburn, Ala................ J. S. Newman, Auburn, .... .... .............. . .9.... . 52.'U Potash.,.... .............. Ala ................ .... ... 1898 Cotton Seed Meal ................. 1899 Swan Island Paul Hoffman, Waverly, Ala.................... Adams & Co., Mobile, Ala................... .... 6 82 2.80 7.14 1 04 ..... 'Guano. ........ A. 15.22...... 1900 Swan Island Phosphate Rock........ A. Adams 1918 Concentrated Co., & Mobile, Ala................... .... ... . ....... .... 22.03...... 0 92 11.69 ... . Tankage.............. Troy Fertilizer Co., Troy, Ala ...... ...... . 21.50 1.42 .. 1 .8"' 1 31 1.59 1923 Desiccated Tankage (Kainite)...Col J. S. Newman, Auburn, Ala................... ........ ... .... .... .... .... 2.99 15 22 3.64 23 .... 7.21 6.02 7.21 6.71 7.00 S1929 Cotton Seed Meal.................. 1932 Tankage .......................... 1039 Cotton Seed Meal No 1............. 1940 Cotton Seed Meal No. 2............ 1941 Cotton Seed Meal No. 1947 Ashes fromCoke Souithern Cotton Oil Co.. Montgomery, Ala.... J. Steincr LV Sons, Greenville, Ala............... Marks & Gayle, Montgomery, Ala .............. Marks & Gayle, Montgomery, Ala....................3 Marks & Gayle, Montgomery, Ala................... S. W. Riddle, Gadsden, ..... 3 ............ .. . .3 .... ... 20 Furnace ........... Ala..................... 0.76 .22.07 1951 Phosphate Rock........ ............ 1955 Tankage.......................... 1956 Dried Blood ........... .......... J. T. Moses, Montgomer Y, Ala................ .... ..... ..... .... 30.72 ....... 19.00 ...... 4.90 .,. 12 39.. . Montgomery Fertilizer Co, Montgomery, Ala........ .... Montgomery Fertilizer Co., Montgomery, Ala,... Guaranteed Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, Filed in the Office of the Commissioner of Agriculture by Dealers and Manufactues BY WHOM REPORTED. NAME OF FERrILIZER OR CHEMICAL. NAME. ADDRESS. GUARANTEED ANALYSIS. By WHOM WHERE 1ob Phosphoric Acid. MANUFACTURED. M \NUFXCTUR'D. comed Rome C. & C. Guano . Dis. Bone with Am. and Potash Ammoniated Dissolved Bone.... National Bone Dust............. Standard Guano................ihlbany Standard Tinsley's Standard Fertilizer... Tinsley's Stand. Acid Phosphate. Troy Perfect Guano. ....... Guano................hlbany 1.he Rome Chem. Co Rome, Ga .... [The Rome Chem. Co Rome. Ga ... No Western Fert. Co U. S. Y.,Chicago No-Western Fert. Co U. S. Y.,Chicago Fert.&F.I.Co Albany, Ga. Fert.&F.J.Co Albany, Ga .... Tinsley Fertilizer Co'Selma, Ala.... Tinsley Fertilizer Co Selma, Ala..... Fert. Co., Troy. Ala.... Rome Chemical Co Rome Chemical Co No-WestnFert. Co No-West'n Fert.Co Albany Aloany Tinsley Tinsley 2002 00 6 0Y 01 Rome, Ga "0 0 2 1 Rome, Ga U.S Y., Chicago 2001.75 1 2.20 5.80... U. S Y., Chicago 200 1.75 2.20 ... Ft & Im Co Ga 200 2.73 0 1.50 125 Ft & Im Co Albany, Ga. 200 0 1.30 1.25 Fert. Co Selma, 2002 8 1 2 Fert. Co Selma. Ala. 200 . 10 3 2 10 1 0.50 0.50. $20 8~0 16 90 19 33 19 33 23 58 23 58 21 30o 19 50 t9 83 19 83 19 83 18 00 25 28 23 80 20 82 19 00 19 50 Albany, 5.80 1 1 Ala. 2.75 .. 1(60 1.60 .... The Trov The Troy Fert. Co Troy, Farmers' Alliance Guano.......[he Troy Fert. Co.. Troy, Ala .. The Troy Fert. Co Troy, Ala Pike County Guano The Troy Fert. Co. .Troy, Ala..The Troy Fert. Co Trov, Ala. The Troy Acid Phosphate [he Troy Fert. Co. Trov, Ala......The Troy Frt. Coro, Ala Farmers' High Grade Guano.... Adair Bros. Atlanta, Ga. ... Furman F'm Jm Co Atlanta, Ga... Buffalo Bone Guano............ Bros. Co... Atlanta, Furman Firn Im Co Atlanta, Ga. Farmers' Sol. B. with Amn. Pot Adair Bros. & Co .. !tlanta, Ga .... Furman F'm Im Co Atlanta, Ga... Famrish Furman Formula.._. Adair Bros. & Co.. Atlanta, Ga..... Furman Im Co Atlanta. Ga. Furman's Acid Phosphate ....... Adair Bros. & Co... Atlanta, Ga .... Fui man Fm Imn Co Atlanta., Ga . Adair's Am. Dis. Bone.....Adair Bros. .& Co. Atlanta, Ga.... Adair Bros. & Co Atlanta, Ga. Planters' Soluble Guano. ..... Adair Bros. Co '. Atlanta, Ga... . Adair Bros. Co Atlanta, Ca Adair's Acid Phosphate.....Adair Bros. & Co... Atlanta, Ga. .. Adair Bros. Co Atlanta. Ga. Ala 20017 .. 1 7 .. 200 1.75 7 .... 1 200 1.73 & .\dair & &Co.. 200 7 10 7.30 -7.35 1 2 .. . 1 . 1.30 1 Ga..... 2002.25 2002 2.50~2 3 2 F'm 2000.85 0 2.502 8 1 & Ammoniated Dissolved Bone. Georgia Statc Grange Fertilizer. Balowin Georgia State Grange Acid Phos Baldwin Bone and Potash............... Baldwin Bone Compound............... .Baldwin . Baldwin Fertilizer ColSavannah, Ga.. Cc) Co Co Co & & Baldwin Fert. Co. Port Royal, S. C Fertilizer Fertilizer Fertilizer Fertilizer Savannah, Ga. .. Savannah, Ga... Savannah, Ga... Savannah, .. Ga. BaldwinFert. Baldwin Fert. Baldwin Fer t. Baldwin Fert. Co. Co. Co. Co. Port Port Por t Port Royal, Royal, Royal. Royal, S. S. S. S. C C C C 200 . 8 200 .. 11 200~2 7 200 1.83 7 200' 1I 2001.73 S 200 1.73 8 200 .. 10 200 9 200 1.73 8 3 2 2.50 2 2 3 2 1 3 1 2 .12 . . 2 1.0 2 2 1.30 2 2 2 .. 2 1.50 4 2 1.501 ... 12 23 23 19 23 23 18 20 21 80 2-2 50 83 83 00 50 83 Roll Ro' Georgia Stand. Acid Phosphate. [lammoud,Hull & Co Savannah, Ga... Hamn, Hull & Co Say Ga & Pt Rol Crescent Bone Acid Phosphate... Hammond,Hull & Co Savannah, Ga... Forest City Acid Phosphate Hammond,Hull & Coi Ga. -am'nd, Rol Ga. State Stand. Dls. Bone Phos HammondHull & CoySavannah, Ga.. Ham'nd, Hull & Co Say Ga & Pt Rol Port Acid Phosphate...-.. CodSavannah. Ga...iHani'nd,-ull Port Royal D)is. Bone Phosphate. Hammond,Hull & Co Savannah, Ga... Ham'nd, Hull & Co Sax Ga & Pt Rol Oglethorpe Acid. Phosphate Hamrnond,Hull &Co Savannah, Ga... lam'nd, Hull & Co Say Ga & PtRol Cotton Boll Acid Phosphate.... Hammond,Hull & Co Savannah, Ga...Hlam'nd, Hull & Co Say Ga & Pt Ro'l Oglethorpe Phosphate .Hammond,Hull . Co Savannah, Ga.Ham'ndIhull .. Ga. State Stand. Am. Supe-Phos Hammondliull & Co Ga. State Stand. Am. Super-Pho. Hammond,Hull & Cu Port Royal Cotton Fertilizer.... Hammond,Hull &Co Oglethorpe Am. Dis. Bone .... lammond,Hull & Co Forest City Am. Dis. Bone .... Hammnond,Hull & Co Hardee's Cot.Boll Am. Sup-phos , Hammond, [lull & Co Crescent Bone Fertilizer. ... S Ilammondlull & Co Farmers' Am. )is. Bone.........l HamnondHull & Co Alliance Am. Dis. Bone........ Hammond,Hull Co So. Ca. Am. Dis. Bone ........ , Hammond, H ull & Co & Savannah, Savannah, Savannah, Savannah, Savannah, Savannah, Savannah, Savannah, Savannah, Savannah, Ga..1am'nd, Hull & Co Ga... Hamd, Co Ga...lam'nd, Hull & Co Ga.. Ham'nd, Hull & Co Ga... Ham'nd, Hull Co Ga. Ga Ft Co&Pt R' Ft Ga... Ham'd,lMull & Co Ga... Ga FtCo&Pt R' Ft Ga... Ga Ft Co&t Ri Ft Ga.. GaFt Co&Pt RIFt Old Reliable .... . . Iammond,Hull & Co Savannah,G... H H & Co's P An B, H G Veg Fert l-arnmnond,Lull & Col Savannah, Ga... Ham'nd, Hull & Co Sax Ga & Pt Rol Savannah, Ham'nd, Hull & Co Say Ga & Pt Rol Hull & Co Say Ga & Pt 167 1.151 Pt Ro'i 230 1.65 Sax Ga & Pt 200 1.65 Say Ga & Pt Ro'l 2.00 1. 05 Sav Ga & Pt 200 [OS5 Sav Ga & Pt Rol 200 1.05, Say Ga & Pt 2001.6O Say Ga & Pt 2001 .OS Say Ga & Ft 200 1.05 Ga FtCo&Pt R'l Ft Sa Ga & Ft 200 1.05 Sav Ga Ga Hull & SavGa & Pt & Sax & Pt & Rol R'l 200 1.65; 7 Ro'l 7 7 7 7 11 1 l 1 '1 1 2 20 44 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 20 44 20 44 20 44 0 44 Ro'l Rol Roll 2005 200). 2001. 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 0 J10 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1. 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 0.10 0.10 5 . 20 44 20 44 19 44 19 44 18S54 18 54 18 00 )(101. ... 1 1 1 1 36050' 18 00 18 00 200..10 200.... 200 2 Royal Hammond, Hull & & ColSay Ga & Pt Rol .. ... 0 1 10 10 2 2 2 2 .... 1 1 1 ... .. 18 00 18 00 1800) 200'..110 200 ... 10 2 2 1 Dis. Bone & Genuine German Kainit.... ... & Co Sa Hammond,Hull & Co Savannah, Ga... 'Imported .... ... Germany . . Gtorgia Fertilizer............ . Hammond,H nil Savannah, Ga... I-lam'nd, H-ull & Co Say Ga & Pt Manley, l-landlcy&Co's Am Dis B lammond,Hlull Co Savannah, Ga... Georgia Fesnt. Co.. Savannah, Ga.. Manley, Handlev&Co's XX Ac Ph Htammond,Hu l & Co Saxvannah, Ga.. Gergia Pert Cu Ga.. & Co & Ga & Pt Ro'l 200 ... 10 200 2001.65 7 2 1 1 1800 1 1 13800 Roll Georgia Acid Phosphate......... Hammond,Hull Tlillis' English Acid Phosphate.. Ham'nd, Hull & Co ...... Manley, Handley&Co's Am Dis B Hammorid,Hull & Co Savannah, Ga.. -am'nd, Hull & Co Savannah, Ga... Manley, Handley&Co's XX Ac Phl-Iammond, Hull & Co Savannah, Ga... H-am'nd, Hull & Cu Savannah, Ga. Ammoniated Dissolved Merryman & Co Baltimore; Md J. Merryman & Co Barren & Savannah, Ga. Co Hammond,l-lull & Savannah, Ga.. Co Merryman & Co Baltimore, .. Savannah. Ham'rd, Ilull & Co Sax Ga & Pt Ro'l Test Guano............;John High Grade Acid Georgia Bone.... John Phosphate.... Walton Guano............Walton XWalton Acid Phosphate. .. John Merryrnan & Co Baltimore, Mills ... Charleston, S. C 200 Guano Co . Social Circle, Ga Walton Guano Co. Social Circle, 2002 Walton Guano Co. Social Circle, Gad Walton Guano Co. Social Circle, Gay 200 Mci.. J. Merrynman M\d. Wappoo & Co Barren Isla'd.NY! 107 1.05J 0 IsladNY 1671.6 200 1.65 7 200 .. 200 .110 200 10 200 1.05 7 200 . 10 .. .. !102 12 1 2 2 1 2 2 9 1 1 1 12 .. ... 11 18 00 11 00 2044 . 1 1 1 3 1 [9 44 18 00 1800 1 1 1 18 00 19 44 18 00 1944 19 .. , .19 Gal 110 . 1 3 7 3 2 44 50 1 2 1 16 50 22 30 10) Guaranteed Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, Filed in the Office of the Commissioner of Agriculture by Dealers and Manufactures.C OF NAME BY WHOM: REPORTED.GARNEDAA.E. By NAME. ADDRESS. WHOMZ WHERE MAXUFACUURD 0Pospoc Acid. 0 FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL. MANUFACTURED. .p. Pride of Tennessee.............. Walton Guano Co. Social Circle, Ga WYalton Guano Co Social Circle, Ga 200 2 Walton Guano Co. Social Circle, Ga Walton Guano Co Social Circle, Ga 200 1 Clover Leaf .................... . Pure Dissolved Bone.,.......... Walton Guano Co. Social Circle, Ga Walton Guano Co Social Circle, Ga 200 2002 Americus Guano...............\mericus Guano Co Americus Ga.. Americ's Guano Co Americus, Ga. Eddystone Soluble Guano.......Americus Guano Co Americus, Ga... Americ's Guano Co Americus, Ga. John M. Greens Formula........ Americus Guano Co Americus, Ga.. Americs Guano Co Americus, Ga.2002 , Americus Dissolved Bone ... ... Americus Guano Co Americus, Ga... Americ's Guano Co Americus, Ga.200 Atlanta Guano Co. Atlanta, Ga. John M. Green's Soluable Guano . Atlanta Guano Co . Atlanta, Ga. . Eddystone Soluble Guano ....... Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta, Ga .... Atlanta Guano Co. Atlanta, Ga Atlanta, Ga... Atlanta Guano Co. Atlanta, GL. .. Atlanta Am. Super-Phosphate .. Atlanta Guano Co Rainbow Soluble Phosphate ..... Atlanta Guano Co.. Atlanta, Ga ... .Atlanta Guano Co. Atlanta, Ga.... 2001 200 Sunny South Acid Phosphate.... Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta, Ga..... Atlanta Guano Co. Atlanta, Ga 200 Atlanta Guano Co.. Atlanta, Ga .. Atlanta Guano Co. Atlanta, Ga. Atlanta Soluble Bone ........... Berkeley Acid Phosphate........ Berkeley Phos Co ... Charleston, S. C Berkeley Phos Co. Ashley junct,S C 200 .. 2002 2002 2002 2002 7 8 10 7 7 7 10 7 7 7 S 10 10 9 7 7 2 2 3 2 Berkeley Dissolved Bone......... Berkeley Phos Co.. . Charleston. S. C Berkeley Phos Co. IAshlev Junct,S C C 200 2.00 Berkeley Soluble Guano......... Berkeley Phos Co.. Charleston, S. C Berkeley Phos Co. Ashley Berkeley Am. Dis. Bone......... Berkeley Phos Co. . Charleston, S. C Berkeley Phos Co. Ashley junct,S C 200 1.05 . Co's Alli. LI. G. Ac. Phos Berkeley Phos Co .. Charleston, S. C Berkeley Phos Co. Ashlev junct.S C 200 Penn Penn ... 10.50 150.....180 & Dis. Bone Acid Phos Berkeley Phos Co... Charleston, S. C Berkeley Phos Co. Ashley Junct,S C 200 Co's &Co's Am. Fertilizer ..... Berkeley Phos Co... harleston, S. C Berkeley Phos Co. Ashley Junct,S C 200.1.05 97 1 Penn & 2002165 6 3311 1t G WV Scott M'g Co Atlanta, Ga. Gossypium Phospho............ G W. Scott M't'g Co Atlanta, Ga. 6 1 G Scott M'g Co Atlanta, Ga....2t)0 G W Scott M'fg Co Atlanta, Ga Scott's Animal Am. Guano ... 6 3 1 200 1.65 G XVScott M'g Co Atlanta, Ga... Hansell's State Standard......... G W Scott M'f'g Co Atlanta, Ga... .... .. Junct,S 200 .. 10.50 1.502 1 1 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 3 3.21 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 21 2 2 2 2 21 1 1 1 1 1. 1. 15176 15 .0 1 1 2 165 80 215 65 170 28 209 09 200 WV . W Scott M'f'g Co Atlanta, Ga Scott's Potasso Phospho.....G Scott's High Grade Acid Phos.... G W Scott M'f'g Co Atlanta, Ga. .... 200. G W Scott M'g Co Atlanta, Ga. G W Scott M'g Cc Atlanta, Ga...200....... 5 1 7 7.50 5.50 1195 '-Old Montgomery Blood & Bone Fert. Montgom'y Fert. Co Montgoin .ryAla. Mont. Pert. Co... Montgomery, Ala Sea Gull Soluble Guano ......... Montgom'y Fert. Co Montgomery,Ala Mont. Fert. Co... Montgomnery,Ala Alliance Am. Dis. Bone........ JMontgom'y Fert. Co Montgomeiy, Ala Mont. Fert. Co... MontgomeryAla High Grade Acid Phosphate..... Montgom'y Fert. Co Montgomery.Ala Mont. Fert. Co... MontgomeryAla High Grade Dis. Bone. ......... Mongon'y Fert. Co Montgorery,Ala Mont. Fert. Co... MlontgomeryAla Vandiver's Am. Dis. Bone......IMontgom'y Fert. Co Montgomery,Ala Mont. Fert. Co... L. & L. High Grade Dis. Bone .. Montgom'y Fert. Co l ontgomnery,Ala Mont. Fert. Co... MontgomeryAla Dowlings Alkaline Guano....... Montgom'y Fert. Co Montgomery,Ala Mont. Fert. Co... MontgomeryAla Our Cotton King Guano........ Montgomy Fert. Co Montgornery,Ala Mont. Fert. Co... MontgomeryAla Alliance Soluble Guano ......... Montgom'y Fert. Co MontgomeryAla Mlont. Fert. Co... MNIontgomeryAla Ammoniated Dissolved Bone.... Montgom'y Fert. Co Montgomery,Ala Mont. Fert. Co... MontgomeryAla Our Dissolved Bone Phosphate... Comm'cial Guano Co Savannah, Ga... Con. Guano Co.. Savannah. Ga... Chatlham Acid Phosphate...,..... Comm'cial Guano Co Savannah, Ga... Corn. GuanoCo... Savann~h; Ga .. Pomona Acid Phosphate......... Comm'cial Guano Co Savannah, Ga.. Corn. Guano Co... Savannah, Ga... Georgia Bone Compound....... Comm'cial Guano Co Savannah, Ga.. Com. Guano Co .. Savannah, Ga.. Cherokee Ammoniated Bone.... Comm'cial Guano Co Savannah, Ga... Corn. Guano Co... Savannah, Ga... 5-.Climax Guano..............Comm'cial Guano Co Savannah, Ga... Cor. Guano Co.. Savannah, Ga., Time Guano..............Commcial Guano Co Savannah. Ga... Corn. Guano Co.. Savannah, Ga...' The Complete Cotton Fertilizer.. Comm'cial Guano Co Savannah, Ga... Coin. Guano Co... Savannah, Ga .. Chatham Guano. .............. Comm'cial Guano Co Savannah, Ga... Corn. Guano Co... Savannah, Pomona Guano............... .Comm'cial Guano Co Savannah, Ga... Corn. Guano Co... Savannah, Ga. Fliwan Guano .. :.............Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston, S. C Etiwan Phos. Co.. Charleston, S. C Etiwan Am. Super-Phosphate... Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston, S. C Etiwan Phos Co.. Charleston, S. C Etiwan Ain. Bone ......... Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston, S. C Etiwan Phos. Co.. ,Charleston, S. C Etiwan Dissolved Bone,. . . ..... Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston, S. C Etiwan Phos. Co.. Charleston, S. C Etiwan Acid Phosphate ......... IEtiwan Phosphate Co Charleston, S. C Etiwan Phos. Co.. Charleston, S. C Plow Brand Raw Bone Sup-Phos Walton & Whann CoCharleston, S. C Walton & Whann Charleston, S. C Reliance A' . Super-Phosphate.. Whann Co Charleston, S. C Walton & Whann Charleston, S. C WV. & WV.Co's Am. Bone.. Walton & Whann Co Charleston, S. C Walton & Whann Charleston, S. C Diamond Soluble Bone.......... Walton & Whann Co Charleston, S. C Walton & Whann. Charleston, S. C X. Acid Phosphate. ..... .... Walton & W~hann Co Charleston, C & Whann Charleston, S. C Crocker's Pure Ground Bone Meal Crocker Ft & Ch Co, Buffalo, N. Y.. Crocker Ft &Ch Co Buffalo, N. Crocker's Sol. Am. B. Sup-Phos Crocker Ft & Ch Co Buffalo, N. Y... Crocker Ft &Ch Co Buffalo, N. Y.. Crocker's Sol. Dis. B. Sup-Phor, Crocker Ft & Clh Co Buffalo, N. V.. CrockerF t-&Ch Co Buffalo, N. Y. 2002 2002 200:1.75 7MontgomeryAla 200 7 7 6 11 2 2 1 .I 1 2 1 2 3 18 22 200 200 200 ... .8750 11 7 6 200 1 200 1.65 200 1 200 . 200 200 200 2001.65 200 1.65 20) 1.65 200 123 !50 2 2 .1 2 11 2.1..11 1 3 1 7 7 7 10 10.2 10 9 7 l 7 Ga.. 2001.65 200 65 200 1.63 1 7 7 7 2 1S 2 1 2 1 2 1.50 2S1001 50 2 1 50 1 50 1 1.30 1 1.50 1 1.50 1 1 50 t 1 1 1.50 1..50 Dis. X. Dis. Walton & S. Walton Y. .. 200 1 .75 5 2 200 1.501 5 2 200 .8750 7 2 200 ... 10 1 200.......5 3 200 2 6 200 1.50 5 2 200 .8750 7 2 200 .. ,,10 1 200 .10 1 200 2.90........25113 1.64 6 2 2001 23 6 ~2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1165 1165 1 1 1.2 1 1 2 K22 1 1 2 1.0 158 173 179 16 50 15 20 173 17L 6-'00 204 8 0 _ Guaranteed Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, Filed in the (Jfllee of the Commissioner of Agriculture by Dealers and ManufacturersCotd BY WHOM REPORTED. GUARANTEED ANALY SIS. - Ho NAME OF BY WHOM NAME. A DDERESS. MANUFACTURE D. WHERE MANUFACTUR' D Phosphoric Acid. pA FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL. 0 ." .. Bradly Fertilizer Cu Boston, Mass... do .... do 200 1 85 200 200 1 65 o 6 50 2.50 6.502.50 6 2 2 6 6.30 2.30 9 3 3 6 3 6 3 6 3 6 :3 6 2 12 2 6 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2. 1 50 " B. D. Sea Fowl Guano.........Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston, Mas.. do dodo . The Rasin Fert. Co Baltimore, Soluble Sea Island Guano.......The Rasin Fert. Co Baltimore, do do do do .......... rEmpire Guano .... do do do do uth American Guano ....... cS do do do do King Guano.................... do do do do Grant Guano ................... do do do do Rasins Acid Phosphate Imperial Fert. Co Charleston. Imperial Ammoniated Fertilizer. Imperial Fertilizer Co Charleston, S. do do do Imperial Soluble Guano..... do do do do Imerial Am. Dis. Bone ...... do do do do Imperial IDissolved Bone ..... do do do do Imperial Acid Phosphate .... do do do do Double Anchor Am. Fertilizer.,. do do do Sol. Guano... Double do do do do Dis. Bone. Double Anchor do do do Double Anchor Dis. Bone. 200 do do do do Double Anchor Acid Phosphate. . Bowker's Cotton Fertilizer-..Bowker Ferti'izer C~uSavannah, Ga ... IBowker Fert. Co Elizabethport,N J 200 1.75 200 1 75 do do ... j do do Nassau Guano.................... do .. ;20U1 75 do do Crown Palmetto Acid Phosphate........ Bradley's Patent Super-Phosphate Bradley's Am. Dis. Bone........ Eagle Am. Bone Super-Phosphate Carolina Fertilizer..do do do do do do do do do do ... do do do Md. do C Anchor Am. 0o .do ,..0 I 200 1.63 200 1.85 200 . Md.. 200 2 200 2 200 2 .. 200 2 200 .. 200 0.20 S, C 2(0 2 06 200 1.65 200 .82 '200 200 200 2 06 200 1 65 200 82 200 .. .... .- $21 72 21 72 19 44 19 44 2172 19 75 1.75 23 05 1.75 23 05o 1.75 23 05 1.75 23 03 1.7) 23 03 21 78 2 4 6 220.3 1944 19 12 1 1 ~9 8 10 (1 6 8 2 '2 2 2 1 5(1 2 1 20 1 50 2 123 12 2 2 1 !17 50 220:3 44 10 9 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 50I 19 1 1 19 20 1800 17 50 Guano,.....................do 7 7 7 1.23 21 1 25 21 38 58. 1.25 21 38 Bowker's Dis. Bone Phosphate.... Bowker Fertilizer Co Savannah. Ga.. Bowker Fert. Co Elizabethport,N J200 9 Nassau Dis. Bone Phosphate. .... do do .do uo 200 10 German>Kainit.................. do do ... Imported.........Germany........200 Crown Dis. Bone Phosphate.... do do .. . Bowker Fert. Co Elizabeth portN J 200 9 Nassau Dis. B. Phos. with Potash do do ... do do 200 d 5. 9 Plow Brand Bone Phosphate...W. F. Vandiver & Co Montgomery,Ala Walton&Whann co Wilmington, Del 200 2 6 Reliance Am. Dis Bone .......... do do do do 2001 50 W. & V. Co's Am. Dis Bone.., do do do do .8750 10 7 Diamond Soluble Bone do do I do do 200 X. X. Acid Phosphate.......... do do do do 200 10 Wando Soluble Guano.........Wando Phosphate Co Charleston, S. C Wando Phos. Co Charleston, S. C 200 1 6.50 Wando Am Dis. Bone ......... do do do do 200 .75 7 5750 Wando Acid Phosphate do....... do do do 200 10 Vando Acid Phosphate.......... do do do do 200 9 Wando Dissolved Bone..... ..... do do do do 200 10 Zell's Amn. Bone Super Phosphate The Zell Guano Co do .. The Zell Guano Co Baltimore, 200 1 {7 PZell's Economizer. ............... do Baltimore, Md.. do do 200 1 .87501 7 ~'-Zel'., Calvert Guano............ do do .. do do .200 1 .8750 7 Patapsco An. Sol. Phosphate.... Patapsco Guano Co do .. Guano Co do 200 2 6.75 Ammoniated Dissolved Bone do do .. do do . 2001 .75 6.75 Patapsco Acid Phosphate do do , do do 200 9 Patapsco Acid Phosphate ...... do do . do do .200. 10 Edisto Acid Phosphate...........Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston, S. C Edisto Phos. Co. . Charleston, S. C 200 8 Edisto Acidulated Rock ...... do do do ... do 200 . 9: Edisto Dissolved Bone...... do do do ... do 200 9 Edisto Ammoniated Fertilizer.... do do do ,. do 2002 .06 7 Edisto Am. Dis. Bone ............... do do do ... do 2001 .64 7 Edisto Soluble Guano ................ do do do , .. do .64 7 Genuine Leopoldshall Kainit..........do do Imported ......... Germany........ 200 Mastodon Am. Sol. Phos ....... Ga. Chemical Works Augusta, Ga ... Ga. Chem. Works Augusta, Ga... 6.75 Georgia Formula .................... do do .. , do do .. 2001 .75 6.75 Planters' Soluble Guano ...... do do .... do do .. 2001 .75 6.75 Acid Phosphate .... . ........ do do .. , da do , ... 200 9 Acid Phosphate,.............. do do . do do ... 200 10 3i 2 2 2 2 2 v L L 200 ): Md. 'Patapsco 2001 2002 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 16 1 1 2 2 1 20 19 3 2 1 .50 . 1 16 50 1 1 16 00 1.2 16 50 1 .50 2 2 1 .23 22 06 2 2 1.25 22 06 2 2 1.2 22 06 Q 2.25 1.50 22 30 1 2.25 1.50 1 21 33 19 00 3 1 3 1 19 30 2 11 17 50 j3 1.50 1 18 00 3 1.50 is 00 2 1. 22 53 2 1 20 90 1 2 1 20 90 1 12 00 2.25 1.50 1 22 30 2.25 1.50 1 21 33 2.25 1.50 21 33 3 1 19 00 3 1 19 30 1 1.25 17 19 12 12 1 .25 17 1 .25 17 2 25-- 22 17 1 17 1 16 75 50 00 75 75 05 33 91 50 5i0 t 1 I L Guarantee Analyes of Commercial Fertilizers, Filed in the Office of the Commissioner of Agriculture by Dealers and Manufacturers.C; BY WHOM REPORTED. NAME OF FERTLIZER OR CHEMICAL. NAME. ADDRESS. GUAR, .ANTEED ANALYSES. td BY WHOM WHERE o ?hosphoric Acid. MANUFACTURED. MANUFACTI R'D Columbus Fert. Co Girard, Ala dodo' a z 6 2 C U U U Home Mixture................ Soluble Bone.................. Eufaula Fertilizer............... Am. Dis. Bonne Phosphate. Acid Phosphate. Ammoniated Dissolved Bone.... Rock City Guano................ Old H-icko ry ' Guano ............. CoA lliance Exehange Guano. King Cotton................... King Cotton................... 200 2 200 Eufaula, Ala.... Eufaula Oil & Ft Co Eufaula. Ala.... 200 1 25 Lister's Ag.Ch. 1671.65 Newark, N. J... Lister's Agr Ch W Newark, N. j National Fertilizer Co Nashville, Tennr National Fert. Co Nashville, Tenn 200.... 2001.02 do do do do do do do do 200 1 85 do do do 200 1 85 do do do do 200 1.85 do ChattahoocThee Ft. Co Eufaula, Ala.... ChattahoocheeFt co Eufaula, 200 2.10 do Cuthbert, Ga.... do do .. . 200 2.10 Excelsior Ammoniated Bone.... Savannah Guano Co Savannah, Ga... Savan'h Guano Co Savannah, Ga... 200 1 Our Own Ammoniated Bone... do .. 200 1.65 do do do .. Standard Ammoniated do .. 2001.65 do do do Alliance Standard Am. do do 200 +.65 do do .. Dissolved Bone Acid Phosphate do do do do .. 200 .... Southern Pacific.............. 200 .8250 do do do .. Standard of Alabama........... do 200 .8250 do do .. do Farmers' Favorite ...... do do do do 200, 8250 .. Engiish Dis. Bone Acid Phos . . do do do do .. 200 . Southern States Standard... C. L. Montague & Col CJLMontague do . 2001.65 do ... State Alliance Favorite ... do do do .. 2001 .8250 do Dissolved Bone Acid Phosphate do do do 2001 ... . do Southern Pacific .... do do do 200! .8250 .. East Alabama Fertilizer........ East Ala. Fert. Co.. Clayton, East Ala. Fert. Co Clayton, Ala... . 20011 50 .... Columbus Fert. Co Columbus, Ga... do Eufaula Oil & Ft. Co do 10 10 8 W'ks 1 6 50 2 301.25 6 2 3 2 Q2 1 501$21 SO 19 50 2 1 20 38 19 44 18 00 1.25 20 23 1 25 20 47 1 1 25 i 1 1 1.7 1. 75 1.7 6 Agr 2 I Ala.... 6 6 4 4 6 2 2 3 3 25 20. 20 4 7 47o-. 19 69 19 19 c c w 65 Bone. 6 Bone.. 6 0" 3 ) 3 1 1 1 1 1 50 1 1.25 1.25 1 25 20 19 21 21 21 19 1.251 21 11 1.251 19 77 1 25~ 19 77 1.25 19 77 8 7 I i 3 7 3 3 1 C &co 6 S ~ 1 18 1 1 1. 19 50 1.25 21 19 1 25 19 77 19 50 1 25 19 77 2 21 54 Ala S Golden Rod.............. Alabama Fertilizer .............. Aid Phosphate.................. Kainit...............................do Muriate Potash................. Pelican Guano .................. Favorite Fertilizer..Marks Phosphate................. Muriate Potash ................... Acid Kaiit................ Lockwood Acid Phosphate Pelican Guano....................do. Lockwood Cotton Growxer........ Sterling Guano....... ........... -"English Baker's Standard Dissolv~ed Anmmoniated Old .- Sterling Acid Phosphate........o Super-Phosphate........ English Acid Phosphate......... Baker's Standard Guano..... Dissolved Ammoniated Bone...,. Resurgani Guano............do Trucker's Delight............. Guano..... Ala. Oil & Ft CoiOzark, So Ala Oil &F'tCoOzark, Ala. Fert. Co Montgomery,Ala Alabama Fert. ontgomeryAla 2002 do do Edisto Phos. Charleston, S. C 200 do Imported........................200 do do do................1 250 do do Alabama Fert. Co MontgomeryAla Gayle .... do do do 200 2 .do. ....... do Edisto Phos. Co... Charleston, S. C do .... do Imported........................200 do ..... do do.167 250 ..... .. do Alabama Fert. Co Montgomery,Ala Clarence Angier... Atlanta, Chem. Works Augusta, Ga 2001 75 do ... do...........do do 2011 .75 do' do .... do do 200 do ... do do 200 Mead Phosphate Co Charleston, S. C Mead Phos. Co.... Charleston, S. C 200 do do do ... do 200 Chem. Co. of Baltimore, Md.. Ch. Co. of Canton Baltimore, 200 1.70 do do . do do 2001.70 do .. t do do 2:00.1 .25 do do . ! do do 107 5 Alabama o.....So Ala... Co.. Co 2001159 V 0 3 3 2 1.50 ) 2 2154 23 30 13 80 6 6 18 00 1300 80 00 2080 2080 18 00 1; 001 8o00 208s0 21 & 2009 200 2 9 2 2 3 1. l 1 1 13 so 3 1.50 Ga.... Ga. 2002 6 1 'anton Southern A m. Dis. Bone .... Southern Acid Phosphate Dominion........... . .... Pat ifi: Bone..do Southern do Phos. do .. do~ Co Atlanta, Ga..Southern do do do do Phos. Col Atlanta,, Ga. do dod......... do o..... ..... do do do do 200 1 _75 200(11 75 20 200 Etowah Super-Phosphate .... Potent Goulding's Bone ... Soluble Pacific Guano ...... W. J. Pollard, Agt Augusta. Ga ................................... Americus Am. Bone Super-Phos.. W. J. Pollard, G. M do ..... ... ... High Grade Acid Phosphate . ... Sli -gluff & Co..Baltimore, Md.. lSlingluff & Co . Baltimore, Md Compound. do do ..... do do do . .. do do The Goulding F't. Co Pensacola, Fla... \-V & II M Goulding Dublin & do, 200 21 1900 f19 00 10 2 2 18 00 10 2 ..18 00 5 3 2 2 20 63 5 .3 2 20 63 2 188 5 3 2 5 I3 4 35 50 5.80 3.203 101 2 2233 2 5.803 203-10 22 33 8 I_'0t 1.5,-0 55 23 9 0.75 2.25 1.50 6 752 251 1 50 q 3 1 1 1 1 1. 21 33 33 *1 1 .2 2 2 1 1 Cork. .. 200'01 S5 200 2 900,1. .5 .... 1 .85 .LAS 9 S 7 2 2. 2 f5 1. 2130 501 ... i 1650 1 1 1 7 2 6 50.250 2 6 2 1 1 f 19 32 1.50 21 30 1 1 t172 19 44 21 00 21 33 200 19 1 Guaranteed Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, Filed in the Office of the Commissioner of Agriculture BY WHOM WH ERE MANUF ACi UR'D MANUFACTURED. by Dealers and Manufacture)s RANTS ED Phosp7 boric ANALYSES ot ,.. aJ y BY WHOM REPORTED. NAME OF FERTILIZLR OR CHEMICAL. NAME. ADDRESS. Acid. ti Baltimore .Dissolved Lone. Ammor iated Bone............. Baltimore Standard Oskalium . . Bone. Slingluff do do H. & T. High Grade Acid Phos.. Cumber land Fertilizer....... Chesapeake Guano.......... ~Alkaline Phosphate............ pAmmoniated Dissolved Bone. Koton Guano............... L. & C. Dis. B. with Am. & Potash L & W, I N L Am B Super-Phos L. &1W. I-I. G . Acid Phosphate.. High Grade Eng. Acid Phos..... Globe Guano ................. Farmers' Friend. ..... .. Matchless Cotton New York Soluble Bone .... ManleyHandley & Co's Amn Dis B Manley, Handlv & Co's XX Ac Phs Atlantic Atlantic Grower... Bone ... .. Slingluff & Cu .. .. , do .. .... .. do do .do . do Hobbie Teague... Montgomery Ala Hobbie & Teague.. Charles Ellis ....... New York..... Charles Ellis Chesapeake GuanoCo Baltimore, Md Ches'p'ke Gu'no Co do do .. do do do .do Rome Oil mills &F Co Rome, Ga Rome Oil M&F Co Langston & Woodson Atlanta, Langs'n & Woods'n do do do do . do........do Curtis & Wright .. . Luverne, Ala . Bradley Fert. Co. . Globe Fertilizer Co.. Louisville, Ky ... Globe Fert. Co... Read Fertilizer Co.. New York .... Read Fertilizer Co do do do do do.........do do do ........... do &. Co r Y d-v U A.1 Baltimoure, Md do do Baltimure, Mdd... do do do ... & Montgomery, Ala New York. Baltimore. 200 1.25 200 2 200 1.75 200 ... 200 ... 20(0 3 7 9 13 7.2t 1 2) 21 1 1.50 1.50,$~21 38 1.50 21 83 2 20 00 19 50 1.40 22 12 1 1.50 1 2080 :3 52 do do Md. 1.85 ... ... Atlantic Dissolved Bone ........ Acid Atlantic Fertilizer............... Am. Dis. Phosphate. Atlantic Soluble Guano ..... New York.... do Charleston, S. C 2001 Boston, Ma-s. Louisville, K. . . 200 1 .65 New York_..... 20012.058 200; 1.647 do . . . 200 do .. . 200 1.647 do .. do 00no .. do 200 .. Atlantic Phos. Co... Charleston, S. C, Atlantic- Phos. Co Charleston, S. C 200 1.2 do . do do 200. do do ... do do do 200, du ... < do do 2001. do do ... I do do do 20011 .2 . Ga. Rome, Ga. 200 2.25 200 2 200 2001 2 20012 20012.50 4 4 4 S .7 7 9 9 r 6 6 6 9 8 10 9 6 6 5.50 2 1.50 2 1.50 2 2 2 1.30 22 05 .. 24 03 25 2 2 3 J 2 1 1 03 2:2 80 24 O 22 30 24 19 50 18 00 1 ..... 1 ... 1 2 2 2 2 2 194-1 21 03 1942 15 00 42 19 50 2 3 2 1 1 .... .. 19 1 2 1 2 2 2 1.50 2 X1.50 2.50 1.50 2 20 18 00 68 1 1 1 17 50 20 80 1768 Atlantic Acid Phosphate.A.......tlantic Phos Co ... 'Charieston, S. C Hligh Grade Acid Pnosphate.... do ... do Cherokee Dissolved Bone ... do ... do Ober's Dis Bone Phosphate Slea G. Ober & Sons Co Baltimore, Md.. Ober's Sol Am Sup-Phos of Lime do do Ober's Farmers' Stand Am. Phos do do Ober's Ga. Cotton Compound... do do English Acid Phosphate. ....... Jos. Steiner & Sons Greenville Ala.. Standard Home Mixture Guano.. Meridian Fert. Fact Meridian, Miss.. Southern Soluble Guano............do do *. Lee Fertilizer................Prawick & Jernigan Opelika, Ala... Farmers's Club Guano.......... do do Trawick fDissolved Bone........ . do do Acid Phosphate............... . do do Kainit ........................... do do F-Corn and Cotton Fertilizer........Cin. Desiccating Co Cincinnati, Ohio rPerfection Guano...............McMillan & Harrison Mobile, Ala.... Perfection A. A. Guano.......... do do ... Kairiit do do ... Acid Phosphate ........ ............. do do . .. W. G. & Co's Manipulated Guano Wilcox Gibbs Co Savannah, Ga... Excellent Ga. Standard Guano., do do .. \V. G. & Cu's Supei-Phosphate... do do .. High Grade Acid Phosphate...........do do .do ... ' 18 00 2 10 2 Co Charleston, S. C 200 .. 2.51 1.. 8is00 '200 .. 10 do 17 50 1 200 9 '.50 do 16 50 2.00 . . 10 1 Co Baltimore, Md '200 6.752 2 1.40 22 33 do 200 1.80 0.75 1.752 do 1.50 21 27 200 2 1 40 22 33 do 6 75 2 200 16 50 1 8 20') 2.25 8.50 1 .75L 2.25 26 41 Meridian Feit Fact Meridian, Miss 200 2.25 8.50 1.75,1 do do 2.251 26 41 200 2.25 8 Lee Ferf. Works Opelika, Ala... 1 1 2 124 28 200 1.75 8 1 !1 do do 2 22 33 200 .. do do ... 12 2 111 .. 19 50 200 ..... do do 8 2 L ...15 00 200 .. . do do 11 11 00 2 7.. 1 1 21 72 Cm Desiccating Co Cincinnati, Ohio 200 1.85 200 2 25 McMil'n &Harris'i Mobile, Ala.... 3.25 5.25 1 2253co d5(2 4 6 1 50 2.50 26 20w 200 3 do do ... 8.0 I 200 .... Imported........Germany. 12.50 12 50 1-2 Taggei t Allen F co Philadelphia, Pa 200 18 00 2 Wilcox & Gibbs Cu Savannah, Ga... 200 2.10 2 23 32 6 .2502 do 200 1.75 do ... 1 2058 200 .. 6 4 2 do do . 2.50 17 50 11 1. do ... 200 19 50 I3 7 Globe Dissolved Bone .......... Lorentz Rittler . . Baltimore, Lorentz & Rittler Baltimore, Md .. 200 0.82' 1.51.19 71 Ammoniated Guano. 6 do !2 .. do .. do do 20011.61 1 19 40 Kennesaw H. G. Am. Guano.... IKennesaw Guano Co Atlanta, Ga. .. KennesawGn-'noCo Clifton, Ga..... 20(0 50 2 6 3.501 1 75 25 75 Kennesaw Am. Dis. Bone...........do do . .do 200 2 6 do ... 501 1.51) 23 55 Blood and Bone Compound ... do do 6 .... do 200 1.50 3 50 1 do ... 1 31 10 10 3.501 High Grade Phosphate. , do ' 200 no . . do do 2025 A shepoo Fertilizer ............. Ashepoo Phos. Co.. Charleston, S. C Ashepoo Phos. Co Charleston, S. C 20 1.85 6.25 2.25 1 20 97 Eutaw Fertilizer...... ............. do 2(0 1.85 .. do do do 6.2522.25 1 8 .5 20 97 0 2 {2 2(,0 Ashepoo Acid Phosphate ... do .. do do do 1575 Eutaw~ AcidPhosphate 20 do do do do 1575 Atlantic Phos do do Ober & Sons do do do 2 2 50 2 t Imported........England. 13 2 ... 2.25 & & Md. . 2 2 2 Acid 13 1 U 2 Guaranteed Analyses of Commercial Fertilizees, Filed in the Office of the BY WHOM REPORTED. NAME OF Commissioner of Agriculture by Dealers and Manufacturers Cop BY WHOM NAME. WTH ERE MANUFACTUR'D af - GUA RKNTEED ANAL' USES. i Phosphoric Acid. uf e~ n FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL. ADDRESS. MANUFACTURED p ,O J C 3 o Ashepoo Bone A.h Soluble Guano . C. &C. Compound.......... S. G. Specific Amnoniated Dissolved Soluble Fish Guano..... Acid Phosphate............. rDissolved Bone. Ashepoo Phos'ate Co Charleston, S. C Ashcpoo Phos. Co Charlcston, S. C 2002 do Ashley Phos. Co do Ashley Phos. Co... 2001.2 do do do do ... 200 1.75 do do do do 200 1.7 do ddo do ... do 200 215 do (10 ... do 200 2.50 do do ... do do 200 do do do ... 00 200 do do Kainit do do 2002.. do do E H. Frost & Stono Soluble Guno......... E. H. Frost & Co 200 2.. do do do do Stono Acid Phosphate........ 200 .. do do do do Stono Dissolved Bone........ 200 do do do Kainit................ 2002,25 W. 0. C. Guano....... Coweta Fert. Co .. Newnan, Ga .. Coweta Fert. Co INewnan Ga... 200?2 do ... do ... do ... do Coweta High Grade ...... .... 200( 1.75 do ... do ... do Aurora Ammoniated Phosphate 200 1.83 do do ... do .. do Coweta Animal Bone Fertilizer 200 1 do .. do ... do Woodward's Soluble Guano do 200 3.92 . & SonsI M'obile, Ala. ... Mobile. Mountain & Sons. Mobile Home Mixture.... Charleston, S. C 200 .. Wood ward's H. G. Acid Phos l PopaeCChretnS.C Mobile, Ala.... EitPhsC....;Mobile Co IMVobile, Ala Ph & Ch Co Mobile Ph & Ch 200 ..... Mobile Stand. Acid Phosphate ... 200 1 .86 do .. do do do Mobile Standard Guano ........ 200 1.65 .. do do do do Eclipse Soluble Guano ......... 200 3.30 do do . do do Potato Fertilizer.............. 2004 .. do do do do Cabbage Fertilizer ............ 8.50 2 4 4 4 4 4 U Bone..... Co 4 4 t ,, 6 4 1 1 4 2 2 1 2 2 2 ,2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 13 1 1 $16 75 20 8019 19 16 22 16 18 83. 83. 90° 73 00 Co 6 8 10 13 004--. 00 2 2 50 1 2 20 80 16 00 18 00 11 Ala. Mountain -75 112 111 2 1 7 2 2 2 6.50 1.50 1 6.502.50 2 2 2 6 50 1.501t 45 .. 9 3 1. 50 . 3 1 10 1 4.5035.1 5 1 1 4 3 2 2 4 2 2 3 7.502 O 25 23 20 22 20 19 18 00, 78 30' 83 72: 83 23 00, 19 50 50 22 20 94 25 37 27 57 Kainit Huntsville Fertilizer........... Slingluff's Dis. B. for Home Fert Home Fertilizer Chemicals. Brown's Cotton & Corn Fertilizer Acid Phosphate.. ............ Standard Fertilizer............ Acid Phosphate. ............. Reese's Pacific Guano......... Excellenza Soluble Guano. Clifton Acid Phosphate Clifton Complete Fertilizer. Ammoniated Dissolved Pure Raw Bone Meal......... Solid South Guano Planters's Pride Guano........ .Piedmont Acid Phosphate. =M. G. C. Dissolved Bone. 'Crowrd Guano............... Crown Acid Phosphate........ Ammoniated Dissolved Ammoniated Dissolved Bone.... Bone & Blood Fertilizer ........ Pure Dissolved Bone........... Mobile Ph & Ch Co Mobile, Ala. Mobile Pb &Ch Co Mobile, Ala. Huntsville Fert. Co Huntsville, Ala. Huntsville Ft. Co Huntsville, B~oykin, Carmer & Co Baltimore, Md.. Boykin, Carmer Co Baltimore, Md.. do do do do R. B. Brown Oil Co St. Louis, Mo... R B Brown Oil Co St. Louis, Euf. Oil & Fert. Co Eufaula, Ala Berkeley Phos Co Charleston, S. C Columbus Oil Mills Columbus, Miss. Columbus Oil Mills Columbus, do do Atlanta, Scott M'f'g Co.. John S. Reese & Co Baltimore, John S. Reese & Co Carteret, N. J .. . do do do do Clifton Ch & Phs Co Atlanta, Ga. Clifton Ch & Ps Co Atlanta, Ga. do do do do Baugh & Sons Co Baltimore, Md.. Baugh & Sons Co Baltimore, Md do do do do ... Marietta Guano Co Atlanta, Ga. Marietta Guano Co Atlanta, Ga. do do .... do do do ... do do do do do do do Treadwell, Abbott Co do ... Walton& WhannCo Wilmington, Del do do &Charleston, S C do Berkeley Phos Co Charleston, S. C do .... do do .... The Rasin Fert Co Baltimore, do F. D. Tinsley, Agi Selma, Ala.. Armour & Co.... Chicago, Ill do do do .. do Pure Bone do do .. . do ., do do do Pure Ground Bone ............ do .. . do W. &P. Hoffman... Waverly, Ala.. W. & P. Hoffman SWaverly. Ala Waverly Fertilizer . .......... Demopolis, Ala John C. Webb Webb's Excelsior Demopolis. John C. Webb. C hat'nooga,Ten n Schelze Bros ..... Chat'nooga. Tenn Complete Fertilizer.. ...... _. Scholze Eros.. . do W\alton& Whann Co Charleston, S. C do . X. X. Acid Phosphate.......... ArmourPacking Co Chicago, Ill . Tankage . . . .. . . . . . . . Jos. Steiner & Sons Greenville, Ala .Columbus Oil Mills Columbus. Miss Columbus Oil Standard Fertilizer ............ Columbus, Miss. do Atlanta, Ga. Acid Phosphate ............... do Scott M'f'g Co Troy, Ala Folma & Sons. Baltimore, Pure Burd Guano.............. Miller, Lippincott Co Baltimore, Md Miller. Lip'ncott Ce )I*do Vegetator. Ala.. Md.. Ga. Mo.. Miss Bone. 200 200 2.25 167 2.20 5 75 200 2.50 200 100 2 94 100 200 1.85 200 1.85 200 200 2. . ~I 1.70 3 200 200 3.73 1.75 1 75 6.753.25 .75 9 3 . . 10.50 1.50. 7.86 1.92 12 1 2,47 12 00 2478 2658 29 43 7 25 25 2 1800 2.92 29 06 1.20 21 17 1.20 21 17 18 00 4 4 10 7 7 450120 4.501.20 2 2 1 2 12 2 . . .21 2 7 2 2 7 2 9 4 2 ...... 1 22 30. 20 13 14 63 1.50 21 83 1.50 21 83 19 50 1 25 20 15 Bone. Md. Meal ............... S....... Ala. Mills LI1111111111~1 ... ~1 I.lr~l 1JIII~~IIY\rll 1111111 I1V I JLV Md.. II.I UVIIJ~1 UL~III I.1L I . 200 2 6 2 2 200 1 8 3 200 1.75 6 2 2 200 1 732 2 6 35.06 6.25 200 2 13,27 200 2.23 .... 8 17 200 2 6.50 17 200 2.30 1.5302.23 200 4.76 1.782 731.17 200 2 8 2 3 200 10 1 1 4 100 Equiv to B. Pbs 100 2 94 7 861.92 2.47. 100 12.57 3.0. 1.09 200 3.756 167 6' 14 2 2 1 1 1 2180 17 50 19S83 19 83 32 63 4 1.23 ... 2078 1735 1 20 88 1.30 26 86 1.50 21 30 25 1650 25 1360 2.92 29 36 23 48 1.30 11 03 11 2380 B3ULLETIN NO. 27, OF THE MAY, 1891m AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, Agricultural and Mechanical College, AUBURN. 0 ALA. BLACK "Jc-lJST" of COTTON. lThe Bulletins of this Station will be sent Free to any citizen on application to t he' Director. of' the S' ate Ri. J. Rice, Job IPrinter and Stationer. Auburn, Alat. Board of Visitors. COMMITTEE OF TRUSTEES ON EXPERIMENT HON. J. G. GILOHRIST, STATION: B. MITOHELL. HON. R. F. LIGON, How. J. Board of Direction. W. L. BROU ............................................. J. S. NEWMAN .................. T. LUPTON .......... H. MELL .................. N. P. President. Director and Agriculturist. [ice-Director and Chemist. Botanist and Meteorologist . ............................ ASSISTANTS : GEO. F. ATKINSON ................................................ Biologist . First Assistant Agriculturist, charge Live Stock and Dairy. ISAAC Ross .... Second Assistant Agriculturist. JAS. CLAYTON .................. First Assistant Chemist. ........ J. T. ANDERSON, PH . D.................... L. W. WILKINsON, M. Sc ............. econd Assistant Chemist. J. F. WILKINSON, B. Sc............................. ............ R. E. NOBLE, B. Sc :.................. A. M. LLOYD, B. Sc .................................... W. B. FEAZer ......................................... Third Assistant Chemist. Fourth Assistant Chemist. Assistant Botanist. Clerk and Accountant. *Deceased.' Black "Rust" of Cotton.* BY GEO. F. ATKINSON, Biologist. Early in the past year I began the study of the fungus diseases of the cotton plant with the special object to determine the disease called 'black rust." The first of August, 1890, one hundred circular letters were sent to different farmers of Alabama requesting specimens of cotton affected with the disease variously termed "rust," "red rust," "black rust," "frenching," etc. From tiAventy-five to thirty replies were received including specimens marked rot." t The disease has been very prevalent and destructive during the season and excellent opportunities were offered for studying it in the vicinity of Auburn, not only upon the Station farm, but on field, I found the neighboring plantations. July 22d, on one of my visits to the cotton disease had made its appearance remainder being opment in full force in several spots, "black rust, ' "red rust," "frenching" and "root where fully one-half of the leaves of the plants had fallen off, the curled, dried, and blackened by a profuse develand spores of several fungi, so that by the smut of dark hyphae jarring a leaf the spores would float off in clouds like *The substance of this article read in a paper by the author before the was Botanical section of the American Association of Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations,Champaign,Ill., Nov. 1889. Later published in the Botanical Gazette, Vol. XVI., 3, Mar. 1891, pp. 61-65. t An account of this disease was Published in Bulletin No. 24. Dec. 1889. New Root-rot Disease of Cotton." "A 165 spores of some of the Ustilaginece. Some of the plants showed still the earlier stages of the disease, and in other parts of the field were numerous opportunities to study the earlier stages. For two months my time was occupied in noting the external character, collecting material, examining the different fungi found and noting the relation of each species to the variety of exterpal characters presented in the progress of the disease. A Complex Disease,-The disease is a complex one, that is, it is not due to one organism, but to the combined effect of several nicroscopic plants called fungi, which grow within the leaves of the cotton plant, absorbing the living parts. Organisms that grow or in plants or animals obtaining their own nourishment from their hosts are called parasites. So the microscopic plants causing diseases of other plants are called parasitic fungi. It is of great importance in speaking of them to apply some term defining this prominent character of parasitism for there are vast numbers of species of fungi, many which are not parasites growing also in plants, that is,.they cannot grow on or in a living plant, but only on dead plants or dead parts of plants. Such fungi are called saprophytic fungi to distinguish them from the parasitic forms. A number of persons prior to my own investigations have exmined with the microscope the leaves of cotton affected with the "black rust" and have reported that fungi were present, some attributing to these fungi the cause of the disease. So far as I have been able to learn none of these persons have recorded what these fungi were which were seen, and it is quite probable that no determination was made. The fact alone that fungi are found on the leaves of diseased cotton plants affected with black "rust" is no argument in favor of their being the cause of the disease. The nature of these fungi must first be ascertained before one can predicate anything respecting their causal relation to the disease. There are several ways in which their nature can be ascertained but even then it can be done only by one who is familiar with the accepted methods of research upon similar subjects, and has at his command the apparatus and literature required for accuracy; just as a trained chemist is the only person who can ,on 166 accurately determine the chemical constitutents of substances capable of analysis. Confusion of Names for the Disease.-It must be understood that ' in writing now of black "rust" of cotton, I refer only to the cases which have come under my own observation, either through personal inspection of diseased fields, or through specimens received from farmers. It may be possible that there are other diseases of cotton which are termed also "black rust" which I have not seen. It is unfortunate that the name "rust" was ever applied to any disease of cotton since the fungi commonly known as rusts, like wheat rust, oat rust, fig rust, etc., all belong to a group of plants called U'redinece. No members of this group have ever plant so far as recorded, so in that It would be been found on the cotton respect there is no true rust of cotton yet known. very difficult, however, to bring any other name into popular use, and even if it were possible it would not be appropriate to introduce a new name until all the term black "rust." ed stage of black "rust." In some cases when a cotton grower speaks of "red rust" he refers to the reddening of the leaves which is so common in worn out lands. While in North and South Carolina my attention was called to this disease which was chiefly characterized by a reddening of the leaves not produced nor accompanied by any fungous gro-vth. most cases this seemed to be due to some condition ment of erythrophyl in the cell sap of the leaves. of the In soil the important complications of the disease shall have been studied. Therefore I shall at present use I include in this term also what many farmers in Alabama call "red rust," whichis but an early or arrest- which induces a hastened maturity of the plant and the developIn some cases, especially in North and South infection experiments. of this was Ag: icultural Carolina, the development of ery- throphyl is induced by the irritation of mites as I have proved by From several places in both States cotton quite severely injured by mites has been sent me. An account published in Bulletin No. 4 of the South Carolina Experiment Station, January, 1889. These mites a great variety of weeds (Tetrasychus telarius, Linn.) feed on 167 6 and other plants including clover. It would not be surprising if there would be found in this an explanation of the statement originating in North Carolina that carrying an armful of wilted clover across a cotton field, later the "red rust" could be traced spreading from the same course. Other cotton growers do not speak of the peculiar reddening of the leaf which I have described as a rust of any kind, rightly saying it is due to some condition of the soil. When they speak of "red rust" they refer to leaves that do not have a heal hy green color, there being a tinge of yellow, or even in some cases a tinge of red, accompanied also by dark circular spots on the leaves that are dead, the edges of the leaves usually being dead also. the Such a leaf is represented in Plate I., upper leaf in the figure, and the one at the left below. These are from photographs of diseased leaves. Again by "black rust" the planter refers to the blackened condition of a whole or large part of the leaf, which ultimately falls off. This continues until the plant is entirely stripped of its leaves. This is only a more advanced or serious stage of the preceding kind of "rust." A leaf with black "rust" is represented at the right hand in the lower figure of Plate I. A Fungus Disease.-The fungi commonly present and which play an important part in the disease are Cercospora gossypina C.Coke,Colletotrichm Gossypii E. A. Southworth, Macrosporium nigrica"ntium Atkinson, a species of Alternaria and a bacterial organism which sometimes produces a characteristic disease of the leaves. The vegetive, or growing portion of the fungi concerned, consists of very minute thread-like bodies which grow on the inside of the leaf. At first the only external sign is the dead spots on the leaf. A little later fruiting threads (fertile hyphe) grow through the epidermis of the leaf to the outside, and bear on their ends the germs, or spores, of the fungus. These fertile hyphe and some of the spores are dark colored. Therefore when they appear on the leaf in great numbers they give it a more or less black color. Difference Between Cotton-leaf Blight and Black " Bust."-Cer168 cospora gossypina is a fungus that has been long known as a parasite of the cotton plant. The first description of it was published by Cooke in Grevillea* from specimens distributed from South Carolina by Ravenel in Ray. Amer. Fungi, No. 593. A fuller description was published by Scribner in the report of the section of Vegetable Pathology. t The disease which it produces when alone is called "cotton-leaf blight." Professor Scribner rust. In says (1. c.) that it is quite distinct from the dreaded "cotton rust," and also that it is occasionally confounded with cotton view of the confusion existing in reference to the name cotton rust it is impossible to tell whether the disease referred to by Professor Scribner as cotton rust is the same as the disease I am writiug of. However, some of the planters confuse the cotton leaf "rust," "red rust" and in one case "black blight with the black "rust" as it is known to me for some of the specimens labelled rust,".were affected with nothing of a parasitic nature except Cercospora gossypina. This, however, is not so serious after all since all the specimens of black "rust" I have examined show evidences of the Cercospora. a dark or purple color. green color. Cotton-leaf blight is characterized by irregular light brown or dirty white spots, often bordered by Many times the leaf is of a yellowish Sometimes the spots have a blistered appearance, and are so close together as to give this appearance to a large part of the leaf, when it has often a rusty brown appearance. When, however, it is complicated with other fungi, the appearance of the leaf is totally changed. Botanical Charactersof the Fungi.-If the reader will turn to Plate II. and refer to figures 1, 2, and 3, there will be seen the clusters of fertile hyphe of Cercospora as they appear when magnified under the microscope, the leaf. projecting from the surface of or both in figures 3, They are dark brown in color, toothed, geniculate, They are produced abundantly on nearly straight or curved in outline, as represented 2, and 1 respectively. sides of the leaf. gles, or "teeth," The scars represented on the hyphte at the anrepresent places where spores were formerly plate I. *Vol. XII., 1883, September, p. 31. pp. tlDepartment Agriculture, 1887, 355 and 356. 169 8 attached, Also the scars on the ends of the hypha are the same. All the spores are borne at the ends of the hyphe, but as one The spore is formed the hypha grows out from the side of the end, elongates and produces another spore at its new end and so on. different lenghts of the fertile hyph shown in the figures represent proportionately some of the variations which they are subject to dependent upon conditions of the weather, When the atmosphere is very humid and warm with frequent ains they grow very, rapidly and are then quite long.The spores are colorless, or hyaline, only their outline and the transverse partitionsand the finiely granular protoplasm can be seen. The spores are subject to the same variations in length that the hyphie They are represented in 2a, 3a, etc. They-are curved, or flexuous, and very slender, tapering, toward the distal end. In figure 1 some are shown still attached to thehyphte.* The measurements are as follows: Hyphe .07- .45 mm x .007 mm. Spores. .07-,4 nm>>m .003-.0035 mm, 5-50 septate. x oletot7ichaura Gossypii sometimes produces a distinct disease of the cotton plant and is then called "Anthracnose of cotton,"t As this is quite an important disease a separate bulletin is being prepared on it which I hope will be issued shortly after the appeaxance of this one. For that reason the fungus will not be described nor illustrated here. That it is an aggressive parasite has been proven by myself through inoculations of healthy.plants. 1 irosporium nigric antiumt is illustrated in Plate II., figure 4, a, b, and c. b and c represent the fertile hyphie,° c has a spore still attached to it. The other spores are free. At the place where the hyphie arise from the mycelium in the leaf they are en- are. the perfect (ascosporons) stage of Cercospora gossypina Cke. has not been discovered. I have found on dead leaves a sphwriaceous fungus which probably is the perfect stage. As studies on it are still iu progress I reserve it for future publication.-G. F. A. -During the past year E. A. Southworth,. asst. Mycologist at Washington, D. C., and myself have each studied this disease independently. Specimens were by Miss Southworth only on the bolls. Her account of the fungus was published in the Journal of Mycology. Vol. VI. , No. 3, Jan. 1891, I have found it not only on the bolls but on the leaves and stalks and have been able to make interesting observations in the A paper on this subject was read by myself before the Amer. Asso. Ag. Colleges and Experiment Stations Champaign, Ii..,N ov. 1890. $First described by the author in Bot. Gaz., Vol. XVI., Mar. 1891, p. 62. *Hitherto received seine field. 170 larged as shown at the lower end in the figure. directly below it. When a spore is being produced, as at c, the hypha becomes somewhat enlarged When the spore falls away the hypha elongates at the end, the new growth arising from inside the enlargement, its contour being the same size as that of the hypha just below the enlargement. through it. growth. When the new growth first takes place it apenlargement but projecting into the new from two to pears to be not connected with the As the hypha ages this appearance usually is not present and the enlargement seems to taper above may bear a new spore, and so in favorable weather The new growth thus formed at the end of the hypha eight or more spores may be borne on a single hypha, the point where the successive spores were borne being just at the upper end of the successive enlargements. The hyphae are dark or olive At the enlargements brown and borne on both sides of the leaf. there is usually a darker band around the center. The hyphe thus have a nodulose appearance, as in such species as Macrosporium parasiticum Thiin. The spores are olive brown,oblong, constricted in the middle,and stoutly rostrate at one side of the apex. As the young spore develops it is constricted in the middle before the first transverse partition is formed. This is formed in the constricted l:ortion. Later other transverse, longitudinal and oblique septa are produced. The spore represented at a is a little larger proportionately than it should be, from the fact that the drawing was made after the spore had been sown in a cell culture and just prior to germination (when the drawing was made) it was considerably larger from imbibition of water. Measurements. mm in diameter. made leaf. Hyphfe The fertile hyphte .006-.007 are usually scattered, rarely in clusters of two or three. are .050-.140 mm long x Conidia .018-.022 mm x .036-.050 mm. culture under the microscope, the spore a are shown on the under- The Alternaria is illustrated in Plate II. figure 5. The drawing is from a water having been taken from among a number of others on a cotton Parts of several vegetive hyphae These are side and at the left, the parts of the fungus which The fertile hyphae are seen to proThese spores as 171I grow on the inside of the leaf. duce in a concatenate manner the spores b. 10 well as the fertile hyphw are dark brown in color, and in numbers serve to blacken the leaf. The bacterial disease is often very widespread even when no evidences of the other fungi are to be found,but is mentioned here because frequently it is an accompaniment of the black "rust" and contributes materially to the aggravation of the disease. manifested by a watery appearance in which are bounded by the veinlets of the sometimes very numerous and frequently disease leaf. It is first spots definite areolate conjoined; The spots are often the follows one or more of the main ribs of the leaf being As the dis- bounded on each side by an irregularly zigzag line. ease ages the spots become blackish and quently then bordered sometimes break out extended somewhat centrifugally. then light brown, fre- by a blackish color where the disease has The dead spots in the leaves in the leaves blight. leaving many perforations with ragged edges, somewhat as results in cotton-leaf The disease hastens the falling off of the leaves. F.xternal Charactersand Progressof the Disease.-During the entire season, from July to the close of October, of the thousands of leaves old and young that I examined, Cercosporagossypina has been an almost universal accompaniment, and has not been second in point of attack, except perhaps in rare cases. parallel or immediately succeeding attacks In many cases were made by the Colletotriclhum. The Macrosporium as a rule follows closely the attack of the Cercospora, indeed sometimes seeming to be first to attack. veloped. In such cases possibly it attacked the spots diseased by of the latter were deBy its clusters of The Alternaria usually succeeds the Macrosporium, Cercospora before the hyphe and conidia though often seeming to be parallel with it. hyphte and profusely developed concatenate spores in favorable wcather the leaf is soon covered with a mass of spores giving a blackened appearance to the leaves. My correspondents in Alabama generally use the term "black rust" when the disease progresses very rapidly and the development of the hypha of Cercospora and sete of Colletotrichum, or When the disease progresses more 172 the Macrosporium and Alternaria spores, is very profuse causing the leaves to appear black. 11 slowly, being checked by unfavorable weather, or is in the first stages the term "red rust" is generally used. In such cases the Macrosporium or Alternaria has extended centrifugally the spots attacked by the Cercospora, increasing their size, causing them to become more nearly circular, and marking the spots with concentric lines. Also the edges of the leaf are usually dead and dried, and curled either below.or upward, being favorite places for the attack of either the Cercospora or Colletotrichum. The body of the leaf is still green, paled yellow or dull purple. In some cases in the early stages of the disease the Colletotrichum severely attacks the upper part of the stem of the plant and petioles of the leaves, giving the stems a dark color from internal changes,to the leaves a scalded appearance and to shrivel up and dry, much as if frost bitten. Sometimes the development of the Cercospora may be so great and the attack of the other fungi so tardy as to give the appearance of black "rust" produced by it alone. Specimens of this kind were received from one of my correspondents at Eutaw, Ala. The conditions for the development of the Cercospora were so favorable that from one fourth to three fourths of the leaf surface was covered with a dense mass of the dark brown hyphie, the remaining portion of the leaf being yellowish-with numerous small points of attack. The hyphe and conidia in such cases are very long. Where other fungi, as Colletotrichum, Macrosporium and Alternaria are abundant, it is often very difficult to find the Cercospora on the leaf. By placing the leaves, freshly gathered, in moist chambers for ten to twelve hours I have never failed to get an abundance of Cercospora, even on the smallest, uppermost leaves of the plant. Sometimes the Macrosporium is the predominating fungus in the last stage of the disease, giving a black appearance to the entire leaf. Cercospora and Colletotrichum are both active parasites, and I am convinced from a year's study of Cercospora gossypina that it is a more active and destructive parasite than has been formerly regarded. A diseased condition once started by such a fungus causing them by different shades of a dull 173 12 opens the way for the rapid growth and great injury produced It is possible by such forms as Macrosporium and Alternaria. that the Macrosporium may infect the leaves unaided by other fungi. Inoculations of plants free from other forms must be made to determine this. Cercospora gossypina sometimes produces a serious spot disease of the cotyledons. mental purposes. I first observed this on some young plants for experistarted on the horticultural grounds, in September, I am told that sometimes in cold seasons in May this spot disease is quite injurious along with "sore-shin." * CURRENT THEORIES AS TO CAUSE. Much speculation in agricultural papers has been indulged in the cause of black "rust" of cotton. It would be almost impossible to collect and critically examine all that has been written upon the subject from a purely empirical, or as has regarding been too often the case, from a subjective, stanapoint. Some of the current theories, however, are worthy of consideration. Physical Condition of Soil, Lack of Fertilizers.-Many hold that it is due to the physical condition of the soil, or to a lack of proper fertilization. It is quite likely that there are certain physical conditions of soil which are not so favorable to the healthy growth of the plant as others, and also that there are soils which lack proper and sufficient nutriment for a healthy growth. It is to be hoped that, since progress is being made by experimentation with fertilizers best adapted for the production of cotton on different soils, similar experiments will be made to test the of fungous parasites. efficacy of certain fertilizers in producing a plant able to resist the attacks vent the "rust" that will be better Many of the statements currently made that certain fertilizers will surely preare either without foundation in fact, or the "rust" referred to is not a diseased condition of the plant induced by fungous parasite s. For example, the reddening of the leaves so commonly seen on worn out lands is usually nothing else than a *A pycnidial form of some spheriaceous fungus is also frequently an accompaniment of black "rust." It is probably Phyllosticta gossypina E. and M. Recent cultures in agar agar peptone broth seem to show that it is the pycnidial stage of an undescribed Pleospora which I have found on fallen leaves. -G. F. A. 174 13 physiological condition of the plant, which proper fertilizing will, to a great extent, remedy. It is usually in reference to such lands that we hear of the "fence-row" cotton which escapes the "rust." I have seen several cases during the past year where the "fence-row" cotton was affected with the black "rust" and injured just so severely as the cotton by its side in the field. In this case, however, the soil was all fertile. As yet we are far from knowing just what fertilizer to apply to prevent black "rust." Many cases have Come under my immediate observation wnere good land was well fertilized and yet some of the cotton was very badly diseased. Some of my correspondents who formerly attributed the disease to the peculiar conditons of the soil, lack of fertilizers, etc., say that sometimes in the best soils and with careful fertilizing the disease appears in a very destructive form. The subject has not been inquired into in a satisfactory manner. It should be carefully tested by systematic experiments conducted as thoroughly as is done in determininngthe fertilizer best adapted to the growth and fruiting of the plant.* Conditions.-Anothertheory very commonly held and frequently expressed is that black "rust" is due to "atmospheric conditions." It is an erroneous view, though arising from inofault of those who hold it, but from the fact that these fungous parasites are so small that no one can see them with the natural powers of vision,and so little known that but few people, comparatively how it is that an unseen within a plant and kill it. It is true that, while the cause is not due directly to atmospheric conditions, certain conditions of the atmosphere favor the growth of the parasites. The fact is, there are certain temperature and other organism can grow all org anisms, even cotton conditions of the atmosphere that are favorable to the growth of itself. In the case of many plants speaking, understand Altmospheric these conditions vary, so that what is favorable for one plant is unfavorable for another, Long continued wet weather with a relatively high temperature is unfavorable to the growth and fruiting of cotton, but it is favorable to the growth of the parasites which produce black "rust." "The rust frequently is much worse in spots so that large areas of an acre or more for experiment plats are not so reliable as narrow areas of about 4 row plats across an acre. 175 14 is very reasonable to suppose that, if we had a physical condition of the soil perfectly suited to cotton culture, a fertilizer perfectly adapted to supply the plant with just the proper nutriment, and a climate perfectly regulated to run throughout the season in a n:anner most favorable to cotton, there would be very little damage from black "rust." But while we are approaching the day when we may know the best fertilizer to be applied to certain soils, and may possibly be able to change to some extent the physical conditions of unfavorable soils, we probably will never be able to control atmospheric conditions which are unfaIt vorable to the growth of cotton and favorable to the growth of its parasites. Fruiting Cotton More Subject to Disease.-Another theory which may contain a great deal of truth is, that diseased. only while cotton is fruiting is it subject to the disease, that barren stalks are never It is hardly necessary to call attention to tl e fact that Since the if we avoid the fruiting of cotton, in order to prevent the black 'rut ; ," the main object of cotton culture is defeated, above was written I have been informed by Mr. W. H. Lawson that frequently otherwise vigorous plants have been produced on parts of his farm which bore no fruit but were badly diseased by black rust. The Power of the Plant to Resist Fungous Parasites.-Thepower which some of the lower organisms have, under favorable circumstances, microscope. of successiully resisting the attacks of fungous parasites has been demonstrated by direct observation under the In some of the higher animals observations of the that alsc under resist the favorable From blood taken from subjects inoculated by injection of the germs into the blood vessels demonstrates circumstances they may successfully attack. these direct proofs in a few organisms we are enabled to draw the inference that all animals and plants under favorable circumstances can resist the growth of many parasites inimical to their existence. Perhaps the most remarkable of the earlier experianimals over fungous Beitrag zur Lehre fiber den Virch. Archyiv. Bd. 96, 1884, ments which demonstrate this power of diseases is the work of Metschnikoff,* Kampf der Phagocyten gegen Krankheitserreger. The spores of one of the *Ueber eine Sprosspilzkrankheit der Daphnien. pp. 177-195, 2 Taf. See Zopf; Die Pilze in morphologischer, physiologischer, biologischer und systematischer Beziehung, 1890, pp. 241 and 261-262. 176 15 sprouting fungi (yeast plants) first fed to crustaceans made their way through the alimentary canal into the blood. Certain of the blood corpuscles attack and completely surround a cell of the fungus, and excrete a fluid of the nature of an enzyme which acting upon the fungus cell first deforms and then destroys it. If only a few cells of the fungus entered the blood the action of the peculiar blood corpuscles was sufficient to prevent the growth of the fungus and resist the disease. If, however, numerous germs of the fungus were injected the blood corpuscles were incapable of destroying them all, so that the peculiar blood cells themselves were finally overpowered by the great number of fungus cells, which also excrete an enzyme to act on the corpuscles. Now the fungus was permitted to grow and to develop the disease. While the higher plants do not have free amoeboid cells which can act as the phagocytes, as they are called, in animals do, yet the protoplasm in a healthy condition and under favorable circumstances probably offers resistance to the growth of many fungous parasites. But where the germs of the fungns are very numerous and the plant is under unfavorable conditions of temperature, and thebe very conditions being favorable to the development of the parasites; the plant may not be able to resist the disease. This in fact is what experiments as well as observations prove in plants as well as in animals. Unfavorable changes in the weather alone sometimes render healthy animals and plants temporarily susceptible to parasitic diseases. Over such unfavorable conditions man has no control except in circumscribed areas. Therefore it has been found necessary in many cases to apply to perfectly healthy plants preventives of infectious diseases to tide them over unfavorable periods. Already in the case of the grape, apple,potatoesthe grains and other plants; substantial success has been met with in the treatment of diseases which every care given to soils and fertilizers cannot prevent. Experiments.-Duringthis season experiments will be conducted at the Experiment Station with a view to discover some preventive of the disease. Not only will direct applications be made to the plant of substances to check the growth of the spores, but certain fertilizers will be used in parallel experiments, and alternate areas or rows be left untreated as checks, so that some comparisons can be drawn. The farmers themselves could do valuable work if they could make some careful tests with fertilizers on the cooperative plan. But if undertaken it should be systematically carried out. 177 16 Several alternations of treated and untreated rows should be arranged so as to avoid error. If this year should not be a favorable one for the disease experiments should be continued another year. Object of the Bulletin.-The object of this bulletin is to present some tangible information in regard to the disease called black "rust," to describe it briefly and to give such illustrations of the leaves as will enable farmers to detect the disease and so prevent to a certain extent the confusion which now exists with cottonleaf blight and some conditions of the leaf which are purely physiological or due to mites. It is hoped that farmers will read the bulletin carefully and preserve it to aid them in observing the diseases of cotton during the present year. I would consider it a great favor if the farmers would observe carefully to distinguish this disease from others and send me specimens of all the different diseased conditions of cotton leaves and bolls which they find. A half dozen or more leaves of each kind should be sent. They should be laid separately between sheets of paper and be supported on one side by stiff paper of some kind, so as to keep them from spoiling while they are in the mails. A great deal of aid can thus be given by farmers themselves in this important investigation. The leaves should be sent to meat Auburn, Ala. I wish to express my thanks to the farmers who so kindly aided me the past year in sending specimens and notes on the disease. Their names are given below, Hon. G. R. Banks, Tallassee; W. C. Barkin, Coats Bend; R. E. Browning, Pleasant Hill; S. M. Cathcart, Alberta; C. C. L. Dill, Dillborough; S. A. Driver, Augustin; J, W. Edmunds, Faunsdale; J. W. Eubank, Pine Level G. T. Green, Fayetteville; F. M. Kirksey, Eutaw; R. E. Mobley, West Greene; J. C. Mathews, Crittenden Mills; Rev. J. L. Moultrie, Union Springs; Prof. C. L. Newman, Athens; G. W. Rhodes, Saville; W. M. Trimble, Sandy Creek; J. V. Tutt, Belmont; A. Y. Smith, Prattville; O. D. Smith, Smith's Station; T. J. Waller, Auburn;Mr. Wright, Wright's Mills. Specimens were received twice from some of the gentlemen Figures 1, 2, 3, Cercospora gossypina Explanation of Plate II. Cooke, clusters of hyphe, and few conidia; in figure 1 two conidia are still attached to the hyphae. Fig. 4 Macrosporium nigricantium Atkinson. b and c hyphae. c bears a conidium Fig. 5 Alternaria, a spore grown in water a culture, b chains of conidia. All drawn with aid of camera lucida to same scale. Zeiss microscope, ocular 4, objective D used. 178 55 I i H\ ft ! 1 11 t''!( PI4' F 9\ ATISN \N \F FU F BAK RS"O OT N Bulletin No. 28. November, 1891. Agricultura1 Experiment Station -OF THE- AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE, AUBURN, :N, ALABAMA. ADWATERMELONS ADCANTALOUPES. By J. S. NEWMAN & CLAYTON. JAS. be sent free to any citizen of the ~The Bulletins of this Station will State on application to the Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn, Ala. TlE F]ROWN PRINTING CO., PRINTERS1 MONTGOMERY 1 ALA,. WATERMELONS AND CANTALOUPES. J. S. NEWMAN AND JAS. CLAYTON. Productiveness of Seed from. different parts of the Melon, This has been a question of interest to melon growers for a half century, and a few individuals reject the seed grown near the ends of the melon. In order to test the matter by experiment, a melon, of the variety known as the sugar-loaf, was divided by cross sections into three parts, having each one-third of the longer axis of the melon. The seed were carefully picked from the three parts designated as the stem end, the middle and the blossom end. These were planted separately, under as nearly identical conditions as practicable, April 17th, 1891. The results are given below. While they are not conclusive they are suggestive. Seed have been saved from the ends and middle of melons from each plat for more elaborate inquiry. SHOWING PRODUCTION FROM SEED TAKEN FROM DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE WATERMELON. PLANTED APRIL 17TH, 1891. from Seed from Seed from e Stem end. Middle. ossom August 11 August 4. August 7. 1-2 6-7 5-6 First ripe melons................... Proportion of melons ripe then in No.. Proportion of melons ripe by weight.. . 56 per ct. 88 per et. 82 per ct. Average weight of melons........... 23.2 lbs. 27.9 lbs. 24.4 lbs. Total weight per acre...............10.415 lbs. 14.076 lbs. 10.569 lbs. Average weight per plant............ 23.2 lbs. 32.2 lbs. 24.4 lbs. 4 Only the merchantable melons were gathered for the test. The largest weighed 36.6 lbs. and came from the seed of the middle section. The smallest, 18 lbs., from the blossom end. The seed from the ends each produced 435 merchantable melons per acre, while those from the middle produced 507 per acre-in number, 72 more than either end-and in weight more than two tons in excess of the ends. The variation in the time of maturity is even more marked than that in production, the middles maturing six-seventh of the melons seven days earlier than the stem end ripened half. The time of ripening ranged from one hundred and nine to one hundred and sixteen days from date of planting. By reference to the table of results of comparison of varieties, it will be seen that the number of days required for maturing this variety ranges from one hundred and to one hundred and nineteen days. The longest period required by the earlier planted-seventeen days earlier-exceeded that required by the stem end only three days. It seems, therefore, that late planted melons require less time for maturing than those planted in early spring. The seed for this experiment were saved from the melon when in good condition for eating. The seed towards the centre mature earlier than those at either end. Possibly the difference in results would be less marked if the melon was allowed to remain upon the vine until all of the seed were fully ripe. Further inquiry on this line is desirable. COMPARISON OF VARIETIES. The following tabulated statement of the characteristics of some popular varieties needs little comment. The season was unfavorable and hence none of the specimens attained to normal size. Seed of a number of varieties left over in 1888 failed to vegetate. These seed were purchased in 1888 from three of the most reliable Seedsmen, and it is presumed were grown in 1887 Melon seed are usually supposed to retain vitality for ten years under the above supposition these were only four years old. 5 It is worthy of notice that there was only an extreme varia tion of six days inthe time of ripening of the varieties. As a combination variety for home use and market the Jones melon ranks first. It is not so good for shipping as the Kolb Gem, but superior in quality. It answers well to " top off" a car of Kolb Gems, or for local markets. The sugarloaf gives great satisfaction for home consumption. COMPARISON OF VARIETIES OF WATER MELONS AND OF SEED OF DIFFERENT AGES. Names of Varieties. Seedsman. Color of Rind. Color of Flesh. Color of Seed. Cuba............ Cuban Queen....... Early Mountain Sprout Extra Early Johnson's Christmas Jones Melon......... Jones Melon...... Jordan's Gray Monarch . Kolb Gem. Mammoth Iron Clad.. Mountain Sweet.... New Gragg ......... Pride of Georgia.. Seminole Experiment Station. Thorburn,1888....... Thorburn,1883....... July 21. 18 14%2 7 dark green stripe red.. white with brown tips. Landieth,1888...... Alabama Dep't Sugar Loaf......... Sugar Loaf .......... Sugar Loaf......... Texas Melon ....... Texas ~Melon ....... -.ITI ......... .. Philip Jones Mark W. Johnson Seed Co. Thorburn, 1888 . .... Experiment Station.. Thorburn, 1888......... H. A. Dreer, 1883.. . Livingston. ...... Xlark W. Johnson Seed Co. Philip Jones .... _.. Philip Jones........ Experiment Station... ..... I. I. Moses .. W. A. Henderson.... .. I.1I. Moses. .. ...... Agr'l, 1888 July 21 30 121% 1032dark green stripe dark red.. with brown tips. July 23 30.6 14 10 dark green stripe n.ak red... white with brown tips. July 24 25 12 while white 934 gr'n stripe light red.. & black............. 9 rattle snake July 23 16 8 July 21. 6.1 10%2 s dark green strip( July 21 22 16 734 light gray .... July 23 6 6 19 7 light gray... July 27 24 5 23 8 light gray.. July 27 20 21 712 light gray ' July 21 20 15 13 (lark green strip( July 23 I~C 16 13 dark green strip ~1 23 red white with brown tips. white with brown tips dark red.. brown ligbt red... white with brown tips. dlark red.. brown ..... ...... pale red .. _.. black... . . . . . . white with brown tips. red,..... white.. ".......... salmon red.... -zalmon.. COMPARISON OF VARIETIES OF WATER MELONS AND OF SEED OF DIFFERENT AGES-CONTINUED. r i e 05 0 1 2 3 Names of varieties. Seedsman. Form. Cavity. Texture. Quality. none... long. Station. best.. Thorburn, 1888......... Failed to vegetate. Failed to vegetate. Early Mountain Sprout Thorburn, 1888. ... Failed to vegetate. Landreth, 1888. 4 Extra Early....... Failed to vegetate. ronds .nn... labama Dep't Agr'l, 1888 -5 Johnson's.Christmas. firm......... best...... Jones Melon......... Philip Jones.. roundish .none... firm......... best.. Mark W. Johnson Seed Co 7 Jones Melon. Failed to vegetate. 1888...... roundish . none .. 8 Jordan's Gray Monarch very firm... . good ... 9 Kolb Gem.......... . Experiment Station .. Failed to vegetate. 10 Mammoth Iron Clad... .Thorburn, 1888. ...... roundish..none Failed to vegetate. . El. A. Dreer, 1888....... 11 Mountain Sweet. coarse and firm very good. .... 12 New Gragg......... Livingston ....... good. Mlark W. Johnson Seed Co roundish . none. coarse ... 13 Pride of Georgia. . long ...... none .. very firm ...... very good. .Philip Jones .......... 14 Seminole ........ good... 15 Sugar Loaf......... Philip Jones........... long .... jnone .. coarse.... none... very firm.. best .. Experiment Station..I long .... 16 Sugar Loaf ........ . long .... medium Scoarse. .. 17 Sugar Loaf......... ' I. I. Moses .......... A. Henderson........ roundish .none ... coarse... very good. 18 ITexas Melon:..... . roundish . I_____ .. I . I LI.1.Moses ........... 16 Texas Melon...... I TY1 , 1._1 none coarse. .. very good. Cuba ..... ICuban Queen...... Experiment I [ firm........ fThorburn, wT. 11 ,, CANTALOUPES. More than ordinary attention has been given this delicious fruit with the hope of inducing its more general cultivation in the State. In order to still further encourage it seed were distributed to every section of the State last winter. Unlike the watermelon, the cantaloupe is most productive upon highly fertilized soil. While the watermelon grows to perfection only upon soils containing a large percentage of sand, the cantaloupe will produce well upon any character of soil which is fertile and in good mechanical condition. Unlike the watermelon also it will thrive and produce best when planted thickly. Instead of planting in hills six feet apart, plant in rows four feet apart and two feet in the drill. Cultivate shallow in advance of the growth of the vines which should be disturbed as little as practicable. The secret of success rests in : (a) Thorough preparation and fertilization of the soil. (b) Planting as early as the season will allow. To secure an early stand it is well to replant between the hills ten days after the first seed are planted. If the first come the replanted may be chopped out. If the first are killed the replants replace them promptly. (c) Cultivate early, frequently and shallow. Deep cultivation so mutilates the roots as to prevent fruitfulness. Watermelons bear upon the main stem of the vine. Cantaloupes bear upon the laterals. The best quality usually accompanies thorough netting and green flesh. Thorough netting enables the melon to withstand the effects of the sun and escape "sun scald" to which all smooth surfaced varieties are subject in this climate. Varieties having yellow flesh are often sweet but invariably deficient in flavor. High flavor usually accompanies more or less coarseness of texture. Cantaloupes should not be allowed to ripen fully upon the vines. For shipment they should be plucked, with stem attached, just long enough before ripening to reach their destination becoming mellow, but not green enough to cause wilting. For home use pluck when the stem readily separates from the melon under gentle pressure, and store in a cool place to mellow. If plucked at the proper stage of ripeness the desirable state of mellowness will be reached in twenty-four hours. Both watermelons and cantaloupes for home consumption should be plucked early in the morning, while freshened by the dew and the cool atmosphere of the night. The tabulated statement which follows gives in condensed form observations made upon twenty-five varieties during the past summer. The classification adopted by the American Pomological Society, the highest authority on such matters, has been retained instead of the usual grading from one to ten as giving, in connection with other observations, a clearer idea of the comparative merits of the varieties. The observations are made upon a large number of fully developed, typical melons of each variety from day to day during the season of ripening. From these daily records the summary is tabulated. "Good," "very good" and "best" in the last column is easily understood and taken in connection with the information conveyed in other columns should furnish sufficient guide for selection even to the novice. COMPARISON OF VARIETIES OF CANTALOUPES. z 0 Names of Varieties. Planted March 30th. Seedsman. Time ripe Form 3tNetting. S Cavity. 1 2 3 4. 5 6 7 Acme........................... Atlantic City ..................... Landreth Banquet.........................Livingston. Delmonico........................J. A. Everett Extra Early Cape May...... .Landreth. Landreth.. July 4. 3.2 oblong,..........perfect... June 29. 3 6 July 10. 3 roundish........perfect. oblong.........medium... flat............ perfect. 7Y4 512 medium. . Extra Early Hackensack.......... Extra Early June. .Landreth Landreth.... June 29. 4.2 flt. imperfect. June 29. 4.2 olong.........imperfect.. July 1.. 6 roundish......perfect. July 3. 734 4k 2 217Y2 512 medium.. smal~l.. 5 5r4 53 'small... 734 large .. 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24, 25 Golden Jenney (same as Jenney Lind) July 3 9 Grower's Pride..........J.AEvrt ...Julyi1.. Montreal Market..........J. A. Everett r.AImproved June 29. Improved Pine Apple. ............. July 4.. Newman Livingston's Market Nutmeg..........Livingston... July 7. Vialta Winter Red Flesh .......... N. B. & G. CcS. July21 July 1 Netted Gem ..... ... Landreth Netted Nutmeg...... .. ..... Landreth. June 28. July 7. New Giant.......................... Livingston Nixon.......................... Philip S. Jon(es July 4 n. July 2. Bolgiano &-S Nutmeg............. .............. Osage .................... J. A. Everett. July 4.. rt July 6. Landreth... imperfect... 6.1 flat. .......... none. .. 5 3 roundish.......imperfect... 2.1 oblong and pointed perfect. 3.7 roundish ........ imperfect... 6.4roundish......none. 1.3 roundish.......perfect.... 2.1 roundish ... .... perfect ... . 5 5.1 flat.......... 1.5 5.5 oblong. ..... perfect .. 4 roundish....perfect .... 2 6 roundish. ...... 3 6 roundish..... medium.. medium. . large.. 6 62 814 large. 5 medium.. 7 medium ... 512 6 6%4 large.. 8 medium.. 434 4 4j' 518 small.. 5%4 7 34 414 8 none.. P e m a aay 'ss Gia nn. . . .. . . . rt. July u sm y Gi t. w .. .. . . .B.. . .H J . A . E v ere t t .eShJuly 10 9 ... u ueSh u 10. Washington Market .......... .Hal Buist. I Wilson Winter Pine Apple... .. Tours Sugar V U......... lock Hallook roundish....... flat:. .......... July 10 .5 6 roundish........ July 21. 6 4 roundish ...... July 16- 1 3 round..........none 7 none. . 3 round none. . none.. imperfect.. none._ perfect.. 614 8%~ 734 534 5%4 734 6%4 %lre.. large., large.. 612 medium.. 512 6 814 large... medium. . .. ,.... large.. 6~4 6%' 6%. large. 8 4 small.. 8%4 large.... COMPiA RISON OF VARIETIES OF CANTALOUPES-CONTINUED. ci NAMES OF VARIETIES. 0 G Seedsman. Color of Flesh. T exture. C CorruSgations . Flavor. 1 Acme.. ......................... Land eth.. light green. medium .. -if, .1 d A 11- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1I J 12 13 14 Atlantic City........................LandY . ... Banquet ... ............... Delmonico... .. . Extra Early Cape May Extra Early Hackensack .............. Extra Early June. Golden Jenney (same as Jenney Lind) Grower's Pride........J. Improved Montreal Market ........... .. Improved Pine Apple Livingston's Market Nuitmeg ........... h. Livingston . J. A. Exeret Landreth. Landreth. ndreth. Landreth A .. . J. A. Everett... light green leep green whiteish green Livingston. Everett.. .. green with red tin t yellow......... yellow......... light green. green.......... reen.......... green yellow.. coarse and soft. fine and firm fine and firm coarse and coarse and soft. coarse and firm coarse and soft soft 14 /8 J,18 1 Newman. 1 Malta Winter Red Flesh ........ vletted 15 16 17 Genm Netted Nutmeg.............. New Giant Nixon........... .. ............. B. & U. Landreth Co.. ....... .................. ............. ............. Landreth... Livingston .... Bolgiano & Son J. A. E~verett 18 19 r r Nutmeg .............................. Philip S. Jones Osage.,..... c i i G L 20 21 22 23 24 25 ..................... Persian.... Shumway's Giant...........Book Snumway's Giant...........J .. VWashingt n Market Wilson Winter Pine Apple........... Tours Sugar n .1 .. ,.. Bonk & Hupert H upert. Everett . uist. .... Hallok .. allw k I, A & fine and firm. coarse and firm. fine and soft fine and firm yellow . . fine and soft deep green.. coarse and soft :reen. ..... medium yellow.. .. green with red tiniicoarse and soft coarse and solt. livht green . fine and firm yellow . fine and firm yellow ......... medium yellow...... ine and firm yellow .. light green ... . tine and firm fine'anid firm .ellow.. ... fine and firm yellow. tine and fim.. (114 w% 14 ~ none. none..... very good. good. very good. Sshallow. best. 114 medium good .. deep . . good. 1 medium best 114 shallow. very good. 11 deep none . s shallow. best...... 118 shallow. best .. 114 deep.., none. 112 medium very good. shallow.. very good. medium none... 1 shallow. r~ one.. .. 1%4 deep.. good. . 112 -hallow.,good . very good. 114 ,eep. 11% deep.. none.. Snone... none. 1 %shallow. 1j shallow. 112 deep 114 deep 114 deep .. . 1%8 medium best.. medium very good. 4 112 I "-M) I - Bulletin No. 29. November, 1S91. Agricultura1 Experiment Station -OF THE- AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE, AUBURN, ALABAMA. GRAPES, RASPBERRIES AND STRAWBERRIES.. By J. S. NEWMAN & JAS. CLAYTON. fffThie Bulletins of this Station will be sent free to any citizen of the State on application to the Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn, Ala. THlE BROWN PRINTING CO., PRINTERS, MONTGOMERY, ALA. Grape Culture-Testof Varieties. At the earnest solicitation of many, who have been induced to embark in grape culture by reading the bulletins of this sta tion, the following epitome of grape culture is given in connection with the report of experiments with varieties. The interest that has been excited all over the State in the cultivation of this delicious fruit is gratifying beyond the most sanguine expectations. Cuttings have been freely given to all who desired them, and rooted plants have been distributed free to all farmers in every section of the State for the double purpose of testing the adaptation of varieties to the different soils and climatic, conditions, and to introduce the cultivation, of the vine to the homes of the people. Besides this distribution thousands of plants, which were the incidental product of instruction given the classes in agriculture in growing nursery stock, have been sold at reasonable prices. That this policy has born good fruit is manifested now in the widespread interest in grape culture, which pervades the entire State. During an experience of thirty years in practical grape culture, an entire failure of the crop has not occurred. There is no reason why every citizen of Alabama, who owns an acre of land, should not grow enough grapes to supply the family table from the fifth of July to the first of October. The varieties now growing upon the grounds of this station furnish an abundant supply over this period. The varieties usually cultivated have been sufficiently tested on these grounds during the last six years to justify definite conclusions as to those best adapted to the sandy and red soils of the State; and, Bulletin No. 12, recently issued from the Canebrake Station, furnishes similar information for the prairie soils of the State. (For this, address W. H. Newman, Uniontown, Ala.) Several varieties, which fail here, have done well on the soil of the Canebrake Station. 4 GRAPE CULTURE. SOIL. The two principal requisites for a soil for grapes are fertility and drainage. Conditions of minor consideration are character and texture of soil and subsoil, elevation and exposure. Grapes are being successfully grown upon every variety of soil in the State. Where failures have occurred they have generally resulted from a want'of correct information as to varieties adapted to the locality and improper or neglectful cultivation and pruning. PREPARATION OF THE SOIL. Since the vine is expected to occupy the land for many years, the depth and thoroughness of the preparation of the soil cannot be too strongly emphasized. If the subsoil is clayey or of a tenacious character, the whole area to be planted should be deeply subsoiled and heavily fertilized with manures of the most permanent character, such as ashes and ground bones. The preparation should be commenced a year before planting the vines by growing humus supplying crops upon the land. A crop of rye, well fertilized, should occupy the land the winter before. When ripe, cut the stubble high and follow with a vine-producing variety of peas. Before the immediate preparation for planting is begun, sow over the dead pea vines in November half ton of air-slaked lime per acre. After plowing and subsoiling the whole area of the proposed vineyard, lay off rows eight feet apart, commence two feet from these rows on each side and bed to the middles with a good turn plow. Sow in the space, thus plowed, a ton of compost and four hundred pounds of acid phosphate or ground bone per acre. Plow and harrow until the fertilizers are thoroughly incorporated with the soil and subsoil, and fill the plowed space nearly to the level of the general surface. Open holes eight feet apart in the centre of the plowed space to suit the spread of the roots of the vines, place the roots in their natural position and firm the soil upon them. PROPAGATION. Grapes are propagated by cuttings, layers or grafting; most varieties grow so readily from cuttings that this method is almost universally adopted. Cuttings of the Labrusca, iEstivalis and other types commonly known as "bunch" grapes are taken from the canes of the previous season's growth. They need not to be more than six to eight inches in length. At the base, cut half an inch below, and at the top cut half an inch or an inch above a bud. If taken from long jointed varieties, such as Concord and Perkins, there will usually be only two buds to the cutting, while in short jointed varieties, like the Delaware and Lutie, there will often be four. These cuttings may be taken and planted at any time from November to March, while the vines are being pruned. Cuttings from the Rotundifolia or muscadine type must be made as early as practicable after the leaves fall-not later than November. If cut later, the vines "bleed" injuriously, and often destructively. These cuttings should be eighteen inches long and cut from the canes of the growth of the previous summer. LAYERS. These are single or multiple. The former are made by turning down a new cane at any time during the winter or early spring and covering a part of it with soil, leaving the end above ground. Rooting is facilitated by partly cutting the portion covered with soil, but this is not necessary. During the growing season, abundant roots will form upon the covered part. These roots having formed artificially, as adventitious buds do above ground, they are easily torn from the vine, and hence the latter must be first cut from the parent and a fork or spade run under the roots before attempting to lift the plant. Multiple layers are made by placing a long new cane in a trench dug for the purpose and staking it down, covering gradually with soil as the canes grow from the joints. The work may be finished at once by covering alternate joints leaving the others above ground. Roots will form upon the joints covered, while canes will grow from those not covered. In the fall following, cut above each cane and lift the roots carefully as directed for single layers. Some hard wood varieties, notably Norton's Virginia, do not take readily from cuttings, except in very compact soils, and hence layering is generally resorted to as the most reliable means of propagating them. The Rotundifolia type are also commonly propagated in this way. GRAFTING. Under certain conditions, this is a desirable method of pro. pagating new varieties rapidly, and of utilizing stocks of wild grapes or inferior varieties. Grafting is most successfully done upon the part of the stock below the surface of the soil. The soil is removed from six or eight inches of the base of the stock, which, if large, is cut at right angles to its axis for cleft grafting, which is done by splitting the top of the stock and inserting the scion cut in wedge shape so as to bring the inner bark of the two in contact. Cover the wounded parts of both with grafting wax and, if the stock is not stout enough to bind the scion by its own elasticity, tie with a bass-wood band or with some other soft material. Clay may be substitu ted for the grafting wax. As soon as the graft is inserted theearth should be drawn up to the bud on the scion and firmly pressed, using care not to displace the graft. If the stock and scion are nearly the same size a slanting cut is made at the top of the stock and a similar one at the bottom of the scion and these bound together, uniting as much as practicable the inner bark of the two. Cover the point of junction as before. PLANTING OUTTINGS. Having the cuttings properly prepared and arranged with all the buds pointing in the same direction, open trenches, three feet apart, and six inches deep with turn plow, having the furrow made by the bar side of the plow as evenly cut and vertical as practicable. Place the cuttings six inches apart against this vertical side of the furrow, forcing the lower ends into the loose soil in the bottom until the upper ends are just even with the surface of the soil. A single furrow thrown Upon these with a good turn plow will finish the planting, or they may be covered with hoe or shovel. The long cuttings of the Rotundifolia type must be placed in the furrow in such inclined position as to have the lower end at the bottom of the furrow, and the other at the top of the soil. TRANSPLANTING THE ROOTED VINES, After the soil has been fertilized and prepared as already described, open holes every eight feet as deep as the subsoil has been broken and put two pounds of crushed or broken bones in the bottom of each and upon these a shovel full of well rotted compost or half bushel of vegetable mold from the woods. Cover these with surface soil until the depth of the hole suits the plant to be placed in it. Have the soil highest in the center and sloping to the sides, so that, when the plant is set in the centre, the roots will slope naturally in every di. rection. If there are two tiers of roots from different joints of the cutting, cover the lower tier with enough soil to reach to the base of the second, holding up the latter while this is being done. Cover the second tier in the same way and fill with surface soil until the plant is set to the same depth as when in the nursery row. Press the soil firmly upon the roots and drive by the side of the plant a stake four feet long for the protection of the plant in spring and to be used for training the new cane in summer. Before setting the plant, cut back the new wood of the cane, to be left, to two plump eyes and remove entirely all others. Cut off all broken or badly bruised roots and trim the ends smoothly. TREATMENT DURING THE FIRST YEAR. The space between the rows should be cultivated shallow with harrow, scrape or cultivator until first of May, when two rows of peas should be planted in each, and these cultivated until they occupy the land. These will shade the land and collect plant food for the benefit of the grapes. Gather the peas when ripe and leave the vines upon the surface until the following March. Two or more canes will grow from each vine. When these attain a length of fifteen to eighteen inches, select the strongest and tie to the stake and remove the others. Jeep all except the one cane rubbed off during the summer. When this is three feet long, pinch back the bud to induce a stocky growth. TREATMENT THE SECOND SEASON. When the soil is in good condition to be plowed in February or March, apply broadcast one thousand pounds of compost per acre and one hundred pounds each of kainit and acid phosphate. Set the plow to run just two inches deep and plow in the fertilizer. Cultivate shallow and plant peas as in the year before. Cut back the cane, which grew the first year, to three good eyes. Plant posts of some durable wood in alternate spaces between the vines in the rows. The posts will, therefore, be sixteen feet apart with two vines between them. Stretch tightly two No. 10 wires on these posts-one two feet from the ground and the other four feet. When the new canes grow long enough, tie to the bottom wire, one on each side and one in the centre. When four feet long, pinch back to induce stocky growth. To avoid the danger of binding pass the string around the cane below a leaf, cross the ends between the cane and the wire and tie to the wire. This secures the vine in position and leaves room for growth under the string. There will be a few flowers upon the canes. If the vines are very vigorous these may be allowed to ripen grapes, one bunch to the cane. If not vigorous, the bunches should be removed before flowering. There should now be three vigorous canes, two trained horizontally upon the lower wire, in opposite directions, and the third extending vertically to the top wire. In most varieties there will be a lateral at each of a majority of the joints. TREATMENT THE THIRD YEAR. Fertilize and cultivate as directed for the second year, except that the shallow cultivation is continued through the summer without the peas. Cut the horizontal canes back to three feet in length, and cut back the laterals to one good eye or bud, or, in the language of the vintner, "spur back to one eye." Out the vertical cane one joint above the top wire and spur its laterals as before. The new canes which grow from these laterals, thus spurred, will each produce three bunches of grapes. The number of bunches which a vine will produce may, therefore, be estimated with a considerable degree of accuracy in advance. The crop may thus be regulated to suit the capacity of each vine, as indicated by its vigor. If not vigorous the crop should be reduced by the entire removal of some of the spurs. The pruning, just described, is known as the "spur" system. This has been compared with the "renewal" system upon the same varieties. Results have invariably been in favor of the spur system. To prevent over bearing and the production of useless wood, as soon as sufficient growth has been made to make the selection, the feeble canes should be rubbed off, leaving the most vigorous. As soon as the new canes, from the spurs on the lower wire, are long enough tie to the upper wire. Future treatment need not vary materially from that given for the third year. A liberal manuring, shallow and clean cultivation and systematic spur pruning to one good eye on the new canes will insure annual crops in good quantity and finest quality. Paper bags will protect the grapes from rot, birds and insects, but spraying with fungicides is necessary to protect the vines from disease. The definite determination of the varieties adapted to our soil and climate is the first requisite for success. The introduction into a vineyard of varieties especially subject to disease, may prove fatal to others which would succeed if removed from such contagion. The susceptible variety serves as a nursery for the propagation of the germs of disease and thus infects the atmosphere surrounding others adjacent. The Black Eagle variety is especially subject to black rot, while the Ives is usually exempt. For three years in succession the grapes on Ives vines growing near the Black Eagle have rotted, while they were exempt in other parts of the same vineyard removed from this, but associated with hardy varieties. The necrological record, which follows, has no doubt been intensified by the association of so large, a percentage of sus- 10 teptible varieties, while, on the other hand, the "survival of the fittest" is also emphasized in the hardy varieties, the Ives, Perkins, Concord and Delaware, which withstood so well the influence of the unfavorable conditions by which they were surrounded. The probable communication of disease from vine to vine and variety to variety through the medium of the pruning shears presents food for thought and a subject worthy of inquiry. This subject will receive further attention in a future bulletin containing a report of experiments with varieties of pears. The accompanying tabulated statement presents, in compact form, the facts observed in regard to the varieties named. It is indeed a necrological record in which the "survival of the fittest" is conspicuously illustrated. Fortunately, the surviving varieties are all desirable as well as hardy and disease resisting. Many of the varieties, which failed, ere successful and productive till three years old, but succumbed by the fourth season. Of the four standards, Delaware, Ives, Perkins and Concord, the latter seems the least hardy. The Wyoming red, a very sweet red grape, is well worthy of cultivation, and is the best early red grape. Perkins and Ives are the most hardy, productive and reliable. By bagging the Ives and thus prolonging its season, these five varieties will give a supply of excellent fruit for two months. The Delaware is the standard of excellence as to flavor, and, though a short-jointed slow grower, is exceedingly productive. These five varieties furnish all the requisites for market, table and wine, and should satisfy the most exacting taste. From an experience of many years previous to planting this vineyard, I knew. that the Ives, Perkins, Delaware and Concord were standards [hence the large number of each planted], but the results of the comparisons here exhibited have emphasized their leadership. Even a casual examination of the tabulated statement will show the veriest novice the varieties worthy of his attention. VARIETIE S OF GRAPES PLANTED 1886-NORTHERN RipeningrGrowth ofospora EXPOSURE. NAMES z OF VARIETIEs. Time of. Vn.or nose Scab. or Leaf- Blight vigorous....,slight......slight. badly. slight. vigorous . slight....., slight. badly.. slight. vigorous . very badly..badly. medium.slight. vigorous .. slight.. slight. free .. badly. vigorous..,.slight...... slight. free.......slight. vigorous. slight....., badly. free.......slight. 2Cynthiana.........................sg.............vigorous lslight... free .. slight 106 Delaware ........................ July 20th to 31st.. vigorous .. badly. free.......slight. slight. 4 Diana......................... ...... ...... , . .. 6 Duchess. ....................... August 5th to 15th medium..,.badly. slight. very badly.. slight 6iElvira............................................... 6 Grein's Golden.................. 58 Hartford ........................ 2 Humboldt........................ August 5th to 15th July 5th to 7sBerckman's................... July 20th to 30th.. 6 Brighton. ..................... July 20th to 30th 6 Black Eagle .................... July.25 to Aug 5th. 7 Catawba............... ./.........Aug. 10th to 20th 5 Champion ....................... Aug. 5th to 15th.. 110 concord ...................... July 20th to 31st.. 10 IBeauty... 6 Agawam ..................... .... ..................... July 20th to 31st.. vigorous .. August 5th to 15th vigorous . slight. badly. badly. slight. slight. slight. tree.......slight 6 Goethe......................... August 1st to 10th vigorous... slight..... slight ... 6 ........... 6 Irving ........................... 109 [yes............................ 2 Isabella...................... 6 Jefferson ....................... 6 Lady Washington ................ Iona................ ..... ... . . .... :. July 25 to Aug. 5. medium ... slight..badly . badly.,... slight .. July 25 to Aug. 5. not vigorous slight...badly..badly . badly ... July 20th to 31 st.. August 5th to 15th vigorous ... July 25 to Aug. 5 medium ,... kugust 5 to 15 .. vigorous .. August 10th vigorous .. 15th. . vigorous'.. free...... medium .... badly..badly . badly . badly . badly . .... badly.... badly ... . badly...slight ... ..... ... slight...slight . ... vigorous... free ....... badly.... slight...badly . slight. . medium. ... t.ree....... badly.. badly .. free ... slight..very slight, slight.,. badly . badly..medium... 6 Lindley .. 2 Lutie ......... ..................... July 30 to Aug. 10 not vigorous badly.. badly ... badly ... badly.... free .. 3 Long or Cunningham ............. I................. July 20th to 30th not vigorous free .......................... VARIETIES OF GRAPES PLANTED 1886-NORTHERN EXPOSURE-CONTINUED. Growth of Vine. Anthracnose or Scab. slight.. badly.... slight .... badly ...... NAMES OF VARIETIES. Time of Ripening. Black-Rot. Leaf Scald. O 6 Vartha... 6 Mason's Renting................ 6 Maxatawney.................... 6 Meno ..... i Iumy 30 to Aug. 10 vigorous July 25 to Aug. 5. .August 5 to 15 . .July 25 to Aug. 5.. July 5th to 15th. ~ ..... rl ... .... Cercospora 'LeafBlight. or august 5th to 15t11 not vigorous fre........slight.. , free........badly.badly...slight. slight.. badly. badlyt.. very badly. .. badly.. badly.. tree........slight. badly....slight...... tree ...... ,,.. 6 Merrimac ....................... 6 V1oore's Earley.................. s Niagara July 25 to Aug 5 vigorous.... 7 Norton's Virginia................ Xugust 5 to 15 ... vigorous 2 Othello........................ August 5 to 15 6 Pearl.......................... vigorous.... 107 Perkins.......................... July 5 to 15.....vigorous 1 Peter Wylie....................... July 20th ........ not vigorous not vigorous 6 Pocklington........ ............. . July 25 to Aug 5.., iot vigorous 6 Prentiss ...... ................... 6 Rogers No 11..................... July 25 to Aug. 5 medium 9 Telegraph ....................... . July 25th to Aug. 5 medium... July 25th to Aug. 5 medium 6 Triumph ................. 7.Vergennes....................... July 25th to Aug. 5 vigorous... 2 Warren .......................... 6 Wilder......................... 25 to Aug. 5.. medium ... . 6 Worden................... .... July 25Sto Aug 5.. medium . 6 Wyoming Red . July 10th to 20th.. I\I; IYAY Alln medium ,... ~1\71UI~Y IT;Y\~ ..... medium uot vigorous mot medium.. vigorous badly. badly badly plight. slight. free........slight badly.. tree....t ree ....... free . slight . slight .. slight slight.. slight:. slight ... badly. .. badly..slight . very slight, free ... ... Very slight,. badly...badly . badly .. slight...badly ... slight ... tree ........ free.....free........ very July badly...slight .. ,slight ... free ........ badly ... badly .. slight...slight. .. . free ....... .vigorous.... .light.....free....... badly...slight..,slight badly badly ... badly .. slight...slight. slight...free .. "slight free .. ... slight .. slight . slight.. slight.... very slight.. .. badly.. VARIETIES OF GRAPES PLANTED 1886-NORTHERN EXPOSURE. -CONTINUED. BERRIES. When Died. NAMES OF VARIErIES. Mildew. Downy free. o badly . Size. Color. 6 4 in '89, 2 in '90-91 large .dark red. 102 in '89, 8 in '90-91 red. medium 7all in 1890-91. .... red. 7 Berck man's...............tree III small. 64 in '89, 2 in 1890. red. very slight free.... Labr. cross 6 Brighton .................. medium free .. :.[ybrid .. 6 t in '89, Sin '90-91 large. black. Black Eagle............ree. red. free ... Labr...........6 2in '89, '90-91 5in medium 7 Catawba.................free. badly . Labr.......... 5 all in 1890 ... medium.. black. 5 Champion................free. badly . Labr......... .37 n '90 and '91... . blue-black. 73large . free.... .E-inalis. .. . black.* in 1890......... T9 [T1:ill... 2 Cynthiana................slight. slight . . Labr...... 99 -mall. red. .. badly.. in'90-91.. .. 106 Delaware .............. ...Labr. ... 4 in '89......... reddish.* medium... 41 Diana ............................. free... Hybrid medium... white. 6 lDuchess..................slight. 4 in 89-90...... large..... white. ... 6 Elvira.................... ...... medium free. .. Rip cross ... amber. Grein's Golden ............ free... 2 in '89, 3 in '90-91 Hybrid.......oe large, obl'ni purple. .. tree . . 6 Goethe ................... 5 in '89, 1 in '90 free ... Labr......... 58 in '89, 37 in '90 large ... black. 58 ... ..... free . Rip. cross. 2 in 18 ....... . )r9 large.. white 2 Humboldt ... ........................ free. .. Labr ...... 6 all 1890. large.. pale red. in 6[Iona.................... free .. free ... Hybr......... large.... white. 6 4 in '89, 2 in '90. free . 6llrving .................... slight.. Labr.... 1in 1890........ 108 medium black. 109 Ives.................ree badly... Labr mredium 2,in 1890.......... black. 2 Isabella................... slight.. slight . Labr. cross .. large redl. 3 in 1890.... free .. 6 Jefferson...... ........... medium free white. Hybrid.........6 5 in '89, 1 in '90.. 6 Lady Washington.........free .. 2 large.. red. slight .. Hybrid........4 Lin '89, 3 in '90.. slight. 6 Lindley......... Est...........3 small... lark purple.* . 3 Long or Cunningham...free ... (lark red.* free.. .. Labr ........... . large.. 2Lutie.....................free... 6 Agawam..................badly. .. 10 Beauty ... slight Labrusca. free... Clinton & Del. Hybrid... 6 11OConcord..................free. 6 Hartford......... free. 21 )r" 3 VARIETIES OF GRAPES PLANTED 1886-NORTHERN EXPOSURE-CONTINUED. i r NAMES OFVARIETIES. i Downy. Mildew. -Ic Q)0_ BERRIES. Type. I_ When Die~d. T, Size. 3mn 1890. ....... 6 1890-91...... 6allin 1889 6 2in '89, 4 in '90 . 5 2in Color. white. 6 Meno .......... 6 Merrimac .............. Moore's Early.......... 8 Niagara 7 Norton' Virginia........ 2 Othello............... 6 Pearl. ................ 107 Perkins 1 Peter Wylie............. 6 Pocklington............ 6 Prentiss................ . 6 Rogers No. 11........... . 9 Telegraph............ 6 Triumph................ . 7 Vergennes .............. 2 Warren................. 6 Wilder ................ . 6 Worden ....... 6 Wyoming Red........... *Planted 1889. Iartha.............. Mason's Renting....... Maxatawney............ ree. free... badly . free... free... free .. free... Labr. !. free slight free . free . 'free .. free. free...... free .. . large. .... . Labr... Labr....... Labr. ...... Hybrid ... Labr... Labr. badly ... badly. slight... free ... badly ... free ... free... badly.. free... free... free. badly. slight . free . ... f.slight free .. free... . free..... free .. . flee free.... free..... slight . slight. badly . }Est ...... Hlybr, Rip. cross.. Labr... Hybrid . Labr... cross... Labr ....... Elybr ... Labr... Hybr... Labr....... 1 very large. black. large.. .black. 3 large.....white. black. 3m ........ 41small very large black.* 2 all in ... ... white. medium 6 3 in '89, 3 in '90-91 brown-red. 2in 1890-91... 105 large. small..:white.* 1 . . large...... amber. 6 all in '89-90.. medium .white. 6a11 1890. ........ black. large ... 6 all '89-90medium.., black. in '89, 4in '90.. 5 1889. .......... 1 large...white. 5 [ in '89, 4in'90-91 5 1889-90......... i1890 '89, 3in medium.... white. oblong,med. white. amber. small. ... '90 '89 95 large . free ZEst....... Hybr.. Labr....... Labr. 1 1889.. ... .. 6 all '89-90... 5 al'89-90... un 1891....... black. 1 large. .... 5 medium .fred. small..... very large ..... red. blue with bl'om* black. The old vineyard having a northern exposure, it appeared desirable that the same varieties shonid be planted on southern exposure, and hence the new vineyard was planted in 1889. Results are shown in the tabulated statement, whih follows. These vines bore their first full crop last summer, and yet the mortality is already than occurr in the old vineyard during the corresponding period. In two more years the record will no doubt differ but little fro great-greater that now given of the old vineyard. It will be observed that the veteran survivers of the old vineyard are sustaini their reputation for hardiness in the new. VARIETIES OF GRAPES PLANTED 1889. Names of Varieties. SOUTHERN EXPOSUJRE. Downy Mildew. r~nara Type. Size of Berries. - Time of Ripening. Growth of Vine. Black IRot. Leaf Scald. Free. Free. Slight Free.. Badly . Anthrac- Grape nose Leaf Blight. or Scab. Color of Berries. I z 1 1891 Hybr....... 1 1891 Rip. Labr. cr .oss... 1 1891 Clinton & Dela. 4 1891 Hybr.. .12 1890-1. Labr..... i 2 Agawam.:......... 1 Amber........ 6 Beauty........... 22 Berckman's...... 24 Black Eagle..-... July 20 to 31.... Vigorous,.. Medium... Aug.5 to 13 Vigorous ttedium July 20 to 30.. July 25 to Aug. 5iVigorous Not vig .... ... Slight...Free ... Free. Badly. Free. Slight. Slight. Badly.. . Free~... Slight... Badlyj.. Free .... Badly.. Free_.... .Slight... r: Badly, .. Slight. Free. Free. Slight.. Free ... Slight.. Free Slight.. Free .... Free Slight.. Free... Badly. .... 1 Medium .. Medium .. 18Small. 12 Very large.. 2 Small .. Large.. 1 Medium. 2 6 Medium.. Large.. _________ dark red. pale amber. red. red. black. *black. black. red. black. red. black. - LI W 3 T5ThMAu ............. .. 2 Brandt ............ July 20 to 30.... 2 Brighton ............ ... ..... 2 Canada.......... 6 Catawba...........Aug. 10 to 20 ... Medium .. Free. ... Free 13 1 . 1890 1891 Free. Not vig... Free. Slight Vigorous .... Badly. Slight.. Badly.... . Hybr...... Free... Free.... .. Labr... Free..., Hy~br...... .. Free. ..... Labr. Labr... Labr.... lEst.. Labr. 2 2 25 2 24 2 2 2 2 3 (Champion........:. Aug. 5 to 15.. tC olraine ........ Concord ....... Cynthiana..... Delaware .::........ Diana ........... ...... Vigorous . Free. ... .Free..Badly.... Free. Slight.. Free....... Slight. Free... Slight., Slight.. Badly.. Free.... .... o31..Vigorous July 20 to 31.... Vigoroas July 20 to 31.... Vigorous July 2 Slight Slight Free. Free... .... Free... .... Slight...... Free.. . .... 2 5 1 1891 1891 1891 Medium.... . Large .. . Small. Small.... Duchess................... Eldorado .......... Empire Excelsior. State........ ......... ......... .... Not vig.... Free. . ........... July 2.5 to Aug. 5 Vigorous. Free . Free. . ... Vigorous . .. Free..Free. Medium Slight.. .. Labr. Badly.. Free. .. 2 1891 Hybrid.... 2 1891 Very slight Slight.. Very slight.. Labr....... Free.. Badly.. Free...... . Labr. and Rip. 1 1891 Slight... Badly...... Badly.. Free... Hybr...... Free.. Badly .. Badly... Free.....Badly..Free.......Hybr. Badly..... Free .. Free.......Hybr. Slight,.. Slight, .... Free,.: Free. 7 3 hlue black. black. red. reddish. Mdu.--Medium.... *white. Large... amber. Medium..... yellow. Medium.... pale red. 4 Oblong large purple. Medium ... , while. 3 1 Medium..., amber. 1 Medium..... white. Slight.....-T. 11 Goethe.........Aug. 1 to 10...Vigorous . Free ... Vigorous . Slight 3IGolden Chasselas.. ........... 4 $Green Mountain............................. Aug. 5 to 15...Vigorous . Free ... "2 Grein's Golden ... Vigorous . Free ... 1 Grein's No. 4 ....................... 1891 Free...Slight.. Slight..Free Free. . ... Rip. ybr .... cross 1 1890 1 1890 1891, VARIETIES OF GRAPES PLANTED 1889. Names of Varieties. Time of Ripening. -!_ SOUTHERN EXPOSURE--CONTINUED. Downy Mildew. Free..... Free. .... Badly.. Slight. Free.... Type. Size of Berries. i Growth of Vine. ..-.-...... Black Rot Leaf Scald. I....-.-i I zpa 2-Grein's No. 22 Hartford.......... 2 Herbert.......... 2 Hermann......... 4 Highland......... 2 2 2 1 22 2 1 10 2 2 2 10 1 2 9 Anthrac- Grape Leaf nose or Blight. Scab. -.. jColor of Berries z Hybr...... Labr... Hybr........ 7 July 5 Mcdium toL1...... Medium Vigorous Vigorous Medium Vigorous Free .. Slight.. Free .. Free . Free .. Slight Badly. . . Badly. Badly. . Slight.... Free... Slight.. .... Badly ., Slight...Slight.. slight.:Slight.. Free.. Slight. Free. Slight.. lEst....... H-ybr...... Mledium . 1891 1891 17 Large.. 2 Large... 1891 2 Sm all..... Large .. . 1 Large.... Humboldt.. [ona............. Irving. ..... July 25 to Aug.5 lsraella.......... 2 Ives,........ ... July 20 to 30.. Jefferson......... Jessica ...... Lady Washington.. Lenoir ............ Lindley........... Badly... Free. Free.. Slight.... Free... Slight. Free.... Not vig.... Free.. Not vig.... Free . Vigorous Free .. Free.. F ee .. Badly Slight Free.. Free .. ... Free...Free Free. Free...Badly.. Free.... .Slight.. Free.... Slight. Slight.. Free.... Badly.. Free.. Free ... Free.. Badly.. Badly.. Badly.. Slight.. r. ~... Rip. cross..... Labr. . Hybrid... . 1891 S.abr........e 1890 Labr....... Labr. Large.... Large... Large... Medium .... white. black. black. black. black with blom. white. *pale red. white, black with blont, black. red. yellowish white. white. blue black. red. dark purple. white. July 23 to Aug.5 Medium Medium Medium Vigorous A lyg 30 to A u g. i 0 Vigorous 11 15Ju .. .. Slight. Free..... Free .. Free,.. Badly.Free. Badly. .Very badly Slight.Free. .. Hlybr ... Hybr lyst........ cross.... ... ~189 Large... 1 Medium. 1890-1 2 2 Small. 1891 1 Large... 2 Sm all. . 1891 1891 . . Medium... Long or Cunuingh'm Martha ..... July 30 to Aug. Miary Wylie .... Mason's Renting.. Aug. 1 to 15 . Maxatawney... July 25 to Aug .5 Medium 1C Vigorous Vigorous Vigorous Medium Free .. Slight.. Free .. Free . Badly.. Slight...Slight. Badly. Free.... Slight.. Badly..Badly... Slight.. Slight...Free... Free.. Badly. Badly...... Slight .. Badly...Badly. Badly .... Badly. Slight...Badly:... Free.. Free.... Free.... Free .. Esi.. ...... Labr...... Labr... Labr....... 7 Free.... Free.... 1891 1891 4 Oblong med. wbite. 8 Very large... 2 MIedium. 1 Large... Large... Medium. black. amber. greenish white. black. white. La gum. .. d Me . i white. Merrimac... .. July 2.5 to Aug. 5 Vigorous Slight.. 1 Mland......... Vigorous Free .. 2 Moore's Diamond... Medium . Free .: Moore's Early... Jly o1,.. Not vig.. Free.. 2 Missouri Riesling ... Vigorous Free .. 4 10 2 2 2 Vigorous .. 2 Othello ............. .. ......... Vigorous. 1 Peabody................ Pearl ............... Aug. 5 to 15.... Vigorous .. 23 Perkins....-.... ... July 5 to 15 .... Vigorous .. 21 Pocklingon....................... Medium .. Naomi........Vigorous .light Niagara............. July 25 to Aug. 5 Vigorous .. Badly ..o .. ... Not Free. Noah . Norton's Virginia.. Aug. 5 to 15...Vigorous Free ... Northern Muscat.................................... Badly.. Badly. Slight.. Very Free. Slight.Free. ... Slight.. slight.. Labr.... Vcry Slight. Slight.. Free.. .. Labr...... Badly.. Free.... Rip....... Slight.H...ybr.........1 Slight..lgt Labr. cross... Slight. Free. Free ... Rip.......... Slight,. Slight....... lZEst Badly.. Slight., Badly.. Slight,. Slight.. Free...... Free. Hybr... Rip. cross .. slight. Hybr...... 1891 vig.... .. .... ... .... .... Free Badly. Badly. . .... Slight. Slight. Slight. 2 3 1891 1891 1891 . . Free...Free... Slight. Badly Badly Free. 3 Medium..pale green. 8 Large ........ white. Large ....... white. black. 2.mall ....... 2 S... ........ Slight Badly Slight Free. .... .... Free. Badly. Free,.. Free. Bsdly ........ ......... Labr .......... Free ..... Free......Labr .......... 1 10 ...... 2 Verylarge...blak 1891................ ......... 1891.. .. Free. Free.. Free. 2 23 Large ...... brown red. 1891 .. Large .... amber. Medium ..... white. VARIETIES OF GRAPES PLANTED 1889. . k a> SOUTHERN Grape Leaf EXPOSURE-CONTINUED. a Type. Names of Varieties. . Time of Ripening. Growth of Vine. fAnthracBlack Rot. Loaf Scald. nose Downy Mildew. mq 5 Size Berries. Large. Large. of Color of or Blight. Scab. Z q .c BerriesE Pougheepsie ....... I........edu orsMProgress Norfolk....................... ........... . .... Rogers' No, 11...... July 20 to 30.... Vigorous Vigorous ........ Rulander ............ P Rebecca Slight Badly Free .... Free . Badly Badly Slight Slight .. Free. Slight. Free.. Free..... Free.. Free.. Badly.. Slight.. . Badly... Free.. Badly. .] Free..... Hybr Labr. ... .... .. Triumph.......Not Ulster Prolific...... Vinarigo . . ......... Vergennes.... ...... Warren............... Wilder............. Telegraph .......... July 25 to Aug. 5 Vigorous Transparent.....................Vigorous vi.... .. Slight .. Free .. Free.. Badly.. Slight .. . Slight..] Badly. Slight..] Free... Slight.. Slight.... ..... Labr. Badly..]Free.... Rip, cross.. Free Hybr ... Free..... (Labr.... Slight.. Free.... Slight..]Badly... Free... Free. . Slight.. Free. .. .. Free...] Free. Free...] Free.... Badly.. Slight..... Slight.. Free... I.... .... t 1891 1890 1891 1891 1891 1891 1890 1890 4 red. red. black. ..... .... ........ 1 Large. ... 2 Medium... Small. Large.... . black. white. white. i................ ................ July 21 to Aug. 5 Vigorous. . Free ...... . . . July 28 to Aug. 5 Large........ red. 5 Large ..... 4 Small.. Very large.. 1 Large.. 4 Mei - Mu..... 2 Medium ..... 1 Q Free...Slight Slight .... Free. Medium ........ Wilding............... Slight .... Slight.. July 25 to Aug. 5 Medium Worden......... Free.. July 10 to 20. ... Not vig.... Free..Free.. Wyoming Red ... Free... Aug. 5 to 15..Vigorous .. Badly .... Badly .. Isabella ............ Free,. .. Free ..... yi O I5 ' July ~ to 15 .Not I-~- g... . Free Lutie..... ........ I, j,-~~UYYY V I * Replanted 1890. ± Planted 1890. Not fruited at the Station. Vigorous.. Vigorous.. . Lahr.......... Free-...Slight . 1 st.......... Hybr.......... 1 1801 Lahr......... Labr.........2 .1 1891 1890 1891 red. blue with bloom. black. black. red. black. brown red. Labr.............. . T I~ . 1 18 ROTUNDIFOLIA OR MUSCADINE TYPE. This is peculiarly a child of the south which has, hitherto, been sadly neglected. Men are prone to overlook blessings by which they are immediately surrounded while searching abroad for those less to be desired but enchanting in the distance. The scuppernong is the only variety of this type usually planted, very few farmers being aware of the fact that there are others very much its superior. In 1886 eight varieties were planted twenty feet apart in rows, along the margin of a branch, and trained upon a trellis of three wires. The vines have been annually pruned by spurring back the canes of the growth of the previous season to six inches. This type must be pruned in autumn, just after the leaves fall. If pruned later there is danger of destructive bleeding. This method of training places the crop of fruit in easy reach, increases the size of the berries and bunches, and insures a larger yield of grapes of better quality. The Thomas commences to ripen August 15th, thus continuing the supply from the vineyard of the other types. Other varieties ripen in succession until the middle of September and furnish fruit till October. The Memory and Mish are especially desirable, combining the good qualities of vigorous growth, hardiness, productiveness and very superior quality. Desiring to secure the verdict of as large a jury as possible, very many visitors were taken through this vineyard for the purpose of comparing the varieties. Without exception the Memory and Mish were pronounced superior to the Scuppernong. Of the ten varieties compared, the Memory is by far the most vigorous grower. All are free from disease except an occasional very slight attack of black rot. The proximity of diseased vines of other types may have furnished the spores for the disease. To propagate this type use long cuttings, taken in October or early in November, or layer the vines at any time from October to March. The tabulated statement sufficiently describes the character- 19 istics of these varieties, except as regards adhering to the stem. The Scuppernong, James and Jeter drop so readily from the bunch as to cause great waste in gathering. The stem is attached to the berry externally. The Thomas, Memory and Scuppernong seedling do not shed so readily though attached externally. The Flowers, Flowers Improved, Mish and Tenderpulp adhere firmly to the bunch, having the stem attached internally. These last named varieties can be gathered and shipped in bunches as readily as Concord or Ives. The Mish and Memory are both rated best as to quality, though they differ in many respects. The Memory is best in flavor and the Mish best in sweetness. The Memory produces a very large berry while the Mish is small. Both continue long in season. The following tabulated statement needs no comment: PL{TUNDJFOLIA OR MUSCADINE Size of Grape. I- TYPE.-PLANTED IN 1886. NAMES OF VARIETIES. I P-1- Growth of Form of Grape Vine. -l - Size of Bunch. I Productive- Sweetness ness. 11 . Flavor. -1 Quality. z -I Flowers.............. Sept. 101 vigorous.. Flowers Improved...... Sept. 5 slightly oblong medium .. large ..... very produc-, acid. tive. poor...... Thick skin hard pulp. Good. cr medium. . very large v. prod'ctive acid..... poor large. . medium.. medium .. . very sweet very good. very large.. small...., medium.... medium . foxy..... good. slightly oblong very large medium. . medium .... very sweet best. ... ,. best. round .... small..... medium.. productive.. best. . ... very good. best. medium. . small.... Scuppernong......Aug. 20. vigorous., round ... very good. very good. very good. medium.. vigorous., slightly fiat.. medium. . medium. very prod'e medium.. good ..... good. Scuppernong Seedling.. Sept. 10 Tender Pulp...... Sept. 10 vigorous., slightly oblong medium. . large... medium,. good .... best ... Aug. 15, vigorous,. oblong. .... Thomas ......... large. medium. . medium .. . very sweet very good. very good. Sept. 10~ medium., James* .............. Aug. 25. vigorous., Jeter* ................ ug. 20. very vig's. Memory ............... Mish............ ,.... Sept. 1. vigorous., vigorous., fiat... round.. slightly slightly oblong good. -.... .good. *Planted in 1887. RASPBERRIES. The following varieties have been tested on the grounds of this Station, commencing in 1886: BLACK CAP TYPE. RED CAP TYPE. (Propagated by layering of tips.) (Propagated by underground Stem). Brandywine. Caroline. Doolittle. Crimson Beauty. Davidson's Thornless. Cuthbert. Florence, (Hybrid, yellow). Early Prolific. Gregg. Golden Queen. Hopkins. Highland Hardy. Hansell. Mammoth Cluster. Marlboro. Ohio. New Rochelle. Sauhegan. Rancocas. Shaffer's Colossal, (Hybrid). Tyler. Reliance. Superb. Thompson's Early Prolific. Thompson's Early Pride. Turner. Welch. Of the Black Caps the Sauhegan and the Shaffer's Colossal are the most reliable and desirable varieties, but none of this type have proved satisfactory in open field culture here. In garden culture, where they can be partially shaded, they succeed reasonably well. In the field they sun-scald at the arch of the new canes, and on account of our dry falls, fail to propagate. Of the Red Caps, the Turner has been perfectly satisfactory, being hardy and prolific, with a fruiting season of from three to five weeks. Next to this ranks the Cuthbert, which pro duces a larger plant and a larger berry, but is less prolific. Golden Queen ranks first as to the size and quality of the berries, but is neither so hardy nor prolific as the other two. Thompson's Early Prolific ranks next to the Golden Queen in quality of berry, is prolific, but not so hardy as the Turner and Cuthbert. The remaining varieties have proved unreliable on these grounds. Since 1886, the following varieties of Strawberries have been planted on the grounds of this Station. Detailed reports have been made upon nearly all of them, from time to time, since 1887. Three new varieties, viz: Banquet, Everbearing and Dubravas No. 3, have not been sufficiently tested for report. The last named has been fruited sufficiently to justify rating it as "promising well." From the long list of tested varieties, the following six are recommended as those most worthy of cultivation, and are rated in the order named : 1st, Sharpless; 2d, Wilson ; 3rd, Belmont; 4th, Buback; 5th, Eureka or 1001; 6th, Haverland. These are all good varieties for the soil of this Station, which represents nearly three-fourths of the soil of the State of Alabama, with sufficient accuracy to render the results of experiments conducted here valuable. Three of these, Sharpless, Wilson and Eureka or No. 1001, are recommended in Bulletin No. 12, of the Canebrake Station as best, and Haverland did well. Buback and Belmont were not tested there. Gandy, and Champion of Kentucky, did well here but not sufficiently so to be included in the six varieties most highly recommended. Some of the most desirable varieties of grapes, raspberries and strawberries, tested upon these grounds have been distributed to farmers in nearly all of the counties of this State for experiment and report to this Station. Sufficient time has not elapsed since such distribution to authorize reports, but very valuable results are expected within the next two years from experimental comparison of varieties under such varied conditions. VARIETIES OF STRAWBERRIES. L Agriculturist. . A.tlantic. 33 Jewell. 34 Jucunda. 3 Banquet. 4 Belmont. 35 Jumbo. 36 Kentucky. 5 Bidwell. 6 Big Bob. 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Boyden's No. 30. Bubach. Captain Jack. Champion. Champion of Ky. Charles Downing. Cornelia. Continental. Crescent. Crystal City. Cumberland Triumph. Daniel Boone. 37 Lacon. 38 Lady Rusk. 39 40 4t 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 Legal Tender. Lida. Longfellow. Manchester. May King. Miner's. Monarch of the West. Monmouth. Mt. Vernon. Mrs. Garfield. Nig's Superb. No. 3 Dubravas. 23 19 20 21 22 23 24 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 Early Canada. Everbearing. Finch's Seedling. Galceran. Gandy. Glendale. Harris' Mammoth. Eaverland Seedling. Henderson. Hoffman. 'Indiana. James Vick. Jersey Queen. 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 No. 1001 or Eureka. Old Iron Clad. Parry. Piper's Seedling. President Lincoln. Primno. Prince of Berries. Sharpless. Triomphe de Gand. Vineland Seedling. Warren. Wilson. Windsor Chief. Wonderful. 25 Golden ]Defiance. Bulletin No. 39. November, 1891. Agricultural Experiment Station -OF THE- AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE, AUBURN, ALABAMA. APPLES, PEARS, PEACHES AND PLUMS. BY J'. S. NSW.MAN.. The Bulletins of this Station will be sent free to any citizen of the State on application to the Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn) Ala, THE B~ROWN PRINTING CO., PRINTERS, MONTGOMERY, ALA. APPLES. In March, 1885, forty-five varieties of apples were planted, two trees of a kind, for the purpose of determining their adaptation to this soil and climate and to observe their tibility to or exemption from disease. Observations have been made from time to time since 1886, the results of which are tabulated in condensed form for reference. It will be seen that the susceptibility of the same variety to disease varies in different seasons. Of the list planted, the following have made the most satisfactory growth, viz: Winesap, Limber Twig, Horn, Simmons' Red, Astrachan Red, Elgin Pippin, Ben Davis, Carter's Blue and Kittageskee. The following have done well bnt have not made so satisfactory growth as the list just named, viz: American Golden Russet, Cannon Pearmain, Early Harvest, Hewes' Virginia, Rawls' Jennet, Stevenson's Winter, Thornton Seedling and Rornanite. One of each of the following varieties has died, but the remaining one is very thrifty: Carolina Watson, Chattahoochee greening, Hiley's Eureka, Tuscaloosa seedling, Yellow English and Yopp's Favorite. pronounced failures on this soil, viz: The following B~uncombe, Equinetelee, Family, Laurens Greening, May, Q onee Greening, Palmer, Pryor's IRed and Rhodes' Orange. The remaining list are not failures, but have not done well. Nineteen varieties bore fruit this year, ripening as follows : suscep- are NAE AEO ARNT. Date of ... NAM~E of' VARIETY. Date of Ripening. RLT.Ripening Astrachan Oct. 8th. Simmons' Red ........ Carter's Blue........ Aug. 25th. Stevenson's Winter...Oct. 15th. Oct. 15th. June 5th. Shockley ............ Early Harvest ....... Ben Davis.......... Red. June 1st. Romanite............. Oct. 8th. Aug. 18th. Horn............. Horse.......July Red Oct. 1st. Taunton ............ 20th. Tuscaloosa Oct . 8th. Terry's Hughes' Virginia .. Oct. 1st. Winesap.... ....... Kittageskee .......... Liinbertwig.......c. 8th.' Yellow English. Seedling. ... Winter........ ...... Oct . 1st. Oct. 1st. Nov 1st. Oct. 8th. Oct. 1st. .. .. June....July 15th............ .......... 4 Neither the soil nor climate of this section is favorable for growing apples, and hence it is especially important to select proper varieties. Most of the varieties which have proved successful here are Southern seedlings. Indeed all of the late ripening winter varieties are natives of the South and must of necessity be so, since those brought from the North will ripen a month earlier here than there. The list of successful varieties given above affords ample field for selection to furnish a family supply throughout the entire year. Apples need a fertile soil, annually manured and thoroughly cultivated in such manner as to leave the principal roots undisturbed. Small grain should not be sown in an orchard, since it makes its heaviest demands upon the soil -just as the crop of fruit is being set and the trees need the exclusive occupancy of the soil. VARIETIES OF APPLES PLANTED IN MARCH 1885.-SOIL 1859 SANDY. NORTHERN EXPOSURE. 1886 NAMES OF VARIETIES. C 1890 May 31. Blight. June 18. June 18 1891 Blight,. I May 8th. Cedar Rust Blight Cedar Rust. Leaf Spot. badly .. slight.. slight.. slight ... slight .... slight ... slight.. slight badly .. light..badly. light.. free ........ badly.. badly...free badly.. .. slight.. slight ... slight.. slight ... slight ... badly ..... badly. slight. slight .... 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 American Golden Russet................ Astrakan Red.free. Ben Davis..............:.............. free Bradford's Best........................medium... Buncombe.............................medium. slight Cannon Pearmain ...................... Carolina Watson....... ................ slight...... Carter's Blue..........................medium Chattahoochee Greening................slight. Seedling........................slight. Early Harvest.........................free. Early Red Margaret....................plight Elgin Rippin..........................free. Cook's Equinetele............................. slight .. 2 Family.................... 2 Golden Pippin .......................... .......... medium.. badly ... free 2 Habersham Late ....................... ... 2 [lames'.............................. 2Hewes' Virginia................... ..... 2' Hiley's Eureka.......................... 2 Horn 2 Horse . . .................. _................................. medium.. tfree .. medium.. medium ..... badly .free. slight........free..........ree . free.........slight........free. medium . badly ... slight. slight........very slight... free free.........very slight ... sight. tree.........slight........free. free. ........ slight ........ slight.. badly......badly........free. free ......... slight........light. free.........slight........free. free..........badly .free. slight........ very slight. . slight .... badly........ badly cut back slight .. slight ... very slight. slight . medium...b'dly. Cut b'ck slight . free.........slight.........ee. free.........badly........slight medium badly... very slight free. slight ... badly free... I free, 1 dead very slight badly badly l b'dly,lde'd slight. 1 free, I d'ad slight veiy slight slight. slight .. slight .. slight .. badly. slight free'......... badly ........ free ......... free ...... slight.........ee ... medium.. . badly ..... ... badly ........ medium ... badly ....... tree ......... badly ........ badly .. badly . slight .. 2Junaluskee............................ 2 Kittageskee .................... 2 Limbertwig............................. 2 May.................................. free .... medium slight .. hadly ........ fre.. slight .. free ... very slight... free ... slight .t very . slight ld'd,1 sl'ghit VARIETIES OF APPLES PLANTED IN MARCH 1885--SOIL SANDY. 1886 NAMES OF VARIETIEs. Cedar Rust Blight. 2 Uconee Greening. .......... .. .. medium. free......... P 1'almer or Pear........................slight.. free........ 2 Pryoi's Red...........................badly.. slight. Rawls' Jennet.........................free........free....... 2 Rced June.................. 2 Rhodes' Orange.................... slight.. medium. 2 Romanite....... ................. slight.. medium... 2 Shannon Pippin....... ..... tree........free........ 2Shockley .................. badly ... free ......... 2Simmons' Red ..... _ free ........ tree ......... Stevenson's Winter...................... medium... 2 Summer Queen............. ............ free........ free.... ... . l aunton .............................. slight ... medium ... 2 Terry's Winter ......................... slight ... slight ... 2 Thornton's Seedling...... .. ................ ........... 2Tuscal ~osa Seedling ....... .... slight... slight.... 2 Winesap ......................... fre....free......... 2Yellow English...................... free........ free......... Yopp's Favorite ............ free....free ... ... .. 1889~ May 8th. NORTHERN EXPOSURE-CONTINUED. 1890 May 31. Blight. June 18. Cedar Rust June 18. Leaf Spot badly. slight. light..slight slight ......... 1891 Blight. badly very slight ... slight . 2 very slight .. free. hadlycut back........... slight........badly. free.........free. . . .. 2 ............ 2 medium..,. badly ........ badly .. badly ..... ... slight . slight.......slight. badly. . ... slight .. very slight..,slight. badly........free. badly ........ free ... badly . free. .. t b'dly, lc't b'L slight . free ... tree .. very slight., slight . . slight. very badly badly..... badly. -light.slight. .... aly bdybadly slight ..... very slight. free.. free slight .. .. slight .. 1 ('d.l slight slight . slight . slight .. slight....badly.. slight ... free .. very slight, slight.. tree... slight ... slight ..... lb'lyl slight IV--~L' u . 't b'k free ... slight . badly . slight .. slight . VARIETIES OF APPLES PLANTED IN' MARCH 1885 -SOIL SANDY. _______ NORTHERN EXPOSURE.-CONTINUED. l 1891-October 20th. NAMES OF VARIETIES. z CI Cedar Rust I . Leaf Spot badly very slight . slight .. badly.. slight .. badly.. badly .. badly .. hadly.. slight .. slight . badly.. badly .. badly .. slight .. slight . slight .. badly.. slight . slight . slight . slight . slight .. badly.. I Growth of Tree. __________ - Size of Tree. - (Shape of Tree. I - Remarks. I - 2 Ben Davis.............. free ... 2 Bradford's Best .................. free 2 Buncombe ......................... free. Cannon Pearmain....................free 2 Carolina Watson. ........ free. 21 Carter's Blue.. ................. slight 2' ('hattahoochee Greening .... .. free 2 Cook's Seedling.....................free 2 Early Harvest.. .. ....... . 2 Early Red Margaret.................free. 2 Elgin Pppin........................free. 2 Equinetelee.......................... free . 2 Family ......... ................... free 2 Golden Pippin........................t ree . 2 American Golden Russet..............free 2 Astrakan Red ........ free. ree. vigorous very vigorous. vigorous not vigorous not vigorous vigo ous... very vigorous very vigorous not vigorous. not vigorous. vigorous . not vigorous very vigorous cut large. large .. small .. small .. medium... large.. large.. medium.... small.. large .... medium.. . 2 Habbersham 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Fames'.. ............ .. ... Hewes' Virginia ...................... Hiley's Eureka ..................... Late. . ................. ....... "..................... .................... free . "., Horn ....... Horse ............................... Junaluskee .. free .. free .""". free .. badly .. free.. ........ not vigorous. vigorous not vigorous not vigorous.. vigorous .. vigorous.. vigorous.. vigorous.... back. medium... large..... very small medium.. small.. large.. large ..... medium medium.. . Erect. Curved erect Curved erect Curved erect Planted took Erect. near shade Curved erect trees. Curved erect Erect., Erect. ( Planted too Erect.. near shade Curved erect trees. Erect. Curved erect Curved erect. Erect. Curved erect Erect. Erect ..... . Cut back . Curved erect. Curved erect Horizontal. Erect. 1 Kittageskee Limbertwig ..................... .... fre fre.......... free. vigorous May................................. free.. ..... medium... . Drooping. large.. vigorous .. Drooping. .not vigorous.. small ... Curved erect. VARIETIES OF APPLES PLANTED IN MARCH 1885-SOIL SANDY. ro P 0 NORTHERN EXPOSURE.-CONTINUED. II N I1891-October Cedar ~20th. I- NAMES OF VARIETIES. Rust. Leaf Spot. Growth of tree Size of Tree. Shape of Tree badly... badly.. not vigorous.. vigorous Remarks. 2 Oconee Greening.................. 2 Palmer or Pear .................... 2 Pryor's Red 2 Rawls' Jennet. .......... free ..... free .... free . slight... slight .... badly .. not small . . 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Red June ......................... Rhodes Orange ..................... free . very badly Romanite ........................ badly .slight. Shannon Pippin......... ........... free ... badly. Shockley :.................. . badly .. badly ... Simmons' Red....................... free .. badly Stevenson's ...... ............ free slight.. Summer Queen............ ......... free ... badly.. small.. not vigorous. . small vigorous .... large .. not vigorous. .. Erect Erect. Erect CJurved erect ......... ...... Winter. 2 Taunton ............. Terry's Winter.. ..................... [horuton's Seedling................... Tuscaloosa Seedling................... Winesap................. Yellow* English....................... Yopp's Favorite .................... . ,,--- free.. slight badly free ... free ... free.,... free ... free ... badly . free.... badly ... slight... badly. badly small ... Horizontal. medium .. Horizontal vigorous.. medium ... Curved. erect. vigorous medium .. Erect large. Curved erect vigorous ... vigorous..... medium .. Curved erect vigorous. medium .Horizontal. (Plantedto)C small Curved erect near shad medium. Curved erect vigorous . trees. .... Curved erect Planted 1889. not vigorous.. small ... Curved erect. large...Curved erect. vigorous .. large..... Curved erect vigorous .... vigorous.. medium .. Erect. vigorous .... 9 PEARS. In 1885 thirty-four varieties of pears of the European type and six of the Oriental were planted under very favorable auspices as to the preparation and fertilization of the soil. If the varieties were cultivated both as dwarfs and standards; two of each were planted, or four of the variety. If proga. gated only as dwarfs or only as standards, then but two of the variety were planted. There were at the same time six varieties of the Oriental type planted, six Lecontes and two of each of the others. The object of these plantings was to ascertain the varieties best suited to this soil and climate. Until 1888, when many of the varieties blossomed for the first time, the trees were models of symmetry and beauty, having been used for class instruction in pruning. The open flowers afforded means of access to the germs of the disease known as "Pear blight," and the work of destruction was commenced. Each successive summer claimed its victims, until now only 26 of the 99 trees of the European type re main, and some of these have been mutilated by the removal of blighted limbs. To what extent the disease was transmitted from tree to tree through the agency of the pruning shears, cannot be estimated, but it is more than probable that the spread and intensity of the disease was increased by this means. The fact that healthy trees may be inoculated by the germs adhering to the knife, used in pruning diseased ones, has been clearly demonstrated at the New York Experiment Station.That the spores are wafted from diseased to healthy trees and carried by insects from flower to flower seems to be also well established. One Smith's hybrid and one large Duchess of the Oriental varieties have been destroyed by blight, while the other specimens of these varieties have been entirely exempt. The two which died stood near the diseased trees of the European type, while the exempt trees were more remote from them. The importance of promptly removing all diseased branches, by cutting far enough below the blighted part to be sure of leaving only healthy tissue, cannot be too strongly urged. 10 The branches should not only be cut off, but should be burned as soon as removed. The diseased branches, if left, become fruitful nurseries from which the spores of the blight are wafted in the air and become the means of spreading the disease. The pruning shears should be disinfected after being used upon blighted trees before using them upon healthy ones. The column, in the tabulated statement, showing the number of trees of the different varieties living in 1891-six years after planting-indicates with sufficient clearness which of the varieties named are worthy of cultivation. Of these the Duchess de Angouleme, Seckel and winter Nelis are conspicuously the most blight-resisting varieties. Of the Oriental varieties the Keiffer and Leconte are the most valuable. The Keiffer commences to bear at four years from planting, and bears annual crops of very large pears, which ripen late in September, when fruit is scarce. Though the fruit grades only "good," its reliability as to healthfulness of the trees and the size of the fruit render it especially desirable. Another feature in its favor is the fact that it is late in flowering, and hence escapes spring frosts which destroy the fruit on the Leconte and others. The Leconte is a more vigorous grower than the Keiffer and when it escapes frost bears an immense crop of very attractive fruit, which sells well, though grading only "good." The principal objection to this variety is its habit of very early blooming, which renders it quite unreliable as a crop producer. The other Oriental varieties have nothing to recommend them except their vigorous growth and handsome appearance. The tabulated statement which follows is a record of death, but a valuable guide to the pear grower. . .. .. :. ... VARIETIES OF PEARS, PLANTED EUROPEAN TYPE. Observations May z NAMES OF VARIETIES. 8. 18(. 2 MARCH, Observations 189. 1885. . Observations Oct. 15. ±u ay 31. Blight, Bartlett.................... Buerre d'Anjou.............. B'Clairgea........... No trees died. Blight, badly ... slight. 3 badly ... badly..... badly ... badly... _. badly .. I free, 1 slight badly... 2 slight, 2 free free........ tree........ free Oct. 18. N o trees died. June. Blight. badly ... 1891. j189. Oct. 20. t otal Total trees Notrees No. trees dead. living. dicd. 1891. No 2 free, 2 badly 1free, 3 badly free..:. badly ... free.......... B'Ciiffard..................... free ......... badly. . GlouMorceau ................. free ......... [lowell........... badly.. Kirtland Seckel ......... free ......... Lawrence ................... free... ...... Lawson ...................... free Louise Bonne d'Jersey........ tree ... Lucy Duke.... ,...........*' ... .... . tree........ Mt. Vernon ............... B'Deil....................... B'Easter.................. Belle Lucrative............... Bloodgood.................. Brandywine................... B' Superfin. ................ Buffum...................... Comet...................... Favorite.............. Columbia.................... Dearborn's Seedling.......... Doyenne d'Ete....... ........ Duchess d'Angouleme......:. . Duchess Pittmason ............. Flemish Beauty................. Clapp's 2 free, 2 badly free ..... .... [ free, 3 badly 2 free, 2 badly free .. .. . . 1free, 2 badly 3 free, 1 badly free......... free......... free ......... free. .... 2. ...... slight.. .. Il...... rb....... 1 1 free........ Ve4ight. free..... ... ht 2 freee 2hadly ..2 badly free, .. 2 2 2 1 2 .ree.......... ......... 3 badl1 badlg2 2 ..ee........ r free. ......... free r...... r.. free........ free. ....... 2 free, 2 slight I free, 2 badl 1 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 2 1 2 1 2 dwarf 2 1' 2 1 slight . badly . t free, 1 badly ree .. badly . I free, 1 badlN slight .... 1, free 2 badly ... 1 S3 I st'd'rd I 2 . sliI VARIETIES OF PEARS, PLANTED MARCH, EUROPEAN TYPE. S 1 1885-*CONTINUED. I1690. died. NAMES OF VARIEJTIES. lr~ I Observations 1889. May 6. Oct. 15. No trees Blight, died. I Observations May 31. Blight. - Oct. 18. No trees I-..1 1891. Observations 1891. 16391. Total June. Oct. 20. 1otal No trees No. trees Notrees Blight, died. dead. living. I 311 y -.- 3 Petite Marguerite.......... 4 4 4 4 1 99 Seckel.............. ........ free Sterling. ................... 3 free, badly 'st. Michael Arch Angel .. .... 3 free, 1 badly ) Tyson..... .............. :...free ....... White Doyenne .............. tree .. . . I free,. 2 badly 1- I 2 21 light 3 free, 1 slight free, 2 slight free, 1 slight badly, 2 sl'ht slight . 2 1 2 Winter Nelis................ ORIENTAL TYPE. Slight... 21 I2 2 ... badly slight ... 3 free, 1 badly 2 free', 1 badly free........ slight .. free........ free........ 1 2 I 1 2 2 1 3 2 I 2 2 1 47 2 free................ free 1 free, 1 badly. free. . 1 free, 1 badly. 5 tree......... tree free 73 2 2 26 2 Chinese Sand .............. free........ . ...... ........ d . 2 Garber's Hybrid........ ..... . free .... free ......... 2 Keiffer's Large Duchess............. free ........ 6 Leconte .. . free....... 2 I Hybrid.. ............ . free *1Partly blighted. tiKilled by rabbits in1889. ........ ......... Smith's .. tree......... free Ill Planted 1889. §2 Partly blighted. IIKilled 1 by freeze March, 1890. 1 .1. 2 1 6 13 PEACHES. The following list of 37 varieties, two trees of each were planted in 1885. A careful examination, made November 1st, of each tree develops the fact that all are in vigorous, healthy condition. There are only four, out of seventy-four planted, missing, and two of these died when transplanted. For convenience of reference the names, class and time of ripening are tabulated. This, taken in connection with the description of varieties given in Bulletin No. 11, February, 1890, will furnish a convenient guide to those contemplating planting an orchard. The list furnishes varieties which will give a succession of delicious fruit from June 1st to November 1st. 14 NAMES, CLASS AND TIME OF RIPENING OF 37 VARIETIES OF PEACHES. U, NAMEs OF VARIETIES. CLASS. TIME OF RIPENING. z 2 Alexander 2 Annie Wylie........... 2 Bernard_... .... 2 Bustian's October....... 2 Butler Cling........... 2 Chinese Cling.......... 2 Chinese Free.......... 2 Coggin's Early......... 2 Columbia 2 Connor's White........ 2 2 2 .2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Semi-cling.. June 6th to 25th. Aug. 1st to 12th. Cling ....... Free........July 6th to 22nd. Cling.......Sept. 16th to Oct. 14th. 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Cling.......July 20th to 30th. Free........July 10th to 25th. Semi-cling... June 6th to 29th. Free.......July 20th to Aug. 20th. July 17th to 22nd. Cling .. Free........Sept. 15th to 30th. ....... Cora.. Free........July 16th to 31st. Crawford's Early........ Crawford's Late......... Free........July 26th to Aug. 10th. .. Aug. 20th to 30th. Deming's September. Free. Downing Semi-cling.. June 6th to July 5th. Duff's Yellow. Cling.......July 16th to 31st. July 17th to 31st. Duggar's Golden........ Cling ....... July 16th to 22nd. ........... .......... Duggar's White......... Aug. 18th to 27th. Cling ....... Eaton's Golden......... Free. .... .. July 15th to Aug. 16th. Elberta ................. July 10th to 31st. Free. ....... Foster................. Ge~n'l Lee ......... Cling .... ... July 1st to 10th. Gen'l Taylor........... . Cling.......June 29th to July 22nd Hale.. .. . . . ... Semi-cling.. June 22nd to July 15th Oct. 15th to 25th. Hudson's November .. Cling ....... Aug. 13th to 19th. Indian Blood,............ Cling ....... .. Free......... Sept 10th to Oct. 10th Lady Parham ......... Aug. 1st to 20th. Lemon Cling............ Cling .... July 31st to Aug. 20th. Free ........ Mvuscogee ............... Sept. 10th to 25th. Mixon's Whitei. . . . ....... Cling ....... June 17th to July 7th. Semi-cling Rivers....... ........... June 26th to July 8th. Free ...... Royal George (Early) .. Sept. 10th to Oct. Stinson's October......... Cling ........ Stump the World........ . Free....... July 8th to 22nd. July 13th to 25th. Free ....... ... Thurber............. Free........ June 28th to July 8th. Tillotson. ............... Cling...... July 10th to 27th. Tuskena.............. ... r II~I I Ii 15 NOTE. TWILD GOOSE PLUMS ON DIFFERENT STOCKS. For the purpose of comparing the effects of different stocks upon the longevity of the Wild Goose variety, there were planted in 1885: 12 Wild Goose trees on Peach stocks. 12 Wild Goose trees on Seedling Plum roots. 12 Wild Goose trees on Plum cuttings. , An examination on the 23rd November, 1891, showed that there were living and in healthy condition On peach roots, eight out of twelve planted. On seedling plum roots, three out of twelve planted. On plum cuttings, one out of twelve planted. Several varieties of peaches budded upon cuttings of the Brill plum have proved very unsatisfactory. The scion in many cases is larger than the stock, and the growth dwarfed., Bulletin No. 31. November, 1591. Agricultural Experiment Station -OF THE- AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE, AUBURN, ALABAMA. IRISH AND SWEET POTATOES. J. S. NEWMMAN AND JAS. CLAYTON. State on application to the Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn, Ala. All communications should be addressed to Experiwtent Station, Auburn, Alabama. THE BROWN PRINTING CO., PRINTERS, -MONTGOMERY, ALA. XW'The Bulletins of this Station will be sent free to any citizen of the METHODS OF APPLYING MANURE TO IRISH POTATOES AND COMPARISON OF VARIETIES. An inquiry from Mobile county, received last January, suggested the following experiments with different modes of applying the manure to Irish potatoes as well as that with methods of cultivation. The fact that all three of the methods of applying the coarse manures, commonly used with potatoes, are employed in common practice, suggested that it mattered but little which was adopted. The results show that while there is a difference in the average yield, of the nine varieties, of a little more than eighteen bushels per acre, there is in some instances a greater difference than this in the yield of the same variety on different plots. The inference is, therefore, that the variation, which occurs on the plots differently manured, is not greater than that which might reasonably be expected from the same variety upon different plots under normal conditions. There are nine experiments in each plot. A comparison of the nine varieties used in connection with each inquiry as to the method of applying the manure. It is interesting to note the difference in the proportion of culls in the different varieties. The Charles Downing is conspicuous in this respect for its large number of small potatoes49.73 bushels out of a total average yield of 227.34 bushelswhile the Early Sunrise, though giving the largest yield, has only a small per cent. of culls-20.08 bushels out of an average total yield of 316.04 bushels. The difference in the extent to which the same varieties were affected with scab upon the different plots, is not enough to justify even a suspicion that this is due to the relative position of the seed, and hence of the potatoes, to the measure, except in the case of the Maine and Early Sunrise varieties in plot 1. While the results in the tabulated statement are not decisive, they are interesting. EXPERIMENT WITH VARIETIES OF POTATOES AND METHODS OF APPLYING MANURE. YIELD PER ACRE IN How PLANTED AND BUSHELS. N NAMES OF VARIETIES. FERTILIZED. FORM. SCAB. chant- Culls Mr fotal g- 6able. PLOT No. 1. ........... I Beauty of ebron....... 2 Burbank Seedling.................. ............ 3 Charles Downing...... Southern Grown Early Rose........... 5 [oughton Rose or Maine.------------6 Early Sunrise ...................... 7 Empire State....................... 8 Peerless........................... 9 White Star. .......................... 4 MVanure scattered in furrow and potatoes dropped on it. Oblong .. Long .. Roundish... . Mlight. Oblong... Badly. ... . Long... Free..: Oblong Roundish fiat. Slight... Long.... 51.45 249.9C 22 7h 105.75 45.57 229-32 231.52 7236 46 01 234 19.84 285.91 33.95 163.16 52 92 321.19 296.20 25.72 321.92 [93845 282 91 183.75 205 8( 198.45 266.07 124 21 268.27 224 91 PLOT No. 2. .... Potatoes dropped iIn 10............. Slight .. 10 Beauty of Hebron ..................... furrow and manure 11l. ....... Very slight. . 11Burbank'Seedling ..................... Free.. scattered on them.1 ............. 12 Charles Downing...................... .Slight. 13..... 13 southern Grown Early Rose......... . 14...... 14 Houghton Rose or Maine............... 224 91 29 40 254.31 1 :307 2' 23 52 330.75 154.31 47.77 202.08 216 82 33 07 249 89 [94.77 14.70 209 330.01 22 05 352.06 2 3 5 Sunrise....................... ............ ............... 17 Peerless....... ..... 15 Early 47 4 . 16 Empire State ............ 15.......Free.... 16.......... Slight.... c 17.......... 18 ........... 6 18 White Star............................ 4 ... 166 84 25 72 192 56 7 309 43 24.25 333 68 & 288.86 22 78311 64 9 243 68 EXPERIMENT WIIH VARIETIES OF POTATOES AND METHODS OF APPLYING MANURE-CONTINUED. YIELD PER ACRE IN How PLANTED AND NAMES OF VARIETIES. FERTILIZED. FORM. SCAB. Mer- BUSHELS. S y d 6 PLOT Chant- Culls Total able. No. 3. .. .... . 19 Beauty of Hebron....,................... Manure scattered in 19 ... 20 Burbank 21 Charles 22 Southern Grown Early Rose .. Seedling. .... ................. Downing.... .......... .. Slight... . furrow, scooter run 20 ,...... 11 it to mix thor- 21 oughly and potato 22 ,..... 23 Hloughton Rose or Maine................. 24 Early Sunrise........... ............. 26 dropped on it. 23 ...... 24............ . ............ ..... ... 252 1( 34 54 286 64 1 ),. 88 13 23 313 11 2 Free . Slight.. 9 194.77 55.S6 250 63 49 90 14.70 261 60 38 96 213 89 .. .. . 4 . ".... .. 170 52 31 60202 12 5 . 291 79 18 3.310 16 6 .. 174.93 297.61 7 25 Empire State..................................... Peerless..................................26...... 27 7 White Star................ 25............... ..... 20 58:318 25 S .. 60 92 Iil 02271 94 9243 61 The accompanying tabulated statement showing results of different methods of cultivating the Irish potato needs little comment. The soil upon which the potatoes were grown is sandy and dry, and yet mulching between the rows proved apparently injurious. The half or flat bed culture produced one hutidred bushels per acre more than the mulched. This experiment'is so much involved in the character of the season during the growth of the potato that it cannot be taken as a reliable guide. The season of growth was sufficiently moist without the mulch. EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT METHODS OF CULTIVATING IRISH POTATOES. NAME OF VARIETY. How Cultivated. Peerless.......... Peerless... ..... Peerless .. Level culture....... Slight ... 207.27 19.84227.11 Half bed........... Badly.... 277.09 22.05299.14 . Full bed .......... .Mulch between rows Slight .... 253 57 18 37 271 94 " . 185 22 14 70 199 92 Peerless .. The question as to whether the Irish potato should be cut for seed or the whole tuber planted, has been a mooted one amongst growers. The results point to the propriety of planting the whole potato as decisively as a single experiment could well do. The increased yield resulting from the use of the whole potato-of that cut to one eye-154.34 bushels per acre will justify the additional expense for seed. , RESULTS FROM DIFFERENT MODES OF PREPARING THE SEED. NAME OF VARIETIES How Treated. - - Peerless......... Peerless......... Cut to one eye .... Cut to two eyes. . Badly. .. 181 54 16 92 198.46 264.60 25.72 290 32 205 80 23 52 229 32 316 05 36 75 352.80 FOR Slight... Slight ... Badly.... Peerless.......... Cut to three eyes. Peerless . .... Whole potato A COMPARISON OF LARGE WITH SMALL SWEET POTATOES BEDDING. While the majority of sweet potato growers use the small potatoes for bedding, because of the cheapness and the greater number of eyes or buds in a given quantity, some of the most successful growers have used large potatoes for seed with uniformly satisfactory results. The large potatoes produce very few sets, and, hence, to secure plants for a large area a large quantity of roots of edible size is required. On the other hand, the small potatoes having more surface exposed in a given area of bed, produce plants in greater abundance. Economy, therefore, seems to point to the use of the culls. This practice is not pursued in other vegetables or field crops; but, as a rule, the best is used for seed. Some successful growers use for seed only roots grown from vines. The results in this case are decidedly in favor of the use of large potatoes for bedding. This would be the natural course to be pursued if improvement of the potato was the object in view. As in the case of the use of whole potatoes already discussed, the increased yield justifies the additional expense in the value of seed used. RESULTS OF COMPARISON OF LARGE AND SMALL SEED SWEET POTATOES. PLANTS DRAWN FROM BEDDING LARGE POTATOES. PLANTS DRAWN FROM BEDDING SMALL POTATOES. DCIJ m ri~ )CI I) rcc) a, 0 36 47 136.19 99.72 75.20 23 56 98.76 Bulletin No. 32. November, 1891. Agricultural Experiment -OF THE Station AGRICULTURAL' AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE, AUBURN, ALABAMA. CORN, WHEAT AND OATS. J. S. NEWMAN AND JAB. CLAYTON. WThe Bulletins of this Station will be sent free to any citizen of the State on application to the Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn, Ala. All communications should be addressed to EXPERIMENT STATION, AUBURN, ALA.. THE BROWN PINTING CO.? PRINTERS, MONTGOMERY, ALA. EXPERIMENTS WITH CORN. Eighteen thoroughbred varieties of corn were planted, in plots, upon land practically uniform in productiveness. Four hundred pounds of cotton seed meal were broadcasted, per acre, before breaking the land. After breaking thoroughly with Stark Dixie turn plows, furrows were opened with shovel plow four feet apart. In these, 2,000 pounds of compost (of cotton seed, stable manure and acid phosphate mixed by the "corn formula," viz: 500 pounds acid phosphate and 750 pounds each of cotton seed and stable manure, per acre,) were applied and mixed with the soil by one "bull tongue" furrow. the corn was then dropped every two feet in the drill. This gave eight square feet to each hill of corn. Upon half of the space occupied by each variety two stalks were left to each hill and one stalk on the other half. The piece of land selected for this experiment was dry sandy branch bottom. The branch dries up in the summer. The seasons were very favorable until the plants were in flower, when a drouth of several weeks duration seriously injured the crop. The cultivation was shallow throughout-done with 30-inch Terrell heel scrapes, Hoes were not used at all. The uniformly increased yield from two stalks to the hill indicate the propriety of thick planting upon soil deeply and thoroughly prepared, heavily fertilized and judiciously cultivated. The Experiment Station yellow and the Clayton bread corn were very slightly injured by weevil. Some of the early gourd seed varieties were rendered valueless by their attack. The Experiment Station yellow has been very much im. proved by selection of seed, from the top ear of stalks bearing two well developed ears, during the last seven years. Careful hands pass through the field and'select the seed from the double eared stalks in the shuck. This is stored to itself. When shucked, only the well developed ears, having the cob covered with grain typical of the variety, are selected for seed. This has resulted in very great improvement, both in the productiveness and adaptation of this variety to this soil and climate. The yields reported in the following table represent the weights of thoroughly dried, shelled corn. The Welborn's Conscience variety was reduced in yield by the influence of the roots of a tree in an adjoining field. 5 VARIETIES OF CORN COMPARED ON PLOTS. YIELD PEE ACRE. Number of o 9 o no ° NAMES OF VARIETIES. stalks to tto the ° r4 ° hill. ' . 2 w QU) Blount's Prolific........ Bullock's Prolific.54..... ClaytonBread ClyonBea 254 ~1 1P 1 Stalk 2 .. " < 36 21 63.64 27.78 28 26.28 1.71 1.50 ... . 6214 25.64 1.93 .35 4.57 37.92 65.14 27 78 56.21 26.63 1060 2000 1148 2336 1244 62.14 Early Mastadon 34 64 30 93 1Pc 4.43 .85 .35 30.21t 2504 780 39.07 31.78 1440 200 Experiment Station Yellow.164"079 iant Broad GintBradGri Grain...... .436.50 52.00. 29.65 1.71 53.71 30 00 1000 Golden Beauty................" Golden Dent.............S1 Hickory King........2 H2nct.......... oud 47.35 " 3.43 50.78 '860 520 800 440 620 Improved Mobley's Red Cob ..... Linday'21'2 ^ bj ,C v oJJ is.s' vp GV G bO O0 t Lbs. Fertilizers per Plot 0 Lbs. Fertilizers per Acre. i36/1/ aH 40 1% C1% 1 6 lbs nitrate soda 96 lbs nitrate soda 215 " acid phosphate 240 "acid phosph 3 4 "muriate potash 64 "muriate pot. 4 No manure. No manure. 5 6 lbs nitrate soda 96lbs nitrate soda 4 "muriate pota. 64 "muriate pot 6~ 6 " nitrate soda '96 "nitrate soda. 615 " acid phospha. 240 " acid phosph. 7 4 muriate pota. 64 "muriate pota. ~ " acid phospha 240 " acid phosph 8 No manure ...... No manure .. Gibs nitrate soda 96 lbs nitrate soda 9 -~4' muri'te pot'sh 64 " muriate pot. 15 " acid phospha. 240 " acid phospha 10 15 " Floats.. 240 " Floats.. 240 " Floats 11 15''Floats ... 6' nitrate soda. . 96 " nitrate soda. 12 No manure .... No manure ... 13 53t lbs green cotton S. 348 lbs green C. S. 848 " green C. S. 14 115"Floats . 240 " Floats... 15 265 lbs stable manur. 1240" stable m'ure acid phospha. 16 S115 " cotton S. meal 240 " acid phosph. 15 " 240 " cotton S. MI. 112 2 9 7 3 4 14 11 6 6 6 6 6'2 3 2 3 rea3% 12;-/ 38% 131/ 14 15%2 200 616 216 224 2148 1000 312 2 15 " 12 3% 9 812 6212 36% 7 15 7j' 3 4 5 5 3 142?/680 162 264 ... 20 12 2 i1 10 812 29 24'2 1412 952 464 392 232 544 6 312 6 9 1O02 2 34 4 13 15 12 1 11 113'2 49 784 53 848 45 720 18 '" I .. 1,7 EXPERIMENT MADE BY MR. R. T. EWING, RoUND MOUNTAIN, CHEROKEE COUNTY. yield unmanured plots per acre, 320 pounds. In this experiment, no perceptible benefit is seen from the application of nitrate soda in plot No. 1, and while there is shown a slight increase in plot No. 3, muriate potash, over no manure, it is no greater in this instance than occurs in the unmanured plots 4, 8 and 12. In plot No. 2, acid phosphate, there is an increased yield of 160 pounds over average of no manure. By comparing plot No. 6 with plot No. 9, potash is of no value in this combination; but it is shown that Average Soil, Gray, Sandy, Piney Woods-Sub-soil, Yellow Sand. in plot No. 7, combined with acid phosphate, the increased yield is 192 pounds over acid phosphate alone in plot No. 2. The increased yield from use of in plots 10, 11 and 14 over the average of no manure, while not as great as in somne instances, is satisfactory. The best results obtained from this experiment are from plot 15, stable manure, and plot 16 cotton seed meal and acid phosphate. muriate floats 1~ a 0s 0fn O Lbs. Fertilizers per Plot. Lbs. Fertilizers 0 per Acre. Ql .cr -+ z UVULIUY V~VI ~VVI~U IVY ~-'L'VY~I-rYYUV WIVUY ~L1 hi 1 6 lbs nitrate soda.. 96 lbs nitrate soda..... 2 15 " acid phosphate 240 " acid phosphate... 3 4 " inuriate potash 64 " nuriate potash... No manure No manure. ..... ... ... 4 6 lbs nitrate soda 96 lbs nitrate soda, 5 4 " muriate pota 64 " muriate potash... 6 " nitrate soda 96 "nitrate soda, 6 15 " acid phospha 240 " acid phosphate... . 4 " muriate pota. 64 "muriate potash, 7 15" acid phospha 240 " acid phosphate... No manure... No manure.. 8 6 " nitrate soda. 96 " nitrate soda, 4" muriate pota. 64 " muriate potash, 9 " acid phospha. 240 "acid phosphate.. 10 15 " Floats.... 240 " Floats. ........ . 11 -15 " Floats ... soda 240 " Floats, soda .. 6 " nitrate 96 " nitrate 12 No manue No manure... 13 53 " green cot'n S. 848 " green cotton seed 848 " green cotton seed, 14 j53 " green C. 15 " Floats.. 240 " Floats .......... 15 265 lbs stable m' nure 4240" stable manure.. 16 S15 " acid phosphat 240 " acid phosphate, 15 cotton S. meal 240 " cotton seed meal.. 8 18 10 8 6 24 20 4 26 12 12 8 16 16 40 22 8 10 8 8 10 18 18 8 18 10 14 12 20 24 20 26 4 4 2 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 20 30 22 20 320 480 352 320 20 320 46 736 42 672 16 256 46 736 26 416 30 480 24 384 38 608 44 704 64 1024 52 832 15 S.. " VI' r""____" "' """ 18 EXPERIMENT MADE BY MR. J. M. ELLISON, CREEK Soil, STAND, MACON COUNTY. Sandy. Sandy-Sub-soil, Average yield per acre of unmanured plots 596 Mr. Ellison in making his report, writes as follows: "I can not account for No. 12 making more than Nos. 4 and 8, but I do know that I made no mistake. There can be no reason for this as I can see, there being no difference in the plots." Owing to the uneveness of this soil which is seen by ecomparing unmanured plots 4, 8 and 12 with each other, no conclusions will be drawn. The following tabulated statement show the result of Mr. Ellison's IY bA bU b pounds. experiment: lot O .,~H o b o 0 Lbs Fertilizers per Plot, Lbs. Fertilizer per Acre. go TO 50 69 37 31 ." H W z1 1 6 lbs nitrate soda.. 96 lbs nitrate soda 2 15 " acid phosphate240" acid phosph. 3 4 "muriate potash 64" muriate pot 4 No manure No.manure. 5 6 lbs nitrate soda. 96 " nitrate 4 " muri'te pot'sh 6 46 nitrate soda S5 " acid phospha. 7' 4 " muriate pota. 15 " acid phospha 8 No manure... (6 " nitrate soda 9 ,~4 " muriate pota. (15 " acid phospha. 10 15 " Floats...240 ~15 "Floats .. " 11 6 " nitrate 12 13 No manure.. 53 " green C. seed. 848 " 848 14 ''"Float 115 "Floas......... 240 " 15 265 "stable manure 4240" 16 soda. . 64 " muriate pot. 96 " nitrate soda, 240 " acid phospha 64 " muriate pota 240 " acid phosph No manure.. 96 " nitrate soda, 64 " mu iate pot. 240 " acid phosph. " Floats . 240 " Floats . 96' nitrate soda soda, 12 14 7 9 4 13 21 10 8 10 15 10 8 17 24 13 11 19 21 15 7 20 15 14 15 20 13 10 12 8 10 7 3 11 12 7, 3 10 6 12 6 12 10 12 10 800 1104 592 492 44 704 56 896 3q 624 25 400 51 816 52 7 14 13 15 20 15 2t 17 14 17 19 20 18 16 16 12 83 2 No manure greea cot. S. Floats... stable m'ure 58 928 56 896 701120 54 864 59 944 I51 816 115 15 " cotton seed M 240 " cotton S. M. " acid phospha. 240 " acid phosph 19 EXPERIMENT MADE 33Y DR. JOHN GORDON, HEALING SPRINGS, WASHINGTON COUNTY. Soid, Sandy Loam--Sub-soil, Sandy Loam. Average yield of unmanured plots, per acre, 64 pounds. Dr. Gordon reports that this experiment was planted in Peterkin cotton and owing to unfavorable seasons, a stand was not secured until May 22d. The last two weeks of August were very hot and dry, causing the top crop to shed. He says cultivation was made strictly according to instructions. rhe following tabulated statement shows the results of Dr. Gordan's experiment, and especial attention is called to the increased yield from use of fertilizers, over the average of unmanured plots 4, 8 and 12, which is 64 pounds. o 6 Lbs. Fertilizers per Plot, Lbs. Fertilizers per Acre. ' 1 6 lbs nitrate soda.............. 96 lbs nitrate soda.........31632 215 " acid phosphate.......... 240 " acid phosphate........45 720 3 4 muriate potash........... 64 " rnuriate potash......... 1614260 4 No manure................. No manure............5 80 5 6 lbs nitrate soda .......... 96 " nitrate soda, S4 " muriate potash......... 64 "muriate potash....... 10 160 66 " nitrate soda. .......... 96 " nitrate soda, 6 15 " acid phosphate ......... 240 " acid phosphate....... 24 384 7 4 muriate potash.......... 64 " nmuriate potash, " 15 " acid phosphate ......... 240 " acid No manure .............. No manure............. 3 48 6 " nitrate soda............ 96 " nitrate soda, 9 . 4 " muriate potash......... 64 " muriate potash, (15 " acid phosphate 240 " acid phosphate .... .... 40 640 10 15 " Floats............... 240 " Floats................ 11 176 240 " Floats, 1115 " Floats ............... 6 " nitrate soda............ 96 " nitrate soda.............212 344 8 phosphate.......... 30 480 ......... 12 No manure.............. No 53 " green cotton seed ... 53" " green cotton seed .... 15 Floats .. ......... 15 265 " stable manure.......... 16 " acid phosphate ........ 1615 " cotton seed meal 13 14 848 " green cotton seed......212 344 848 " green cotton seed, 240 " Floats. .............. 23'2376 4240" stable manure.......... 4714 756 240 " acid phosphate, 240 " cotton seed meal.... manure...... ... .... 4 64 5612 904 20 EXPERIMENT MADE BY MR. A. T. GOOD WYN, ROBINSON'S SPRINGs, ELMORE COUNTY. Soil, Gray Sandy-Sub-soil, Red Clay. Average yield per acre of unmanured plots, 469 pounds. Attention is called to the uneven fertility of this acre, by comparing unmanured plots 4, 8 and 12 with each other. Mr. Goodwyn says that the land was prepared and cultivated thoroughly, fertilizers put down March 30th, and cotton planted April 16th; stand was secured by May 1st. stripped off all leaves by October 2d. Cotton was picked, in every instance, in the afternoon and carefully weighed. Seasons were better than an average. The following statement shows the result of Mr. Goodwyn's experiment: Worms o W Lbs. Fertilizers per Plot, Lbs. Fertilizers per Acre. o o' -" 1 6 lbs nitrate soda........ 96 lbs nitrate soda... 240 " acid phosphate... 2 15 " acid phosphate . 3 4 " muriate potash. ..... 64 " muriate potash... 4 No manure..... 16 14 30 480 34 18 16 12 22 16 46 736 40 640 32 512 6 8 9 10 11 96 64 4 " muriate potash. 6 " nitrate soda....... 96 15 " acid phosphate .. 240 7 4 " muriate potash.. 64 15 " acid phosphate. 240 No manure ........... . 96 6 lbs nitrate soda 64 . 4 " muriate potash 240 (15 " acid phosphate 15 " Floats ....... .... 240 15 " 5 6 lbs nitrate soda .. No manure.... S6 " nitrate soda...... 96 " nitrate soda .. No manure. 12 13 14 14 53 " green cotton seed 15 " " Floats. No manure.... ....... " nitrate soda, " muriate potash. " nitrate soda " acid phosphate " muriate potash, " acid phosphate. No manure " nitrate soda, " muriate potash, " acid phosphate.. " Floats ......... " 16 46 36 18 44 18 28 14 28 22 18 16 24 10 14 8 44 704 681088 54 864 34 544 68 1088 28 448 42 672 22 352 240 Floats green cotton seed. 848 Floats........... . 240 848 " " " green cotton seed. green cotton seed, Float. . 16 26 26 6 42 672 32 512 15 265 " stable manure..4240" stable manure .. acid 240 16 3~15 " acid phosphate ... 240" " cottonphosphate. seed meal 15 "cotton seed meal.. 44 40 2 20 46 736 60 960 21 EXPERIMENT MADE BY MR.J. M. HOBDY, LOUISVILLE, BARBOUR COUNTY. Soil, Sandy Loam-Sub-soil, Red Clay. Average yield, no manure, 725 pounds per acre. By noticing the yield from the unmanured plots 4, 8 and 12, a lack of uniform fertility of the soil is the first thing to be readily observed. It is to be noticed furthermore, in this report, that the soil is lacking in every principle element necessary for plant food, and that no one taken separately increases the yield, but by putting two ingredients together (one of the ingredients being acid phosphate), as in plots 6 and 7, a satisfactory result is developed, compared with No. 5. In plot No. 10, floats, the increased yield over no manure is 75 pounds, which difference is not so great as between the unmanured plots 8 and 12, it being 160 pounds, and which result should not be misleading. This is another instance of the importance of having land of uniform fertility for conducting experiments. Mr. Hobdy says he exercised great care in making this experiment, yet, the irregularity of the soil alluded to above, as is shown by results, suggests great pains in selecting an acre of as even fertility as possible. 0 P- Lbs. Fertilizers per Plot. Lbs. Fertilizers per Acre. o C. . C o r . " . 1 6 lbs nitrate soda.... 96 lbs nitrate soda.. 12 2 15 " acid phosphate. 240 " acid phosphate. 20 3 4 " muriate potash.. 64 " muriate potash. 10 4 No manure.... .. No manure. .. N. 13 96 " nitrate soda 6 lbs nitrate soda 5 4 " muriate potash 64 " muriate potash. 10 96 " nitrate soda, 6 " nitrate soda.. 6 15 " acid phosphate 240 '" phosphate acid 32 J 4 " muriate potash 64 " muriate potash 15 " acid phosphate 240 " acid phosphate 29 8 No manure......... No manure..... 12 6lbs nitrate soda.. 96 " nitrate soda, 9 4 " muriate potash 64 " muriate potash, 15 " acid phosphate 240 " acid phosphate 32 10 15 " Floats ......... 240 " Floats..........16 240 " Floats, 15 " Floats ....... 11 6 " nitrate soda... 96 " nitrate soda ... 17 12 No manure .... No manure. . 15 13 53 " green cotton S. 848 " green cotton s'ed 27 " " " green cotton S 848 " " 14 14 15 " Floats. ... 240 " Floats ........ 22 15 265 " stable manure 4240" stable manure. 31 15 " acid phosphate 240 " acid phosphate 16 15 " cotton seed M. 240 " cotton seed meal 24 14 16 20 18 26 28 24 24 30 24 28 22 26 22 20 18 4 6 7 8 6 16 10 12 8 10 8 12 8 6 6 6 30 480 42 672 37 592 39 624 42 672 76 1216 631008 48 768 701020 50 800 53 848 49 784 61 976 50 800 57 912 48 768 J53 . EXPERIMENT MADE BY MR. WM. B. HALL, LOWNDESBORO, LOWNDES COUNTY. Soil, Lime Prairie. Sub-soil, Black Clay. Average yield, no manure, 341 pounds per acre. Mr. Hall says that the land selected for this experiment has been in cultivation about 50 years, and is called old prairie. It was thoroughly prepared and cultivated. The third picking was lost by a raid from cattle breaking in, and while the yield from this picking might have been small, yet the.loss of it vitiates the experiment as no accurate conclusions can be arrived at. The following tabulated statement shows the results obtained, and it indicates that the soil is deficient in all three elemenis of plant-food. Further investigation is necessary to come to a conclusion: tO " - Q 0 O 0 PZ Lbs. Fertilizers per Plot. Lbs. Fertilizers per Acre. .4 o - 8 z an 12 8 8 6 14 16 10 6 20 10 14 4 8 10 22 20 18 22 20 18 22 30 26 16 30 16 26 14 22 22 58 36 30 30 28 24 36 46 36 22 50 26 40 18 30 32 80 56 480 480 448 384 576 736 576 352 800 416 640 288 480 512 280 996 96 lbs nitrate soda . 240 lbs acid phosphate. 64 lbs muriate potash. No manure........... 96 lbs nitrate soda, 64 lbs muriate potash. 96 lbs nitrate soda, 240 lbs acid phosphate. 64 lbs muriate potash, 240 lbs acid phosphate. No manure........... 96 lbs nitrate soda, 64 lbs muriate potash, 240 lbs acid phosphate.. 240 lbs Floats ......... 240 lbs Floats, 96 lbs nitrate soda..... No manure............. 848 lbs green cotton seed 848 lbs green cotton seed 240 lbs Floats.......... 15 265 lbs stable manure .. 4240 lbs stable manure.. lbs acid phosphate... 240 lbs acid phosphate, 16 ZI 15 lbs cotton seed meal 240 lbs cotton seed meal 1 6 lbs nitrate soda ...... 2 15 lbs acid phosphate.... 3 4 lbs muriate potash ..... 4 No manure ......... 6 lbs nitrate soda..... 5 4 lbs muriate potash... 6 lbs nitrate soda ..... 6 15 lbs acid phosphate... J 4 lbs muriate potash... 7 15 lbs acid phosphate. . . No manure............ 8 6 lbs nitrate soda ..... 4 lbs muriate potash... 9 15 lbs acid phosphate . 10 15 lbs Floats......... 15 lbs Floats........... 11 6 lbs nitrate soda ... 12 No manure........... 53 lbs green cotton seed. 13 53 lbs green cotton seed 14 15 lbs Floats............ S15 EXPERIMENT MADE BY MR. 5. T. INZER, EDEN, ST.,CLAIR COUNTY. Soil, Sandy Loam-Sub-soil, Yellow Clay. Average yield of unmanured plots per acre, 837 lbs. Mr. Inzer says that the land on which this experiment made has been in cultivation five years. Owing to unfavorable seasons, a good stand of cotton was not obtained until the 10th of June. Although the cultivation varied from instructions, yet the results was show that the soil is deficient in the chief elements of plant food as is shown in plots 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9. By comparing the unmanured plots 4 and 12, it will be seen that this acre is not uniform in productiveness, yet the increased yield from floats, nitrate soda and green cotton seed, in plots 10, 11, 13 and 14 is satisfactory. However, cotton seed meal and acid phosphate in plot 16, give the best results. be0. se.- uI 4' ,h 54 9 an Lbs. Fertilizers per Plot, Lbs. Fertilizers per Acre. 6 lbs nitrate soda 96 lbs nitrate soda 15 " acid phosphate 240 " acid phosph 4 "muriate potash 64 "muriate pot. No 4 "muriate pota. 64 " muriate pot 16 " nitrate soda 96 "nitrate soda. 15 " acid phospha 240 " acid phosph. 4 " muriate pota. 64 "muriate pota, X15 "acid phospha 240 "acid phosph, No manure .... .. No manure.... S6 lbs nitrate soda 96 lbs nitrate soda 4" muri'te potash 64" muriate pot. 15 " acid phospha. 240 " acid phospha 15 " Floats ... 240 "Floats . .15 "Floats. 240 " Floats . 6 " nitrate soda. 96 " nitrate soda. No manure... . No manure .53lbs green cotton S. 848 lbs green C.. seed 848 " green 0. S. 15 Flat . 240 " Floats 265 lbs stable manur. 4240" stable m'ure " acid phospha 240 "acid phosph . R115 "cotton S. meal 240 "4cottonS M. 6manure... soda 96 lbs nitrate lbs nitrate No manure. 16 24 10 8 14 20 24 9 28 10 14 12 18 28 28 40 i 24 20 20 14 24 24 36 16 28 20 32 14 24 26 24 30 18 14 14 12 18 16 14 14 18 16 18 16 20 22 24 32 6 8 12 14 10 8 S 14 10 12 12 14 8 12 14 19 64 1024 66 1056 56 896 48.768 66 1056 68 1088. 82 1312 53 848 soda 84 11344 58 928 896 76 1216 56 5344 70 1120 88 1408 90 115 1440 120 1920 _ 24 EXPERIMENT MADE BY MR. URIAH JOHNSON. TRINITY STATION, MORGAN COUNTY. Soil, Red Sandy Loam-Sub-soil, Red Clay. Average yield of unmanured plots, 384 lbs. per acre. Mr. Johnson having given in his report the average yield per acre of the unmanured plots, 4, 8, and 12, placed the same amount opposite each plot, there is no data left by which the uniform fertility of this acre can be determined. Mr. Johnson writes that he did not get a stand of cotton until June 6th, on account of drought, and consequently thinks his crop not so good as it would have been, had the seed come up in due time. From the results of this experiment, the leading element needed in this soil is phosphoric acid. The average yield of unmanured plots, 4, 8 and 12, being 384 lbs. per acre, the increased yield on plot 2, acid phosphate is 416 lbs. over no manure. And it will be further noticed, that while acid phosphate in combination with nitrate soda as in plot 6, or with mnuriate potash in plot 7, gives satisfactory results, yet the yield proportionately is not so great as from the use of acid phosphate alone. By comparing plot 9, a complete fertilizer, with plots 6 and 7, it will be seen that the additional use of nitrate soda has added nothing to the increased yield over plot 7, whereas plot 16, cotton seed meal and acid phosphate, has given the best results in this experiment. If the fertility of this acre be uniform, the increased yield from the use of floats in plots 10, 11 and 14, points to a lack of phosphoric acid in this soil, which in combination with nitrogen as in plots 11 and 14, shows an increased yield. The nitrogen in plot 11 being more readily available as plant food, is not retained in the soil as in green cotton seed in plot 14, which may explain the difference in these two plots. As a rule, plants are not fastidious from what source nitrogen comes, just so its supply is sufficient. 0 a O Lbs. Fertilizer per Acre. 10 10 20 8 10 8 28 28 10 34 24 26 12 38 42 44 52 3lbs nitrate soda......... 96 lbs nitrate soda .... 15 lbs acid phosphate .. 240 lbs acid phosphate.. 4lbs muriate potash .... 64 " muriate potash. . No manure............. No manure ...... S61bs nitrate soda ..... 96 lbs nitrate soda...... 14 " muriate potash.... 64 " muriate potash.. 6G' 6 lbs nitrate soda ..... 96 " nitrate soda ..... 15 " acid phosphate... 240 lbs acid phosphate.. j4 lbs muriate potash . 64 " muriate potash. 7 15 lbs acid phosphate.. . 240 " acid phosphate... 8 No manure............. No manure .......... lbs nitrate soda .... 96 lbs nitrate soda. 4 " muriate potash... 64 " muriate potash... 9 15 " acid phosphate... 240 " acid phosphate.. 10 15 lbs Floats............ 240 " Floats. .......... 15 lbs Floats........... 240 " Floats........ 11 6 " nitrate soda .... 96 " nitrate soda ..... 12 No manure .... ....... No manure ....... 13 53 lbs green cotton seed... 848 lbs green cotton seed 53 lbs green cotton seed. 848 " green cotton seed 14 15 " Floats .......... 240 " Floats. ......... 15 265 lbs stable manure . 4240 lbs stable manure 15 lbs acid phosphate... 240 lbs acid phosphate 16 15 lbs Y ILV~~UIJ cotton seed meal IYI\J ILILI CVV~~L ~LIVLJIJIILVUV 240 " cotton Useed meal I UIUI~I 26 30 20 14 20 24 32 14 26 22 26 12 20 24 24 24 576 800 448 384 448 832 960 384 960 736 832 384 928 S6 25 EXPERIMENT MADE BY MR. J. C. KILLEBREW, NEWTON, DALE COUNTY. Soil, Sandy Loam-Sub-soil, Red Clay. Average yield of unmanured plots per acre, 464 lbs. Mr. Killebrew says in his report that the land from which this experiment acre was selected has been in cultivation 15 years, is very poor, and even after lying out for the past 2 years, vegetation was very scant. He says ho is satisfied that his land needs more nitrogen than is found in standard fertilizers, which are the indications from this report. In plot No. 1, nitrate soda, there is an increased yield of 80 lbs. per acre over average of no manure In plot 2 acid phosphate, the yield is the same as no manure. In plot 3, muriate potash, the yield is 176 lbs. less than average of no manure. Plot 5, a combination of nitrate soda and muriate potash, gives a striking increase over average of no manure, while plot 6, nitrate soda and phosphate and plot 7 muriate potash and phosphate show a very small increase over no manure. In plot 9, the three elements, show about the same results as in plot 5, where nitrate soda and muriate potash are used; but by comparing plot 5 with plot 16, the indications are, that acid phosphate in combination with cotton seed meal gives satisfactory results. By reference to plot No. 10, floats, the yield is 64 lbs. per acre less than the average of no manure, while in plots 11 and 14, by the addition of nitrogen, the yield is increased 144 lbs. per acre over no manure. In plot 15, stable manure, the best results are obtained, which also indicate the need of nitrogen in this soil. Attention is called to the uniform fertility of this experiment acre. oC O Lbs. Fertilizers per Plot. Lbs. Fertilizers per Acre. 1 2 O 3 7 4 5 6 7 8 9 6 lbs nitrate soda ....... 96 lbs nitrate soda 240 " acid phosph. . 4 " muriate potash .... 64 " muriate pot. No manure. ......... No manure. S6 lbs nitrate soda .....96 lbs nitrate soda 4 " muriate potash . 64" muri'te pota S " nitrate soda ... 96 " nitrate soda. 15 " acid phosphate . 240 "acid phosph. S4 " muriate potash .. 64 " muriate pot. 15 " acid phosphate... 240 " acid phosph. No manure........... No manure ... 6 lbs nitrate soda ... 96 lbs nitrate soda 4 " muriate potash... 64 " muri'te pot 15 " acid phosphate... 240" acid phosph 15 " acid phosphate 10 9 6 8 16% 13 10 8 13 9 11 16 13 7 12 23 14 17 9 26 7 17 13 13 13 25 23 8 7 5 9 13 10 11 14 34 29 18 29 544 464 288 464 52%4 844 37 28 53 28 30 38 62 54 592 576 448 848 400 608 480 608 608 992 864 9 36 10 15 " Floats...... .... 240 " Floats ..... J15 " Floats ......... 240 " Floats 11 (6 " nitrate soda ..... 96 " nitrate soda. No manure 12 No manure ........... 13 53 lbs green cotton seed 848 lbs green C S. green 14 S53 " Floats cotton seed 848 " green cot. S 15 " ......... 240 " Floats .... 15 265 " stable manure .. 4240" stable man. 240 " acid phosph. 16 315 " acid phosphate 15 " cotton seed meal. 240 " cotton '. M LIICIII~YIII) L~\IIY~L~II I \II ---II ~1I~l1 LI\ L llr l. 9. 25 10 11 14 15 20 18 6 11 10 17 13 2b EXPERIMENT MADE BY Mx. J. M. KENNEDY, OAK LONE, CLAY COUNTY. Soil, Red-Sub-soil Red, Stiff Magnetic Iron. Average yield of unmanured plots per acre, 389 lbs. Attention is called to the irregular fertility of this acre-plot 4 yielding 256 lbs. per acre, plot 8 400 lbs. and plot 12,512 lbs., the average being 389 lbs. without manure. Mr. Kennedy says: to very unpropitious seasons, this experiment is not as satisfactory as it would have been, had the seasons been favorable. Cotton was planted April 19th- care up June 19th and was not put to a stand until July 10th." The indications are that plot No. 9, a complete fertilizer, gives the best results in this experiment, as the soil seems deficient in all the chief elements of plant food, though the increased yield from acid phosphate and nitrate soda in plot 6, and acid phosphate and muriate potash in plot 7, is very satisfactory. In plot 10, floats alone, an in'creased yield is shown, notwithstanding the lack of uniform fertility of the soil and by the addition of nitrogen as in plot the increase yield is still further advanced. Attention is directed to the following falling off of stable manure in plot 15, and when plot 16, acid phosphate and cotton seed meal is compared with plot 9, the results are not so good as from a complete fertilizer in No. 9. "Owing 11, No. O A tU0et P++ n Lbs. Fertilizers per Plot. Lbs. Fertilizers per Acre. rc -J z 0 3 7 3 3 5 14 11 5 13 1 6 lbs nitrate soda . 96 lbs nitrate soda.. " acid phosphate... z40" acid phosph... 3 4 " muriate potash.... 64 "' muriate pot.. 4 No manure......... No manure ... . nitrate soda..... 96 lbs nitrate soda 5 4 potash.... 64 " muriate pota.. . 6~ 6 "nitrate soda .. 96 "nitrate soda. 6 15" acid phosph'te 240" acid phospha.. 44 "rmuriate potas. 64 'mur'tep'ash. 15" acid phosphat'... . 240" acid phosph ... ' No manure...... 6 lbs nitrate soda... 96 lbs nitr'te soda 9 . 4 " muri ale potas'... . 64 " muriate pot. (15 "acid phospha.. 240 "acid phosph... 10 15" Floats........ 240" Floats. 240 " Floats 1115" Floats..... 6" nitrate soda. 96 " nitrate soda.. . 12 No manure..... .. . No manure. 13 531lbs green cotton S... . 848 lbs green C. S... 1 53 lbs green C. seed.. . 848" green C. S. 1415 " Floats 240 Floats . 15 .265 " stable m ure.... 4240" stable m'nre. . 16 315" " acid phosph.... 240 " acid phosph. 15 C. seed meal X240 cotton S. M... " nIRI/\ WI~I1~~MA I RI m nvr r~ Mrr r\ 2 15 6 lbs 4"muriate 8 14 6 7 11 20 21 10 22 16 22 13 6 9 8 6 9 16 16 .10 17 30 17 16 25 50 48 272 480 272 256 400 800 768 400 '25 53 36 10, 11 18' 10 13 12 848 576 7 8 12 11 46 73f 32 512 25 34 34 400 10 13 13 7 9 10 17 544 544 20 17 44 704 2V EXPERIMENT MADE BY MR. J. A. LOGAN, CLANTON, CHILTON COUNTY. Soil, Mulatto and Saidy--Sub-soil, Red Clay. Average yield of unmanured plots, 509 lbs. Mr. Logan states that he prepared and cultivated this test acre thoroughly, and made as many as three careful observations on the growth and maturity of the plant the use of fertilizers. Attention is called to the uniform fertility of the soil, by observing the yield of the unmanured plots 4, 8 and 12. The increased yield over no manure from the.use of acid phosphate in this soil, is very decided, as is shown in plot 2, giving 363 lbs., and in plot 6, in combination with nitrate soda the increase is 475 lbs. over no manure, giving better results than acid phosphate alone. It will be seen by referring to plots 3, 5, 7 and 9 and com- from paring them with plot 2, no potash. From the use of floats in plot 10, we have an increase over no mawe have an nure of 131 lbs., and by the addition of nitrate soda as in plot increase of 235 lbs. and in plot 14, floats and green cotton seed combined, we have an increase of 281 lbs. The increased yield from the use of floats is not so great as from ascid decided benefit is derived from the use of muriate 11, "v ¢ the results are satisfactory. The yield from stable manure in plot 15 is very marked, and from cotton seed meal and acid phosphate in plot 16, the result is as great as could be expected when compared with plots 9 and 10. v\hr\nv\hrJtn alr\~~n It r~t Fl~na i onv phosphate; but when the cost of the. two are compared, sebiJee r" b. r. S 0 Lbs. Fertilizer per Plot. Lbs. Fertilizer per Acre. 11~1~~ ~U II~ 1~1 96 Qa cf, ,w v " "aU a2 sca d-a 1 6 lbs nitrate soda. 5 2 15lbs muriate potash. lbs acid phosphate 34 4 No manure......... 66" 6 lbs nitrate soda " muriate pota.... nitrate 240" acid phosph... 64 "muriate pot... No manure...... 916 nitrate soda. lbs 64 lbs mur. lbs nitrate soda.. 6 35'2 20 16'2 19 20 a1 1 8%~ 6 8'2 3412 552 2'2 5412/ 872 9 36' 584 1 2 10 I26Y,2 412 65 " acid phospha.... 4 lbs muriate pota. 15 " acid phospha... 8 No soda.. 96 " nitrate soda. 240" A. phosphate.. potash.. . 9 20'2 ItiliI 8 1'2 552 372 600 984 64 "muriate pota. 42 29'2 6 18 19 15 re (15 " acid phospha. acid phospha. . 240 lbs Floats . 1015 lbs Floats......... " . 240" 1115 lbs Floats ..... " nitrate soda. . 6 "nitrate soda.. ... No manure 12 No manure .... .. X148 green C. S.. . lbs 13 53 lbs green cotton S... '4 lbs green C. 8. 1951sgenC Floats. 15 lbs ... 240 lbs Float.. 4240 " stable man.. . 15 265 lbs stable manur'.. 240 "acid phosph 16 315 " acid phospha... 240 cotton seed MV... 15 "-cotton seed MI. 9 lbs nitrate (6 muriatesoda... . pota... 4 . manure......... No manure ...... " 240" acid phosph... 96 lbs nitrate soda 64 " muriate pot. 2 7 2 501 28 54%2 808 448 872 240" 38 2012 1812 152 17 22'2 18th 2312 22 40 640 744 96, .. 4 14'2 2112 5c2 4632 10'2 33j2 6'2 442 5'2 612 X589 2936 528 712 23 35%2 22'2 550 800 64j~ 1032 1-~ 2 51k 28 EXPERIMENT MADE BY MR. W. H. MILLER, UNION, GREENE COUNTY. Soil, Sandy-Sub-soil, Clay. Average yield per acre of unmanured plots, 104 pounds. By noticing the yield from the unmanured plots 4, 8 and 12, the irregularity of the fertility of this acre is plainly seen. Mr. Miller writes in making his report, that his land has been in cultivation 52 years, was never fertilized, and is very poor; and while it has been lying out for the past 4 years, the growth of vegetation was very scant. This soil is very deficient in the three main elements of plant food, as is shown by comparing plots 1, 2 and 3, where the fertilizers were applied singly, with plot 9, a complete fertilizer, where all were combined. This report certainly shows very gratifying results. The increased yield from floats in plots 10, 11 and 14, is very decided. The yield from plots 15 and 16 is nearly the same, and alike satisfactory. Much more could be said about this report, but it is so plain and decided in showing such bountiful and profitable returns from the use of fertilizers, that further cornmment is unnecessary. CI) d O . cGCS rrp- S Sper 0 Lbs. Fertilizers Plot. -I Lbs Fertilizers per Acre. I 0 - 6 lbs nitrate soda....... 96 lbs nitrate soda 15 " acid phosphate .... 240 " acid phosph. 4" muriate potash .... 64 " muriate pot No manure No manure .......... 6lbs nitrate soda 96 lbs nitr'te soda 5 4 " muriate potash 64 "muriate pot 96 " nitrate soda 6 J6 " nitrate soda. ... S15 " acid phosphate 240 " acid phosp. 7 34 " muriate potash.. 64 " muriate pot. 240 " acid phosph X15 " acid phosphate... No manure 8 No manure............. 6 lbs nitrate soda ... 96 lbs nitrate soda 9 4 " muriate potash,.... 64 "muriate pot. 15 " a(id phosphate .. 240 " acid phosph 240 " Fleats ..... 10 15 " Floats .......... .... 240 " Floats . 115 " Floats S6 " nitrate soda ..... 296 " nitrate soda 12 No manure ........... No manure 13 53 lbs green cotton seed 848 lbs green C. S. 14 53 " green cotton seed 848 "green C. S. 115 " Floats ...... 240 " Floats .... 15 265 " stable manure 4240" stable m'nu. 16 15 " acid phosphate . 240 "acid phosp 16 15 " cotton seed meal. 240 " cotton S. M. 1 2 3 4 5 10 2 14 112 1 2 , - 6 32 2%' 4 2 3% 2 12 4 4 8 96 512 64 56 56 960 768 96 1216 448 672 160 1184 13 20 12 28 18 2 32 14 20 6 34 24 20 22 3% 60 6 18 48 16 4 6 8 14 16 16 28 76 10 28 16 42 4 10 32 74 34 32 28 72 1152 68 1088 66 1056 29 EXPERIMENT MADE BY MR. J. W. MIZE, REMLAP, BLOUNT COUNTY. Soil, Red Sandy-Sub-8oil, Sticky, Mineral Nature. Average yield of unmanured plots per acre, 331 pounds. From Mr. Mize's report, it is evident that acid phosphate is the principal element needed in this soil, and that a combination of acid phos phate and nitrate soda as shown in plot No. 6, gives better results than the complete fertilizer in plot No. 9. In plot 15, stable manure, there is a marked decrease in comparison with plot 16, acid phosphate and cotton seed meal, which plot gives the greatest yield of any in this experiment. eQ. co E- E- Lbs. Fertilizers per Plot, Lbs. Fertilizers per Acre. o C 1 6 lbs nitrate soda. 2 15 " acid phosphate .... 96 lbs nitrate soda 240 " acid phosph muriate pot. 64 3 4 " muriate potash .... No manure ....... 4 No manure.. 6 lbs nitrate soda. ... 96 lbs nitrate soda. pota. 4 " muriate potash .. 64 '.muriate " nitrate soda. 6 6" nitrate soda .96 6 15 " acid phosphate.... 240" acid phosph. 7 4 " muriate potash... 64 " mnuriate pota 15 " acid phosphate .. 240" acid phospha No manure .. No manure 8 (6 lbs nitrate soda ... 96 lbs nitrate soda. 1 62 11 1 41 152 21 17 15 16 2 336 12%2 17 { 7 4'2 36 576 253 408 20'2 328 23 368 1 8 4%2 6 16 12' 8 18 14 42'2 680 31 496 1 3 112 11222112 344 9 . 4 " muriate potash. .. 64 " muriate pot. (15" acid phosphate.... 240" acid phosph. 240 lbs Floats .. 10 15 " Floats. .......... 1115 " Floats........... 240 " Floats. 6 " nitrate soda...... 96 " nitrate soda No manure....... 12 No manure.......... 13 53 lbs green cotton seed -48 lbs green C. S. 14 13121 17 10 14 10 5 10 11 18'% 17 14 33'2 25'2 536 408 448 320 568 448 464 7.12 15 15 265 " stable manue.... 4240" stable m'nn. acid phosph 16 515 " acid phosphate... 240 " cotton S. M. " 15 cotton seed meal. 35 " green cotton " Floats ........ seed 848 'bgreen C. ..S. Floats. 240" .4 212 1 1 28 20 35'2 15%2 16 k " 1%2 10 15%2 28 162 29 16 240 342 80 EXPERIMENT MADE BY Mn. W. B. MELTON, DAVIS' CREEK, FAYETTE COUNTY. Soil, White and Gray-Sub-soil Clay. Average yield per acre of unmanured plots, 245 lbs. Mr. Melton selected an acre for this experiment of almost uniform fertility as will be seen by comparing the unmanured plots 4, 8 and 12 with each other. It will be observed that this soil claims phosphoric acid as the principle element needed as is demonstrated in plot 2, and by comparing this plot with 1 and 3. By adding muriate potash as in plot 7, better results are obtained than from plots 5 and 6, but the complete fertilizer in plot 9, gives the best results of all. Floats alone in plot 10, show better results than the combination in nitrogen in plot 11; but in plot 14 in combination with green cotton seed, the increase in yield is decided. By comparing plot 15 stable manure and plot 16 phosphate and cotton seed meal, with plot 9, this result also favors a complete fertilizer. o Lbs. Fertilizers per Plot. Lbs. Fertilizers per Acre. . o. . ,1 .¢, ' . 6 1bs nitrate soda....... 15 " acid phosphate..... 4 " muriate potash.... No manure .......... 5 6 lbs nitrate soda.... ) 4"muriatep'ash.... 6" nitrate soda .... 6 15 " acid phospha.... J 4" muriate pota.... 15" acid phospha..... 8 No manure........ ( 6lbs nitrate ........ 9 4 ' muriate pota.... 15 "acid phospha . 10 15 " Floats .......... 11 15 " Floats .......... 6 " nitrate soda..... 12 No manure ......... 13 53 lbs green cotton S... " seed. .. " 14 53 14 15" Floats . .. 15 265 " stable manure.... 16 15" " acid phospha. .. 15 cotton S. meal 1 2 3 4 96 lbs nitrate soda. 240 " acid phosph... 64 " muriate pot. No manure. ... 96 lbs nitrate soda 64 " muriate pot... 96 " nitrate soda. 240" acid phosph.. 64 " muriate pot. 240 " acid phosph.. No manure ..... 96 lbs nitrate soda 64 " muriate pot. 240 " acid phosph.. 240 " Floats ....... 240 " Floats . 96 " nitrate soda.. No manure....... 848 lbs green C. .. 240 " Floats..... 4240" stablem'nre.. 240 "acid phosph. 240 " cotton S. M. 848 " green C. S. 0 7 0 0 8 4 0 7 2 0 0 3 5 7 5 4 18 11 9 6 22 24 6 32 16 13 9 19 24 37 27 6 10 13 6 12 12 16 10 23 7 8 6 14 12 15 16 10 160 35 560 24 384 15 240 18 288 42 672 44 704 16 256 62 992 25 400 21 336 15 240 36 576 41 656 59 944 48 768 81 EXPERIMENT MADE BY MR. W. S. MANNING, OXFORD, CALHOUN COUNTY. Soil, Mulatto-Sub-soil, Red Clay. Average yield per acre of unmanured plots, 171 lbs. It will be seen from Mr. Manning's report that acid phosphate is the element most needed in this soil which is plainly demonstrated by comparing plot 2 acid phosphate, with plots 1 and 3; and by combining acid phosphate and nitrate soda in plot 6, the results are better than from 5 and 7. By a combination of all three elements as in plot 9, the best results in the entire experiment, are shown. A slight increase in plot 10 from the use of floats is manifest, but when nitrogen is added as in plots 11 and 14, the increased yield over no manure is decidedly in favor of the combination with green cotton seed. Plot 15, stable manure, shows a decided falling off, while plot 16, cotton seed meal and acid phosphate, shows very satisfactory results. U1 F- C.) r--i o c) U1 r i etir C/1 W cc vi"I G7 O o Lbs. Fertilizers per Plot. Lbs. Fertilizers per Acre. I -I 4-J a3 O 11-! I .96 lbs. nitrate soda. 2 15 lbs acid phosphate... 240 lbs acid phosphate 3 4 lbs muriate potash .. 64 lbs muriate potash 4 No manure........... No manure .... S6 lbs nitrate soda. .. 96 lbs nitrate soda 5 4 lbs muriate potash ti4 lbs muriate potash 6 lbs nitrate soda ... 96 bs soda .. 6 15 lbs acid phosphate 240 34 lbs muriate potash.. 64 lbs muriate potash 7 15 lbs acid phosphate 240 lbs acid phosphate No 81 manure. ........ No manure ...... 6 lbs nitrate soda. 96 lbs nitrate soda 9 15 lbs acid phosphate. 240 lbs acid phosphate 4 lbs Muriate potash 64 lbs muriate potash 10 15 lbs Floats .......... 240 lbs Floats. 315 lbs Floats ...... 240 lbs Floats. .... 11 6 lbs nitrate soda...... 96 lbs nitrate soda ... 12 No manure ......... No manure . ...... 13 53 lbs green cotton seed 848 lbs green cotton S. 353 lbs green cotton 14 15 lbs Floats.... 8S.848 lbs green cotton S 240 lbs Floats. .... 15 265 lbs stable manure. 4240 lbs stable manure 315 lbs acid 240 16 15 lbs cott'n phosphate. 240 lbs acid phosphate seed meal lbs cotton S meal I~ _ I1~1 1f lbs nitrate soda.... 6 5 11 4 4 3 4 10 5 5 4 10 9 2 18 7 8 3 7 19 4 9 4 4 13 30 13 13 208 480 208 208 3 9 7 4 10 5 6 .5 6 10 8 I 10 160 40 640 33 528 9 144 51 816 16 256 20 320 10 160 20 320 47 752 28 448 21 17 3 23 4 6 2 7 18 11 ,... 9 18 11 10 39 624 32' EXPERIMENT MADE BY MR. J. P. OLIVER, DADEVILLE, TALLAPOOSA COUNTY. Soil, Gray Sandy-Sub-soil, Clay. Average yield per acre of unmanured plots, 432 pounds. Mr. Oliver reports that he followed instructions accurately in conducting this experiment. The uniform fertility of this acre is satisfactory. From this report, all three main elements of plant food were beneficial to the soil, particularly in a combination, as is indicated by plots 6, 7 and 9, compared with 1, 2 and 3. The increased yield from use of acid phosphate alone in plot 2, compared with the unmanured plots 4, 8 and 12, is very decided. Especial attention is called to the increased yield fl om floats in plot No. 10, being 296 pounds per acre over average of no manure, and in combination with nitrate soda in plot 11, the increased yield over no manure is 384 pounds. Comparing the nitrogenous effects with floats in plot 11, with plot No. 14, the results are in favor of green cotton seed. Plots 15 and 16, compared with plot 9, give results in favor of plot 9, complete fertilizer. o Lbs. Fertilizers per Plot. Lbs. Fertilizers per Acre. o **d o $k .b z 1 61bs nitrate soda.. 96 lbs nitrate soda.. 22 14 19 14 14 16 2 15 lbs acid phosphate.... 24(1165acid phosph. . 3 4 muriate potash.... 64 lbs muriate pot... 4 No manure. No manure 536 l bs nitrate soda .. . 96 lbs nitrate soda 41lb s m ur' te . 64 lbs muriate pot... 96 lbs nitrate soda 6 6 lbs nitrate soda... 240 lbs acid phosp... 615 lbs acid phosph. lbs muriate pota. 7 3~4 64 lbs muriate pot. 15 " acid p hospha. lbs acid phosh. . 8 No manure...... No manure ........ lbs 15 312 potash. .. 22'2 28 240 9 6 lbs nitrate soda..... 96 lb's nitrate soda 1~5 acid phosph a. " 240 lbs acid phosp. 4 lbs muriate pota.. 64 lbs nuriate pot... 25 1.51 3%!2 15 10 15 lbs. Floats. .... . 1 515 lbs Floats 116 lbs nitrate 12 No. manure soda .... .... . 240 lbs Floats. 22 10 11 2 6'2 29 2712 9 8 240 lbs Floats 96 " nitrate soda.. .. No manure 848 lbs. G. C. seed. . 848 lbs green C. 8. 13 53 lbs green cotton 8.. 15 265 lbs stable manure . 16' 5~15 lbs acid phosph.... 'cotton S. meal.. ,-.v1.5L--FI--U-V 14 15 lbs 14 53 lbs G. Cot, seed.... .. 30 15 23 28;2 32 32 10 12 12 10 4 8 Floats.. 240 lbs Floats.. 16 17'% 4240 lbs stable ma.. . 240 lbs acid phos . 240 " C. seed meal. . 192 33 EXPERIMENT MADE BY MR. J. W. PITTS, CRESSWELL STATION, SHELBY COUNTY. Soil, Thin Brown or Mulatto--Sub-soil, Stiff ed Clay. Average yield per acre of unmanured plots, 317 lbs. Mr. Pitts says that the acre selected for this experiment was thin upland, which had been in cultivation 50 years, but during the last 8 or 10 years had rested and grown up in sedge. Owing to a protracted drought in the Spring, cotton did not come up until the 24th of May, and then only an imperfect stand was secured. Preparation of ground and cultivation of crop, were carried out according to instructions, Attention is directed to the uniformity of the soil in this acre, as is shown in plots 4, 8 and 12. The indications are that nitrogen and phosphoric acid are the only two elements beneficial in this experiment. There is some increase from use of potash alone in plot 3, but in combination either with nitrate soda in plot 5, or with acid phosphate in plot 7, or with both phosphate and nitrate soda in plot 9, the yield is decreased compared with plots 2 and 6. The increased yield from floats alone in plot 10, is slight, but in combination with nitrogen in plots 11 and 14, is very satisfactory. Stable manure in plot 15, and acid phosphate and cotton seed meal in plot 16, produce the best results. ( Lbs. Fertilizers per Plot. Lbs. Fertilizers per Acre. o o . 1 6 lbs nitrate soda ....... 96 lbs nitrate soda 2 15 " acid phosphate ...... 240 " acid phosph 3 4 " muriate potash ..... 64 " muriate pot. 4 No manure. .......... No manure ...... 56 lbs nitrate soda .... .96 lbs nitrate soda. 5( 4 " muriate potash .. 64 "muriate pota. S6 " nitrate soda....... 96 " nitrate soda. 6 15 " acid phosphate.... 240" acid phospb. J 4 " muriate potash.... 64 " muriate pota. 15" acid phosphate.... 240" acid phospha No manure..... 8 No manure ............ 96 lbs nitrate soda. 6 lbs nitrate soda .... 4 " muriate potash.... 64 "muriate pot. 9 15 " acid phosphate .... 240" acid phosph. 10 15 " Floats........... 240 lbs Floats.... ... 240 " Floats... 1 " Floats......... 15 11 6" nitrate soda......96 "nitrate soda 12 No manure........... No manure..... 13 53 lbs green cotton seed .848 lbs green C. S. 14 53 " green cotton seed 848 " green C. S. 14 15 " Floats.......... 240 " Floats..... 15 265 " stable manue.... 4240" stablem'nu. 16 15 " acid phosphate... 240 " acid phosph 16 15 " cotton seed meal.. 240 "cotton S. M. 202 212 9 6 3 25 191 20 22 192 81 72 23 21 92 20 101 5 4 8 5 452 48 37 20 728 768 592 320 12 122 200 2'2502 808 4 2 5 45 201 720 328 9 222 10 15 7 13 171 292 2912 11222 472 760 352 13 9 15 204 23 20 62 342 552 3 192 304 4 32 512 6 6 5 44 704 582 936 544 872 34 EXPERIMENT MADE BY MR. T. M. J. PORTER, GEORGIANA, BUTLER COUNTY. Soil, Light Sandy-Sub-soil, Red and Yellow Sandy Clay. Average yield per acre of unmanured plots, 200 pounds. Mr. Porter planted this test acre April 23rd, and failing to get a stand, replanted May 7th, in Peterkin cotton. The land was quite uniform in fertility, as is shown by the unmanured plots 4, 8 and 12. In this experiment, the soil shows a lack of all three elements of plant food, as is shown by the increased yield in plot No. 9. The use of floats in plots 10 and 14 show an increased yield, and why there should be a falling off in plot 11, cannot be explained. It will be noticed that there is a falling off in stable manure in plot 15, while acid phosphate and cotton seed meal in plot 16, give good results. vwr3~* incrase and 14so o o 2,Ic2i .s . P L4 Lbs. Fertilizers per Plot. Lbs. Fertilizers per Acre. o;.x . 1 6lbs nitrate soda.. .9 lbs nitrate soda. 2 15 lbs acid phosphate .. 2401 bs acid phosph. 64 lbs muriate pot...3 4lbs muriate potash. 4 No manure. _ . 5 6 lbs nitrate soda No manure . 4 4lbsmur'tepotash.... 6 25 1012 6 96 lbs nitrate soda 64 lbs muriate pot.. 6 5 11 9 6 Ilk/2 12 i1% 4 2 2 200 640 2112 344 '4 224 40 2%/ 16 10 1012 4 1 462 422 1212 256 6 36 lbs nitrate soda. .. 1l5lbs acid phosph. .. 7 4 lbs muriate pota... 15 " acid phospha.. 8 No manure........... (6 lbs' nitrate 9 15" acid phospha. soda 96 lbs nitrate soda 240lbs acid phosp.. 64 lbs muriate pot. 240 lbs acid phosh.. No manure ... ..... 96 lbs nitrate soda 32 27/2 71 744 680 200 800 448 240 lbs acid 4 lbs muriate pota. 64 lbs muriate~ pot...35 18'2 240 lbs Floats.. 10 15 lbs. Floats..... . 240 lbs Floats 11 15 l1bs Floats 14 1 6 lbs nitrate soda. 96" nitrate soda. 6 ... No manure . . 12 No manure ....... 30'2 13 53 lbs green cotton S..848 lbs. G. C. 1 pbosp. 10% 7'2 7%2 3'j 4 2 50 28 seed.. 14 15 lbs Floats......... 353 lbs G. Cot. 15 265 lbs stable manure 240 lbs Floats ... 4240 lbs stable ma... 240 1 315 lbs acid phosph..... 240 lbs 'acid phos . 1615 " cotton S. meal ... " C. seed meal.. ... 848 lbs green C. seed S. 0% 368 1'223 1 11 176 2'24212 680 40 28 39 7 6'2 7 3 1 50 800 35'2 568 11247 Y2 760 EXPERIMENT MADE BY MR. S. A. PIUITT, CHESSER, PIKE COUNTY. Soil, Sandy-ub-8oil, Sandy'Clay. pounds. Judging from Average yield of no manure per acre, report in this experiment, the soil is lacking in the Mr. Pruitt's three main elements of plant food. Attention is called specially to the uniform fertility of this acre, and also to the increased yield from use of fertilizers, in every instance, over unmanured plots. Fertilizers, evidently are a great source of benefit to this land. 384 ---~~~MIVV V~UVUIV YI1N U~-VIJVI VIL--L1 0 I~1 O :iallyco 0 j J4-D P-4 r-.4 C) ¢0 ' . Lbs Fertilizers per Plot, Lbs. Fertilizero' per Acre. on .oG.oa" ~ f ~ I z 1 6 lbs nitrate soda.. 96 lbs nitrate soda 2 15 "acid phosphate 240" acid phosph. 3 4 "muriate potash 64" muriate pot 4 No manure. No manure soda. 5 6 lbs nitratepot'sh 96 " nitrate soda, 64 muriate pot. 4 " muriate 6"c 6 5~ nitrate soda. 96 " nitrates-soda, 29 19 H 3 2 4 6 2 1 1 7 1 2 "I 848 544 640. 400 656 864 752 384 20 9 18 29 19 12 14 7 16 22 17 7 26 21 16 8 19 28 41 54 7 8 9 64 54""cmuriate pota. 240 " muriate pota " acid phosph. 15 acid phospha 15 " adrd phospha. 240 " acid phospha .. 240 " .. 10 15 " Floats. .. 240 " Floats .. 11 5~15 " Floats. soda 96 "cnitrate 6 "tnitrate No manure... No manure 12 13 53 " green C. seed. 848 " green cot. 8. c c 848"c cc cc 14 53 cc lots.....240 "Floats .. 15" 15 265 "stable manure 4240" stable m'ure acid acid phospha. 16 515"c" cotton seed M240 " cottonphosph S. rl ~15 1IJi~j V Ill~lia~t:bVUSt.l 240 " IILLL ~rLti M. l ~7U bVUi~t {6 "'acid 15 No manure... No manure.. 96 " nitrate soda, "tnitrate soda 4 " muriate pota. 64 "c mu{ iate pot. phospha. 240 " acid phosph. 28 8 43 28 39 Floats... 74 1184 50%2 808 58 23 55 928 368 880 soda. . 7 30 39 50 53 2 6 2 1 71 1136 1568 114 1824 36 EXPERIMENT MADE BY MR. J. H. RADNEY, IROANOKE, RANDOLPH COUNTY. Soil, Sandy Loam- Sb-soil, Clay. Average yield per acre of unmanured plots, 299 pounds. Mr. Radney states that this land has been in cultivation 25 years. By noticing the yield from plots 1, 2 and 3 where the fertilizers were applied singly, it will he observed that muriate potash the best results; but in combination, as in plots 5, 6 and 7, nitrate soda and acid phosphate in plot 6 give the best. In plot 9, a complete fertilizer, the yield is the same as plot 5, and less than plots 6 and 7. The yield from alone in plot 10, and in combination with nitrate soda in plot 11, is better than in plot 14 in combination with green cotton seed. Plot 15, stable manure, gives the best results, except plot 6 nitrate soda and acid phosphate. gives floats Lbs. Fertilizerso per Acre. z 1 6 lbs nitrate soda. 2 15 " acid phosphate 3 4 "muriate potash O 96 lbs nitrate soda . 240 " acid 4 No manure. ......... 5 6 . 6 lbs nitrate soda. 4 " muriate potash S6 " nitrate soda 15 .4 7 8 9 115 No manure.......... " " " acid phosphate muriate potash acid phosphate muriate acid S6 lbs nitrate soda 4 15" " phosphate.. potash... "10 15 "Floats........ S15 " Floats..... ... 11 6" nitrate soda... 12 No manure.......... 13 53 lbs green cotton seed .53" green cotton seed 14 15 " Floats .......... 15 265 " stable manure.. Ill lll-A. . 64 " muriate pot. No manure. 96 lbs nitrate soda 64" muri'te pota 96" nitrate soda. 240 " acid phosph. 64" muriate pot. 240 "acid phosph. No manure . 96 lbs-nitrate soda 64 " muri'te pot 240 " acid phosph. 240 " Floats 240 " Floats 96 " nitrate soda. No phosph., 1 5 6 7 9 14 15 16. 272 384 400 6 18 17 18 6 9 288 544 752 624 336 27 16 8 17 5 34 28 544 16 17 5 10 10 l0t2 18l -IIU 448 480 848 lbs green C- S. 12 848 " green cot. S 9 240 " Floats .. 4240" stable man. 25 16 S15 " acid phosphate. . 240 " acid phosph. 15 LIIL~IIUIL)V meal. 240 " cotton IS. 11I I 10rIl seed V 1. " cotton L~\ILIUlnl T CIII M. manure.... 8 6 30 17 31 27 44'2 272 496 432 712 34 544 37 EXPERIMENT MADE BY MR. Z. T. STROUD, ABERFOIL, BULLOCK COUNTY. Light Gray-Sub-8oil, Clay. Average yield per acre of unmanured plots, 227 pounds. The uniform fertility of this acre is very marked as will be observed from the unmanured plots 4, S and 12. Mr. Stroud in his report says that instructions as to preparation of ground and cultivation of crop, were strictly carried out, and everything was favorable to the growth of the crop up to the last of July, after which time the extremely dry weather caused a general falling off, though plots 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 9 stood the drought better than the others. Results indicate the need of a complete fertilizer on this soil, as is shown by the increased yield in plot No. 9, which is the largest obtained. This is the only one in these experiments, except one, (by Mr. R. II. Cross whose results are about the same) where nitrate soda and acid phosphate in comnoination as in plot 6, give less results than in plots 5 and 7. Soil, Y~~AI I1 'C'llC11~5 -III~~Cll o + Lbs. Fertilizers per Plot. r~ *-er Lbs. Fertilizers per Acre. 4714 z 0 96 lbs nitrate soda.. 1 6 lbs nitrate soda 2 15 " acid phosphate. 240 " acid phosphate. 3 4 " mnuriate potash.. 64 "muriate potash 4 No manure... No manure. , 96 " nitrate soda 6 lbs nitrate soda muriate potash nitrate soda.. 15 acid phosphate muriate potash 7 4 15 "acid phosphate 4 " 4 14 6 6 12 9 16 8 1 R g2 21 24 30 14'2 336 384 480 232 6 6 " " " 8 No 611s nitrate soda 96 9 - 4 " muriate potash 64 (15 " acid phosphate 240 10 15 " Floats. 240 240 11515 " Floats .. 6 " nitrate soda.. 96 12 No manure . 13 53 " green cotton S. 848 14 553 " green cotton S 848 240 15 "Floats. .... 15 265 " stable manure 240 1515 " cotton 16 15 " acid phosphate 240 seed M. manure. 64 96 240 64 240 "muriate potash "nitratesoda, acid phosphate. "muriate potash " acid phosphate. No manure.... " nitrate soda, " muriate potash, " acid phosphate " Floats ...... " Floats, " nitrate soda No manure. " green cotton s'ed " Floats....... stable manure. . 7 17 18 7 23 11 10 7 26 7 17 6 1 3 41%2 664 82 24%2 32 392 :38t% 616 14 52 18 224 832 258 224 404 26 5 6;2 1618 16%2 264 "' 17 17 18 23 7 8 I0%2 8 14 l25%~ ' 4240" 128 448 424 " acid phosphate. " cotton seed meal 7 1 31 496 88 EXPEIMENT MADE BY MR. T. A. SNUGGS, HOLLY POND, CULLMAN COUNTY. Soil, Sandy and Gravelly-Sub-soil, Yellow Sandy. Average yield per acre of unmanured plots 347 pounds. Mr. Snuggs writes in making his report, that he carefully carried out all instructions as to preparation of ground and cultivation of crop, and that great good is being done to the farmers of Culiman county from these experiments, that they are watched with great interest and that the bulletin containing his report is anxiously looked for. Special attention is called to the uniform fertility of the soil selected for this experiment. It will be seen that this soil is deficient in the three main elements of plant food, and while each gives its proper proportion, as is shown in plots 1, 2 and 3, and 5, 6 and 7, yet a culmination is found in the combined efforts of all in plot No. 9, giving 1,120 lbs.,. an increased yield of 773 lbs. over no manure. By carefully studying this report, the results are so plainly seen, that further comment seems unnecessary. ~~TIIl L 0 I~I wl It 4-D cq pr f 0 o It0 1- ot- ono ,rrn N0 n C) FP Lbs. Fertilizers per Plot. Lbs. Fertilizers per Acre. 96 lbs nitrate soda 240 "acid phosph 34 "muriate pot. No manure.. nitratesoda 96 lbs nitrate sodla 5 4 " muriatepota. 34 " muriate pot. S6 " nitrate soda 6 15 " acid phospha 240 " nitrate soda. " acid posph. 4 "muriate pota. 34 "muriate pota, 7 115 " acid phospha~240 " acid phosph 8 No manure..--. Nomnr ... 6 lbs nitrate soda 96 lbs nitrate soda 4 " muri'te pot'sh 64 " muriate pot. 9 15 " acid phospha. 240 " acid phospha 10 15 " Floats . 240 " Floats .. S15" Floats.... 240 " Floats .... 6 " nitrate soda. . 96 " nitrate soda. 12 No manure . No manure 1353 lbs green cotton S. 348 lbs green C. 8. 348 " green 0. S. 14 Floas" 240 " Floats 15 265 lbs stable manur. 4240" stable m'ure 16 S15 " acid phospha. 240 "acid phosph. cotton M/l I 115 "cotton 8. meal I 240 " 1 6 lbs nitrate soda 2 15 " acid phosphate' 3 4 "muriate potash( 4 No manure. 4 16 1012 S6lbs 21 8 6 7 22 10'% 13 8 6 9 19 8 552 928 400 8'2 20%2 328 341 8 9 58 25 29 13 16 8 464 1080 896 384 6712 7 18 8 23 12 6 14 2 18%2 1212 .56 24 211! 4 5 41 14 13 6 14'2 17 1512 70 1120 11,4 41%2 664 13'2 66seed 12'2 44 704 8'2 20'2 328 13 46 736 9 19 16%2 26 GI 122 12 12 5712 920 18%2 73 68 1 1168 1096 . , -- L S8 1312 -- 24 19 Li 39 EXPEIMENT MADE BY MR. W.1H. SELLERS, GENEVA, GENEVA COUNTY. Soil, Sandy-Sb-Soil, Red Clay and Sand Mixed. Average yield per acre of unmanured plots, 730 lbs. Mr. Sellers writes, that the sack containing the acid phosphate for plot 2 was lost and that he was unable to obtain any green cotton seed. the experiments for plots from 1 to 9 inclusive, are vitiated. The absence of green cotton seed also vitiates the experiments with floats. It can he seen however, by reference to plot 9, a complete fertilizer, that the soil is deficient in the three main elements of plant food, No. 9 giving the greatest yield over the average of unman ured plots. fore There- sc' UT' :P-4 C11 O CO -4 c.% U O ter-, .. s. 01 0 Lbs. Fertilizers per Plot, Lbs Fertilizers per Acre. i A scf.O ( z i i 1E6 lbs nitrate soda..... 2 15" acid phosphate 3 4" muriate potash 4]No manure.No 5 6 36 lbs nitrate soda 4 " muriate potash 96 lbs nitrate soda 240' acid phosph. 64" muriate pot manure 96 lbs nitr'te 712 25 27 9 4134 48 664 768 736 760 3~6 " nitrate soda. t15 " acid phosphate .. 8 No manure .. S6 lbs nitrate soda ... nitrate soda 9 muriate potash.... 64 " muriate pot. " a id phosphate .. 240 " acid phosph 10 15 " Floats ........... 240 " Floats .. .15" Floats ... ...... 240 " Floats . 11 6 " nitrate soda...96 " nitrate soda 12 No manure .... No manure.. 13 53 lbs green cotton seed . 848 lbs green C. S. S53 " green cotton seed 849 " green C. S. 14. . ... 240 " Floats... " Floats 15 265 " stable manure .. 4240" stable m'nu. .15 " acid phosphate .. 240 " acid phosp 16 7 1534"muriate potash " acid phosphate 4" 15 64 96 240 64 240 No soda " soda muriate pot " nitrate " acid phosp. 13 9 8 31 28/2 8'2 8 9 2 28 l2R 46 27 26 29 1212472 ;ra'2 3/;'2 60'2 968 2/2 60 96 lbs " muriate pot " acid phosph manure 960 728 2712 35 20 23 9 31 25 23 28 4 6 5 70 51 51 1120 816 816 8%245% 728 15 27~ 35% 5268 .5 1088 1.5 1" cotton ~ seed meal. 240 ~rrll " cotton S. M. -I ' 68R%096 40 EXPERIMENT MADE BY PRoF. DAN GILLIS, In Charge of South East Alabama Experiment Station, ABBEVILLE, HENRY COUNTY. Soil, Sandy-Sub-soil, Sand and Clay Mixed. Average yield of unmanured plots per acre, 445 lbs By noticing the yield of unmanured plots 4, 8 and 12, the uniform fertility of the soil is satisfactory. It is seen by comparing plots 1, 2 and 3 with the average of no m inure, that plot 1, nitrate soda gives no increase, while plot 2 acid phosphate gives 363 lbs. increase and plot 3, muriate potash, 67 lbs. In plot 5, nitrate soda and muriate potash, the increase over average of unmanured plots is 267 lbs. while plot 6, nitrate soda and acid phosphate, gives 443 lbs. and plot 7, muriate potash and acid phosphate, gives 411 lbs. It will be observed by comparing these plots among themselves, that acid phosphate is the leading element for producing the increased yield; but in plot 9, complete fertilizer, the increase over un. manured plots is 635 lbs. These results are very decided and satisfactory. Floats in plot 10, increases the yield over average of unmanured plots, 187 lbs., while in combination with nitrate soda, in plot 11, the increase is only 91 lbs. Still floats in combination with green cotton seed in plot 14, increases the yield over no manure, 443 pounds. Why floats alone in plot 10 should give better results than in combination with nitrate soda in plot 11, we cannot explain. The increased yield in plots 10 and 14, is very satisfactory. Plot 15. stable manure, gives the largest yield, and while the increase in plot 16, acid phosphate and cotton seed meal, is not so large as in plot 9, complete fertilizer, yet the result is quite satisfactory. S i Lbs. Fertilizers S per Plot. Lbs. Fertilizers per Acre. e e¢'1.ver ave o 1 6 lbs nitratesoda . . 96 lbs nitrate soda . 2 15 " acid phosphate 240 " acid phosphate.. 3 4 " muriate potash 64 " muriate potash..' 4 No manure . No manure............ 5 6 lbs nitrate soda 96 lbs nitrate soda, 5 4 " muriate pota 64 "muriate potash... 6 6 " nitrate soda 96 "nitrate soda, 15 " acid phospha 240 "acid phosphate.. 7 4 " muriate pota. 64 " muriate potash, 15 " acid phospha 240 " acid phosphate. No manure....... No manure.. 8 6 " nitrate soda.. 96 " nitrate soda, 64 " muriate potash, 9 4 "'muriatepota. 15 "acid phospha. 240 " acid phosphate.. 10 15 "Floats .... 240 " Floats............ 15 " Floats ....... 240 " Floats, 11 6 "nitrate soda 96 " nitrate soda ..... No manure .... 12 No manure.. 13 53 " green cot'n S.848 " green cotton seed " green S... 14 53 " green C..... 848 " Floats cotton seed, 15 " Floats 240 ........... 15 265 lbs stable m'nure 4240" stable manure ... 15 " acid phosphat 240 " acid phosphate, 16 15 " cotton S. meal 240 " cotton seed meal.. Li 10 22 11 12 22 14 5 9 8 14 30 53 32 47 480 848 552 9% 34 9 17 15 16 512 752 26 28 11 36 12 17 21 18 10 22 23 13 14 18 20 25 22 11 10 6 12 7 6 5 6 9 58 56 27 928 896 432 1120 672 576 512 768 928 1184 1088 13 24 29 42 40 7 6 41 EXPERIMENT MADE BY MR. W. L. I-IATTAN, LAWRIENCE COUNTY. WHITE, Soil, Clay Loam=--Sub-soil, Red Clay. Average yield per acre of unmanured plots, 235 pounds. Mr. White's report shows another instance where nitrate soda and muriate potash applied separately, as in plots 1 and 3, decrease the yield, while in combination one with the other, in plot 5 there is a slight increase; and in combination with acid phosphate in plots 6 and 7, the increase is still greater and in No. 9, a complete fertilizer the best results in this experiment are seen. The increased yield from use of floats alone plot 10, and in combination with nitrate soda in plot 11 and cotton seed in plot 14, is very decided and satisfactory. It will be seen by comparing plots and 16,'with plot 9 a complete fertilizer, that the results are in favor of No. 9. This acre is not as uniform in fertility as would be desired for an experiment. in 15 P. Z 1 3 Lbs. Fertilizers per Plot. Lbs. Fertilizers per Acre. o" . ... .oci C Fa H 2 15 " acid phosphate .... 4 " 6 lbs nitrate soda........ muriate " 96 lbs nitrate soda 11/ 6 7% 120 4 6 ......... No manure .... 5 6 lbs nitrate soda.. 4 muriate potash... potash.. 240 " acid phosphate. 64 " 23 % 5% 14 11 37% 600 16% muriate potash 264 No manure.... 96 " nitrate soda', 64 " muriate potash. 62 7%2 10 14 16%2 264 21%2 34 54 8 6 " nitrate soda. 15 " acid phosphate. 6 lbs nitrate soda . 4 " muriate potash . (15 " acid phosphate 10 15 "Floats....... .... 11 l45" Floats........... S6 " nitrate soda...... No manure .... 12 9 - potash . 15 "acid phosphate . No manure............. i"muriaite " " 96 " nitrate soda 240 " acid phosphal e... 64 " muriate potash, 240 ". acid phosphate... No manuare.... 26 22 512 28 30 12 54 5"2 864 17%2 280 832 13, 14 15 553 265 " stable 115 manure.... 53 green cotton " seed 96 " nitrate soda, 64 " muriate potash, 240 "acid phosphate.. 240" Floats.... 240" Floats 96" nitrate soda ... No manure. 848 " green cotton 261 10%2 12%2 4 20 30 16 20 6 16 5612 904 26'% 424 32'% 520 10 160 36 576 green cotton Floats ........... green seed. . 848 "~Float. cotton ....... 240 . seed seed, 4240" 19 37 16 17 35 54 560 864 stable manur'e 1515" " cottonphosphate .. 16 15 acid coed meal.. 240 " acid phosphate. 240 " cotton seed meal 25 18 43 688 42 EXPERIMENT MADE BY MR. A. F. CORY, MULBERRY, AITAUGA COUNTY. Soil, Sandy-Subsoil, Clay. Average yield per acre of unmanured plots 282 pounds. Mr. Cory says unfavorable weather prevented his preparing and planting this ground before the 23rd May, at which time the land was prepared with plows, harrows, &c., fertilizers applied in drill and thoroughly incorporated in soil by running a scooter plow in the furrow. Showery weather delayed the application of fertilizers for intercultural work, from June 15th to June 24th. Fertilizers intended for plot 31, to be used before planting, were over- looked and not put in until June 24th. though the experiments Mr. Cory says. "Al- are not perfectly accurate, they point to Potash does not several conclusions with some degree of certainty. seem to pay, phosphate applied alone does not have much effect, nitrogenous fertilizers in any form give an increased yield; and only nitrogenous fertilizers increase the yield, when applied interculturally." The following tabulated statement shows the results of Mr. Cory's experiments: © LBS. FERTILIZER PER LBS. FERTILIZER " Z PLOT. PER ACRE. R 10 lbs acid phosphate.. 4Y2 lbs nitrate soda. .. 2 510 lbs acid phosphate 7 lbs sulphate ammonia 3 510 lbs acid phosphate 1 310 lbs cotton seed meal 160 72 160 112 160 lbs lbs lbs lbs lbs acid phosphate, nitrate soda. acid phosphate, 25 39 282 24 27 25 49 66 532 781 1053 857 sulph. ammonia acid phosphate, 160 lbs cotton seed meal. 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 lbs acid phosphate .. 160 lbs acid phosphate 10 lbs acid phosphate . 160 lbs acid phosphate, 28 lbs green cotton seed 448 lbs green cotton seed. 160 lbs acid phosphate, 10 lbs acid phosphate 150 lbs gr. stable manure. 2400 lbs gr. stable man're No manure ........... .No manure . . 10 lbs acid phosphate.... 160 lbs acid phosphate, 72 lbs nitrate soda, 42 lbs nitrate soda... 3 lbs muriate potash .. 48 lbs muriate potash. 10 lbs acid phosphate.... 160 lbs acid phosphate, 7 lbs sulphate ammonia. 112 lbs sulph ammonia, 3 lbs muriate potash.... 48 lbs muriate potash.. 182 20 21 4 23 22 14 412 661 42 182 672 297 212 4212 679 15 23 23 38 609 23% 462 747 43 EXPERIMENT MADE BY MR. A. F. CORY -CONTINUED. -e 4 c. - LBS. FERTILIZER PER PLOT. -I- LnS. FERTILIZER PER ACRE. ----I- O cL I- 1--I S 10 10 11 12 13 14 ( 10 28 ( 15 16 17 { 1 160 lbs ecid phosphate, 160 lbs cotton seed meal, 48 lbs muriate potash . 160 lbs acid phosphate,. lbs acid phosphate 160 lbs acid phosphate, lbs green cotton seed. 448 lbs green cotton seed rnnariate potash 3 48 lbs muriate potash S10 lbs acid phosphate [60 lbs acid phosphate, 150 lbs gr. stable manure 2400 lbs gr. stable man're 3 lbs muriate potash 48 lbs muriate potash 10 lbs acid phosphate 160 lbs acid phosphate, 41 lbs nitrate soda 72 lbs nitrate soda, 3 lbs muriate potash... 48 lbs muriate potash. No manure.. No manure .... .. 10 lbs acid phosphate.... 160 lbs acid phosphate, 72 lbs nitrate soda, 4% lbs nitrate 12 lbs kainit. 192 lbs kainit 10 lbs acid phosphate.... 160 lbs acid phosphate, 412 lbs nitrate sodla. 72 lbs nitrate soda, 7 lbs cot'n seed hull ashes 112 lbs cot. s'd hull ashes acid phosphate . 10 lbs cotton seed meal. S3 lbs muriate potash 10 lbs acid phosphate lbs lbs 16 7 20 16 17 5 15 16 19 22 494 368 62 4 608 576 288 624 592 19 13 24 18 soda. 15 Before Planting. (10 lbs acid phosphate... 4% Before Planting. 160 lbs acid phosphate, 72 lbs nitrate soda, 48 lbs muriate potash, 22 27 18 3lIbs muriate lbs nitrate soda potash. I5 lbs nitrate soda, June 24 180 nitrate soda, June 24, 1 5 lbs nitrate soda, July 15 S80 nitrate soda, July 15. 119 784 Before Planting. Before Planting. . rio lbs acid phosphate 19 3 lbs muriaepotash... 1 4%~ lbs nitrate soda . I5 lbs nitrate soda... ..... 1June 24th. 160 lbs acid phosphate, 72 lbs nitrate soda, 48 lbs muriate potash, 80 lbs nitrate soda, June 24th........... 17 27 44 704 Before Planting. 1 41% lbs nitrate soda... 3 lbsrmuriate potash Before Planting. 160 lbs acid phosphate, 72 lbs nitrate soda, 48 lbs muriate potash, 80 lbs nitrate soda, July 15th ........... rio lbs acid phosphate LJuly 5Slbs nitrate soda.. 15th.. ....... 20 18 30 .48 768 44 EXPERIMEJNT MADE BY MR. A. F. CORYCONTI LB S. FERTILIZER PER IJED. z 0 LBS. FERTILIZER O c _0 z-. PLOT. PER ACRE. 21 Noanure...........I No manure......... Before Planting. 6 12 18 288 22 {10 4%~ 3 Before Planting. lbs nitrate sodla... muriate lbs acid phosphate.. . 160 lbs acid phosphate, lbs potash.... 72 lbs nitrate soda, 48 lbs ruriate potash Before Planting. 18 14 32 512 Before Planting. r 10 lbs acid phosphate . soda.... 23 t nitrate 4% 3 lbs muuriate potash lbs 160 lbs acid phosphate, 72 lbs nitrate soda, 48 lbs muriate potash, 48 lbs June 24th....... 3 lbs muriate potash . .... June 24th Before Planting. muilato potash, ... 18 14 32 512 Before Planting. 160 lbs acid phosphate, 72 lbs nitrate soda, 48 lbs muriate potash, 48 lbs muriate potash, July (10 lbs acid 1 412 lbs nitrate 24 soda. ... I3 lbs muriate potash.... I3 lbs muriate potash SJuly 15th.......... Before Planting. phosphate.. 15th.......... 13 18 '31 1 496 Before Planting. 160 lbs acid phosphate, 72 lbs nitrate soda, 48 lbs muriate potash, acid phosphate .. . (10 1 4%21lbs nitrate soda .. lbs 25 3 lbs muriat potash I3 ( 3 lbs muriate pot. July 15 lbs muriate pot. June 24 148 murial-e pot. June 24, muriate pot. July 15 548 18 17 138 560 C lbs 10 1 4/ Before Planting. acid phosphate .. lbs nitrate soda.... Before Planting. 160 lbs acid phosphate, 72 lbs nitrate soda, 26 3 lbs muriate potash.... 48 lbs muriate potash, 20 19 (39 624 l July 15th ............. 110 lbs acid phosphate.... 160 lbs acid phosphate, July 15th........... 45 EXPERIMENT MADE BY MR. A. F. CORD-CONTINUED. on 0 0) LBS. FERTILIZER PER LBS. FERTILIZER PER ACRE. I f I - I)4_ rP- O PLOT. -- t3 cd Before Planting. (10 lbs acid phosphate... 42 lbs nitrate soda 3 lbs muriate potash 10 lbs acid phosphate June 24th......... Before Planting. 10 lbs acid phosphate, 72 lbs nitrate soda, 48 lbs muriate potash, 160 lbs acid phosphate, June 24th ........... Before Planling. 160 lbs acid phosphate, 72 lbs nitrate soda, 48 lbs muriate potash, 160 lbs acid phosphate, ... July 15th ...... Before Planting. No manure......... Before Planting. 160 lbs acid phosphate,72 lbs nitrate soda, 48 lbs muriate potash, 192 lbs kainit, .... June 24th 160 lbs acid phosphate, 72 lbs nitrate soda, 48 lbs muriate potash, 112 cotton seed hull ashes All applied June 24th Before Planting. 18 4 12 256 18 20 608 17 18 35 27 1560 Before Planting. (10 lbs acid phosphate... 4% lbs nitrate soda.... 28 I 3 lbs muriate potash... I 10 lbs acid phosphate July 15th......... Before Planting. 29 .No manure . .... Before Planting. (10 30 lbs acid phosphate... lbs nitrate~ 3 lbs muriate 412 soda. potash.... 12 lbs kainit... ..... .. SJune 24th. (10 lbs acid phosphate... I4I/ lbs nitrate soda... . 31 3 lbs miuriate potash... 17 lbs cot'n s'd hull ashes LAll applied June 24th. 20 608 7 23 480 Before Planting. (10 lbs acid phosphate.... 160 lbs acid phosphate, 1412 lbs nitrate soda..72 lbs nitrate soda, 32 I3 lbs muriate potash... 48 lbs muriate potash, 110 lbs cotton seed meal.. 160 lbs cotton seed meal, June24th......... SJune 24th............. Ph20 20 I30 30 150 0 I~800 800 46 In the Spring of 1891 this Station furnished Mr. A. F. Gory seeds of 14 varieties of cotton for the purpose of comparison. In making his report, Mr. Cory says that the ground was thoroughly prepared, and fertilized with 100 lbs. cotton seed meal, acid phosphate and kainit each per acre, mixed thoroughly and applied in drill, before bedding. Cotton was planted in checks 3 feet each way. By noticing the number of stalks per plot, it will be seen that an uneven stand was obtained which must be considered in comparing the total yield. The cultivation was made with heel scrape throughout the entire season. The following is a tabulated statement of Mr. Cory's report EXPERIMENT WITH VARIETIES COTTON BY MR. A. F. GORY, MULBERRY, AUTAUGA COUNTY. 0040 - o NAMES. OFokVJRIET.. ES..... 17. 3 N. 1.Cook,JW.C.................. ..... 187 3. Gold Dust . . . .187 5 13 8 231/ 24'2 5 4. 5. Hawkins Improved .............. 19'2 17 1612 Herlong..............220 Hunnicutt.......... .......... Keith..............226 King, T. J. ..... .... ........ 207 201 199 201 272 41 402 39 36 44'2 41212 60712 615 6. 7. 8. 19 23Y2 2512 20 18 1014 41%2 38 44'2 585 62234 '540 9. 10. Peerless ............. Storm Proof ... Truitt Welborn's ......... ..... 22'2 2512 18 16 19 20 38'2 577 2 11. 12. 13. 14. Pei erkin.... ............ Southern Hope .......... 234 213 204 228 6672 570 . ....... 205 1932 24'2 21 20 141/ 40'2 607'4 44 667'2 660 Pet.. ............ 29'/ Bulletin No. 3 . January, 1S92. BulltinNo.3~. Ag ;ricultural AGRICULTURAL Experiment AND Stati- [on MECHANICAL COLLEGE, AUBURN, ALABAMA. IR S CF -A-1\TL :N C. A. GARY, VETERINARIAN. The Bulletins of this Station will be sent free to any citizen of the State on application to the Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn) Ala. All communications should be addressed to EXPERIMENT STATION, AUBURN, ALA. THE BROWN PRINTING CO., PRINTERS, MONTGOMESRY, ALA. BOARED OF -VISITORS_ COMMITTEE OF TRUSTEES ON EXPERIMENT STATION. HON. J. G. GILCHRIST......... ..................... .. Hope Hull. HoN. R. F. LIGON...................................... Montgomery. HON. H. C. ARRISTRONG................................ Auburn. BOAED OF -DLREOTION"_ .. W. L. BROUN ........ ... ... ... .... .. . ....... ....... A. J. BONDURANT............... ....................... N. T. LUPTON................... ......... ................. President. Agriculturist. Chemist. P. H. MELL............................. Botanist and Meteorologist. GEO. F. ATKINSON............. ............................ Biologist. C. A. CARY............................................ Veterinarian. ASSISTANTS: JAMES CLAY TON.............................. J. T. ANDERSON, Ph. D ................. L. W. WILKINSON, M. Sc . ........ Assistant Agriculturist. First Assistant Chemist. Second Assistant Chemist. RI. E. NOBLE, B. Sc......... ................ C. L. HARE, B. Sc......................... G. S. CLAIRK......... ................. Third Assistant Chemist. Fourth Assistant Chemist. Clerk, and Assistant Botanist. GLANDERS. C. A. CARY, VETERINARIAN. Glanders is a specific, contagious disease, most frequently found in the equine species; but may be transmitted (by innoculation or by ingestion of glanderous material) to man, sheep, goats, dogs, cats and some of the rodents. The susceptibility of the hog is yet questionable, but it is certain that horned cattle and domestic fowls are proof against glanders. Temperate or cool climates appear to be more favorable to its development and maintenance than the hot, torrid zones. As far as known, temperate regions have the greatest outbreaks of this disease. Possibly this may be due to the facts that the temperate countries possess the greater number of domesticated equines, and that the highest civilization of the cooler climates recognizes and records the majority of the cases that occur. History informs us that the primitive veterinarians of the fourth and fifth centuries recognized glanders in some of its forms. Although it is one of the oldest known diseases, many of its phenomena and conditions are yet unknown. With all the accumulated medical knowledge of the past twelve centuries, no effective remedy has been discovered. Glanders produces its lesions or morbid processes in the lymphatic vessels and glands and connective tissue adjacent to them, of the skin and subcutaneous connective tissue; of the mucous membrane of the nasal passages and respiratory tract, and of the lungs and spleen. These places or parts are most NoTE.-This Bulletin gives the results of the writer's observation on glanders as well as the conclusions of the best American and European authors. It is hoped that the farmers, by its aid, may be able to distinguish glanders from other diseases. commonly affected in the beginning of the disease but the lesions do not confine their morbid changes to any one part or locality during the progress of the disease. Gerlach and ether authorities have divided glanders into the following classes: Nasal Glanders, Pulmonary Glanders and Farcy Glanders. Nasal Glanders is the most common and may be recognized by the following symptoms: 1. NASAL DISCHARGE.-This is generally the most prominent of all the symptoms and is of the least diagnostic importance. At first the discharge is thin and watery, gradually becoming thicker, sticky and pasty; it may be greenish yellow, grayish, almost black with dust or streaked with blood-the color usually depends upon the food eaten and the dust in the air inspired by the animal. The discharge from the nose is not as copious in chronic cases as in strangles (distemper) or acute catarrh. However, it is augmented during damp, rough weather and by poor ventilation, bad food, etc. The viscid, tenacious discharge adheres around the external opening of the nose and appears to lessen the diameter of the opening. It is said to occur more frequently from the left than from the right nostril; yet it may appear from both nostrils or from either the right or the left one. The discharge may be almost entirely inodorous, or it may give forth a strong stench. The rank, obnoxious smell does not appear until the ulceration attacks the bone or cartilaginous tissue of the nasal chambers. Many of the foregoing physical characteristics of the nasal discharge are similar to the nasal discharge in strangles, catarrh, caries of the teeth and neoplastic or new dental tissue growths in the sinues or cavities connected with the nasal passages. Hence the nasal discharge can be used as a diagnostic symptom only when associated with other more prominent characteristics. 2. ENLARGEMENT OF THE LYMPHATIS GLANDS IN THE SUB- MAXILLARY REGION.-This symptomatic condition of the glands-lying below the base of the tongue between the branches of the lower jaw, near the throat--is produced by the aborption of glanderous matter by the lymphatics in the mucous membrane of the nasal passages. This absorbed glanderous material, on its way to the general circulation, excites a kind of a chronic inflammatory action in the submaxillary lymphatic glands. The swollen glands are soft and loose at first, but gradually become hai'd, nodulated and finally become firmly fixed high up on the inside of the jaw-bone, below the base of the tongue. These hard, nodulated glands vary in size from a hazel nut to a walnut, and are distinctly limited. The swollen glands usually appear on the same side upon which the nasal discharge occurs. For instance, if the nasal discharge occurs from the right nostril, the indurated, swollen, lymphatic gland will appear on the inside of the left branch of the submaxillary bone. If the discharge appear from both nostrils the glands may swell on one or both sides. Very rarely do these glands suppurate or form ulcers and are not to be confounded with the puffy, soft swelling of the subcutaneous tissue as is seen so frequently in strangles. This nodular lymphatic swelling in the submaxillary region is not, by itself, sufficient in importance to determine the presence or absence of glanders. It should be accompanied by a more important symptom than nasal discharge in order to "proclaim" glanders. Hence its characteristic presence is the only real symptomatic indication it possesses. 3. NODULES AND ULCERS ON THE VISABLE MUCOUS MEM- NOSE.-These are found mainly on the septum nasi-the partition between the right and left nasal passage. The tubercles are, at first, red or gray and hard, varying in size from a millet seed to a pea; in a short time they become soft and yellowish; finally break open (erupt) and discharge a brownish yellow, oily liquid which resembles raw linseed oil. This viscid yellowish brown discharge is said to be so acrid that it forms serpentine channels in the mucous membrane as it flows over the surface. On the edges and sides of the ulcers formed by the erupting of the primary nodules, secondary nodules form and erupt. The primary nodules and ulcers may be so near each other that the tissue separating them may soon BRANE OF THE become eroded by secondary nodules, and the larger ulcers thus become confluent or united. Thus the "pit like, ragged edged ulcer," or chancres are formed and enlarged. In some instances the resistance of nature or medical agents arrest the development of the chancres, and healing takes place, leaving white scar tissue to mark the spots of ulceration. These scar tissue spots are sometimes star-shaped, but their outlines always correspond to the previous ulcers. By no means does the presence of this scar tissue indicate the complete recovery of the case; for, upon the slightest provocation-as bad hygienic conditions or withholding the medicinal treatmentthe ulcers will return or the morbid processes will appear in some other part of the body-in the lungs or subcutaneous connective tissue. The nodules, chancres and scar tissue are not confined to the visable mucous membrane of the nose, but they may be on the mucous membrane of the sinuses of the turbinated bones, of the pharynx, larynx or trachea (windpipe). Nodules or tubercles may also be present in the connective tissue of the lungs. According to Percivall nasal glanders is very frequently accompanied by tubercles in the lungs and they occur on the same (l) side upon which the nasal discharge, ulceration of the septum and the indurated submaxillary glands occur. When the nodules and ulcers are numerous on the nasal mucous membrane, the irritation caused by them may induce an acute inflammation throughout the nasal mucous membrane and a catarrhal exudate will appear on its surface. Hence, the discharge from the nose, during certain stages in glanders, may be composed of the catarrhal exudate from the inflamed mucous membrane, the yellowish, oily eruption from the nodules and ulcers, particles of food from the pharynx (throat) and dust from the air. Ulcers may be found on the visable mucous membrane as a direct result of injuries to the membrane or bones surrounding the nasal chambers-as splinters penetrating the nasal tissues or bruising of the tissues by contact with hard bodies or fractures of facial bones by the falling of the animal and by barbarous use of clubs and whip stocks. In such cases the com- plete recovery and healing of the wounds readily occur under proper treatment. Yellowish streaks and bluish lead-colored tints are said to be premonitory symptoms of coming nodules and ulcers. These signs are, however, uncertain; and, no doubt, are present in other diseases, as catarrh, pneumonia, etc. There are a few minor attending indications in nasal glanders that may aid the reader in detecting the disease. A slight hemorrhage (bleeding) may occur periodically from the nose. A small amount of blood may be found on the manger, feed box or on the front legs, left or smeared in such places by the animal rubbing its nose over them. This hemorrhage will appear without any indications pointing to a cause, like heavy pulling, overwork or to bleeding from the lungs in large quantities. Again there may be a dry, soft " heavy" cough with slightly increased rapidity in breathing. The coat or hair may look rough and the animal may present considerable ematiation. One or more of the limbs may swell suddenly and the animal become suddenly lame from some unaccountable cause. Occasionally there is a manifest swelling of the skin and subcutaneous tissue around the external nares, or openings of the nostrils. This indurated swelling and the drying, sticky nasal discharge materially decrease the diameter of the opening. These minor characteristics are not constant and generally appear when nasal glanders is complicated with one or both of the other forms. PULMONARY GLANDERs.-The lungs are the chief organs in which this form of the disease occurs. In the acute attack there are small spots, inflamed as in lobular pneumonia; but if the case becomes chronic, small glanderous nodules are formed in the connective tissue of the lungs. These tubercles may undergo resolution or the successive changes known as fatty, cheesy and calcareous conditions, depending upon the duration of the morbid processes. In the chronic form of pulmonary glanders the symptons are indicated by a soft, dry cough, difficult or labored breathing, and a general unthrifty condition of the animal. There are instances, however, where the horse may thrive quite well, presenting only that peculiar cough and breathing common to an animal affected with heaves;" and yet such an animal may communicate the disease to healthy horses. No doubt this occult form of glanders is responsible for many of the so-called spontaneous outbreaks of the disease. Fortunately, occult or hidden pulmonary glanders is not common, although fewer cases are recorded than actually occur, because this form of the disease cannot be determined, in all instances, prior to the death of the animal. Even the expert veterinarian cannot detect the presence of this occult form of glanders until he holds a post mortem examination and finds the tubercle leisons in the lungs or other internal organs. But if horses have contracted glanders from contact with a horse "suspected" of this trouble, it is quite evident that the "suspect" should be isolated and watched for further manifestations; or, better still, hold a post mortem examination at once. Pulmonary glanders is very frequently associated with nasal glanders, and in some instances it accompanies farcy glanders. When the visable and external symptons of farcy glanders or nasal glanders have disappeared or have been "hushed" by medical treatment, and the disease has become apparently latent, very often the tubercles in the lungs remain in such a condition as to enable the animal to transfer the virus to healthy horses. Obviously pulmonary glanders, although very infrequent, is the most dangerous and microbe distributing form of glanders, because of its occult or hidden nature. FARCY GL&NDER.-The lesions of this kind of glanders are in the lymphatic vessels and glands of the skin and connective tissue lying immediately beneath the skin. The lesions or morbid changes begin by the formation of nodules under the skin; are at first hard, hot and sensitive to the touch, gradually become soft in the center, and finally erupt, discharging a brownish yellow, viscid, sticky liquid similar in appearance and consistency to raw linseed oil, except it is at times, tinged with blood. After a time the discharge becomes more and more purulent (mixed with pus) indicating that nature is trying to heal the ulcers. The tubercles, farcy "buds" or "but- 9 tons,,' vary in size from a pea or hazelnut to a walnut, and the ulcers formed by the eruption of the nodules are ragged edged with gray, dirty bottoms and with the drying, sticky discharge surrounding their borders and matting the hair. The chancrous ulcers have little tendency to heal; in case they do heal, they leave hard, button-like tubercles which may break open again; or should they disappear entirely, new nodules are certain to appear in the same region or other parts of the bodythe lungs or nasal membranes. The inflammation in the lympphatic vessels and glands-caused by the absorption of glandrous material containing the specific microbe-retards or checks the return of lymph to the general circulation, and swelling or cedema of the affected parts is the result. This accounts for the swelling of the limbs when one (most frequently a hind limb) or more of them are affected. Either before the swelling appears, or after it wholly or partially disappears, the thickening and distension of the walls of the lymphatic ducts and valves, make the vessels or ducts appear like knotted cords which are usually hot and sensitive to the touch. [The lympphatic vessels and glands are found in nearly all parts of the body. The lymphatic vessels are about as many in number as there are veins and arteries, and they convey a watery lymph from all parts of the body to the largest veins and to the heart. The lymphatic glands are situated along the course of the ducts or vessels and act as filters or in some way change the lymph of the vessels.] The farcy ulcers and nodules, buds or buttons may appear on any part of the surface of the body; but they are seen most frequently on the inside and outside of the thighs, on the legs below the knee and hock, on the inside of the front limb in the axillary region, on the sides of the neck along the jugular veins, and on the sides of the lips. In nearly every case of farcy which the writer has observed, the location of the nodules, ulcers and swelling was in one of the hind limbsthe ulcers appearing in the region of the hock in some cases, and in others on the inside of the thigh. Generally the nodules or buds precede the swelling, but they may appear after the engorgement, or are not noticed until after the swelling is 10 manifest. The swelling of the limb or limbs resembles the swelling in what is known as "big leg ;" but in "big leg" (sometimes called "water farcy") the characteristic buds and ulcers are wanting; also there are no ulcers in the nostrils. In some rare cases the swelling entirely subsides and all that remains to indicate the presence of farcy are the knotted and corded lymphatic vessels with here and there a farcy bud or ulcer, or scars marking the spots where buds and ulcers have been. The nodules and ulcers are the important symtomatic conditions in farcy and they "pronounce" the animal to be affected with farcy glanders. SYSTEMIC CONDITIONS AND OTHER CHARACTERISTICS. There are systemic or general conditions which are considered as signs accompanying the foregoing. They may be present in all classes of glanders. In acute glanders the temperature rises to 1030--108 ' F.; the breathing or respirations are increased; the pulse is quickened, diminished in volume and becomes weak and feeble; the appetite is impaired, and marked debility and emaciation soon appear unless the acute attack is cut short by death or it merges into the chronic form. The acute form may resemble, at first, the first stage of acute pneumonia; but in a few days the nodules, ulcers, etc., appear on the nasal membranes or the characteristic indications of farcy glanders are manifested. Acute glanders is generally found in mules and is rarely found among horses. Chronic cases are by far the most common in the horses of this country. In fact, every authority and every official veterinarian claim that chronic glanders, in all its various manifestations, differs from acute glanders in degree of intensity and duration. An acute case may last from a few days to a few weeks and terminate in death or chronic glanders; but a chronic case, like some tuberculous persons, may live for months or years, passing a sort of a life-in-death existence. And during their prolonged, decaying existence, they may do regular work and 11 communicate the disease to a large number of horses. The intensity of all the morbid conditions in chronic glanders is low; consequently the morbid changes are not rapid. The temperature is variable or periodic; at times, it is normal; but when there are sudden changes in the atmospheric temperature, or rough, damp weather, or the food is poor from partial decay or fermentation, or when bad hygienic conditions exist, the temperature rises a few degrees and other conditions will be present, which generally attend a slight fever. Or, the unhealthy surroundings, poor food, etc., may produce an acute attackin an animal affected with chronic glanders. However, the nodules, ulcers, swellings and corded lymphatic vessels are generally well marked in the chronic form; because they re tain their characteristics longer than in the acute cases. Heavy doses of aloes or hypodermic injections of turpentine, in many instances, will intensify the effects of chronic glanders Nasal glanders and farcy glanders may be present in the same animal. virus from a farcy case may produce nasal glanders when inoculated into a healthy animal. In truth, the specific microbes may produce any of the various forms and conditions of glanders irrespective of origin. This interchangableness of the partially distinct forms of glanders is due the fact that the same exciting cause produces all forms of the disease. CAUSES AND TRANSMISSION. Under this heading we find two classes of causes-predisposing and exciting. The predisposing causes are variable and are simply preparing conditions that get the system ready for the exciting cause, and thus enable the exciting or disease producing microbes to gain admission to the system and intensify their destructive work. Anything which lowers the vitality and resisting power of the system acts as a predisposing cause. Sudden changes in the weather with respect to moisture, temperature and light -as hot, sultry, damp, cloudy weather- lower the vitality and resistance of the body tissue and liquids. Bad drainage, ill ventilation, coarse, rough and partially decayed hay, damaged 12 food, impure water, strangles, catarrh, carious teeth, bronchitis, pneumonia and many other debilitating diseases, are predisposing causes. Hereditary causes are likewise predisposing in their influence. It is still a question as to whether the offspring may receive the microbes of glanders during foetal life; but it does inherit a predisposed tendency-a prepared condition of cell, of organic structure which admits the germ into the body more readily and feeds the microbe upon more of its favorite food than the system otherwise not predisposed by an inherited tendency. The writer has heard veterinarians and stock raisers claim that farcy glanders was not transmitted from dam to offspring. That may be true in regard to the microbe or its spores; but the strong predisposing tendency is inherited and the constant contact after birth of the colt with its dam affords ample opportunity for the transmission of the germs. In all the cases which the writer has observed, the offspring has developed glanders (sufficient for a distinct manifestation) before maturity, and in one case before the weaning of the colt. In giving a definition of glanders the writer stated that it was a specific contagious disease. By specific I mean that the exciting cause is a definite micro-organism, a parasitic microbe, The definite germ that causes glanders is the bacillusmallei and was discovered in 1882 by Loftier and Schutz. This germ is found in the tissues of the nodules and ulcers and in the yellowish, viscid discharge from them. Pure cultures are obtained from unbroken farcy buds and from tubercles in the lungs and spleen. The nasal discharge contains this microbe, but the discharge is also thronged with numerous air germs which makes the cultures from that source impure and of no value unless the bacillus of glanders can be isolated and cultivated separately. The glanders microbe in the nasal discharge may be isolated by inoculating a guinea pig with a small amount of the discharge. The glanders microbe is the only germ that will develop in the body of the guinea pig, showing peculiar enlargement of the lymphatic glands from which pure cultures of the bacillus mallei may be obtained. Thus the 13 guinea pig acts as a perfect natural culture media for the specific microbe, and at the same time resists the development or growth of the air germs. The microbe of glanders is also found in the lymph of the lymphatic vessels in the neighborhood of glanderous ulcers and nodules, but before the lymph reaches the general circulatin the lymphatic glands have separated the germs from the lymph by filtration. However, when the tissues have become greatly ulcerated it is quite probable that the capillaries and smaller blood vessels absorb some of the glanderous material and the microbes are then found in the blood. In acute cases some authorities claim that the germ is found in the blood during the stage of excessively high temperature or early fever. This microbe will also grow on some of the artificial culture media-as sterilized potato, blood serum, etc. The contagion or germs of glanders are transferred chiefly by the nasal discharge. It is scattered about promiscuouslyin feed boxes, over mangers, stalls and floors, on buckets, bridles and harness, in watering troughs, etc. The discharge from the farcy ulcers is likewise a source of contagion; however, it is small in quantity and does not become so profusely and generally distributed as the nasal discharge. The germs may gain entrance to the system by way of the digestive tract when the discharge is present in the drinking water or in the food. It thus encounters the action of the fluids of digestion and must be absorbed by the blood vessels or lymphatics. It is quite certain that the spores of the bacilli could thus enter the system by way of the alimentary canal. This is, no doubt, the source of many cases of glanders where the mesentary lymphatics and the lungs are the chief or beginning seats of the nodules or tubercles. The discharge may become dry, float about in the air of the stable and enter the nasal or respiratory passages; along with the dust the particles of dry discharge settle upon the mucous membrane and the bacilli penetrate the tissues or gain entrance into the tissues by uncommon abrasions. In the time of Percivall glanders was transmitted by spreading the nasal discharge from a glandered horse over 14 the septum of healthy horses and mules. This method acted with perfect or absolute certainty. Therefore, it is not im. probable that glanders may be communicated by dried dis charge as above described. The certainty of the transmission of glanders by inoculation is too evident to be questioned. In such cases the glandered material is introduced into an ulcer, a wound, or injected beneath the skin, into veins or arteries. The disease is, however, not transmitted by a healthy animal breathing the exhaled air from a glandered horse. This has also been demonstrated by actual experiment. The germs do not come from the living animal in a volatile form. It is with pleasure we learn that Pearson, Hellman, Kalming, Preusse, and other European investigators, have obtained gratifying results with glander lymph or mallein. The lymph is prepared from artificial cultures (growing on potatoes, &c.) of glanders bacilli. The mallein or lymph is used to diagnose or determine cases of glanders where the seats of the disease or the diseased places are hidden from view and are without definite manifestations, or where the disease has not progressed sufficiently to admit of diagnosis. The lymph is introduced into the system by hypodermic injection; and, if glanders be present, the specific reaction is indicated by a rise of temperature. The glander lymph acts very like the Koch lymph in tuberculosis. THE VITALITY OF GLANDERS BACILLI OR VIRUS. Bouley, Gerlach, Renault, Cadaec, Matet and other authorities, have demonstrated the following facts: 1. By slowly drying (artificially or in sunshine) the nasal discharge or virus, exposed to free air, the bacilli lose their virulency. 2. The bacilli lose their virulency very slowly if exposed to damp, cool weather. 3. If the nasal discharge or virus be rapidly dried the bacilli retain their activity longer than when slowly, dried. In some instances rapidly dried virus remained virulent for three months. 4. Glandered matters or nasal discharge dropped into water, or kept in an atmosphere saturated with moisture, remain virulent for a long time, 15 Moreover, many authorities claim that thirty days of ordinary weather will entirely destroy exposed bacilli; but the foregoing conclusions of eminent authorities will not corroborate the thirty days limit. In truth, the bacillus of glanders has its principal place of abode--its natural home or habitation-in the fluids and tissues of the body of the mule or the horse; and all the facts, relating to the life of the bacillus outside of the animal body, have not been discovered. But since the germ or bacillus lives under unfavorable conditions outside of the animal body, it becomes less difficult to destroy the bacilli in infected barns, stalls, etc. Proper disinfection will effect this result. DISINFECTION. What should one do with stalls, harness, etc., which have come in contact with a horse affected with glanders ? If the stable, etc., are old, and not very valuable, it is safest and best to burn them. However, complete disinfection is possible without burning. Remove all filth and dirt from the stalls, and clean them by washing and otherwise as thoroughly as possible; then white-wash all the wood work, mixing one ounce of carbolic acid with every bucket of white-wash. After all the stalls, etc., are white.-washed, fumigate the entire barn with sulphur fumes. This may be done by purchasing commercial sulphur brick, especially prepared for disinfecting purposes; or you may burn one pound of sulphur in a kettle of live coals, closing the doors, windows, etc., to keep the sulphur fumes in the barn. For very thorough disinfection one pound of sulphur may be thus burned in every stall. The harness should be thoroughly cleansed in boiling water, and oiled with hot oil. Finally, the stable, stalls, etc., should be ventilated; sunshine and fresh air are natures best disinfectants. The stalls, harness, etc., should not be used for one month or more after the above mentioned disinfectants have been applied. 16 SUSPECTED AND EXPOSED CASES. Horses or mules that have been "exposed" to glanders, by working with, or coming in contact with, glandered animals, or by being stabled in infected stalls or barns, should be isolated and watched closely for (six to eight) weeks, until certain that such exposed animals are or are not affected. Every exposed animal will not contract the disease. The writer has known instances where one horse in a stable had contracted glanders, while the remaing horses of the same stable failed to take the disease. The writer can also recall an instance where one horse had been affected for some time, and during this time had been worked with its mate; yet the mate failed to contract the disease. This does not mean that glandered animals may be carelessly thrown in contact with healthy horses or mules, without spreading this fearful disease. It does mean that a healthy animal can resist for some time the attacks of the glanders virus or bacillus. TREATMENT. It is useless, dangerous and expensive to attempt to treat glanders in the horse or the mule. I know medicine venders and empirics will attempt treatment of anything; but the very best and most reliable authorities are unanimous in declaring that glanders in the horse or mule is practically incurable. The danger of contracting the disease is far greater than one would suppose when one sees men so reckless and knowingly careless in handling giandered horses. Recently a farmer gave the writer an idea of the expense incurred by handling and retaining a glandered horse on his farm, in the following words: "Had I destroyed the first case of farcy'that appeared on my farm I would have saved hundreds of dollars." Hence, when you are certain that one of your animals 'is affected with glanders, destroy it at once and burn or deeply bury the carcass. 17 GLANDERS IN MEN. The human family may be attacked by this loathsome disease. In man it appears in any of the three forms and the symptoms are somewhat similar to those in the horse. Glanders in man, in its acute stage, may be mistaken for typhoid fever, rheumatism, pycemia (blood poisoning), or erysipelas; and chronic cases in man simulate chronic syphilis or tuberculosis (consumption).' the occupation and history of the afflicted person must always be thoroughly considered; since man contracts this disease by carelessly handling glandered animals. The microbes or bacilli gain admission to the system through ulcers or broken places in the skin of the hands and face. The nasal discharge may be blown into the face or get on the hands. Moreover, filthiness or uncleanliness of person, make such an one more susceptible or more liable to become infected. As we have previously stated, glandered animals should be destroyed and deeply buried with as little handling as possible. The following is the only law in Alabama relating to the disposal of glandered animals: [From Acts 1886-7, page 95.1 AN ACT For the Prevention and Suppression of Infectious and Contagious Diseases of Horses and other Animals. SECTION 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Alabama, That it shall be the duty of any person, who is the owner or possessor of a horse, mule, or other animal having the glanders, or other fatal contagious or infectious disease, to keep such diseased animal away and removed from any public or other place where horses, mules or other animals are usually kept in said counties, and also to keep such dis- eased animals at a distance from any common rendezvous for animals therein, whether such rendezvous or place of resort be maintained for public or private use and conveniences; and any person refusing or wilfully neglecting to obey this provision of law, by bringing such diseased horse, mule, or other animal, or causing the same to be brought to any rendezvous of animals or other place where the same shall be usually kept, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and 18 may be indicted therefor; and upon conviction thereof by or before any court of this State competent at this time to try and punish misdemeanors committed in said counties, shall be fined not exceeding fifty dollars, nor less than five dollars, for any violation of this law; Provided, That the prosecution and conviction of any person under this statute shall not be a bar to an action for civil damages against said person for loss or injury incurred by reason of the violation thereof. Approved February 28, 1887. The station solicits correspondence upon all diseases of live stock--especially upon all forms of contagious, infectious or spreading diseases. In writing the station regarding diseases, direct all communication to the veterinarian, and briefly state the conditions as follows: 1. History of affected animals. 2. Conditions before becoming sick. 3. How fed ; source and kind of water; kind of pasture, &c. 4. Give age, sex and breed. 5. Are all sick at one time? How long affected ? 6. Give symptoms-how sick animals act, &c. 7. Examine animals thoroughly after death and give the results. 8. Send specimens of desease tissues or organs and of parasites (worms, &c.) in alcohol, by express, (prepay express). REOAPITULATION. I. Nasal Glanders is recognized chiefly by the ulcers on the visable lining membrane of the nose. The ulcers are generally accompanied by a nasal discharge, and by a small, hard, deep seated swelling under the lower jaw, high up near the throat, under the base of the tongue; this swelling, or enlarged lymphatic gland, rarely suppurates or discharges pus. II. Farcy Glanders is manifested by the presence of hard buds or buttons and ulcers or chancres, found most frequently on the inside of the thigh, or on the inside or outside of the hind leg below the hock joint, but may occur on any part of the surface of the body. 19 III. Pulmonary Glanders manifests itself by a dry, rough coat, indigestion, ematiation, and by that irregular breathing exhibited in a horse with the heaves ("Bellows"). But a case of pulmonary glanders can not be diagnosed with certainty until the suspected animal dies or communicates the disease to another horse or mule, or glanders becomes apparent in one or both of the other forms of the disease. IV. Any one, or any two or all three of the foregoing forms of glanders may appear in a single animal. V. Glanders in any or all of its forms is caused by a plant parasite-the bacillus mallei. VI. The germs or microbes are transmitted from the diseased to the healthy animal by direct or immediate contact of the healthy with the diseased; or by the healthy horses or mules coming in contact with the virus, the nasal discharge, in watering troughs, buckets, mangers and stalls, infected by a glandered animal. VII. Man may become inoculated in sores or broken places in the skin and thus contract glanders. This occurs not infrequently with men who carelessly handle glandered horses. VIII. All animals afflicted with glanders should be destroyed and their carcasses should be deeply buried in some out of the way place. Never throw the carcass of any animal into the river to breed disease and filth. IX. Disinfect thoroughly all infected stables, watering troughs, buckets, harness, stable utensils, &c. X. Strictly and completely quarantine or isolate all exposed or suspected animals until certain they are, or are not, glandered. Agricultural Experiment Station -OF THE- AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE, AUBURN, BULLETIN No. 36, ALABAMA. MARCH, 4892. SOME LEAF BLIGHTS CEO. F. ATKINSON, OF COTTON, BIOLOGIST. CONTENTS. I. YELLOW LEAF BLIGHT..............................................2 A Physiological Disease.....................................4 Experiments with Fertilizers ................................ PAGE. 7 . 15 19 Unfavorable Physical Condition of Soil may Cause Disease How Unfavorable Conditions of Soil may be Changed........ 21 Alkaline Lyes make Soils Cohere......................... 22 ................. 23 Rolling Loose Soils ................... 23 Wood Ashes ........................................... History of Kainite as a Preventive of the Disease. Muriate Salt ....... Humus Potash ........................................ . ............................ ................................... 25 Kainite ................ .. 24 24 25 Effect of Cultivation .................................... 26 27 Effect of Kainite on yield of Cotton........... ............. II. RED LEAF BLIGHT.............. .................. ................ 31 "WThe Bulletins of this Station will be sent free to any citizen of the State on application to the Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn, Ala. All communications should be addressed to EXPERIMENT STATION, AUBURN, ALA. TEN BI4OWN PIINTING 00., IPRINTVRS, MONTGOMERY, ALA. I. YELLOW LEAF BLIGHT. Several of the maladies of the cotton plant are indiscriminately termed "rust" or "black rust." As I have repeatedly taken occasion to remark it is very unfortunate that the name "rust" was ever applied to any disease of the cotton plant at present known in the United States. Unfortunate in the first place because none of the true rusts are yet known to attack cotton in the United States, although recently a true rust has been found to attack cotton in certain parts of South America.* In the second place as a popular name it carries with isuch indefinite and variable characteristics as to be applied to nearly every diseased appearance of the plant. In one locality it means one thing, and in another locality quite a different thing. Again, in the same locality different diseases at successive periods in the same season are often termed "rust." It is obvious that with this confusion existing it is nearly or quite impossible to discuss intelligently any one of the so-called "rusts." So we frequently find that much of the discussion of "cotton rust" is contradictory. For these reasons I have decided to speak of the disease of cotton fully described below as yellow leaf blight, and I urge upon all who observe closely enough to distinguish it NOTE.-In a study of this disease in all of its phases the writer has found it necessary to give considerable attention to the effects produced by soil conditions. Acknowledgments are due to the following gentlemen who aided him by the loan of literature not easily accessible: Hon. Edwin Willits, Assistant Secretary of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.; Dr. Wiley, Chemist of the Department of Agriculture, Washington; Mr. Harris, Director of the Office of Experiment Stations, Washington; and Prof. A. N. Prentiss, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. *Lagerheim. Journal of mycology, Vol, Y I No. 1, Washington, D.C. 8 from other diseases to adopt this name and use it under all circumstances when speaking and writing of it. We can thus do away with the present confusion, reach a position from which we can intelligently experiment, and finally successfully treat it. There will be this advantage in diagnosing the disease, that the first part of the name has some reference to the appearance of the leaf in its earlier stages, while blight is a very appropriate word to express the final stages of the disease when it proves fatal. I shall use the term yellow leaf blight here in all cases where I am satisfied the disease spoken of is that one, even though it may have been reported to me under another name. My correspondents will therefore understand why it is if that term is thus used. It is not without some misgivings that just at this time I should undertake to lay before the cotton planters of the State the results of this year's experiments in preventing the disease, and recommend a careful and intelligent trial, on a small scale the first year, in preventing it. For, considering the present over-production of cotton compared with the small production of food stuffs in the Southern States, it might seem an idle thing to do. Especially so since it has been several times suggested to me, by some who have looked at the matter hastily and superficially, that instead of desiring to know how to prevent the diseases of cotton now, we would do better to discover some new enemies of the plant. It is not likely such persons would view with alarm the destruction of a sufficiently large portion of the cotton crop to insure a good price provided they knew their own crop was secure and the yield would be abundant. But would they regard the matter in the same light if their own crop should be injured to the extent of 25 to 50 per cent. while their neighbors produced full crops, even though the price of cotton should be low? The fair way to look at the matter is, that with the in- creasing competition in cotton culture through the increased acreage of the past few years and the constantly decreasing productiveness of many soils, we should take advantage of the results of research which show that judicious fertilizing, more careful preparation and cultivation of the land, proper means for preventing loss by disease or insects, will more than counterbalance the cost of their use. Those who endeavor to do these things well, and plant less cotton in order that they may do it well, and at the same time raise more of their own food stuffs, are the ones who will reach the greatest success in cotton culture in the future. According to the plan proposed in Bulletin No. 27, May, 1891, entitled "Black Rust" of Cotton, and here treated of as yellow leaf blight, an extended series of investigations have been carried on during the past summer to determine more fully the nature of this widespread disease, and if possible, a remedy. In that bulletin were described several fungus organisms which "play an important part in the disease." *The late time in the season at which the investigations were begun that year (July) prevented a thorough consideration of the etiology of the disease. It could only be noted that these organisms were present and that their growth hastened the destruction of the plant. The investigations this year confirm that view of the case. But at the same time they have demonstrated that the organisms do not initiate the disease, they only aggravate it. A Physiological Disease.-It is a physiological disease, the condition of the plant being one of imperfect nutrition or assimilation. We are not at present in a position to say with certainty whether it is induced by the lack of some nutritive element in the soil, or whether the physical condition of the soil has become deranged either by long cultivation, by washing away of the surface soil, or in some cases an original detrimental physical condition of the soil, when *See, also, Botanical Gazette, Vol. XVI, March, 1b91. the disease is said to appear any year under all conditions. It is certainly not exclusively due to an impoverished condition of the soil, for it appears in some of the richest lands of the State. It may be that both of these conditions are more or less responsible for the trouble. To appreciate the peculiar appearance accompanying the first stages of the disease, when it can quite readily be recognized in comparison with other affections of the leaf, one must note the general form of the leaf as well as the venation, the courses through which nutriment is distributed and the final areas through which it is diffused in reaching the ultimate units or cells of the leaf. The leaf is palmate, the main ribs, or veins, radiating from a common point at the junction of the petiole to several points on the leaf circumference, so that the leaf is either undivided, as in the case of the first few leaves developed after the cotyledons and the young leaves in the axils of the branches; or three to four or five lobed or pointed, one of the main veins extending into the corresponding lobe of the leaf. From these few main veins smaller ones branch in a mon6podial fashion nearly at right angles, reaching out into the triangular area lying between. From these again still smaller branches extend which themselves are branched, and so on until all parts of the leaf are at last intersected by the final smallest veinlets. This network of veins is the medium through which the minute channels course that conduct water and nutritive solutions absorbed by the roots and tr ansported through the circulatory passages of the stem to all parts of the leaf. It will be seen that the ultimate ramifications of this network of veins divides the leaf tissue into quite small angular areas and that the circulatory channels in the veinlets lie along the borders of these areas. Now it is clear that as the nutritive substance pass by diffusion from the channels in the veinlets to the areas between them, that the cells of these areas lying closest to the ribs will be the first to obtain nourishment, and the cells toward the centre of these small angular areas will be the last. When there is an abundance of the nutritive solution, containing all the necessary elements, all the cells of these areas will be well supplied, and, other things being equal, will remain healthy and green. But if the supply is deficient either in quantity or quality the first cells to feel this deficiency will be those in the centre of these angular areas, while all the cells lying along the track of the distributing channels may be well supplied for a time. The effect of this deficiency, either in nutrition or assimilation, is shown in a partial disorganization of the chlorophyl, or green substance, which causes it to become yellow in color. At first this change in color is quite indistinct, but gradually becomes more marked until it isplainly seen. Where this takes place it gives to the leaf a checkered appearance, the cells along the channels in the veinlets which bound the yellowish areas remaining quite green for sometime. Sometimes the disease progresses more rapidly so that the smaller veins are also yellow and it is only along quite close to the larger veins and their branches that the green color is present. *In the farther progress of the disease, if the weather continues quite dry, the leaf after awhile will gradually dry, become shriveled, and fall off. If rain and hot weather succeed each other, semi-parasitic fungi grow in the leaf, absorbing the living substance for their own growth. These fungi are microscopic plants, but when produced in great numbers they give a dark brown or black appearance to the leaf. When the plant is badly diseased it will die without the injuries produced by these organisms if the weather is not suitable for their production and dissemina*Cotton frequently has a yellow cast affecting all parts of the leaf, as well as the tender parts of the stem, even when fertilized with Kainite. This yellow cast is quite different from the yellow leaf blight. Nitro- genous fertilizers will usually prevent this yellow cast. FT tion, but the attacks of the fungi always hasten the disease and increase the injury.* While the question of the etiology of the disease was a matter of doubt, the experiments were arranged so that careful tests could be made of fungicides in three different places in the vicinity of Auburn, one at Mathews Station, and another at Hope Hull. In three cases liquid applications were made, the fungicides used being the well known Bordeaux mixture and the Eau celeste. In the other cases four different powders were used, the fungicide ingredients in all being copper sulphate and the menstrum varying to test the adhesive property of several substances. In all cases where the disease appeared in the experiment tracts, not the least benefit was derived from the application of fungicides. It would be, therefore, quite superfluous to enter into a detailed statement of their application, their only value being in the nature of confirmatory evidence of the conclusion arrived at from an entirely different standpoint, that the disease is a physiological one. EXPERIMENTS WITH FERTILIZERS. The experiments with fertilizers produced results which indicate that with some experimentation for different soils and careful preparation of the proper fertilizers planters will be able to control the disease, or at least to check it, or to reduce the annual loss sustained on its account, to a minimum. Three experiment tracts were employed, one on the station farm at Auburn, one at Mathews Station, and one at Hope Hull. Experiments at Mathews Station.-These were conducted on the farm of S. B. Mathews, who very kindly attended to the application of the fertilizers according to directions. *For a description of the fungi referred to here, see Bulletin No. 27, Ala. Agricultural Experiment Station, May, 1891. There were fourteen plats, all treated in the same manner as the first fourteen plats on the experiment tract at the college farm, in Auburn, to which the reader is referred for the arrangement. As the disease did not appear in this tract, any further discussion is unnecessary. Experiments at Hope Hull.These were conducted on the farm of A. H. Clark, to whom the writer is very grateful for the special care given in carrying out the plan as well as for the valuable information given from several years intelligent observation of the disease. The experiment was conducted in what is known as black land, and has the reputation of being liable to the disease. The kind of soil, manner of preparation, and time of application of the fertilizers is thus described by Mr. Clark: "The experiment was made on black land with a little admixture of gray, washed from an adjacent hill. "The land was prepared about 1st April, 1891, by running a deep centre furrow and then bedding out in five feet rows-the basis fertilizer, 667 lbs. phosphate and 333 lbs. cotton seed meal being applied on each side of list, that is, the first two furrows we make in bedding. The other fertilizers were applied on each side of the drill where the plants stand, 9th June, 1891. "The first cultivation was given with a solid sweep, thus thoroughly distributing the basis fertilizers-the subsequent cultivations were all given with a flat sweep barely scraping the surface. "The land is very fine corn land, not adapted to cotton, but well suited as an experiment tract for yellow leaf blight." There were twelve plats, consisting of .three rows each. The plan for the intercultural application of kainite, nitrate of soda, and salt with the checks is shown in Table I. Plats 4, 8 and 12 were treated with fungicides, but as stated above, they had no effect, and these plats are, therefore, treated as checks. 9 In the same table will found the number of stalks eased in the middle row of each plat on Sept. 6, as counted by Mr. Clark, also the percentage of disease in each middle row, as well as the yield per acre of seed cotton, as determined later: TABLE I. be dis- FERTILIZER, LBS. PER ACRE. No. " 1. 2. " " 4. 5. 6. 3. Kainite 200 pounds...................24 400 .. Check...............................39 i 13.33 8 1088 1291 4 44 21.67 47 54 64 .. 1104 1048 959 1040 711 784 "............. Nitrate of soda 200 " " 7. 8. 400 " Check...............................62 ................. pounds. ....... .......... .... ...... 66 2t11 30 00 35 56 34.44 36.67 9. 10. " Salt 200 pounds .... " ".. 53 34 23.33 18.89 32 22 1015 1186 931 400 " . . 11. ((12. Check..........................68 . 3 45 9 follow ing is quoted..from Mr. . . . Clark's 3letter of Sep4 6 97The tember 6th: there is a lack of homogeneity in the tract as a whole, regarding the liability of the plant to rust. Nos. 3, 7 and 11, all checks, show this, and Nos. 4, 8 and 12, all treated with fungicides, but which can be considered almost as checks, show the same thing. Hence we can only compare applications with checks close at hand, and say12 "Plainly Nos. 1, 2 and 4 with No. 3. Nos. 5,. 6 and 8 with No. 7. Nos. 9, 10 and 12 with No. 11. Making this comparison, the actual number of stalks on (See Table I for per each row averaging 180 we find." 10 cent. of disease.) "Now taking groups of rows representing unity, and comparing the resultant diagram will give probably of the whole tract." (See Diagram I amount of the four plats, check with each other, a fair comparison for comparative disease.) DIAGRAM I. 200 lbs. 400 _ No. << If ________ wKainite 2" 3 4 _ -" _ _ _ _ '< 5____________ I Nitrate soda 200 lbs.1 (Unity) Check. Fungicide.) " 400 " (Unity) Check. 200 400 ________________________________Fungicide. ) ______________________Salt lbs. 1 10 11 _" _________ 1"10I ____________ ______________________________ (Unity) Check-j Fungicide. ) "Showing general result in their order of benefit at this day to be400 lbs. Kainite 1st. 2nd. 400 " Salt. 200 " Kainite 3rd. Salt. 4th. 200 Nitrate of soda either detrimental or of no benefit." Also from Mr. Clark's letter of November 9th, I quote the following : have gathered the cotton from our experiment tracts the weights are as below stated. " (See Table I.) " The results are not a fair indication of what we might expect another year, as the season was bad for cotton productiontoo wet in the early part, with no rain for the past two "I months. My crops on these lands is 25 per cent. less-than last year. we could throw out No.'s 7 and 8 the results would be satisfactory and intelligible. I cannot account for the "If 11 product from these two tracts being so small, but they were as reported and one checks the other. I recall that some eight or ten years ago my ditch bank that protects this plot broke, several rows were badly washed, but that it was exactly at this place I cannot say. It was somewhere on this experiment tract and it was not at either end. "Referring to my report of September, as to the condition of the plats with regard to the yellow leaf blight-you will see that the scales show about the same result as the eye did at that date, that is to say, a comparison of the yield from No 2, kainite, with the average of checks 3 and 4 shows about the same increase as a comparison of No. 10, salt., with the average of checks 11 and 12; but if we compare the total increased yield from the two kainite tracts with that from the two salt tracts, the latter shows better results. "There can be no doubt as to the effect of kainite, as my former experience is the same as that of this year, but I think to thoroughly prevent the disease would require not less than 500 or 600 lbs. per acre, or possibly a smaller quantity confined to the drill. The action of salt this year invites further experiments with larger quantities applied in "the same way, and smaller quantities applied in the drill."* Experiments on the station farm, Auburn. Table I exhibits the arrangement of the plats, yield of seed cotton per acre, and the condition of the plant on September 12. Plats 1-16 were arranged by myself, after consultation with Prof. J. S. Newman to determine the amount of the fertilizers to be used. Plats 17-20 were added by Prof. Newman. The plats consist of three rows each, ex*NOTE.-The nitrate of Soda would probably produce better results when applied earlier. According to Dr. McBryde the yield is as great when applied with tho other fertilizers as when applied as a top dressing. (South Carolina Agricultural Exp. Station, Clemson Agricultural College, July, 1891.) 12 tending a distance of 35 yards. The was fertilized the previous year with compost consisting of stable manure, cotton seed meal and acid phosphate. land TABLE II. 1891-COTTON EXPERI[MENTS WITH FERTILIZERS. Plats 1-35 of an Acre, 3 rows to plat, planted May 6th, 1891. Acc FERTILIZERS USED PER ACRE, WHEN AND SEPTEMBER 12. HOW APPLIED. 200 lbs kainite 5200 lbs kainite May 6, 400 lbs kainite May 6 ... I.-y 6.................... ................. 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 II I--- -- ~ ------ -----~.I 200 lbs nitrate soda July 3................. 4 400 lbs kainite May 6, 100 lbs nitrate soda July 3, Healthy,. 100 lbs nitrate soda July14............... 924 Very green, No manure.............................. 463 All diseased. No manure-fungicide, wet............... 430 All diseased. lbs kainite May 6, . 871 Little diseased. ~200 lbs cotton seed meal May 6........... S200 lbs kainite May 6, 200 lbs cotton seed meal May 6, 955 Little diseased. 200 lbs acid phosphate, May 6........ ..... No manure ....................... . 532 Badly diseased. No manure-fungicide, wet............... 591 Badly diseased. GG << ~dry........ . ...... 542 Badly diseased. 640 Badly diseased. 200 lbs acid phosphate May 6.............. (200 lbs acid phosphate May 6, 6623 lbs nitrate soda July 3, Iuly 14, 60%~ lbs 6371 Badly diseased. 6 3-3 lbs nitrate soda August 10.......... 5200 lbs acid phosphate May 6, 931 Little diseased. 200 lbs kainite May 6 ...... ................ No manure ...... ...................... . 521 Badly diseased. No manure-fungicide.................... 553 Badly diseased. 696 Badly diseased. blood and bone meal May 6......... 200 lbs bone meal May 6................. . 605 Badly diseased. 1000 lbs commpost May 6................. . 661 Badly diseased. nitrate soda May 6,5~75 200 lbs acid phosphvite May 6. 1 9661Little diseased. 973 Healthy. 850 Healthy. Healthy, 801 Very green. J200 6 16 cc 200 lbs lbs 13 The results are very satisfactory as well as interesting. September 12th, plats 1, 2, 3 and 4 were perfectly healthy, every stalk by actual observation being free from the disease. In plats 5 and 6, the checks, every plant was diseased. Plats 3 and 4 were greener than plats 1 and 2, showing the effect of the intercultural application of nitrate of soda. Plats 7, 8, 14, and 20 while little diseased, were far healthier than the remaining ones. In all of these plats, 1, 2, 3; 4, 7, 8 and 14, it was easy to see, by comparison with the others, that the entire or partial prevention of the disease was due to the kainite. The partially diseased condition of plats 7, 8 and 14 might be accounted for on the ground that the acid phosphate and cotton seed meal may to a limited extent inhibit the action of the kainite,* while it can be readily seen by comparison that they do increase the yield. 400 or 500 lbs. of kainite would probably have prevented the disease altogether up to that date, and with the other fertilizers have increased the yield still more. Plat 13, which was very badly diseased, shows that the nitrate of soda applied interculturally produces very little effect. Plat 20 was very little diseased, but here the nitrate of soda was applied May 6th, when the cotton was planted. It may have a beneficial effect when applied early, while all the experiments this year show that interculturally, or late as July, it produces no effect as a preventative of the disease. However, plats 1 and 20 should be thrown out of consideration as we will find it necessary to do when we consider the yield. On either side of the experiment tract the cotton in the field was planted in rows which ranged down to a sloping hill-side, so that the outside rows in plats 1 and 20 received some of the fertilizers washed down during rains. This was *NoT .- The cotton seed meal might inhibit to a certain extent the action of the kainite, since it probably decreases the surface tension of the film of surface water, and makes the plant more susceptible to drought, while the acid phosphate probably hastens maturity, 14 quite evident to the eye, these rows being much more vigorous than any others on the entire tract. The other plats were not vitiated, however, for at the ends of the plats the field cotton was rowed transversely, or across the ends, so that no wash would be carried on to the tract at the ends. By a study of the table it is noted that the nitrate of soda applied interculturally, practically did not influence the yield. Plat 1, by comparison with the effect of kainite in the other plats at the rate of 200 lbs. per acre, shows an increase in yield of about 100 lbs. of seed cotton per acre. Allowing the same increase from field wash for plat 20 that has been allowed for plat 1, there is left to the credit of the 75 lbs. nitrate of soda applied at the time of planting, about 150 lbs. seed cotton per acre. This is based, however, on a single plat and does not offer such reliable testimony as if based on several. The yield on the kainite plats is increased from 70 to 100 per cent. above that where no fertilizer was used, and an average of 40 per cent. increase over that of any other single fertilizer or combination, without the kainite used. During the latter part of September I photographed plats 4 and 5. The result is reproduced in Plate I. These experiments indicate then that with such a season as the past one, and where the other nutritive matters are present, kainite not only tends to prevent the disease, but also increases the yield. It is claimed by many that, during seasons when rains are abundant and well distributed through the season, so that there is no period of drought, the kainite does not increase the yield. Such seasons are usually quite free from the disease. This tends to show that the disease is due to a detrimental physical condition of the soil, inducing improper circulation of water in the soil, and will be referred to again under the discussion of the physical condition of the soil. h& f ,'t ~ ~;~y~ji< r ti . r PLATE I. 15 Kinds of Soils on Which the Diseaseis Likely to Appear, The disease is liable to occur on many soils where the surface soil has largely been washed away by rains; on very porous soils, whether sandy or lime lands, and on poorly drained low ground. It is of more frequent occurrence in what is known as the prairie section, but in years like the past one it occurs in the sandy uplands as well. At my request Mr. Clark has prepared the following statement of lands in the prairie section which according to his observations are subject to the disease. "As regards the liability of different soils in my section to produce the disease called yellow leaf blight in cotton1st. If the surface soil is washed away, and the subsoil of whitish color filled with particles of lime is exposed-the cotton will always blight. 2nd. If the soil is black gunpowder or loose gray-cotton will blight more or less every year. 3rd. Good, heavy, well-drained clays seldom blight, in fact last year was the only one in eleven years that clay lands blighted with me, and it was not developed even then as much as on other soils. In the first case the land is very poor bad for any crop. Second case fine for corn, and good for cotton in a year when it does not blight. Third case if gray or black, good for corn and cotton-if red, better adapted to cotton." NOTES ON THE HISTORY OF KAINITE AS A PREVENTIVE OF THE DISEASE. For a number of years kainite has been regarded by some as a preventive of the disease, or at least as beneficial in prolonging the life of the plant, so that it is better enabled to hold its leaves. It would be well nigh impossible to review all the evidence on this topic which has been presented in various agricultural, or non-agricultural papers. Therefore I shall confine myself to a presentation of the facts 16 gathered from the most trustworthy sources which have come to my notice. It is impossible for me to say whether or not all the diseases referred to below are the same as yellow leaf blight. I am quite confident, however, that some of them are. I am sure that the disease does exist to some extent in North Carolina, for I have had it described to me by very intelligent men. However, I will follow the course I proposed at the beginning, and only use the term, yellow leaf blight, when I have myself seen the disease, or I am convinced that the party reporting it knows how to distinguish it from the other affections of the cotton plant. In the treatment of all diseases we expect some failures, and it would be a most remarkable fact if kainite was a preentive of the disease in all cases. Some of the reported failures are undoubtedly due to a failure to properly diagnose the disease. For example, kainite will not prevent what I have been accustomed to term a bacterial disease. I noted that in my experiment tract at Mathews Station. In one case where kainite has been reported to me as a failure to prevent "rust," I found on sending for specimens of the disease that it was not yellow leaf blight, but the disease spoken of above. The first experiments with kainite as a preventive of the disease, of which I have knowledge, were conducted in North Carolina and reported by Dr. Dabney, then Director of the North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station.* In this connection the following quotations from that report will be found interesting. P. 68. "Not infrequently it (kainite) has been used entirely alone, so applied it did well in special cases. For example, in soils good in all other respects, but upon which cotton would be invariably destroyed by rust without it, it has been very often used with most satis*Annual report of North Caroling Agricultural Experiment Station for 1882. 17 factory results." From pages 71-73. "So far as our experiments go, kainite appears to be the most effective agent which has ever been used against those destructive and mysterious diseases of cotton which we call 'rust' and 'blight.' Thorough draining, liming or marling, and good general manuring, have all cured stubborn cases of rust. But they have all failed in many other cases. It is now the quite general opinion that kainite will prevent the rust in cotton, in a great majority of cases at least. The illustrations of this are very numerous, and there is hardly a dissenting voice. One farmer says a certain amount of kainite prevented the rust on a certain soil a dry season, while the same amount failed to do it a second and very wet season. Otherwise there is hardly a doubt expressed that kainite can be used in combination with other manures in such a way as to effectually prevent rust and the shedding of bolls . . . One farmer says' kainite is to rust what quinine is to chills-a specific.' "We can cite only a few illustrations. Mr. A. F. McCallum, Roberson county, says his first trial of kainite was upon a ten acre lot upon which cotton always rusted. 'In 1880 I planted the lot in cotton, using 200 lbs. per acre of a good ammoniated superphosphate and pine straw. Made an average of 260 lbs. per acre. The rust commenced July 1, and almost ruined the cotton. In 1881 (a dry season, as was 1880) I used the same amount of ammoniated superphosphate and pine straw, with the addition of 200 lbs. of kainite per acre. Cultivated in the same manner as in 1880. I gathered an average of 700 lbs. seed cotton per acre.' "A striking instance is reported by Mr. J C. Wooten, Sr., Lenoir county. 'The land had been well prepared,' he writes, 'and manured with compost, the cotton came up and did very well until June; it commenced rusting or frenching at this time and looked very badly. I applied on the 3rd 18 and 4th of July, on top of the cotton bed, by sprinkling it along the row on the cotton plants, 200 lbs. per acre of kainite. Soon after this was applied it changed color and commenced growing and has made a fine weed, well filled with cotton. I am now picking the cotton and it is very good. Without the kainite it would not have made one-half that is now matured. I think if I had applied the kainite sooner the cotton would have been still better.' " Mr. H. M. Johnson, Johnston county, reports some experiments with kainite on typical cotton-rusting soil. He says: ' The experiment was conducted on cold, damp pond land, where cotton invariably took the rust early in the season. In all such cases the kainite causes the cotton plants to retain their leaves until the latest time in the fall, thus developing the largest amount of fruit.' " In 1887 Mr. Clark, of Hope Hull, Ala., published a note on some experiments with kainite*, which led him to believe that it would prevent the yellow leaf blight in cotton. I quote from that note as follows: "The whole field blighted 'in August and September (1886) with the exception of the three rows where the kainite was applied." Prof. J. S. Newman tells me that in some experiments on cotton with different fertilizers about 1885 or 1886 he noted that where kainite or muriate of potash was used the plant held its leaves longer than where it was not used. I regret that I cannot have access to the bulletins published on the subject at that time. The bulletins preserved in the library were destroyed by fire at a later period. As a result of some experiments in 1890t, he says: "Kainite causes the cotton plant to retain its leaves after they have blighted where none is used." This disease was the yellow leaf blight as I know from actual observation. * Southern Agriculturist, December, 1887. t Bulletin No. 22, New Series, Ala. Agr. Exp. Station, page 24. 19 UNFAVORABLE PHYSICAL CONDITION OF THE SOIL MAY CAUSE THE DISEASE. It is well known that the physical, or mechanical, condition of different soils varies greatly not only with reference to the coarser or finer subdivision of its constituent particles, but also with reference to the amount of vegetable matter or humus which it contains.' It is also well known that plants are greatly influenced by the physical character of the soil. The same soil is even subject to great physical variations during short periods of time, as shown by the different relations of its constituent particles with the varying quantities of water in it, or during longer periods by continual cultivation, removal of vegetable matter, exposure to heat, the washing of rains, etc. It is now believed by some that in many cases the physical condition of the soil can be changed for good by the application of certain chemicals which change the inter-relation of the constituent particles of soil and influence the circulation of water. Plants suffer greatly from improper circulation of water in the soil. There are cogent reasons for believing that the yellow leaf blight of cotton is more or less due to defective circulation of soil water. This is apparent to a greater or less degree from a consideration of the following topics: Hydrostatic Water in Soils.-When the soil contains an excess of water so that it exists as a liquid, as in low or poorly drained land, the absorptive activity of roots of other than aquatic plants is greatly interfered with, since this excess of water excludes more or less of the oxygen which is necessary for root absorption.* The roots of land plants usually obtain their moisturet from either capillary water (when the water exists as a thin film around the soil particles, giving them a moist appearance) or hygroscopic water * Goodale, Physiological Botany, pp. 244-245. Johnson, How Plants Feed, p. 199. t Ibid, p. 242. 20 (that which adheres to particles of air-dry soil and does not affect their appearance). Frequently cotton grown in soil possessing hydrostatic water has every appearance of yellow leaf blight. Assimilation is probably disturbed much in the same way as in a soil which is too dry; in the one case the excess of water prevents the absorptive activity of the roots, so that the plant is powerless to take up the necessary elements of nutrition in the soil; in the other case the soil is too dry and therefore lacks a sufficient supply of moisture to provide for the solution of nutritive matters held in the soil. In wet seasons, or wet periods of a season, the injurious effects of hydrostatic water in the soil is more wide spread than in ordinary or dry seasons. It may happen that during frequent and excessive rains the hydrostatic water in the soil is so abundant as to exclude an amount of oxygen sufficient to seriously interrupt root absorption on soils ordinarily well drained. This would explain why both in excessively dry, or wet, weather, or in dry or wet soils, the disease .is more apt to make its appearance. Summer Droughts.--During summer droughts when usually excessive heat prevails throughout the cotton belt, evaporation of the capillary water in the soil takes place rapidly and the absorptive activity of the roots is increased, thus making a greater drain upon the moisture in the soil. In very porous soils, or those not retentive of moisture the capillary water in the layer of soil occupied by the roots of the plant is soon exhausted. If the physical condition of the soil is good, the evaporation will be less rapid and at the same time the tension of the film being greater more water is lifted up from the subsoil, thus prolonging a favorable condition of things for root absorption, and lessening the possibility of disease. In 1887 Clark, of Hope Hull, writing in regard t0 MIVr, the relation of the physical condition of soils in the prairie lands to the yellow leaf blight, says :* "In my seven years' experience in planting on this place, yellow leaf blight has been with us every year but one, although some years it is more destructive than others. It comes in a dry spell of weather following a.wet or a wet spell following a dry-my experience is that it matters not which-the disease follows. Only one year have we been free from it and that was in 1882. A phenomenal year in which we had a light shower almost every week. "Taking into consideration the fact that it never attacks clay lands which retain the moisture long after the other lands are dried up (my plows have turned up moist soil in clay lands when the porous lands were thoroughly parched) and always attacks porous soils excepting in a year that is phenomenal in maintaining in the soil an equilibrium of water, makes me believe that the "hydrostatic" condition of the soil has much to do with inviting the disease. "In clay lands which retain the moisture longer, the wet and dry extremes are not so sharply defined and the cotton does not blight. "Finally, I will add, that land on which cotton blights is not always poor, but on the contrary it may be quite productive. If the yellow leaf blight does not attack the plant until late it may produce a large crop. My experimental tract of 1886 showed a product on land that blighted cotton, and on which the cotton blighted badly that year, of about 1600 lbs. seed cotton per acre, same land when the yellow leaf blight was prevented about 1800 lbs. How UNFAVORABLE CONDITIONS CHANGED. OF THE SOIL MAY BE For quite a number of years it has been known that certain physical conditions of soil detrimental to plant growth *Southern Agriculturist. 22 can be artificially changed. Some of the means of improving the mechanical condition of soils whereby proper circulation of soil water is brought about are enumerated below. No claim is made of a complete reference to all that has been written upon this exceedingly interesting and very important topic. Only such references are cited as have come to the writer's notice. The effect which these substances have is not only to increase the surface tension of the film of water surrounding the soil particles, but to so arrange the constituent particles of porous or light soils that the area of the free surfaces of the ]soil particles shall be increased, thereby increasing not only the power of soils in dry weather to absorb moisture from the atmosphere at night, but also increasing the capillary power of the soil. This not only lessens the rapidity with which evaporation takes place from the surface soil, but exerts a greater influence in lifting up water from the subsoil. Prof. Wagner,* Director of the Agricultural Experiment Station at Darmstadt, Germany, says "Unfavorable physical conditions of the soil diminish the guarantee of a satisfactory effect from commercial manures; and yet, in the use of these it is possible to check the interference of the former with plant development." Alkaline Lyes Make Soils Cohere.-JIn reference to the action of these, Storert says: "One peculiarity which ashes owe to their alkaline quality is worthy of special attention, since it must often exert a very decided influence on the capillary power of the soils to which the ashes are applied. It is a well established fact, that alkaline lyes, that is to say, either the caustic alkalies, or solutions of the alkaline corbonates, viz., carbonate of *Hatch Experiment Station, Mass. and reprint, May, 1890. TAgriculture, Vol. II, page 114, Special Bulletin. Translation 23 potash, such as is got by leaching wood ashes, and carbonate of soda also, make clay and loam more plastic and adhesive than simple water can. Both carbonate of potash and carbonate of soda tend to keep clay in a 'puddled' or 'tamped' condition, as the terms are. A ball of moist clay or loam thus charged with an alkaline carbonate does not tend to crumble or fall to powder during the process of drying; but remains a hard lump." Thus potash would not affect favorably the physical condition of heavy clay soils, but would act favorably on the loose soils where cotton is liable to yellow leaf blight more or less every year. In confirmation of this is the observation of some planters in the prairie soils that plowing or bedding such cotton lands while the soil is wet causes it to cohere more closely in drying and tends to prevent the disease. Rolling Loose Soils.*"It seems plain, on the face of the matter, that the tilth of many a porous open soil might be improved if its particles could only be held together a little more tightly than they are held naturally, so that the capillary water may be lifted more freely and retained more forcibly. It was for the sake of securing this result that the Norfolk County farmers laid such stress on having their light soils trampled down firmly by means of cattle and sheep that were fed upon the land, and that the Scotch long since resorted to the use of heavy rollers upon their light lands." Wood Ashes.-"I have in fact found, by experiment upon light land, that this very advantage was obtained by the application of wood ashes to the soil. A plat of land dressed during several years with what any farmer would have considered a large cquantity of wood ashes became so firmly bound that a yoke of heavy oxen had some difficulty in *Storer, Agriculture, Vol. II, page 115. a Storer, Agriculture, Vol. II, page 115. dragging a plough through the soil in dry summer weather. The furrow where it crossed this plat was a mere mass of clods. Yet through all of the years of the experiments that plat had manifestly been better supplied with water from below than any of the adjacent plats." *"It was noticed long ago by Lorain that the ground where the log heaps were burned seemed to be moister than the surrounding soil." It is important to note in this connection what Mr. Clark told me the past summer of an experiment of his with wood ashes. A quantity were scattered about on a plat of gray land where the cotton became diseased (yellow leaf blight) every year. Since the application of ashes the cotton has been healthy, except at the border of the plat where the ashes were applied thinly. Planters have also told me that sprinkling wood ashes on the leaves when they show the first signs of the disease will prevent it. It is not likely that the effect is through the leaf, but it might happen that a sufficient quantity would thus be applied to the soil to produce the effect. Muriate of Potash.-"Muriate of potash used with lime forms some "chloride of calciumt which is hurtful to some plants, and which, as Mayer has urged, may 'bind' the land in some cases. It has not yet been determined whether this particular form of binding would always be hurtful for all kinds of soils." Salt.-Prof. Wagner says in regard to the action of salt: 'Common salt (sodium chloride) of the crude preparations has a binding effect on the soil and increases its power to retain water. It is this effect of crude salts which improves the character of light soils, but which, on the other hand, * Storer, Agriculture, Vol. II, page 116. t Storer, Agriculture, Vol. II, page 125. $ Wagner, Agr. Exp. Station, Darmstadt, Germany. Hatch Exp. Station, Mass. Translation and reprint. tin, May, 1890. Special bulle- deteriorates heavy soils already possessed of too much binding quality. It is not advisable, therefore, to manure heavy soils with kainite or common salt." In this connection see the effect which salt has in preventing yellow leaf blight as determined by the experiments at Hope Hull detailed above. It is also interesting to note that for many years salt has been regarded by some planters as a preventive of the disease. Humus.-This also has its advocates as a preventive of disease, while the testimony of others is against it. It is very important to observe, however, that so far as I have heard, failures have been reported where there was an abundance of humus in heavy soils; but where the soil was sandy, the effect was beneficial. Humus alone, as is well known, is more retentive of moisture even than clay, and when mixed with porous sand* it greatly improves its capillary power. Aside from its possessing nutritive properties, it tends to prevent this disease of cotton when developed in sandy soils. This may be done by dressing with vegtable composts, or by the growth of "cow peas," allowing the vines to rot on the soil. In this connection farmers will do well to refer to a recent bulletin by Dr. N. T. Lupton, entitled Pea Vines as a Fertilizer.Too much organic matter, however, so lessens the capil- lary power of soils that they dry out quickly. Kainite.-Onthe effect of kainite the following quotation is of interest: "Upon heavy impenetrable soils kainite should be used with caution since it renders the ground in the highest degree damp, and this result in such soil is not desirable, while in light dry soil it is of the greatest importance." * See Johnson. How crops feed, p. 162. ± Ala. Agr. Exp. Station, Bulletin No. 14, 1890. *Ratschliage fuir die zweckmasssige anwendung der Kainite-Diingung, Magdeburg, 1890, p. 5. 26 Effect of cultivation on the retention of moisture.-The more recent practice followed by many farmers of shallow cultivation of the crops by means of the scrape has the effect to conserve the moisture to a greater extent than deep cultivation would in dry seasons. A careful and thorough preparation of the soil before planting is necessary to prevent a too hardened and compact condition. Shallow cultivation at the proper times will keep down all weeds and also lessen -the rapidity of evaporation of water from below, since the pores of the soil being larger in the loose upper layer, the surface tension of the film of water will have little force in pulling water up from the undisturbed layer below, because there is an abrupt transition from a less extent of surface of soil particles in the loose layer to the great extent of surface of soil particles in the undisturbed layer. In other words, the loose soil left by the scrape acts as a mulch to prevent a too rapid drying of the underlying soil. Plants require more water from poor than from rich soils. While it is probably true to a certain extent, as has been frequently stated, that soils strongly charged with nutritive salts are not required to supply so great an amount of water to the plant as those containing but little of these substances,* yet it is also known that plants have to some extent a selective power in root absorption, so that they select generally those substances required for nutrition. Since writing the above, I have received the report of the Physicist, Prof. Milton Whitney, on " Soil Investigations," of the Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station for 1891, * Sachs, Textbook of Physiology. Die Landwirthschaftlische Versuchstationen 1858, I, page 203. Botanisehe Zeitung, 1860, No. 14. Pflanzen Physiologie, Pfeffer's, Bd. I, p. 151. t Professor Whitney has been engaged for several years in the study of the physical condition of soils as related to water circulation, and already quite important results have been reached.-See Agr. Science, Vol. IV; also Annual Report S. C. Agr. Exp. Station, 1890. recently published. On page 257, he says: "Salt and kainite, on the other hand, increase the surface tension of water very considerably and raise it far above that of the soil extract. This probably explains the fact, which has often been commented on, that an application of salt or kainite tends to keep the soil more moist. * * * * * "By increasing the surface tension of the soil moisture they increase the power the soil has of drawing water up from below in a dry season." The amount of potash which a plant removes from an acre of ground is no indication of the amount of potash that should be applied per acre, for some plants taking from the ground one-sixth as much potash as certain others require an equal amount of potash applied to the ground.* The best time to apply kainite if there is any danger of its injuring plants is in the autumn or winter months. It should be plowed in. The injurious chlorides leach out while the nutritive salts are absorbed.t EFFECT OF KAINITE ON THE YIELD OF COTTON. The influence which kainite exerts upon the yield of cotton varies greatly, depending upon a variety of conditions. In dry seasons the testimony is almos.' universal that kainite increases the yield, at least where used with a basis fertilizer of the character of cotton seed meal and acid phosphate, to supply phosphoric acid and nitrogen, or even when used alone on some soils which have been treated with such a fertilizer for one or more years previous, or in soils well supplied with those elements. The past season has been a good one for such results, since there were two quite long periods of drought. *Dr. Paul Wagner. Kali-Phosphat-Dungung nach Schultz-Lupitz, P. 71. tDr. Paul Wagner. Die Rational-Diingung der Landwirtschlaftlischen Kultenpflanzen. Zweite Auflage, Darmstadt, 1891. (See, also,) Maercher. Die Erfolge der anwendung verachiedener Kalisalze un- sbesondere der Kainits in der Praxis. Zweiter Bericht, 1891, The Experiments at Mr. Clark's show the increase when it was used with a basis fertilizer composed of cotton seed meal and acid phosphate. My experiments at Auburn show an increase from kainite alone on soil treated the previous year with compost composed of stable manure, acid phosphate, and cotton seed meal. In any season on very poor soil deficient in phosphoric acid, nitrogen and vegetable matter, potash alone seems to have very little effect in increasing the yield, but its value when used with nitrogen and phosphoric acid is pretty well established.* Soils of different mechanical condition also respond in a widely different manner to applications of potash. The following notes are taken from Prof. J S. Newman's report on coSperative soil tests. At Uniontown in "black slough bottom" kainite alone decreased the yield from 17024 lbs. seed cotton per acre to 15184 lbs. The yield was also decreased with kainite in combination with sulphate of ammonia, while the latter alone somewhat increased the yield. At Athens, on "badly worn red land" when kainite was applied alone, the effect, allowing for corrections, is scarcely perceptible, a slight increase to its credit from 150 lbs to 166 lbs. seed cotton per acre. In combination with sulphate of ammonia there was a decrease, while in combination with dissolved bone black there was an increase of 270 lbs. to 630 lbs. Dadeville, sandy loam with clay subsoil, kainite alone increased the yield from 720 lbs. to 1260 lbs. per acre; kainite and sulphate of ammonia from 720 lbs. to 870 lbs. Kainite and dissolved bone black from 1020 to 1350 lbs; and kainite, sulphate of ammonia, and dissolved bone black, from 1020 to 1830 lbs. t *McBryde. South Carolina Experiment Station. New Series, Clemson Agricultural College, 1891. Bulletin No. 2, tBulletin No. 23, New Series, Ala. Agr. Expriment Station, 1891. 29 At Aberfoil, on "thin sandy soil .. . . four feet to clay planted in corn for three years without fertilizer except" the previous year when 100 lbs. cotton seed meal per acre was applied, kainite alone increased the yield from 82k lbs. to 315 lbs. seed cotton per acre; in combination with sulphate of ammonia and dissolved bone black, from 105 to 768 lbs. As early as 1882, Dabney* found from cooperative experiments that in some soils kainite decreased the yield, producing weed at the expense of fruit, while in other soils it increased the yield, alone in some cases, in other cases in combination with other fertilizers. McBrydet has shown (p. 46-47) that as far as yield is c )ncerned the potash can be obtained equally well from kainite, muriate of potash, or sulphate of potash, and that having determined the lowest maximum profitable dose of potash in combination with a certain dose of phosphoric *acid and nitrogen, double or quadruple doses of potash without increase of the constants will not increase the yield (p. 38-39). At my request, S. M. Tracy, Director of the Agricultural Experiment Station 'of Mississippi, has pointed out the effect of kainite on the yield as determined from several trials on some of the soils of the State. The following quotations are made from publications of that Station: "In 1888T the best results were from the use of cotton seed hull ashes, of which 400 lbs. per acre made an increase in yield of nearly seventy-five per cent. over what was grown on adjoining unfertilized plats, and at a cost of fifty-five cents per one hundred pounds. In 1889 the greatest increase in yield came from the plats which received 200 lbs. of kainite per acre, and this increase was secured at the smallest expense per hundred pounds, *Annual Report, N. C. Agr. Exp. Station for 1882. tSouth Carolina Exp. Station, Bulletin No. 2, New Series, Clemson Agr. College. 1891. SThird Annual Report, Miss. Agr. Exp. Station, pp. 8-9, 1890. 30 fifty-three cents. The increased yield of 160 lbs. from the use of ten tons of stable manure per acre, cost sixty-two and one-half cents per one hundred pounds."* At the Holly Springs Branch Station, 1889, "plat 4, which received 200 lbs. of kainite, gave much the largest as well as the most profitable yield of any plat fertilized with a single ingredient, and a larger yield than plat 6, where acid phosphate was substituted for one-half the amount of kainite applied to plat 4." "f The Station has been in existence three years, and has tested about fifteen fertilizers each season on the yellow clay soils which are typical of the hill regions of the State. In nearly all cases plats have been duplicated each season, and in many cases three or four plats have been used as duplicates. It has been our uniform experience during three seasons that the purchase of concentrated nitrogenous fertilizers is not profitable; that acid phosphate alone is only occasionally profitable; that potash fertilizers, either in the form of kainite, sulphate of potash, or ashes, have always given a fair profit. We have also found that a fertilizer containing a large per centage of potash with a smaller amount of phosphoric acid has invariably given a greater net profit than has any single commercial salt. While good results have always been obtained by the use of a mixture of potash and phosphoric acid salts, results have been still better when the soil has received a fair supply of vegetable matter in addition. Whether this vegetable matter is derived from cornposting the commercial salts with meal, cotton seed, or stable manure, seems to make but little difference though if manure is used much more will be required than of the meal or seed. The work has been mainly to determine as far as possible the elements most needed, which, as stated above appear to be a liberal supply of potash, to which should be added some other material which will furnish a smaller amount of phosphoric acid and nitrogen, together with the necessary vegetable matter. At present prices, kainite is the cheapest form in which to buy potash, while the other elements needed may be furnished in cotton seed, cotton *This note on cotton seed hull ashes i inserted because of the presence of potash in the fertilizer. tlbid, pp. 14-15. f 31 seed meal, or stable manure, the choice depending on the local supply of each available." The results of experiments for 1891 have not yet been published, and Prof. Tracy has kindly prepared the following statement of those worked out at this writing: " In 1891 eight plats were fertilized with variations of Furman's formula," and the plats receiving an application of the compost in which the prescribed amount of acid phosphate was replaced with an equal weight of kainite, gave about 30 per cent. heavier yield than did the plats receiving two parts acid phosphate to one of kainite." "At the branch station at Lake, in the pine woods region, acid phosphate gave much better results than did potash, and the potash plats suffered most from 'rust,' if you know what that is." Prof. Tracy had formerly sent me specimens of the diseased cotton on these potash plots, and I was not surprised that the potash did not prevent the disease. The disease, while called "rust" by nearly all planters, is very different from the disease treated of in this paper. I am not yet certain as to its etiology. In the early stages the leaves have a water soaked appearance in definite areolate spots, which are lighter in color when viewed by transmitted light. The spots soon become black, later brown in centre and black bordered. Sometimes the spot is a long one following one of the main ribs, with a zigzag border. From the earliest appearance of the disease the tissues are swarming with bacteria. By careful attention to my description of the yellow leaf blight treated of here, any one could distinguish it from this bacterial disease. In my own experiments kainite has had no effect in preventing this bacterial disease. II. RED LEAF BLIGHT. "Red rust" is a term frequently applied to a reddened condition of the plant often seen on worn-out sandy land, or uplands. It is a hastened maturity of the plant induced by an impoverished condition of the soil, showing a lack of nitrogen and potash, and probably also phosphoric acid. A red coloring substance, known as erythrophyl, is developed in the cell sap of the leaves,* This can be remedied by proper fertilizing. * Sometimes a reddening of the leaves is produced by the irritation of mites.-See Bulletin No. 29, New Series, Ala. Agr. Exp. Station, 1891. 32 At the request of a firm in Baltimore, Boykin, Carmer & Co., I tried a preparation of theirs called "Cerealite" on very poor sandy land, to test its efficacy in preventing this hastened maturity and reddening of the plant. The land was fertilized very lightly with stable manure, about 500 lbs. per acre. As directed by them, the "Cerealite" was applied as a top dressing at the second plowing of the cotton. It effectually prevented the reddening of the plant and prolonged the period of growth and fruiting, also greatly increasing the yield. The contrast was so great between the fertilized plats and the checks that I photographed one average stalk from the former and two average stalks from the latter. , They are shown in plate II. The increase in yield of the treated plat over the untreated plat from which the stalks in this photograph were taken was 225 per cent., from 132 lbs. seed cotton per acre on the untreated to 429 lbs. on the treated. This '"Cerealite" was also tried on upland of a better character which was fertilized the present year with compost of stable manure, acid phosphate, and cotton seed meal to determine its value in preventing the yellow leaf blight. There was little of the disease in any part of the tract, but a slight improvement was shown in favor of the "Cerealite." Analysis shows the fertilizing material to be potash and nitrogen. The same fertilizer was tested on the prairie soils by Mr. A. IH. Clark, at Hope Hull. The results were not very marked. The "Cerealite" for all these experiments was in three different forms containing various relative proportions of nitrogen and potash. From other experiments we should expect the potash to show a tendency to prevent the disease. This was the case to a slight degree in two of the forms, while in one there was no improvement. As it was applied inter-culturally we would not expect the nitrogen (probably from nitrate of soda) to produce any effect. Indeed Mir. Clark thinks nitrate of soda applied inter-culturally to the dark prairie soils is really injurious to the cotton plant. -Ii NOTHING FUTA H Bulletin Xo. 37. Mareh, 1S92. Agricultural Experiment Station -OF TIE- AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE, AUBURN, ALABAMA. cA. J. l BONDURANT, ' Agriculturist. ~The Bulletins of this Station will be sent free to any citizen of the Auburn, Ala. State on application to the Agricultural Experiment All comnmunications should be addressed to 'Station, EXPE RIMENT STATION, AUBURN, ALA. Published by order of the Board of Direction, WM. LEROY BEOLTN, President. THlE BROWN PRINTING CO., PRINTERS, MONTGOMERY, ALA. BOARED OFB' VISITORS COMMITTEE OF TRUSTEES ON EXPERIMENT STATION. ..... ... .......... LION. J. G. GILCHRIST. .... HON. R. F. LIGON....................Montgomery. HON. H. CLAY ARMSTRONG...... .......... ......... .... ..... Hope Hull. Auburn. BOARED N. T. LUPTON. OF DIEEO rION"W .... .............................. WM. LEROY BROUN ... ... .............. A. J. BONDURANT .................................. ................. President. Agriculturist. Chemist. P. H. MELL................................ GEo. Botanist and Meteorologist. F. ATKINSON ... .. .Biologist. C. A. CARY............................... Veterinarian. ASSISTANITS: JAMES CLAYTON............................. J. T. ANDERSON, Ph. D . ...... L. W. WILKINSON, M. Sc............ Assistant Agriculturist. First Chemist. Assistant .... Second- Assistant Chemist. R. E. NOBLE, B. Sc........ .... .... Third Assistant Chemist. Fourth Assistant Chemist. C. L. HARE, B. Sc ....................... G. S. CLARK .... ............ ........ Clerk, and Assistant Botanist. TOBACCO. SELECTION OF SEED. As a staple crop in the United States, good Tobacco pays well; and good seed is considered very essential as regards tobacco. The seed affect and control the types, grades and prices generally. Soil, climate and the management of tobacco, determine the character of the product. The variety must be adapted to the type desired to be raised, and the soil adapted to the type, or failure will certainly follow. Bright, yellow tobacco will not succeed on dark, rich, loamy soil, nor can the rich, dark, English or Continental shipping varieties be profitably produced onpoor, gray or white sandy soil. VARIETIES OF TOBACCO. No certain guide can be given for the selection of varieties suited to the several types. The difference of soil and climate must be carefully considered in the selection of seed. The seed that may be suitable for some localities, may not be suitable for others, and experimenting must determine what is best for each locality. Experience in some of the large tobacco raising States, justifies a recommendation of the following varieties: For dark, heavy rich shipping, tlhe James River White-stem, the James River Blue Pryor, and the Medley Pryor, and these are regarded as standard varieties. For sweet fillers, the Sweet Oranoko and Flanagan. 4 For stemming into strips for the European market, the Hester, Tuckahoe and Big Oranoko. For mahogany wrappers, the Flanagan, Primus and Long Leaf Gooch. For Cutters, the Hyco, Yellow Oronoko, Granville Yellow, Yellow Pryor. For Yellow wrappers and fillers, the Sterling, Granville, White Stem, Yellow Oronoko and Yellow Pryor. White Burley, which is grown on the limestone soils of Kentucky and Ohio, is a favorate in those States, but can not be successfully raised on silicious soils, and has not been adopted in the large tobacco producing States other than these. PLANT BEDS. The first and most important object towards preparation for. a crop of tobacco, is to prepare a sufficiency of good plant land, as it is impossible to make a good crop without plenty of good plants in time, when the season for planting has arrived. There are several modes for raising tobacco plants, some of which will be stated. OPEN AIR BEDS. Where wood is plentiful, the open air beds are the most desirable, as the plants will stand transplanting better, will have stronger roots and usually will grow-off better than plants raised in the hot bed. In the Gulf States, the beds can be burnt at any time from the first of December to the middle of February, and probably late as 15th of April. Select moist spots in the woods, with southern or south eastern exposure, neither too wet nor too dry, as rich naturally as can be found, and free from grass and weeds. Clean off the timber so as to have plenty of wood for burning the bed, and to let in plenty of sun. Measure off the size of the bed desired, lay down small poles parallel with each other, about two feet apart for skids to lay the wood on so it can be moved easily. Place the wood in a pile across the bed, making the piles sufficiently large to make a strong fire, which should be allowed to remain burning from fortyfive minutes to an hour, before it is moved; then with long wooden hooks, or iron hooks, fastened to a light pole, stand in front of the fire and draw the wood forward so as to burn the adjacent ground covering about four feet, and continue in this manner until all of the ground laid-off for the bed is burnt. The burning should be long enough to cook the ground half an inch deep-and be careful not to burn when the land is wet. As soon as the earth is sufficiently cool, take off the heavy coals that may be left from burning, allowing the ashes to remain, as they will aid in fertilizing the bed. Then take the farm implement known as the coulter, hitch one or two horses to it, so as to break all the roots, and plough the bed deep and close both ways, taking care not to bring the sub-soil to the surface; pick off all of the roots, and make the soil fine by repeated chopping with grub hoes and hand-rakes; then apply fine hog-pen manure, or any good manure that is certainly free from seeds, or some good fertilizer, chop it in and rake the bed over until it is smooth and level, when it will be ready to sow. SOWING THE BEDS. Mix the seed thoroughly with ashes or sand, which should first be run through a sifter, allowing a tablespoonful o seed for every hundred square yards. Sow once regularly over the bed, reserving seed enough to cross sow to insure regularity. About the time the seed begin to come up, it will be well to re-sow about one-half the quantity of seed, so as to have late plants for replanting, should such contingency exist. The seed can be gotten in by whipping over the bed with a light brush, or raking with a light rake. A small wooden roller, to be pulled by hand, is also sometimes used for this purpose. Fine brush should be used as a covering after the bed is seeded, and this must be placed thickly over the bed to hold the moisture, and to protect the young plants, when they come up, from the frost. If the plants comeup well, there will be a thousand or more for every square yard. Dig a trench around the bed to keep off water in hard rains. Also run surface drains through the bed, with inclination sufficient for the water to flow off; these should be made with the grubbing hoe, about four inches wide and three or four inches deep. CANVASS COVERING FOR PLANT BED. As an effectual means of preventing the ravages of the flea bugs, a covering of thin cloth, cheese cloth is now much used on plant beds. This also makes the bed warm, and acts as a cold frame, the canvass taking the place of glass, hastening the growth of the plants and protects them from freezing. A cloth for plant beds is prepared by some of the water proofing fibre comnpaiies of New York. FRAME FOR OPEN AIR BEDS. Boards should be placed all around the bed close to prevent the small black beetle, or flea from creeping through. The boards should be eighteen or twenty inches high on the upper side, sloping to ten, or twelve inches on the lower side. Prepare small stakes, small round poles, from one and half, to two inches in diameter, will answer for this purpose, sawed into gradual lengths from two feet to eighteen inches long and sharpened at one end. Drive the stakes six feet apart in rows, through the bed, for the laths, two inches wide and one inch thick to rest upon. The middle lath should be one inch thick and six inches wide. Drive strong nails all around the outside of the boards from five to six inches from the top edge, next drive nails in the middle board, which should be placed in the middle of the bed, also nail the middle board to the stakes. Nail the laths on to the boards and where they rest on the stakes. Make the canvass covering in two pieces, each the size of half of the bed, and sow on the outer edge, all around each cover, loops of cloth of strong domestic, say eighteen inches apart, to receive a cord, which must pass through loops all around and tie, and the cover is ready to be placed over the bed and fastened by pulling the twine or cord over the nails all around, letting the two covers meet in the middle over the six inch boards, or middle lath. By this arrangement, the cover is made secure over the bed at the right distance above the plants; and can be readily removed from the bed, and replaced when it will be necessary to do so. With a plant bed protected in this manner, it is probable that plant beds can be prepared in this State as late as the middle of April. The cut on the following page represents a plant bed prepared for covering with canvass and the canvass covering for the same. THE HOT BED. Make a frame of sawed timber say, six feet by twelve, which is given as an example, and increase to any size Let desired, with a southern or south eastern exposure. the frame be eighteen inches or two feet high on the north side to about twelve or fifteen inches on the south, and place in unrotted manure that is free of all seeds, to the depth of about one foot; then cover the manure with soil (woods mould is best) five inches deep. Sow the seed on the bed at the rate of two teaspoonsful to a bed, say six by twelve feet. Cover the bed with thin muslin or cheese cloth, and tack it down. 141. 0 IIACR /%WX/C 6 Q WHEN TO SOW TOBACCO BEDS. In the old Tobacco raising States, there is difference of opinion on this point. Some contend hat it is best to sow as soon as the bed is burnt, as it is in better condition, for receiving the seed at that time than it is likely tobe afterwards, and, that the seed will remain sound in the ground and not germinate until the warm days of early Spring. If the bed is well mulched with rotten chaff or pine straw, to the depth of about half an inch, it may be safe to seed the beds at the time of burning, if burnt early. In portions of Virginia adapted tothe dark varieties of tabacco many of the best tobacco raisers contend, that from the 15th to the 20th of February is as early as the seed should be sown. In this State, as well as others, of about the same latitude, where vegetation is usually several weeks in advance of some of the tobacco raising states, it may be well to make the experiment of sowing part of the beds early, and the rest say, about the last of January or early in February, or even on until April. MANURING THE PLANTS. As soon as the plants have attained the size of a silver quarter of a dollar, or in agricultural phrase, gotten "square," the brush or canvas should be taken off so as to toughen the plants, and the growth forced by frequent applications of fine stable manure, cow manure or some commercial fertilizer. This will have the effect of preventing the ravages of the pernicious insect called the fly, or flea, and insure such rapid growth of the plant, that, it will soon be out of reach of the flea. If these applications do not check the fly or flea, it is well to use insecticides and spray the plants. Care should be taken not to apply the manure or fertilizers to the plants until all of the morning dew is off, or after rains, until the leaves are perfectly dry. 10 A good time to make the application is, just before a shower. In many of the tobacco raising States, the fly will attack the young plants in swarms principally during the cool days early in the spring, while they are quite small and tender; and if not checked in time, will destroy a plant bed in a few days. TRANSPLANTING THE PLANTS. In this State, the plants should be large enough to set-out by the first of May. Showery and cloudy weather is the best time for transplanting. When the bed is wet or damp in the morning, draw. the plants, lay them in straight rows, and protect the leaves from mud and dirt. In setting-out the plants, a sharpenend stick is used for making a hole in the hill. Put in the plants and press the earth firmly about them, and this operation should be performed with care, if you want an even stand. PREPARATION OF THE LAND. The preparation of the land for setting-out the plants, depends on a variety of circumstances, whether the land is new or old, clean or covered with vegetation. The two important essentials in preparation are to make the land rich, and to plough and harrow it until it is well pulverized. Then lay-off the rows three and a half feet wide, and drill in the rows some reliable fertilizer, using from one hundred and fifty, to three hundred pounds per acre, or more, according to the natural strength of the soil. Follow with a one horse turning plow, throwing three or four furrows on the fertilized trench, and then put up hills with the hoe about three feet apart. On light, sandy soils, the plants can be set without hilling. More tobacco in weight, and a finer quality can be made at the distance indicated on rich land, than any other. 11 Increase the distance, and the tendency will be to increase the size and coarseness of the plant; vice versa,-reduce the distance to three feet or less, and the size of the tobacco will be diminished, and increased in silkiness and closeness of texture, with dimunition of the weight. CULTIVATION OF THE CROP. As this part of the operation is simple, it is unnecessary to treat it much in detail, and only a concise view of the most prominent points will be alluded to. The first working should be commenced as soon as the plants have taken root sufficiently to bear cultivation with the hoe, which should be used to lighten the ground, and remove all grass or weeds from the plants, and give them a good chance to start off early with their growth. It is generally unnecessary to plough the land at this working, as the earth should be loose from the recent preparation for planting. Should it prove to be hard, or baked, a condition which may exist on stiff soils, the surface should be well stirred with the hoes and ploughs, and care taken not to pull dirt from the plant. For the first ploughing, no implement is better than the wing coulter; the next best, double shovel, with the small shovels or coulters, or a light cultivator. The second ploughing may be done with the turning plow or cultivator. The last ploughing is most effectually done with three furrows, with the turning plow to each row, or with the single shovel-a furrow on each side and then splitting the middle with the third and last furrow. Short single trees must be used after the plants are half grown, to prevent tearing and breaking the leaves. The roots of the tobacco plant in rich and well prepared ground, grow rapidly, and the crop for this reason should be well cultivated early in the season; but, if cultivated late, it 12 is best for this to be done with hoes, so as not to disturb the roots of the plant. CUT AND BORE WORMS. In the early period of the plants growth, after transplanting, it is important to guard against the ravages of the cut and bore-worms, which feed upon the roots of the young plants about the time they are taking root, and if not destroyed, will give much trouble in getting the plants to take root and grow, and much replanting will have to be done, which, will prove the means of making the crop uneven and irregular in ripening. TOPPING AND PRIMING. On this point, there is a difference of opinion. Breaking off the small and inferior leaves, about four near the ground, is called priming or pruning, and this operation is done at the time of topping, if done at all. All tobacco raisers resort to topping, that is, plucking out the seed or flower bud, which is done when the seed flower begins to form, and before it blossoms. This operation should not be commenced too early, as the size of the plant will be diminished by premature topping. As a general rule, it is best that the plant be at least eighteen or twenty inches high before it is topped. Some successful tobacco planters do not strip-off the lower leaves, called priming, believing, that they can make more tobacco in weight, and as of good quality, by simply topping to twelve or fourteen leaves, four leaves being the number usually taken off in priming, or as some call it, pruning; contending that the lower leaves serve to shade the hill and keep it moist, thereby promoting the growth of the plant, and that the taking of these lower leaves off in priming bleeds the plant and retards its growth. If this plan is followed, it is best to confine it to the silky or bright varieties of tobacco. 13 To obtain thick, heavy tobacco, it is best that the plant should be primed and topped. The number of leaves left on the plant after topping, depends on many conditions, namely:the time the topping is done, early or late, the season, strength of the soil and the general appearance and vigor of the plant. On the average soils, in ordinary seasons, the first topping should be from ten to thirteen leaves for bright tobacco-for fillers, from nine to eleven, and for English and Continenal shipping, fron eight to nine. In this crop, quality, more than quantity, largely regulates the price that will be obtained. THE HORN WoRM. About the time of topping, the tobacco plant is visited by a green worm, called the horn worm, which feeds on the tender leaves, and if not watched. and destroyed, will ruin a plant in a few days. It is well to look after the eggs of this worm, which are about the size of a pins head, and are deposited by the tobacco fly on the underside of the leaf and when found, destroy them. TOBACCO MOTH. This is the moth that lays the egg, that hatches into the horn-worm. The moth usually makes its appearance in May. The eggs deposited by this first moth will hatch out in a few days. The worm commences to feed upon the plant as soon as it is hatched; will get its growth from twenty to thirty days and then gorges itself, and crawls and burrows in the ground, usualy under the growing plant, and in a short time, not longer than twenty or thirty days, is transformed into the moth, and comes forth to lay more eggs on the plant. This second moth will lay more eggs than the first. It has been computed that the first moth that appears, will lay about one hundred eggs, and the second moth, at least two hundred. 14 REMEDY FOR THE MOTH. Every moth should be destroyed as they appear. This can be done with a few drops of sweetened cobalt, by injecting it late in the evening into the flowers of the Jamestown weed, or honey-suckle, as they usually collect at these blossoms. Many other insecticides may be as useful for this purpose as the sweetened cobalt. In some tobacco raising sections, the artificial flower of the Jamestown weed is used to attract the moth from the fact, that when the blossoms of the natural plant once receives the poison, it will soon decay. SUCKERS. Soon after the plant is topped, it begins to put forth suckers, which, together with the worms,, which will have hatched-out by this time, must be kept off, by going over the crop at least once in ten days, as negligence at this time is attended with serious injury to the crop by the growth of the suckers, and ravages of the horn-worm. CUTTING. Usually in six weeks from the time the plants are topped, they will be ripe and ready for the knife. This can be determined by the condition of the plant. When it has attained its greatest perfection, the leaves will become thick and brittle, and the color changes from dark green to a pale yellowish green. The process of cutting is simple. The cut consists, in placing the knife to be used (about the size of a butcher's) on top of the stalk in such a direction as to split the stalk about half way to the bottom, without cutting off the leaves. The stalk is then cut off below the bottom leaf, and the plant is their set upon the ground, with the leaves resting on the ground, and the stalk turned up, so as to expose the stems of the leaves to the sun, that the plant may become wilted and limber to handle without breaking. 15 It is not advisable to cut early in the morning when the dew is on the plant, as it is liable to become dirty if set on the ground when wet. As soon as the plant has become sufficiently limber to handle, without breaking, it is ready to be placed on the stick. Pine sticks riven three fourths of an inch, by one and a fourth inch, and four and a half feet long, drawn smooth are used for placing, or hanging the tobacco plants on. If the weather is hot, the plant must be closely watched to prevent it from scalding, or sun-burning, and for this reason, under these conditions, it should be placed on the stick as soon as it can be well handled. Stick the stick obliquely into the hill under the roots of the stalk, so as to keep the plants off the ground, and place eight or ten plants on each stick. By this method, the tobacco plants may remain sticking in the hill for a day without injury, if the weather isgood and not hot enough to sun burn it on the stick, and then can .be placed on plain scaffolds put up in the field, or removed to the tobacco barn as circumstances may admit. If the weather is fair and mild the day after cutting, it is best to scaffold, that the sun may commence the curing process, by yellowing the plants and reducing the sap, which will aid in the curing process, when fire is applied to the tobacco in the barn. Per contra-should the weather be rainy or windy about the time of cutting, it should be removed from the field to the barn, and hoisted up, leaving a space of eight to twelve inches between the sticks, throughout the house, according to the size of the tobacco. ToBAcco BARNS. In building the barns, it is best to build small houses, as the loss will be less, should it be burned in curing the tobacco. (On the whole it is better to have small houses.) Log barns, ranging from sixteen to twenty feet square, are 16 good sizes. Build the house twenty feet high in the body, and cover with shingles or boards. If the size is twenty feet, lay off for five rooms, four feet apart, and place tier poles across to form the lower tier. The first row of tier poles should be put in as soon as the house is built up, about five or six feet-this is usually called the ground or lower tier, and is not used generally for curing, but to place the sticks of tobacco on, until it is convenient to hoist it upregulate, and place it on the tiers higher up in the house. Next, build with logs three feet higher all around the house, and put in another course of tier poles directly over the first. Continue to build, using smaller logs, place three feet' higher all around, putting in the tier poles as before stated, until five tiers are placed in the house; by this means five rooms and five tiers will be secured. By this arrangement, the tiers are three feet apart vertically, and the body of the house as high as it is wide and deep. The roof is built to conform to the plan of the tiers below, and to have three tiers above the joist, varying in length. A tobacco barn of this description will hold six or seven hundred sticks of tobacco, with six or eight plants on a stick. For curing bright tobacco, it is important to have the house closely chinked and daubed throughout. CURING. This is one of the most difficult parts of the whole management of the tobacco crop, and requires intelligence and careful watching to carry it to successful completion. There are many plans followed, as some soils are adapted to the dark tobaccos, and others to the bright, yellow tobaccos, and several modes of curing will be alluded to. CURING ENGLISH SHIPPING. For dark English shipping, the following plan is quite common and is considered a good and inexpensive one by many good tobacco planters. 17 When the tobacco barn has been filled with tobacco, and the wood prepared, and it is best to have a mixture of green and seasoned wood, start the fires, and commence with moderate fire, and increase gradually, and in three or four days the tobacco will be sufficiently cured as to require only occasional firing during damp days, or rainy days, or in the morning for a few hours. When the fire is started, it should be kept up day, and night, until the process of curing is finished. Dark, heavy shipping tobacco is now much cured with flues, as with the flues you get the heat, without the smoke, and get rid of the objection raised against the smoke taste of the tobacco, and run less risk in curing than with the open fires. BRIGHT, YELLOW ToBAcco. In curing this class of tobacco, it is very important that the tobacco barn should be closely built ; it should be made as near air tight as possible, and so constructed that ventilation can be easily and quickly controlled. The curing of this kind of tobacco is done with flues built in the tobacco barn, and this is a difficult process, requiring the exercise of skill, attention and practice to insure the best results. The process is so variable, and dependent on so many conditions, that no certain plan can be followed at all times. Experience, and use of the head, will be the best way to learn this process. The method that is followed by some of the producers of bright tobacco in Virginia and North Carolina, commonly called the Ragland Method, is as follows: First-Yellowing process, ninety degrees, from twenty to thirty hours. Second-Fixing color, one hundred degrees for four hours, increasing two and a half degrees every two hours, and twenty degrees from four to eight hours. Third-Curing the leaf, from one hundred and twenty degrees to one hundred and twenty-five degrees, six to eight hours. 18 Fourth-Curing stalk and stem, from one hundred and twenty-five degrees, to one hundred and seventy-five degrees, increasing the heart five degrees an hour, and continue at one hundred and seventy degrees, until stalk and stem are thoroughly killed and dry, which usually requires from twelve to fifteen hours. The above method of curing bright tobacco has recently been simplified and somewhat improved, and the method now given is followed to a considerable extent. As soon as possible after the tobacco is cut place it in the house, and after warming the barn two or three hours to a temperature of about ninety degrees, increase the heat rapidly up to one hundred and twenty-five degrees, or as high as it will bear without.scalding the tobacco, letting the heat remain at one hundred and twenty-five degrees only a few minutes, and then by drawing the fires and turning the dampers, cut off the heat and let the temperature of the house descend to ninety degrees. SUN-CURED TOBACCO. If the crop is too thick and of coarse texture, and not strictly suitable for bright yellow, it will be wise to cure it sweet. For this purpose erect scaffolds at or close by the barn and place the tobacco on it as soon as it is cut and hauled from the field. This is important from the fact that after the tobacco is cut, it should not be caught in the rain during the process of sun-curing. If rain is expected put it in the barn, letting it remain there until all danger of getting it wet is past, and then replace it on the scaffold until it is well cured by the sun, and then place it in the barn and regulate it on the tier poles. Tobacco cured by this method usually sells well if properly managed, and is highly valued by manufacturers for making a fine article of chewing tobacco. 19 ORDERING. After the tobacco is cured, it must be taken down out of the barn when the time has come to commence working on it, usually called by tobacco planters "stripping time." This work is usually done during the winter months. The tobacco should be taken down out of the barn on the sticks, and this taking down process must be done when the leaf of the plant is sufficiently pliant so as not to break the stems of the leaf when packing, or bulking it down in the barn. And judgment must be used in taking it down, guarding against its being in too pliant a condition, or as tobacco raisers say, too high in order. If taken down in too high order, there is danger if the weather gets warm after it is bulked, of its getting sour and moulding in the bulk. This taking down, or commonly called by tobacco raisers "striking process," can be done to best advantage on warm damp days late in the fall, or after a warm rain. STRIPPING. Tobacco leaves should be stripped from the stalks in pliable order, and the leaves on every plant should be carefully assorted, and the different grades tied up in separate bundles. Three grades are generally made in stripping, and occasionally as many as four grades are made. The lowest grade known as lugs, which consist of the ground leaves of the plant, after being assorted, are tied up in bundles with ten or twelve leaves to each bundle. The first and second grades, put from six to eight leaves in a bundle. As the tobacco is stripped, either place it on sticks and hoist it up in the house, putting from twenty to twenty-five bundles on a stick, or bulk it down in two layers with the head, or tied end of the bundles facing outward. The method of replacing it in the house as fast as the stripping is done, is a good one if the crop is not to be sold until late in the winter, or early spring. If the crop.is to be marketed soon after stripping, the latter method is a safe one to follow, if it is watched frequently to see that it does not heat in the bulk. If the bulk becomes warm, it must be broken up, aired and rebulked, or placed on sticks and hoisted up in the barn to be dried out, either with moderate 20 fire or windy weather. Tobacco is in safe keeping order for market when the leaf is pliable, and the stem will crack half way down the tie. N ARKETING. If the tobacco is to be sold without packing in tierces or hogsheads, deliver it to market so the qualities will be uniform from undergoing inspection. Bright tobacco packed in hogsheads or tierces should not be pressed hard enough to bruise, and when packed should weigh about four hundred pounds net for a tierce and eight hundred for a hogshead. Pack each grade separately, uniform in color and length but if it is necessary to put more than one grade in a tierce, place something between to mark the different grades. If the crop is adapted to the export trade, that is, dark, thick, shipping, it can be packed in hogsheads to weigh from twelve to fourteen hundred pounds net. The tobacco will bring a good price if it is of good quality, sound and nicely handled, although poor and nondescript kinds may at the time be selling for less than the cost of production. The tariff of two dollars a pound, recently placed on foreign tobacco is having a favorable influence on this industry, and should induce land owners who find many other crops unprofitable, to give the tobacco crop a trial. The tobacco crop has been a leadingindustry, and its cultivation well understood between the fortieth and thirty-fifth parallels of latitude. In this State, South Carolina, Georgia and Mississippi, it has been grown to moderate extent for home consumption. Sufficient experiment has not been made to ascertain what varieties will succeed best in these States. It is nown that South Carolina has produced some good bright tobacco, and Florida produces a good grade 6f cigar leaf. It is believed that both, good bright and dark tobacco, can be profitably raised in this State. The appearance of the soils of many parts of this State is similar to those of the best tobacco districts of Virginia and North Carolina, and impresses one with the belief that fine manufacturing leaf can be grown here, if right methods are followed. This Station will make experiments in tobacco, and results will be reported. Bulletin No. 38. July, 1892. Agricultura1 Experiment. Station -OF THE- AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE, AUBURN, : ALABAMA. QgNF) B/FIITZ:E RJS.K STATE CHEMIST. N. T. LU PTO N, g~The Bulletins of this Station will 11e sent free to any citizen of the State on application to the Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn, Ala. All communications should be addressed to EXPERIMENT STATION, AUBURN, ALA. Published by order of the Board of Direction, WM. LEROY BROUN, President. THE BIIOWN PRINTING CO., PRINTERS, MONTGOMERY, ALA. OFE'ICEL S OF THlE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, BOARED OF ISWO- S OF IIOSCOMMITTEE TRUSTEES ON EXPERIMENT STATION. HON. J. G. GILCIIRIST............. ....................... HON. R. F. HON. H. CLAY ARMSTRONG................ ............. LIGON..................................... Hope Hull. Montgomery. Auburn. BOARE~D WM. LEROY BROUN ...... A. J. BONDURANT ................ N. T. LUPTON........................... Off'DIETIOMT.. ............................... ....................... ................... President. Agriculturist. Chemist. P. H. MELL,.............................. Botanist and Meteorologist. GEO. F. ATKINSON. ..... .................... ..... Biologist. C. A. CARY, D. V. S.............................. ASSISTANTS : JAMES CLAYTON............................... Veterinarian. Assistant Agriculturist. First Assistant Chemist. J. T. ANDERSON, Ph. D......... .......... Second Assistant Chemist. L. W. WILKINSON, M. Sc ................ R. E. NOBLE, B. Sc.................. Third Assistant Chemist. Fourth Assistant Chemist. C. L. HARE, B. Sc ..................... G. S. CLARK........................... Clerk, and Assistant Botanist. FERTILIZERS. N. T. LUPTON, State Chemist. THEIR USE AND VALUATION. The importance of commercial, or manufactured fertilizers, is recognized by all intelligent farmers, and their use is well nigh universal. The number of tons sold in Alabama during the past five years, according to the record kept in the office of the Commisssoner of Agriculture, is as follows: Season of 1887-88.................. 62,575 tons. r 1888-89................. 71,605 " « 1889-90................. 99,818 " c" 1890-91..................115,735 1891-92................. 83,323 " The decrease of about 28 per cent. in sales during the present season, as shown in the above statement, is not attributable to a lack of appreciation of the value of fertilizers, so much as to the depreciation in the price of cotton and reduction in the acreage placed under cultivation. In Georgia, over three hundred thousand tons were sold last year, while during the season now closing, the sales have not much exceeded two hundred thousand tons. A similar decrease has prevailed generally in the cotton-growing States. The market value of manufactured fertilizers has undergone very little, if any, change since last year, and in determining values this year the same figures are used. The law requires the Commissioner to publish annually, an estimate of the commercial value of all fertilizers offered for sale within the State, basing his calculations on the lowest per cent. of each constituent guaranteed by the manufaeturer. The following values have been used in making these calculations: Water-Soluble Phosphoric Acid........ Citrate" " ........ Nitrogen. ......................... Potash.............................. 7 cents per pound. 7 4" 192 4 5 " " c As stated in a former bulletin, while these figures are only approximate, they will be found useful to the farmer by showing him the relative value of different goods and enabling him to make selections of brands best suited to his wants. The calculations are easily made, as follows: Multiply the percentage of Water-soluble and Citrate soluble Phosphoric Acid by $1.50; the per-centage of Nitrogen by $3.90; the Potash by $1.00, and add these products together. The sum will be the commercial value of one ton of the goods. Take, as an example, a fertilizer which shows the following composition: Water soluble Phosphoric Acid..............7 per cent. Citrate- " " "....... 2 Nitrogen........................... ... 2 " Potash. ........ .................... 1Then, $1.50 multiplied by 9=$13.50 3.90 " " 2= 7.80 1.00 14-- 1.50 Total value...............$22.80 The valuations adopted by the Commissioner of Georgia are much less than the above, but represent not what the farmer has to pay for his purchases delivered at his nearest depot, but in the language of the Commissioner, "the wholesale cash value in those cities where the goods enter the State or where they are manufactured. Any one buying at a distance from Savannah should add the freight to that point, to obtain its local wholesale price." These goods are as cheap in Alabama as in Georgia. The schedules of valuations adopted by other States do not differ materially from the valuations in Alabama. A difference is made in values in some States depending on the source from which the important constituents are derived. Bulletin No. 29, recently issued by the Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station, gives the following trade values for 1892: Phosphoric Acid, Soluble in Water..............7 cc" " Ammonium Citrate.... Found in Ground fish, bone, etc.. " 1litrogen, in Ammonia Salts..............174 " :Nitrates ......................... .. Fish, Blood and Meat ......... ..................... " Cotton Seed. Potash as High Grade Sulphate................... " Kainite............................ " Muriate4. .............. cts. per lb. 7 7 15 16 15 5 " " " " " " " " " " 4 " " " " " 41 "The above trade values," says the bulletin, "are the average figures at which in the six months preceding March 1st, the respective ingredients could be bought at retail for cash in the larger markets, in the raw materials, unmixed. NATURAL PHOSPHATES. The rapidly increasing use of commercial fertilizers, especially of Phosphates, caused serious apprehensions, a few years ago, that the supply of raw material would become exhausted or entirely inadequate to meet the demand. Fortunately for Southern agriculture, new and extensive phosphate deposits have been discovered in Florida in which the supply seems to be practically inexhaustible. A recent work on "Phosphates of America," by Dr. Francis Wyatt, gives an interesting and reliable account of these deposits. Speaking of several counties in Southwestern Florida, he says, "this section of Florida is virtually underlaid with a nodular phosphate stratum of a thickness varying from a few inches to thirty feet, and covered by an overburden that may be fairly averaged at about eight feet." A large number of companies have been formed to work these deposits, but their development is yet in its infancy. A visit was made to some of these localities during the past winter and samples collected near Lacoochee, where the Southern Peninsular and Orange Belt Railroads intersect, and from a deposit on the Withlacoochee river some thirty miles from the town of Lacoochee. These were analyzed with the following results: Analyses of Natural Phosphatesfron Florida, recently Made in the Alabama State Laboratory. FROM LACOOCIEE.r o PitNo. 1 (hard).......................0.25 3.65 37.45 Pit No. 2 (hard).......................1.45 Pit No. 3 (hard)....................... FROM WITHLACOOCHEE. Pit No. 1 (soft)..........................2.11 Pit No. 2 (soft).........................2.27 Pit No. 3 (soft)...........................3.45 Pit No. 4 (soft)....... ................... 1.95 81.64 8.99 34.57 1.27 2.64 38.02 4.01 75.36 2.62 82.91 38.67 22.14 13 32 31.89 8.39 33.86 2 27 35 77 22.03 4.37 48.26 5.56 69.52 9.17 73.81 4 36 48.02 The Pits mentioned, were sunk to determine the presence and character of phosphates and samples were taken from the sides and bottom of these openings for analysis. No mining, except to a limited extent at Lacoochee, had been done on the property visited. The overburden, or superincumbent mass of sand and earth, is from one to ten or twelve feet thick and the phosphate deposit from a few feet to twenty or even thirty. The importance of these deposits is so great that speculation has run wild and many companies have .been formed with capital stock reaching up into the millions. The following table from Dr. Wyatt's work on phosphates, above mentioned, gives the average composition of a large number of samples from Florida and is of much interest : Dr. Wyatt's Table of Analyses of Florida Phosphates. Bowlders (carefully selected, 120 samples)....... Bowlders and debris (237 samples) ............. Soft white phosphate (148 samples) ............. Pebble from Peace river (84 samples).......... Pebble from drift-beds, Polk Co. (92 samples) 80.49 74.90 65.15 61.75 67.25 2.25 4.19 9.20 4 20 9 25 5.47 2 19 1.90 4.27 3.60 1 70 2.90 14.20 3 00 10 40 These analyses show high grade phosphates. Some, especially foreign, manufacturers object to buying phosphates which contain more than three per cent. of Iron and Alumina, and hence a large quantity of this material has not found a market. A few manufacturers, aware of the agricultural value of South Carolina floats, have established mills in Florida for pulverizing these aluminous deposits which are generally soft, and selling them to farmers for use without being converted into acid phosphate. They are very cheap and their use has proved valuable. Experiments are now in progress on the Alabama Experiment Station, under control of the Chemist, to determine by analysis and experiment the agricultural value of these soft Florida phosphates when used alone, with cotton seed, and with cotton seed meal, and the results will be reported in due time. If decomposing organic matter, as is believed, renders insoluble phosphates available as plant food to any considerable extent, the question of cheap phosphates will be solved and the farmer enabled to purchase fertilizers at a much less cost than at present. STATE LABORATORY, AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE, AUBURN, ALA., July 1st, 1892. HON. H. D. LANE, Commissioner of Agriculture, Montgomery, Ala. Dear Sir: Enclosed please find tabulated results of Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, materials used in their manufacture, Natural Phosphates, etc., made in the State Laboratory from April 1st, 1891, the date of my last published report, to July 1st, 1892. A few of the materials reported were sent directly to this office and may not appear on your books. In such cases, where the results are of general interest, they are included in the list for publication. Very respectfully, N. T. LUPTON, State Chemist. Analyses Reported by N. T. Lupton, State Chemist, from April" 1, 1891, to October 1, 1892. ACID PHOSPHATES WITH NITROGEN AND POTASH. Phosphoric Acid. o 0 CD NAME OF FERTILIZER. oC BY WHOM SENT. p a 1963 1965 1966 1968 1971 1972 1973 1974 Potent Pacific Guano................. Potato Fertilizer..................... Trucker's Delight..................... Waverly Fertilizer.................... Soluble Sea Island Guano .............. Meryman's A. D. Bone ..... Kennesaw H. G. Southern Phosphate Co., Atlanta, Ga.. J. C. Coleman, Citronville, Ala....... . J. W. Clarke, LaFayette, Ala.......... W. & P. Hoffman, Waverly, Ala ... . Howle Bros., Edwardsville, Ala.... 9.77 4.41 6.09 4.24 8.10 o 92 1.81 0.69 1.68 1.50 24 08 2.40 3.04 9.32 30 5( A29.8 o024 t~m 1 .56 4.16 3.77 28.7! 2.30 4.84 1.28 2.70 1.89 1.75 24 39 1 30 1.82 2.52 29.17 4.45 1.61 1.26 21.10 1.99 1.00 1.10 22.77 1.90 0I 1.17 21.63 56 0.21 1.40 1 .33 27.17 3.16 1.61 2.23 21 60.72 1.8913 201 3.15 r 2 08 3.79 ........... . 9.25 Amad. Fertilizer...... 5.76' 3 69 Kennesaw Blood and Bone.............. . 1973(b Ammoniated Dissolved Bone ............ 1974(b Rock City Guano........ .............. 1975(b' Complete Cotton Fertilizer . ............ 1976 . J. 7 541 4.31 C. Johnston, Hanceville, Ala. 9.29 8.33 2.90 5 26 2.14 J. C. Lee, Midland City, "... 6.62 Aurora Ammoniated Phospho............1W. J. N. Taylor, Warrior. 7.39; 1.81 21 1978 1979 Home Mixture....................... J. D. Thomas, Columbus, Ga .......... 6 70 0.711 2 R811.6811.921 16.691 Fertilizer.......................... Gossypium Phospo................. Alliance Dissolved BoneGuano........ Blood and Bone.................... W. J. S. Wooton, Cog's Mill, Ala........ L. L. Rebman. Courtland, Ala.... W. M. Calhoun, Dothan, Ala......... 9.00 7.25 4.95 1 . 6f 0 23 .50 2.16 28.93 1.74 3.78 1.74 29.87 1.47 1.96 2.61 26.67 1980 1984 1985 1987 1988 7.31 7 53 3 22 2 47 1.40 1.,93 23 Sc 4. 09 2.57 4.47 0.26 0.28 1.12 20.55 & A. No. 520...... ........... J. C. Cheney, Montgomery, Ala. W. J. Beverly, Rosewood,Ala........ N. D. Meharg, Ohatchie, Ala......... W. J. Beverly, iRosewood, Ala........ . 8.14 Furman's H. G. Guano.............. 6.41 2.86 6.47 7.13 3 052031.14 22.52 3.60 0.84 9.65 23.91 0.27 2.24 2.09 1984(b Guano...... ............................ 1989 1990 1991 1992 1995 1996 1998 1999 2000(a 2001(a W. 0. C. Blood Guano.............. 3.49 0.77 6.56 2.55 25 76 Aurora Ammoniated Phospho......... Buffalo Bone Guano... 1.22 1.61 2.39 20.51 0.26 1.96 1.97 29.92 0.17 2.24 2 80 .75 ..... W. N. Johns, Jemison, Ala......... cc 6.9S 7.141 7.33 Fertilizer............................ Guano ... . 0........................ Fertilizer. W. S. Hilburn, Hightogy, Ala....... . J. A. Burgess, Edwardsville, Ala.. pc cc 1.26 1.93 6 21.87 2.16 1.19 1.62 21.12 l Guano........................ ...... 6.45 4, 19 76 26.80 Coweta High Grade................... . E. R. Wood, Bluff Springs, Ala ....... C. 0. Beasley, Cohassett, Ala........ . 8 14 2.44 7. 20 6.85 .. 48 6.50 2.37 0.74 1.82 2.90 1 73 Blood and Bone ................... Georgia State Grange Fertilizer No. J. ..... 3 24 1.82 2.41 23.40 22 C. Killebrew, Newton, Ala .......... 1 95 3 37 1 98 2 60 65 3....o...... 0.26 2.19 2 10 25.76 3.8011.6811.281 22.84 2003(blBuffalo Bone Guano..................:..JR. M. Williams, Arab, Ala.......... 3.51 Analyses Reported by N. T. Lupton, State Chemist, from April 1, 1891, to October 1, 1892. Phosphoric Acid. AcID PHOSPHATES WITH NITROGEN AND POTASH. NAME OF FERTILIZER. BY WHOM SENT. C12o y 2004 2011 2032 Fertilizer.............................. Fertilizer ............................. C. H. Crane, Monterey, M. F. Brooks, Brewton, Ala...101 0.16 ,,,.... ,..1 0.19... 0.42 2.17 Ala.. ". .. 450.980.31 1.06 0.82 4. 13 Fertilizer........... ............. G. A. 'Thornton, Fayette Court House, Ala 8.62 2.520. 89 25. 23 2035 2036 2038 Fertilizer A .......................... J. M. Granberry, Brewton, Ala........ ............. W. S. King, Savannah, ..... 1.11 1.14 07 8 1 681.820.63 1248050 11.0 Fertilizer...........07 Guano...... 1.48250 .1 .1................. 25 69 Ga.......... .2.23 25, 1-38,2.1711.51 Analyses Reported by N. T. Lupton, State Chemist, from April ACID PHOSPHATES. 1, to October 1, 1892. 1891, P-hosphoric Acid. I) 0NAME -- OF FERTILIZER. BY WHOM SENT. '' 1964 1967 1969 1970 1975 1983 1986 Acid Phosphate.................. ............ 0. A. Williamson, Tuskegee, Ala.... ..... .Vlontgomery Fertilizer Co , . 7.68 2.03 1.05 4 52 4.3 3.61 3.05 6.90 1.95 o 46 14 56 Acid Phosphate ............................. English Acid Phosphate..................... Ntontgomerv, Ala. 13 63 10 21 11.44 .. . 8(08 10.90t 5.24 22.02 2.22 22.12 M1cQueen Smjith, Prattville, Ala............. « « << X X. Phosphate ....... ................ .... 1 32 23.73 4.47 17 53 2 88 20.921 1.51 22.90 5 54 19.74 Kennesaw High Grade Acid Phosphate . High Grade English Acid Phosphate Kennesaw High Grade Acid Howle Bros., Edwardsville, Ala ......... ...... G. B. Langford, Dillaris, Ala.......... ..... J. W. Beverly, Rosewood, Ala.... .. ....... Phosphate ...... 8 81 2003(a Acid Phosphate............................ 2000(b Acid Phosphate.............................. 2007 2012 2131 Acid Phosphate ........................ Acid Phosphate......... .................... Acid Phosphate ............ ................. . Montgomery Fertilizer Co., Montgomery, Ala. 11.21 C. 0. Beasley, Cohassett, Ala .............. Imperial Fertilizer Co., Charleston, S. C.. . W. P. Barrow, Tuskegee, Ala............. G. A. Thornton, Fayette Court House, 11.30 12 23 6 83 4 25 2 95 23.32 1 .50 5.78 1 34 1.93 20.-5 3 49 1$.91 0.86 19.30 Ala 11.53 Analyses Reported by N. T. Lupton, State Chemist, from April MISCELLANEOUS FERTILIZERS. 1, 1891, to October 1, 1892. *riO PHOSPHORIC ACID. 0aA rCcZc Sta. No. 1977 1981 1982 NAME or FERTILIZER. BY WHOM SENT. Water Citrate Acid 0 Natural Phosphate.......... P. H. Mell, Auburn, Ala............... Boulder Phos. Rock.........froy Fertilizer Co., Troy, Ala Black Creek pebble phos. rock. Swan Island Guano ....... " " " ..... Soluble. Soluble Soluble. 40.44 . ." Equiv'lent to Bone Phosph'te 26.95 22.63 . ..... 1993 1994 1997 2002 (a) A.. Adams, Mobile, Ala. ".. ". *.......2.71 ...... ... ... . 16.58 25.03 Swan Island Phosphate Rock. Swan Island Guano ........ 2.92 2.21 15.12 17.16 4 39 2001 (b)Natural Phosphate.F. 2002 (b) 2005 2008 2009 2010 2013 c D. Tinsley, Selma, Ala............... *........ H. S. Doster, Prattville, Ala....... ... Phosphate Rock....... ..... c ......... 94 . cc ' cccc cc B. S. Burton, Valdosta, Ga..... ccCcc ......... ....38.30 31.39 ...... 36.80 cc cc cc cc Cerealite...... ............. J. S. Newman, Auburn, Ala ... .... ..... .7.77 1.10, 2014 2015 (a) Cerealite................ J. S. Newman, Auburn, Ala........... . .. " "" . 8 33 6.58 8.54 3.30 20 15 2028 2029 2033 2039 2040 (b) 12 samples "Nat. Phosphates" John S. Collins, Geneva, Ala........... Swan Island Guano....... Tankage................ Swan Island Guano....... Phosphate Rock . ...... .. 00-2.15 l. A. Adams, Mobile, Ala..... .... . ..... . M. 4.7 .. 12 21 9.15 X6.44 W. C. Tuite, Mobile Ala .............. A. Adams, Mobile, Ala......... . 3.37 13.73 21.13 2.70 7.00, 1.47 Troy Fertilizer Co., Troy, Ala......... Cotton Seed Meal .......... I I. Southern Cotton Oil Co., Montgomiery, Ala. .... Analyses Reported by N. T. Lupton, State Chemist, from October PHOSPHATES CONTAINING 1, 1891, to July 1, 1892. Phosphoric Acid. ACID NITROGEN AND POTASH. ZNAME OF FERTILIZER. ~ 2041 2043 204 2045 2046 2047 2057 2058, 2062 20632067 2069 2071 ij BY --__ WHOM SENT. __ _ _ v _ _ 4 _ 0 _ -4--..- Amd. Raw Bone Super-phosphate... E. A. Thompson, Clayhatchee, Ala. Planters' Soluble Guano......... Buffalo Bone Guano............. Furman High Grade Guano....... Furman Soluble Bone........... Adair Bros. & Co., Atlanta, Ga......... Adair Bros. & Co., Atlanta, Ga......... Adair Bros. & Co., Atlanta, Ga......... Adair Bros. & Co., Atlanta, Ga........... 5.89 2.12 7.54 7.45 7.46 7.16 2.74 3 53 2 95 3 44 1.32 1.89 2.73 2.20 $21.582 59 28. 2.20 1.86 1.47 2.18 1.90 5.81 65 2 80 3.1.1 2 80 3.22 29.75 1.47 2.52 1.82 1.82 2.03 1.54 2.24 2.31 1.59 23.22 1.67 22.03 1.19 23.29 1.11 23.24 1.75 26.62 1.79 22.80 1.65 23.49 1.89 1.22 Adair's Ammoniated Dissolved Bone. Adair Bros. & Co., Atlanta, Ga .......... Mobile Standard Guano ........... M~obile 7.27. 3.09 8.14 8 14 10.95 10.06 Phos. & Chem. Co., Mobile, Ala. 1.87 Eclipse Soluble Guano............ Mobile Phos. & Chem. Co., Mobile, Ala... Rome 1 89~ 5 0 '73 C. & C. Guano........... . Rome Chemical Co., Rome Ga.......... Rasin Fertilizer Co., Baltimore, Md. ... 36 2.14 3 05 3.62 1.82 4.30 Rome Dis. Bone with Potash & Am. Rome Chemical Co., Rome, Ga........ Ammoniated Guano.... .......... .. 0.88 6 41 2 33 2 94 2 22 Soluble Specific Guano .. Fertilizer ............. . ... Rasin Fertilizer Co., Baltimore, Md... . W. D. Rowell, Loachapoka, Ala........ 7.35 8.62 26.391 25.3 ........ 2.03 2073 2076 2077 .2079 2080 2083 2084 2085 2087 2088 2090 2093 2095 2096 2099 2101 2102 2103 2105 Orange Fruit Tree Fertilizer. Stern's Amd. Raw Bone Super-phos Champion Farmers' Choice. Standard Amd. Soluble Stand. cc Guano,& Chem. cc c cc Mfg cc Co. cc New Orleans cc c'. 0.38 7.85 7.25 3.10( 14.66 0.75 2.18 1.48 1.40 0.82 1.28 3.22 8.49 26 26, 1.89 2.10 1 79 3 50 1.96 1.96 2.31 1.47 1.54 2 03 2.10 2.10 2 56 22.72 2 .5924.92 1.97 23 50 5.34 26.83 1.15 20.74 1.33 22 50 2.26 28.14 1.78 23.90 2.05 25.25 1 47 25.52 1.11 26.00 1.06 28.89 Guano.... c''. CC CC CC CC CC CC 8.33 7.58 5.64 . 6.20 6.27 6.16 5.79 ... Vegetable Super-phosphate Goulding's Bone Coipond. rc cc , cc c c c c c c 0 26 0.74 2,.33 2.82 1.70 4.49 C. R. McReary, Opelika, Ala ... ........ Reliance Ammoniated Super-phos. WaltonWhann & Co., Charleston, S. C Plow Brand Raw Bone Super-phos. Walton Whaun & Co., Charleston, S. C... Etiwan Ammoniated Ammoniated Dis. 5 00 2.80 4.77 Bone.... Etiwan Phos, Co., Charleston, S. C....... Walton Wbann & Co., Charleston, S. C. Etiwan Phosphate Co., Charleston, S. C W.ve V...~ltn F.ne raie&CoMngmrAa Imperial Fertilizer Co., Charleston, S. C EtwnP ~obl Phos & Chm Co. Moie Ala ~ Imperial Fertilizer Co., Charleston, S. 4.01 3.64 2.76 3.91 2.16 2.89 4.99 2.09 2.76 2.47 4.32 Dissolved Bone. 5.68 3.31 5.12 0.64 2.16 2.02 0.49 2.93 3.02 Etiwan Guano ............... Etiwan And. Super-phosphate. Imperial Fertilizer ............. Imperial Soluble Guano..... Vandiver's Ammoniated Dis. Bone. Mobile Standard Guano........ . Georgia State Grange 7.27 5.35 9.12 C....Pho6.96 10.27 11.21 1 69 1.42 21.65 1.40 1.28 25.31 2 38 1.89 2.03 1.68 1.44 28.13 2.11 24.45 1.80 26.30 1.22. 26.50 Fertilizer.... Baldwin Fertilizer Co., Port Royal, S. C ... . 7.05 8.04 Baldwin's Ammoniated Dis. Ammoniated Dissolved Bone.. Baldwin Fertilizer Co., Port. Royal, S. C..... Montgomery Fert. Co., Montgomery, Bone... Ala.... 8.481 4.01 Analyses Reported by N. T. Lupton, State Chemist, from October 1, 1891,to July ACID PHOSPHATES CONTAINING NITROGEN AND POTASH-Continued. Phosphoric Acid. NAME OF FERTILIZER. r..0. 1, 1892. BY WHOM SENT.y d -0 y 0)O m 41Q ~1 2.99 1.47 0.74 2.64 Z 1.82 P 2109 2110 2112 2119 2120 2124 2125 2126 2127 2128 2129 2130 2131 Royal Soluble Guano...... Royal Fertilizer Co., Charleston, S. C. 8 75 7.91 1.52 3.04 0.89 2.47 1.26 23.75 1.68 29.02 1.83 25.59 Royal Amnoniated Fertilizer. Troy Perfect Guano ....... 2.8 0 2.66 2.24 2.17 1.82 1.82 Troy Fertilizer Co., Troy, Ala......... ...... A.shepoo Phosphate Co., Charleston, S. C.. it cc cc 8.04 7.73 7.83 4.97 4.55 8.08 8.04 Eutaw Fertilizer.. 1.64 26.67 1.93 24-.30 1.48 22.68 1.37 23.14 Ashepoo Fertilizer.............. Ammoniated Dissolved Bone. Pelican Cotton & Corn Grower ... Old Dominion Guano ............. Potent CC CC I.78 4.44 5.24 2.77 3.72 4.1.1 N. W. Fertilizer Co., Chicago, Ill.. 9. W. Fertilizer Co., Chicago, Ill....... . Southern Phosphate Co., Atlanta, Ga.. Southern- Phosphate Co., Atlanta, Ga .... Southern Phosphate Co., Atlanta 1.23~ 0.55 1.54 0.61 0.76 1.68 2.10 2.00 2.03, 2.44 24.59 1.61 23.78 1.53 25.52 0.91; 22.94 Pacific .Guano. . ....... Southern Ammoniated Dis. Bone... . Etowab Super-phosphate ....... Ammoniated Guano ........ ....... Ga..... 8.39 1.001 9.38 7.56, 2.45 2.46 Southern Phosphate Co., Atlanta, Ga.. 1.10 Raisin Fertilizer Co., Baltimore, Md.. Raisin Fertilizer Co., Baltimore, Md ... 2.05' 2.241 2.03 25.79 2.45~ 3.01 Soluble Specific Guano . 8.33. 2.27 2.731 30.36 2136 Guano...... ......... Eufaula Oil & Fertilizer Co., Eufaula, Ala 6.31 2.67 2.13 2.49 0.96 1 38 1.72 3.84 1.74 2 13 2.09 3.84 4.47 2.271 2.13 24.45 2148 2151 2150 2154 2156 2157 2160 2161 2166 2167 2168 21.69 2170 Soluble Guano....................... Imperial Fertilizer Co., Charleston, 5.'C. Guano ................. Fertilizer ....................... Atlantic Fertilizer ................... .......... J. A. Brown & Co., Kellyton, Ala ......... 7.92 2.26 1.96 0.55 11.35 2.81 0.71 1 82 2 86 4.41 3.70 2.94 2.56 3.47 2.43 2.51 2.57 1.57 2.07 Columbus Oil Mill, Columbus, Miss.......7.79 Atlantic Phosphate Co., Charleston, S. C 9.10 6.89 52 27.56 2 48 2.78 28.20 2.17 2.11 25 28 2.10 1 2.24 1.68 2.38 2.10 1.82 2.10 1.38 23.17 1.68 26.18 1 46 24.99 1.68 23 28 1.67 27.01 2.42 28.40 2 44 29.09 2.42 26.32 1 45 18.68 1.42 23.88 1.2; 22.61 1.05 21.04 1.05 24.11 Lister's Amd. Dissolved Bone....... Lister's Ag. & Chema. Works, Newark, N. J "Etowah" ........................... Soluble Guano .................... Southern Phosphate Co., Atlanta, Ga......9.10 Ashley Phosphate Co., Charleston, S. C 5.06 Cotton and Corn Compound.......... Ashley Phosphate Co., Charleston, S. C Our Cotton King Guano. ............. Montgomery Fert. Co., Montgomery, Ala.. 5.24 6.23 9.30 7.85 8.23 Capital City Standard Fertilizer....... Montgomery Fert. Co., Montgomery, Ala.. Sea Gull Soluble Guano ............. Montgomery Blood and Bone ......... Monogram Cotton Special. ...... ..... Mortgomery Pert. Co., Montgomery, Ala.. Montgomery Fert. Co,, Montgomery, Ala.. .182 2.48 5 06 3.32 1.28 1.61 1 86 2.03 0.98 1.75 2.10 1.61 Larentz & Rittler, Baltimore, Md.......... 6.43 Larentz & Rittler, Baltimore, 2171 (a) L. & R. Ammoniated Guano Md......... S. . ..... 7.86 2172 (b) Farmers' Friend Fertilizer ........... 2176 Sub-treasury Guano ................ Reed Fertilizer Co., Charleston, S. C...... 7.20 Reed Fertilizer Co., Charleston, 6.411 6.31 2.28 2177 2183 Matchless Cotton Grower.......... Reed Fertilizer Co., Charleston, S. C ...... Reese's Pacific Guano ................ C. A. Doolittle, Augusta, Ga. a0........... 3.38 8 63 1.33 1.09 1.65 1.96 1.14 22.10 1.75 25.75 Analyses Reported by N. T. Lupton, State Chemist, from October 1, 1891, to July 1, 1892. ACID PHOSPHATES CONTAINING NITROGEN AND POTASH-Continued. 0 z 0 V~il VIl~LUIDL~) LIVLLI r~oluble. Sol uble Solule 1.63 cc JHOM Ilaha, 9eal Water Citrate 2117 2118 2134 2135 2138 2140 2141 2142 2143 2144 2145 2146 2149 2174 Florida Phosphate Rock (2). it CC (3).. cc 36.63 36 40 3.01 12 65 7 07 1.32 .... Cotton Seed Meal ....... Eufaula Oil & Fert. Co., Eufaula, Ala.. Co .... ,............... Cotton Seed Hull Ashes. Muriate Potash........... Natural Phosphate (1). Irt. (I (e BYa 0 33.12 51.62 18.98 24.46 23.7 . J. C. Killebrew, Newton, Ala....... . . (2.......... Newt c c cc c c (2) :_(3) 21.13 " " t (5) (6) (7) . . ... 23 63 21.86 27 41 . " " " " Kainite ........ ......... Kainite................. . .Reed Royal Fertilizer Co., Charleston, S. C. Fertilizer Co., Charleston, 15.82 12.37 .. .. S. C. . 2181 Muriate Potash............. Marks & Gayle, Montgomery, Ala. ....... ....... ... 52.28........ 2182 2188 Kainite ................... Cotton Seed Meal.......... East " Alabama Fert. " Co., Clayton, Ala. .. ................... .... 3.25 7.42 12.41....... 1.76....... 2189 2204 2213 2214 2215 Muriate Potash ............. " ................. ... ... 51.96 .... .. Ground Phosphate Rock ... .. Troy Fertilizer Co., Troy, Ala.............. Cerealite No. 1.............. 2 ............. " 3 .............. ........... .......... 21.50 .... .. G. F. Atkinson, Auburn, Ala .............................. 7.84 0.27...... 7284.45....... ...... 7 282.74....... ....... 2247 2248 2264 2266 2282 2283 Natural Phosphate,........... Dr. N. T. Lupton, Auburn, Ala ....... .... Phosphate ............... " " ........... 26.64 58.07 ............. ....... Kainite .................... D.W. Caswell, Tuskaloosa, Ala ........ Natural Phosphate .......... G. A. Stuck, Selma, Ala... .. ........ 0 1.30 ........... 16.64 . .. ....... .. ............ 26.07. 23.88 14.38 .............. ·....... .... Bone Meal. ................. Armour & Co., Birmingham, Ala .............. Blood and Bone .............. " " 3.50........... 6.51 ......... 2289 2293 2305 2306 2307 Natural Phosphate .......... 0. A. O'Neal, Andalusia, Ala............ .... ........ ........ 1.11 ............. 18.10...........39.45 38.47 .... Natural Phosphate.......... G. A. Stuck, Selma, Ala........... Nat. Florida Phos. Blitch No.1N. T. Lupton, Auburn, Ala........................... Stevens No. 1 ................ ....... ....... ... Nat. Florida Phosphate, Kline. ". .. 83.86 68.16 . 71.94 31.27 31.27 .... . ........ 33 00 33.00 .. Analyses Reported by N. T. Lupton, State Chemist, from October MISCELLANEOUS 1, 1891, to July 1, 1892. FERTILIZERS-Cotinu Phosphoric Acid. Water Citrate Acid _____Soluble. Soluble. Soluble. Sta. No. NAME OF FERTILIZER. _______ ___ BY WHOM SENT. U z o Equiv'lent to Bone 60.25 72.71 p.4Phosphate 2313 2314 2320 No. 2 Soft Stevens........... N. T. Lupton, Auburn, Ala.........................27.64.......... No. 2 Hard Stevens..3...3.36........ Troy Fertilizer Co., Troy, Ala......... ... 0.67 5 25 0.78 Castor of Pumace ............ MARLS. 2030-Wat Henderson, Magnolia, Ala.......................................22 2111-0. D. Kilebrew, Newton, Ala .. ..................................... Silica, 41.88 ... Oxides Lime of Iron and Hlag. CatAcd Phos. Posh 0.86 0 39 Al. Cat 38 8 22 Trace. 2343-Vincent Bell, Calhoun; Ala 2 22J 5433 Trace. . . ......... 62' 30 17.2Sf 14.16 None. 3.321 ..... .. CLAYS 'moisture. Cmb-Silica. A[roxandLime. 87.12 64.81 63.94 72.84 1Vagne'a Soda. IPotash. 0.16 0.01 2042-Burch & Wyatt, Decatur, Ala....... ............... 2139-Burch & Wyatt, Decatur, Ala...................... 4.35 ..... 4.50 14.70 29 91 25.89 4 63 1.38 Trace. 0.28 2261-G. Riley & Co., Gadsden, Ala ............... 2317-W. A. Steadham, Isbell, Ala . .. of 1.64.... .... ..... 1.56. 1.89 5.64 0.54 0 64 0 361 Trace.. 0 07i 2.18 4.17 ...... 2.26 0.29 In addition to the above, a large number of qualitative determinations of minerals w ere made, also analyses of a few samples minersl waters, iron ores, pig iron, earthy matters, etc. Guaranteed Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, Filed in the Office of the Commissioner of Agriculture by Dealers and Manufactures BY WHOM REPORTED. NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL. NAME. ADDRESS. '~GUARANTEED ANALYSI BY WHOM MANUFACTURED. WHERE Phosph'ric Acid 0 55 ¢' G MANUFACTURED it 3uffalo Bone Guano ... F'armer's High Grade Guano.. F'urman Adair &McCartyBros Ntlanta, Ga.... cc cc cc cc cc.c cc c ?urm'n's sol. bone with am. & pot. Farish Furman Formula ....... . Acid Phosphate Dissolved Bone......... tdair's Ammo. Dissolved Bone.... Planters' Soluble Guano ......... A.dair's Acid Phosphate .... ........ 1c cc cc cc cr cc cc cc cc cc «cc « cc . « ".. . Furm'nFmlIm.Co Atlanta, Ga.. cc 19 cc cc cc cc c cc cc . cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc [C cc CC Adair & McC. Bros cc cci cc Wdair's Formula Elephant Guano ............... standard Guano 4cid Phosphate ............... !.shepoo Fertilizer .......... Eutaw Fertilizer........ shpoAiPhsht.....Eutaw Acid Phosphate. .............. .............. .... cccc cc cc cc CC Alb'ny Fert.& F.I.CC Albany, Ga . cc CC Alb'ny Ft.&F.I.Co c<< cc . .cc 'c c' lid P os.cc 20( ccc . 11 7 7 0,cc C-.Bn . L.Mntiue&C Savannah, Ga. Montgom'ry, Ala cc.otageC AlbmaFrtc o EdsoPhsc o Imoced Imored. Meiiacet.Cc 200 1 23 'C z 1 3 11 ccc ccc ccc tainit.. Vluriate Savannah, Ga. Montgom'ry, Ala 200 2 Charleston, S. C 20'.. 20( 1.50 7 200 1.5( 7 11 20(l. 11 20x... 11 20( . 5 2( 01 1: . 6 10 38Y4 1 Potash............. outhern Soluble Guano....... standard Home Mixture Guano.. . To. 1 Acid Phosphate........... 1o. 2 Acid Phosphate........;. . ~erfection Guano............. . . Meridian, Miss.. NationaFe.Co Meridian, Miss Mobile, Ala.... Mobile, Ala.... Aorthama'Fer. Co. Nashville, Tenn. 'C C' 20t' .. X00 200,2 20(,2 20 0214 200- 1%3 8%2 2 ~4 1 4 NIainit kcid Phosphate ............. )ld Hickory Guano... 200 14 . 9 . 20i 20C 1 kmrnoniated Dissolved Bone... lock City Guano.... .... Tennessee Guano..... ........ ..... ... 10 Nsville, Tenn 2.0) 2('(0 [.02 8 $r. 85 201. 20(l 1.85 Fer. Cc Chicago, Ill 6 6 2 ammoniated Dissolved Bone..7 INorthwest'n natural Bone Dust............ U. S. Yards, Chicago, Ill . 23 30 18 40 1i.18 00 18 59 18 00 18 00 23 30 2 23 30 2 21 35 2 18 40 1 18 00 18 79 2 21 35 21 35 18 00 18 00 18 00 19 44 20 80 19 50 13 00 13 82 00 82 214 25 80 214 25 43 23 0: 22 50 12 19 50 12 50 18 00 12 1.25 20 22 20 46 1 25 20 46 1 25 20 46 2 1 .5 .5 200 1 20'k 14 2.1.05 80 . 2 205 .80 )ber's Dis. Bone Phos. Soluble.... G. Ober & Sons Co.. (Baltimore, Md..1G. Ober Sons & Co Baltimore, Md.. 200.. 10 1I 18 92 18 92 16 50 Guaranteed Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, Filed in the Office of Commissioner of Agriculture by Dealers and Manufacturers-Co BY WHOM REPORTED. NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL. NAME. ADDRESS. BY WHOM WHERE ' GUARANTEED . ANALYSIS Phoh'ricAcid . MANUFACTURED. MANUFACTURED. - a Z r____ U1 U____ U'O G-CQ ber's Sol. Am. Super Phos. Lime. G. It ber's Georgia Cotton Compound.. ber's Farmers Stand. Am. Phos.. ber's Ammoniated Dis. Bone .... stapsco Ammo. Soluble Phos.... Patapsco Guano Co. Augusta,Ga.... mmoniated Dissolved Bone. atapsco Acid Phosphate. ptapsco Acid Phosphate........ )llard Pacific Guano.......... Pacific Guano Boston, Mass... one C. & C. Guano..... Rome Chemical Rome, Ga. (C' ome Sol. Bone with Am. & Potash I' ome Acid Phosphate.......... Rasin Fertilizer Co. Baltimore, Md.. Lpire Guano )luble Specific Guano. . ..... )luble Sea Island Guano... yid Phosphate ...... Ober& Sons Co.. Baltimore, Md.. G. Ober Sons & Co Baltimore, Md.. <' 'C 200 20(, 6%4 ((36% Co.... Co. uth American Guano... Cant Guano .................. ing Guano.................. )yal Acid Phosphate .......... 'C Royal Fertilizer Co. )yal Dissolved Bone.. .......... )yal Ammoniated Fertilizer... Soluble Guano. ... ....... )yal Ammoniated Dis. Bone.. 'nuine German Kainit .......... )yal ;,,ese's Pacific Guano...... .... John S. Reese & Co. lcellenza Solable Guano......... 200 1 8(' 200 I Patapsco Guano Co 200 :.00 20U 200 Pacific Guano Co. Boston, Mass.. 200 1.75 Rome Chemical Co cit Rome, Ga.. 200 2 200 200 c'C Rasin Fertilizer Co 200 2 200 3 200 92 200 Batmoe cholze & y Acid Phosphate... .o...... . iie Soluble )rida Acid Phosphate-.......... ThomasBrothers... Guano...... ....... sin Acid Phosphate...... luble Sea Island Guano ........ uble Specific Guano .... ... 1 2 1'2 22 80 10 3 2 .. ,19 50 7 1 ... 1 19 82 200 [34 7 1 ... 1 19 82 20 10 2........18 00 200 7 . 1 1982 200 [% 10 .1 L 1 1650 200 Fairfield, Ala... Rasin Fertilizer Col Baltimore, Md.. ..12 2 1 ... 21 001 cc I cc I cc 2 6 1 2 23 30j 3 8 2 L 2 28 701 2001 2009[34 Co.... Bro 200 9 3 1 200 580....... 15 9 1l 200 [.85 6.50 3 2 200 9 3 1 200 9 3 1 200 580.....15 200 1.65 1%2 2 6 200. 80 8 3 301t40 L856 50 2.39 2 9 3 1 1 215 18 00 11400 15 00 392 .. 1800 21 54. 1 18 00. 18 00 200 3 8 15 00 2 19 44' 1 75 2572. 1.50 2 Baldwin Fert. Co. Port Royal, S. C 200 1 75 S Walton &WhKann C Charleston, S. C 1 andiver's Am. Dissolved Bone... W. F. Vandiver & Co Montgom'ry, Ala L Nlontg'ry Fert. Co. MontgomeryAla 200 1.05 S 2 200 .87 7 igh Grade English Acid Phos. 1 a e cc Itsh 11. 1 iamond Soluble Bone Phosphate. 200..X Acid Phosphate.... 200... 10 1 1. andiver's High Grade Phosphate 2 Furman Farm Im7 50 2.50 2 provement Co. East Point, Ga.. 200 2.25 1.50 Vaughn & Robinson Hcflin, Ala. High Grade.......... 200 l 75 6 2 3 1 c.I ............ uffalo Bone... :3 2 200 .85 8 1 urman's Soluble Bone....... 20u 1 M~arietta GuacnoCo. Atlanta, Ga.... 2 7 eef Blood & Bone Compound.. 200.. 2 9 I iedmont Acid............... 6 2%4 low Brand Raw Bone Super-phos. Walton & Whann'Co Charleston, S. C. Walton &WhKann C Charleston, S. C. 20021 It 2 1 5 teliance Ammo. Super -phosphate 200 .872 '7 1 1 II V. & W. Co. Ammo. Dis. Bone 200 .87 2 10 1 )iamond Soluble Bone......... 200.. 10 2 tX Acid Phosphate........... Wando ithos. Co Chrlesto, 7 Walton Guano Co... social Circle, Ga Walton Guano C.. Social Circle,S. 200 2 Valton Guano .............. 200.. 10 Valton Acid Phosphate....... 2 Williams & Clark 1 William & Clark i cc Fertilizer Co .. New York, N. YI 200 1.6.5 6 Fertilizer Co ...... New York, N. Y. merican Ammo. Bone Super-phos 2 46fi 2001 65 6.5 1 Wando Phos.eCo... Qharleston, S. C. Vando Soluble Guano..."...... 200 .75 7 2 Vando Ammo. Dissolved Bone... . 200 . 0 .50 1 Vando Acid Phosphate........ 200 . 10 3 50 Van do Dissolved Bone ......... ua3 200 . 1 9 Vando Acid Phosphate... .... 3 200 Wappoo Mills.... t 12 " Vappoo High Grade Acid Phos.. . Wappoo Mills .... 3 ,, Mobile Phosphate X. L. Acid Phosphate ....... 2001. . 10 & Chem. Co. Mobile, Ala.. W. S. Wiggins Sr. Monroeville, Ala I rown Guano............ Treadw'll, Ahb'tt & C Atlanta, Ga 23 82 18 59 17 91 18 00 16 50 25 27 21 33 20 80 19 22 17 17 16 c cc c ccae !urman c<< 1811 if c cc c 17 40 50 05 35 90 50 c c Ga 16 50 22 30 19 50 19 20 18 16 16 43 19 92 50 50 00 16 20 25 00 25 50 00 06 06 lobile Standard Williams Bros...LaPlace, Ala. ure High Grade Phosphate . . ,ainit........ ..... Baltimore, ell Ammo. Bone Super-phosphate Zell Guano Co .... ell Economizer .............. ~Y~l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~\0 ~ \ C1 Y T III'I l~l m . I~~1 I YCIIU L IY Guano.... .... Md.. 200 1.86 10 Alabama Fert. Co. Montgom'ry, Ala 200 200 Imported ....... 200 1 87 6 Zell Guano Co...-. Baltimore, Cl~tr<< ~ ~l l - Md.. 3 2 I 20011 87 6 15 23 19 12 12 1%4 22 1% 22 ' IIII 49 FERTILIZER LAWS. SECTION 139. Sale or exchange of commercial fertilizers.-Commercial fertilizers must not be sold or exchanged without a license from the Commissioner, authorizing the person making a sale or exchange to deal therein. All sales or exchanges made without such license are void. SEc. 140. License.-On the payment of a fee of one dollar, the Commissioner must issue license to any person or firm, or corporation, or association of persons, authorizing the sale or exchange of fertilizers during a season, expiring on the thirtieth day of September of each year. SEC. 141. Tags to be supplied; licensee.-The Commissioner must furnish the licensee on application, tags to be attached to fertilizers sold or exchanged, of the kind and description he is required by subdivision 17 of section 137 to prepare, on the payment to him of fifty cents for a number sufficient to tag a ton of fertilizers. Before selling or exchanging, or ofering to sell or exchange fertilizers, the licensee rmust attach one of the tags to each bag, barrel or package thereof, and a sale or exchange of fertilizers, not so tagged, is void. SEC. 142. Fertilizers to be submitted to Commissioner.-Before offering a fertilizer for sale or exchange, the person proposing to sell or exchange must submit to the Commissioner a writlen or printed statement setting forth1. The name and brand under which such fertilizer is to be sold or exchanged, the number of pounds contained in the bag, barrel or package, in which it is to be put upon the market, the name or names of the manufacturers, and the place of manufacturing. 2. A statement setting forth the amount of the named ingredients which they are willing to guarantee such fertilizer to contain. First, nitrogen; second, water soluble phosphoric acid ; third, citrate soluble phosphoric acid; fourth, acid soluble phosphoric acid; fifth, potash; and such statement shall be held to constitute a guarantee to the purchaser that every package of such fertilizer contains not less than the amount of each ingredient set forth in the statement, and when such statement sets forth the maximum and the minimum of any ingredient, the commercial value shall be estimated upon the minimum alone, but this shall not preclude the party from setting forth any other ingredients which the fertilizer may contain, which, as well as the preceding, shall be embraced in the guarantee. 60 SEc. 143. Fertilizers or chemicals for manufacturing to be branded. -All fertilizers, or chemicals for manufacturing or cornposting the same, offered for sale, exchange or distribution, must have branded upon or attached to each bag, barrel or package, in such manner as the commissioner may by regulation establish, the true analysis of such fertilizer or chemical, as claimed by the manufacturer, showing the percentage of valuable elements or ingredients such fertilizer or chemical contains, and its commercial value, calculated upon the standard of value of the principal ingredients as set forth in section 142, as priced by the commissioner of agricultureat the beginning of each season, and in every case the brand must specially set forth the percentage contained in the fertilizer or chemical of the several ingredients specified in section 142 in the terms of that section. SEO. 144. Fertilizer;what included in terms.-The term "fertilizer," or "commercial fertilizer," as used in this article, does not include common lime, land plaster, cotton seed, cotton seed meal, ashes, or common salt not in combination. SRc. 145. Chemist of Department--The Professor of Chemistry of the Agricultural and Mechanical College is the official chemist of the Department. On the application of the Commissioner he must analyze and certify the analysis of all fertilizers, samples of which are furnished him, and at the request of the Commissioner, if he can without conflict with his duties as professor, must attend conventions of agricultural chemists, make reports of such matters as he may deem of interest to the Department, and render such other services in the line of his profession as the Commissioner may require. SEc. 146. Compensation of Chemist.-The Chemist is entitled to such compensation as the Commissioner may deem reasonable; not exceeding five hundred dollars annually; and also to his necessary traveling expenses, while on duty assigned to him by the Commissioner; payable from the funds of the Department, on the certificate of the Commissioner. Copy of oficial analysis; evidence.-The copy of the analysis of any fertilizer or chemical, under the seal of the official Department of Agriculture, shall be admissible as evidence in any of the courts of this State, on the trial of any issue involving the merits of such fertilizer or chemical. SEC. 147. 51 CRIMINAL LAWS. SEc. 4153. Dealing in fertilizers without submitting statement to Commissioner--Any person who manufactures or exchanges, sells or offers for sale or exchange, any fertilizer without first submitting the statement required by law to the Commissioner of Agriculture, must, on conviction, be fined not more than five hundred dollars for each offense. SEC. 4154. Sellingfertilizers without attachingproper tags.-Any person who sells, exchanges or offers for sale or exchange, any bag, package or barrel of fertilizer which has not been tagged as provided by law, must, on conviction, be fined not less than fifty dollars for each offense. SEC. 4155. Using more than once, and counterfeiting tags, etc. Any person who counterfeits the tag prepared by the Commissioner of Agriculture, or who knowingly uses a counterfeit of such tag, or who uses a second time a genuine tag, or who uses the tag of a former season, must, on conviction, be fined one hundred dollars. SEC. 4156. Making false certificate of analysis of fertilizers.Any chemist who wilfully makes a false certificate of the analysis, or of the ingredients of any fertilizer intended or offered for sale or exchange, must, on conviction, be imprisoned in the penitentiary for not less than two, nor more than five years. SEc. 4157. Dealing in commercial fertilizers without license.Any person, who sells or exchanges fertilizers without having obtained a license from the Commissioner of Agriculture, as provided by law, must, on conviction, be fined not less than one hundred dollars for each offense. SEC. 4158. Fraudin manufacture, sale or exchange offertilizer. -Any person who commits a fraud in the manufacture, sale or exchange of any fertilizer, or of any of the ingredients of a fertilizer, must, on conviction, be fined not less than one hundred dollars for each offense. LICENSES. The following is a list of all licenses issued this season up to July 1st, with date when issued, number of license, post-offices, and the counties of the local dealers : Oct. 5 Adair, A. D. & McCarty.. Atlanta, Ga.... Oct. 8 Atlanta Guano Co....... Atlanta, Ga. Oct. 8 Americus Guano Co. Americus, Ga . Oct. 14 Ashepoo Phosphate Co. Charleston, S.C Dec. 3 Angier, Clarence .. .. Atlanta, Ga. Dec. 10Alabama Fertilizer Co. Montgomery, Ala. . Montgomery. Dec. 17 Arnold, F. M........ Six Mile, Ala. . Bibb . Dec. 19 Allen, Sellers & Co. Montgomery, Ala... Montgomery. Dec. 21 Albany Fer. & F. Imp. Albany, Ga. 1892 Jan. 6 Acree, 0. A. C.......... Newton, Ala..... Dale. Jan. 7Agee, W. P............ Perdue Hill, Ala. Monroe. Jan. 16 Allen, Joel L ....... Opelika, Ala... Lee...... Jan. 26 Allen, R. W. & Co....... LaFayette,Ala... Feb. 5 Askew, J. M ........ Wetumpka, Ala Elmore. Feb. 6 Andrews, W. T ..... . Gold Hill, Ala .. Lee..~ Feb. 9 Adams, Harrison & Willis... Alexander City, Ala. Feb. 13 Akin, G. C. & Sons... Notasulga, Ala... Macon. ... . Feb. 19 Appling, Samuel ... :. Day's. Cap, Ala.. Walker. Feb. 19 Atkins, Owens & Heflin, Ala. Cleburne... Feb. 25 Ashurst & DeLoach..... Tallassee, Ala... Elmore ... Mar. 14 Allred, Joseph ............ Hanceville, Ala .. Blount .. 1891 Oct. 5 Berkely Phosphate Co . Charleston. S. C.... Oct. 8 Betts, W. H..0.......... Burnt Corn, Ala Monroe. Oct. 14Bean, W. F.... ......... . Troy, Ala....... . Pike .. Oct. 17 Barbour, T. M......... . Tuscaloosa, Ala. Tuscaloosa Oct. 19 Baldwin Fertilizer Co... Savannah, Ga..... Oct. 22 Bowker Fertilizer Co..... Savannah, Ga Oct. 26 Beavers & Marsh......... Collinsville, Ala.... DeKalb.. Nov. 7 Bradley Fertilizer Co..... Boston, Mass.... Nov. 16 Brannen, C. S. & Son...... Troy, Ala Pike . Nov. 19'Beall ,Jay W........... Luverne, Ala. . Crenshaw. Dec. -17 Boykin, Coiner & Co. Baltimore, Md.... Dec. 23 Brantley, T. K. & Sons.... Troy, Ala........ Pike ... Dec. 23 Brantley, T. K. & Sons .. Troy, Ala.... ... Pike...... 1892 Jan. 15 Brantley & Edmonson.....Troy,Aa..... .... Pike Jan. 16 Beard, J. M . .... Ru tledge, Ala..Crenshaw. Jan. 191Bowden, Samuel.........Gordon, Ala ...... Henry . L............. Five Points, Ala .. Chambers. Jan. 28 Bowen, J. 5 8 9 32 Co.. 87 94 98 101 107 Co...... 131t 135 168 205 267 276 291 324 375 377 402 477 4 11 35 40 42 45 50 60 69 73 99 110 111 164 170 175 215 220 223 .... Jan. Jan. 29 Brock, G. W............. 29' Bellinger Brothers.... ..... Gadsden, Ala .. Etowah.. Sand Rock, Ala .... Cherokee.,... 53 LICENSES-CONTINUED. i Date of Issue. _ i To WHOM ISSUED. PosT-OrrIcE. COUNTY. PosT-O 0 z 1892 Chambers... 229 LaFayette, Ala Bosworth, Smith & Co. Jan. 3( Talladega. 234 Feb. 1 Bell, Lane & Co..........Lincoln, Ala. Coosa...235 Feb. 1 Brown, J. A. & Co........Kellyton, Ala Crenshaw ... 240 Feb. Bradley & Edwards.......LaPine, Ala. Feb. 2 Burgess, J. A............Edwardsville, Ala... Cleburne ... 244 Jackson..... 286 Feb. Burgess & Kirby........ Scottsboro, Ala. Crenshaw. Feb. Bradley, J. W. & Co......Bradleyton, Ala Jefferson. ... 303 Feb. i0 Brake, J. L...........Warrior, Ala. DeKal b. .... 304 Feb. 10 Burt, R. A..............Brandon, Ala. Jefferson.... 306 Feb. 11Brown, W. S............Birmingham, organ..315 Feb.. 11. Flint, Ala Baldwin, W. E.......... Jefferson. ... 317 Feb. 12 Brake, B. . Warrior, Ala. Blount..... 320 .... Murphree's Feb. 12 Brice & Donehoo 336 Feb. 15 Brice, C. H. & H. E......New Market, Aia... Madison. Henry. ... , 338 Columbia, Ala . Feb. 15Beach, H. M ............ Cleburne.... 357 Bell's Mills, Ala... Feb. 17Bell & .361 . Fayette. Feb. 18Brown, J. J . ... .......... Ivy, Ala:. ...... Feb. 20Beeland, J. & Sons........ Greenville, Ala...... Butler...383 St. Clair. 390 Feb. 23, Byers & Robinson'........- Ashville, Ala.-. Feb. 26Brown, Robt. B. Oil St. Louis, Mo. .. Feb. 27 Burns & Wilson........... Lincoln, Ala ... Cedar Bluff, Ala .... Cherokee .. 462 Mar. 10Burnett Brothers .......... 464 Mar. 10Baddiford, W. H .......... Hardwicksburg, Ala. Henry .. Lamar.. 466 Ala . Mar. 11Branyan & Wilson........ Lauderdale.. 489 L Mar. 18Bliss, 1R. ........ :...... Florence, Ala... 499 Mar. 23 Bledsoe, J. W............ Three Notch, Ala. . Bullock. 508 Hurtsboro, Ala..... . Russell. Mar. 26 Banks & Owen ........... Billingsly. F. M ...... Fayetteville, Ala... Talladega ... 513 Apr. Leeds, ...... Jefferson .... 514 Apr. 5 Bass, J. W ....... . Omaha, Ala....10.. Randolph. .. 524 Apr. 27 Ballard, Joshua ........ 1891 Oct. 9 Corner, Hull & Co .......... Savannah, Ga. 15 Troy, Ala.. Pike........ 22 Oct. 10 Connor, i .. .. .. .. Troy, Ala....... Pike ........ 26 Oct. 12Carroll & Murphree. Randolph... 31 Oct. 14Carlisle, M. W. & Brother.. Roanoke, Ala. Savannah, Ga ... Oct. 16Commercial Guano Co. 36 Oct. 22 Cowetta Fertilizer Co'.... Newnan, Ga.... 47 Oct. 22 Crocker Fert. & Chemn. Co . Buffalo, N. Y .... New York ... 48 59 Nov. 7 Columbus Oil Mills ...... . Columbus, Miss Columbus, Ga.. Nov. 21 Columbus Fertilizer Co. 78 Abbeville, Ala . Henry.:. Nov. 25 Crawford, J. W......... 81 Nov. 28 Cincinnatti Dessicating co. Cincinnati, 0 ... 82 Dothen, Ala ... Henry.. Dec. 4 Cody, M. & J. M..... 88 Charleston, 5.0 C Dec. 10 (hicora Fertilizer -Co... 93 Midland, City, Cody,M.&J.M........ Dec. '24 113 Dale. . .. Dec. 28Crawford, J. R_. ... Dothen, Ala... Henry...118 1892 Spring Garden.. Clarke, W. T. Cherokee .. . 130Jn n Jn.11 Cooke, R. E. & Co...... Cottonwood, Ala 6 [lenry. .,.145 Randolph, .. Cleveland, M. L......... Bibb ... .... 169 Goodwater, Ala .. Jan. 21'Crew, Drummon & Crenshaw. Wetumpka, Ala ... & Rouse.:....... Elmaore .. 191 Jan, 21' 3 3 l .. X88 I. Ala.... J Valley. 13 7 i Barker.............. i Co.... i. Kennedy, 2 Ala........_ Ala. 1 6 & Co Crawley Co. Ala. ( 189 I 54 LICENSES-CONTINUED. Date of Issue. To WHOM ISSUED. POST-OFFICE. COTJNTY. 0 Jan. Jan. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. May 1891 Marion, Ala......Perry Oct. 10 Davis, W. F. & Sons. Dec. 2 Dowling, John W. Ozark, Ala.......Dale. 1892 Jan. 14 Dawson, W. P. & Son. Ware,. Aa...... Elmore.... Jan. 15 Dermis, P. C Coopers, Ala. Chilton.,.... Jan. 21 Daniel, J. G. & Co...... Greenville, Ala.... Butler... Jan. 22 Davis, John H............ Athens, Ala. Limestone Jan. 29Davis, E. R.... ..... "" Rock Run Sta., Ala.. Cherokee.. . Jan. 30Davis, Marshall & Mobile, Ala..... Mobile.... Feb. 2 Dodson, W. R .... .... ,...North Port, Ala.... Tuscaloosa. Feb. 2 Douglass Brothers ...... .. Russellville, Ala.. Franklin Feb. 4 Davenport, S..... Valleyhead, Ala DeKaIb . . Feb. 6 Dunklin, D. - . & Sons...... Greenville, Ala... Butler.... Feb. 10 Dumas, J. T ..... Arlington, Ala... Feb. 15 Dean, W. T. & Brother. .... Fayetteville, Ala... Wilcox .. Talladega. Feb. 27- Davis & Naylor......... . Sand Mountain, Ala DeKalb. .. Mar 3 Dake, Alex. G .... "..... Clanton, Ala. .. Chilton... Mar. 7 Douglass & Duncan....... Alexander City, Ala Mar. 15Dean, W. R.... .... 9.0.a.. Warrior, Ala.. Jefferson.. 1891 Oct.' 12 East Ala. Fertilizer Clayton, Ala.... Barbour... . Oct. 12 Etiwan Phosphate Co.". Charleston, S. C.... Oct. 28 Eufaula Oil & Fertilizer Co. Eufaula, Ala ... Barbour... Dec. 28 Ellis, Charles........... . Savannah, Ga..... 1892 Jan. 2 Edisto Phosphate Co. . Charleston, S. C... Jan. 14 Edmonson, R. L. & Bro... Eufaula, Ala...... Barbour. Jan. 21 Evans, H. H. & Co...0amonT Greensboro, Ala . Hale.... Peb 2 T.±J"......... Monroeville, Ala " Vr"o" " Mo4nroe Mar. 26 Cosper, Glover Co. 28 Cox, Geo. W........... I Caswell, D. H.... .... 9 Campbell, C. G......... 9 Crompton, S. U. .... 12 Chadwick, J. J...... 13Clements, W. N......... 13 Cumbee, J. & Son...... 13 Cordovan, F. 19 Cherry & Smith 19 Chewacla Lime Works. 24 Cohson, B. L........... 27Cooke, J. E.... Culman Co., A. W. H. Co.. Crim Brothers.... 2 Cooke Brothers......... 2 Cooke Brothers......... 8 Cooke, Phillips & Walker... 14Chestnut, J. E.......... 19 Cooke Brothers......... 23Cotton, Geo............ 24Cooper, 0. W.:.. .... 6 Carney, Wi. M......... & Sterrett, Ala. Notasulga, Tuscaloosa, Ala. Shelby.. Macon 208 M......... I I Shorterville, Ala.. . Henry. Maplesville, Ala.... Chil ton... Snead, Ala... ... . Blount Ft. Deposit, Ala.. Lowndes Strouds, Ala. . Chambers. Clio, Ala....... Barbour ... Opelika, Ala.. . Lee....... Chewacla, Ala.. Lee....... Gordon, Ala.. Henry.... Marietta, Ala. Walker...... Cullman, Ala . Cullman.... Newton, Ala .... Dale... Cooke Springs, Ala St. Clair... Vandiver, Ala..... Shelby.. Kennedy, Ala .. Lamar... Gaylesville, Ala.. Cherokee . Eden, Ala ..... St. Clair.... Columbia, Ala.. Hlenry. Oxford, Ala .. Calhoun .. Williams Sta., Ala.., Escambia.. Ala.... Tuscaloosa . 214 236 296 298 323 235 328 333 370 372 396 418 425 426 431 432 456 479 491 497 503 525 19 86 157 166 192 194 225 233 Co.".. Tallpooa.. N.S a 245 246 255 275 305 345 ... 420 436 451- Co... 23 27 52 117 127 155 186 248 55 LICENSES-CONTINUED. t!1 Date of Issue. v To WHOM ISSUED. POST-OFFICE. ____ ___O ____ COUNTY. 0 Birmingham, Ala. Jefferson. . .. Feb. 11Earle, P. H. &(o . Feb.' 17 Emrnett, L. S........... Albertville, Ala..... Marshall.. Uonecuh.. Peach Bloom, Feb. 18 Ethridge, W. R.......... Walker... Day's Gap, Ala.. Mar. 5 Estes, T. ........... Limestone... Athens, Ala .... Apr. 5 Englebert, F. R......... Williams Sta., Ala.. Escambia.... Apr. 16 Emmons, J. D.......... Henry..... Gordon, Ala... ........ July 5 Espy, J. R.. 1891 Troy, Ala.........Pike. Oct. 5 Folmar & Sons......... Opelika, Ala.. .Lee....... Dec. 22 Farley, John C. 1892 Escambia.... Pollard, Ala. Jan. 14 Finlay, W. A.......... Jefferson .. Warrior, Ala. .. 1h8Faust, Jap. Mv.......... Henry . Jan. 19 Forrester, B. A......... Cowarts, Ala ... Hanceville, Ala..... Blount ..... Jan. 29 Frohoff, Frank.......... Sylacauga, Ala.... Talladega. Feb. 4 French, B. D.... .... Lee...... Loachapoka, Ala. Feb. IFelder, J. B............. Kirby's Creek, Ala. Jackson... Feb. 25Fassett, F. M........... Spring Garden, Ala. Cherokee.... Feb. 25 Formby & Stewart. ... Vincent, Ala . .. Shelby..... Mar. SFullenwider, H......... Finchburg, Ala..... Monroe Mar. 12 Finch, J. C............ 1891 Oct. 22 Goulding Fertilizer Co., L'td Pensacola, Fla... Augusta, Nov. 9 Georgia Chemical Works. Wicksburg, Ala Dale . ... Dec. 31 Gilley, W. A........... 1892 I Jan. 20 Griel Bros. & Co........ 1Montgomery, Ala... Montgomery. Dadeville, Ala.... aallapoosa Jan. 23 Gray, William.......... c Lee ... . Jan. 25 Greene, James R........ CWaverly, Ala. Purtersville, Ala.... DeKalb.. Feb, 2 Gilbert, R. F R F . Montgomery, Ala . Montgomery. Feb. SGerson, A. & Sons........ Oxford, Ala .... Calhoun... . Feb. 9 Gray, Co ....... Feb. 10OGulledge, F. Chilton ..... . Verbena, Ala ... Clay..... Feb. 12 Gilbert, John R ....... .. Pinckneyville, Dale.. Feb. 18 Garner, William........... . Ozark, Ala ... .... Blount .. Feb. 20 Griffith, ........... . Hanceville, Ala.. Guntersville, Ala... Marshall. Feb. 26 Gitbreath, Emmett ........ Fredonia, Ala ... Feb. 29 Gaines, R. A .. . ... ..... Chambers.. . Hanceville, Ala..... Blount .. Mar. 4 Griffith, J. J. & Bro .... Mar. 15 Gilder, G.C.. .. .. .. .. .... Mount Meigs, Ala .. Montgomery, Shady Grove, Ala... Pike.. .. Mar. 15 Gilder, G. C............ Calhoun. Mar. 16 Griffin, W. H.......... . Oxford, Ala . 1891 Troy, Ala ........ Pike... Oct. 10 Henderson, J. C ......... Pike. . Oct. 10 Henderson, Fogx......... Troy, Ala ......... Dale .. Oct. 12 Henderson & Murphree... . Ozark, Ala ........ [troy, Ala........ . Oct. 14 Henderson & Rainer... Dallas ... Oct. 24 [looper, C. W. & ,.Co..., Selma, Ala ........ Carrollton, Ala..I Pickens... Nov. 14 Hodo, A. T. ... ...... Floralla, Ala ... Bullock. Dec. 19 Hughes, J. E .......... . Dec. 23 Hunt, L. A. & Ala......... . Barbour. .... . Troy, Ala.,....... Pike...... Dec. 31 Henderson, B. M........ 1t392 Ala.. 308 350 367 446 515 521 530 2 108 161 172 177 221 253 279 403 409 449 473 46 61 122 1~8 195 199 247 277 297 302 319 364 381 413 422 442 481 482 486 20 21 25 34 49 Jan. Ga.... Draper & A.......... Ala.. Asa. Co... ,Clio, 67 102 112 122 56 LICENSES-CONTINUED. Jan. 2 Hurst, W. D.............Upelika, Ala. Jan. 2 Hoffman, Paul... .. Waverly Ala. Lee.... Jan. 6 Houton & Co............Columbia,, Ala Henry.,.... Jan. 7 HeringB. Headland,Ala Henry. Jan..11 Henderson .Bros. & Co.. Troy, Ala....... Pike.... Jan. 11 Henderson, D. & Chas.. Troy, Ala.. Pike. . Jan. 11Henderson, J. M. & Fox.... Troy, Ala....... Pike ... Jan. 11 Howle Brothers..........Edwardsville, Ala. Cleburne... Jan. 11'Harwell, W. Lee . Ala. . Jan. 11 Holley, F. M............Lawrenceville, Ala. Henry Jan. 18 Hill, Jones & Co Roanoke, Ala Randolph. Jan. 20Hobbie, Teague & Co. Montgomery. Montgomery, Jan. 21 Holifleld, J. A. & Co.......Auburn, Ala Lee .. Jan. 21 Head, T. L. & Co.........China Grove, Ala.. Pike. Jan. 29 Harrison, Jno. D.. ... Grafton, Ala. Henry. Jan. 29 Hudson, H. E. . Monroe... onroeville, Feb. 1 Hutchinson, J. Lee... . Salem, Ala Feb. 3 Hughes, R. F............Piedmont, Ala..... Calhoun Feb. 4 Henderson & Rainer.......Troy, Ala....... Pike. Feb. 5 Herring, J. W. & Bro. Midland City, Dale ... Feb. 6 Hertzlcr & Anderson. Madison, Ala. Madison .. Feb. 8 Hirsch Brothers..........Seale, Ala...... Russell. .. . Feb. 9 Haddock, F. P...........Hatchechubbee, Ala LRussell. Feb. 9 Haynes, D. P Calhoun.. Oxford, Ala. Feb. 11Hamil Brothers......... Troy, Ala....... Pike .. Feb. 24 T. E .......... Branchville, Ala St. Clair. Feb. 25Hoffman, Walter ..... Waverly, Ala. Lee... Feb. 25 Hood, David.............Clarence, Ala Blount. . Feb. 27Hood, W. T.............Murphree's Val. Ala Blount Mar. 3 Henderson, T. J..........Mountain Creek, Ala .. Mar. 4 Haynie, W. H Loachapoka, Lee........ Mar. 9 Hartselle Bros. Co........ Hartselle, Ala . Morgan. Mar. 9 Henderson Brothers........ Fullerton, Cherokee.. Mar. 12Hurt & Co . ........... Limrock, Ala . Jackson.. Mar. 14 Henry, A. G., Jr........ .. Guntersville, Ala ... M1arshall.-. Mar. 15 Hooper, C. S............ Blount Springs, Ala. Blount.. Mar. 17 Harrell, W. F ............ Blount Springs, Ala. Blount . Mar. 23 Hale, J. R. &Bro... ... ,.. Hale, Ala........ . Marion . Mar. 24 Hamilton Bros ........... LaPlace, Ala ... Macon .. . Apr. Hale & Hale...... ....... Leesburg, Ala .... Cherokee.... 1891. Oct. 14Imperial Fertilizer Co .... Charleston, S. C.... 1892 Feb. 17Ivey, J. W ............... Petrey, Ala .... Crenshaw. . 1891 Oct. 30 T. M ............ Augusta, Ga ... Nov. 10 [ones, V. D.... ......... rTroy, Ala ....... . Pike ... Dec. 1 James, P. P.......... Centreville, Ala... Bibb.. Dec. 17 Lipscomb....Opelika, Ala .. Lee........ Dec. 21 Jones & Co ............... Newton, Ala Dale.. 1892 Jan. 11Johnson, J. J.... ........ Geneva, Ala ... Geneva,, Fleb. 11Jones, Searcy &Whitman,. Charlton, Ala . . Dale. W W. 0...........Opelika, N...... Ala... Ala.. Ala.. Hagwood, & Ala... SChilton. Ala... 7 124 126 133 138 140 141 142 150 151 153 171 180 190 193 218 222 239 250 260 263 270 290 295 301 310 399 406 407 417 437 443 457 458 471 474 480 488 495 504 514 33 353 57 65 84 97 105 143 309 Johnson, Jernigan & ... ES I NUU Date of Issue. To WHOM ISSUED. POST-OFFICE. COUNTY. 0 1892 Feb. 15Jacksoa, A. C. Feb. 23 Jordan, Manning & Co Mar. Jennings, Ben.......... z Vernon, Ala. Guntersville, I Seale, Ala ... Ala. Lamar. Marshall... Russell... DeKalb .. Henry ... Cullman.... Dale .... 344 394 423 179 200 232 264 274 352 404 450 452 Brandon, Ala... Jan. 20 Killan, W. E........... Jan. 25Kirkland, Levi.......... Cowarts, Ala. Cullman, Ala. Jan. 30 Koopran & Gerdes. Midland City, Ala. Feb. Kelley, G. W.......... Merigold, Ala Feb. 6 Keel, S......... Burnt Corn, Ala Feb. 17Kyser, J. K . ..... Leigiton, Ala Feb. 25King, Claude.......... Portersville, Ala Mar. 7 Killian, G, W.......... Mar. 7 Kitchens Brothers...... Heflin......... Montevallo, Ala Mar. 25Kroell, George........ 1891 Forest Honme, Ala. Oct, 10 Lazenby, Reynolds & Oct. 30 Loeb, Simon........... Montgomery, Ala.. Nov. 23 Listers Agric. &Chem.Works Newark, N. J ... Baltimore, Md Dec. 5 Lorentz & Rittler....... Wetumpka, Ala.:. Dec. 11Lull & Lancaster. 1892 Hartselle, Ala ... Jan. 7 Lemay, S. I............ Atlanta, Ga ... Jan. 15 Langston & Woodson. Jan. 18 Lewis. D. L. & J. A........ Alpine, Ala..... Granger, Ala.Jan. 21 Long & Co............. Selma, Ala Jan. 26 Lamar, L. & B......... Montgomery, Ala... Jan. 27 Leary, J. F.. Jan. 29 Leslie, Geo ..... Gordon, Ala .. Sycamore, Ala . Feb. 2 Lewis,. D. L. & J. A. Goodwater, Ala.. Feb. 2 Lauderdale & Crew .. Montgomery, Ala... Feb. 8 Lemle, L ...... Feb. 8 Lowry, R. F ............ Perdue Hill, Ala . Williams Sta., Ala.. Feb. 11Lowry, W. W........... Montgomery, Ala... Feb. 17 Lemle, I ... ........... Alexander City, Ala Feb. 18 Lauderdale, J. S ......... Feb. 19 Luverne Fertilizer Co... .0..Luverne, Ala... Auburn, Ala. Feb. 20 Little, C. E ... ... Burnt Corn, Ala Feb. 22 Lee, Alonzo J . ......... Feb. 27 Leman, A .............. . Greenville, Ala .... Mar.3 Lee, Robt. A. & Co...... .. Greenville, Ala .. Montevallo, Ala,... Mar. 10Latham, S. A & Co... Mar. 21 Long, N. W. EB........... Elurtsboro, Ala... Cedar Bluff, Ala Mar. 2( Lawrence, R ............ 1891 Atlanta, Ga.. Marietta Guano Co ........ Oct. ,5 Oct. 9 Montgomery Fertilizer Co... Montgomery, Ala. Oct. 9 Mobile Phosphate. Co ...... Mobile,. Ala Oct. 9 Meridian Fertilizer Factory.. Meridian, Miss... Randolph, Ala.. ..... Oct. 10 Mahur, W. H . . Oct. 13 Murphree, Joel D ........ . Troy, Ala savannah, Ga. .... Oct. 30Montague, C. L. & Co ... Dec. 2 Mayfield, Pittman & Co .. Roanoke, Ala... 5 ....... Madison Monroe .. Cohert.. DeKa b. Cleburne: Shelby. Butler.... Montgomery. Elmore.. Morgan 506 17 56 79 89 96 137 165 174 187 204 209 217 242 249 280 285 312 356 358 379 380 385 415 439 463 492 507 3 13 14 16 18 29 54 85 Co.... Henry. Henry. fall ad ega .. . . . Dallas. Montgomery .. Talladega... Coosa. Montgomery Monroe . Escambia. Montgomery. Tal lapoosa... Crenshaw. Lee... Monroe.... . Butler.. Butler.. Shelby .. Russell. Cherokee.. Montgomery. Mobile .. Bibb . Pike... Randolph. 58 LIC ENSES--CONTINUED. Dec. 10 \{ialone, Collins & Co. Dec. 10 Marks & Gayle.......... Dec. 17 Miles, T. B Dec. 24 Mills & Pauncey........ 1892 Jan. 11 Manley, Iandley & Co. ......... Jan. 14 Martin, W. J. Jan. 14 Melton & Co........ Jan..20 Mills, J. B.. Jan. 25 Montgomery, H. B. T. Jan. 2 'Viddlebrooks & Bro. Jan. 29 Mickle & East......... Jan. 30 Mash, D. J........ Feb. 4 Martin, T J ............. Feb. 5 & Schw~artz ... '' Feb. 11 Moreman, J. M, ..... Ala.. 92 Montgomery, Ala.. Montgomery. 95 Union Springs, Ala Bullock... 100 Clay Hatchiee, Ala. Dale.. 114 Geneva, uenev ... . Maas Feb.' Feb. 12 May, J. T.... .. ...... Feb. 19 Morris, .1. C ........... .......... Feb. 25 Myers, J. S.. Feb. 26 Morris, D. W & Bro .... Feb. 29 Manasses, J ....... Mar. 2 Marshall, J. Z ........... J. K .......... Mar. 10 Merryman . Mar. 30 Morgan & May, 28 Martin & Crocker......... May 30 Mastin, C. J............. H. D............. June 9 Alpine, Ala ...... 1891 & Harison......Mobile, Ala. .Mobile. 39 Oct. 16 . 103 Dec. 19 MlcGriff & Oakley...... .... Columbia, Ala ..... 1892 [allassee, Ala.. Elmore. . 128 Jan. 5 McKenzie, F, S. Talladega.Her. 147 11 Mc Williams, J. B. & Co.... "Talladega, Ala. .. Columbia, Ala ..... 149 Jan. 11 McGriff, T. P.. ..... Hanceville, Ala.. 158 Blount .... Jan. 14 McEntire & Co......... alladega, Ala . T'alladega. Jan. 26 McEldery, G. T........ 206 Greene... 251 Feb. 3 McGriffers, David....... Knoxville, Ala. Luverne, Ala. 265 Feb. 5 McDonald, F. C. & Co. Crenshaw. Auburn, Ala Lee :. 299 Feb. 9 Mclhaney, F. G....... Marshall ... Boaz, Ala 321 .... Feb. 12 McCleskey, & Co....... Goodwater, Ala.... Coosa. 332 Feb. 13 McKenzie & Rogers .... DeKalb . 335 Feb. 15 McNutt, W. W......... . Brandon, Ala.... LaFayette, Ala.... Chambers.. . 340 Feb. 15 Mc(ieehe, Driver & Co . Russell.. 347 Feb. 16 McLendon & Tuae....... Jernigan, Ala . Invernes, Ala... Bullock. ... 433 Mar. 2 McMillan & Simpson. Clarke 469 Mar. 12 McCorquisdale, FE....... . Coffeeville, Ala. Albertville, Ala. Mar. 14McCord, W. T.......... Marshall.. 476 Porterville, Ala-. DeKalb. . 484 Mar. 15 McBroom, A. M........ 1891 Nashville, Tenn .. 30 Oct. 13 National Fertilizer Co. Oct.. 26 North Western Fertilizer Co, Chicago, Ill . 27 Mackey, Milner, Moore, B. F............. Roanoke, Ala... Abbeville, Ala . Pine Apple, Ala Shorteraville,Ala... Opelika, Ala... Elamville, Ala.. Roanoke, Ala.. Greenville, Ala.. Harpersville, Ala... Selma, Ala Waverly, Ala. Montgomery, Ala... . Day's Gap, Ala..... Fort Payne, Ala... Cliepultepec, Ala... Mackey, Ala. Clayton, Ala... . rondale, Ala.. . Columbians, Ala. Heflin, Ala ... Gladstone, Ala... Huntsville, Ala..... Randolph... Wilcox. Henry. .. Lee .... Barbour... Randolph... 146 156 162 182 197 212 216 230 Butler .. Shelby... Dallas ... Lee Montgomery. Walker...... DeKalb. . Blount .. Cherokee.... Barhour.. Jefferson... Shelby .. Cleburne . Madison., Madison.. .. Talladega.. 259 266 311 316 376 410 412 419 421 429 460 510 527 s,528 1 529 McMillan Henry. Jan. . . 59 LICENSES-CONTINUED. 18191 Nov. 21lNeece, M. B.......... Huntsville, Ala. Dec. 9 Nettles, T. A... .... Longstreet, Ala 1892 Jan.. 20Neighbors, J. A. & Co Goodwater, Ala Jan. 30 Nicholls, J. A...........Childersburg, Ala Feb. ] 1Noles & Tenant...... Roanoke, Ala. Feb.: 22 Nordan, L. W...........Hardwicksburgh Feb. 24 Nixon, W. D............Merreliton, Ala Mar. 4 Norwood Hattimer.. Fort Deposit, Ala Mar. 21 Nichols & Vernon........Roanoke, Ala. May. 6 Newton, C. A. & Son. Belville, 1891 Oct. 21 O'Neal & Acree..........Dothen, Ala. Nov. 16 Oberg Sons Company. Baltimore, Md Dec. 22 Ozbin, W. N............Hackelburg, 1892 Jan. 23 & Jackson........Estaboga, Ala ... Feb. 1 Oliver Brothers..........Dadeville, Ala Feb. 15 Orman & Bayless.........New Market, Mar. SO'Neal & Law...........eawright, Ala 1891 Oct. 17 Pearce, J. & Co..........Gum, Ala....... Oct. 30 Pollard, W. J............Augusta, Ga Nov. 9 Patapsco Guano Co.......Baltimore, Md Nov. 23 Pelzer, Rogers & Co.......Charleston, S. C lRoanoke, Ala. Dec. 26 Prescott, C. M. & J. S ..... Dec. 28 Parish, P. L.............Henderson, Ala 1892 Jan. 2 Pickens, J. M........... Culiman, Ala. Jan. 7 Pope, M. F. & Co.........Fayetteille, Ala. Madison Monroe... Coosa ['alladega. Randolph. 77 91. & Henry... . Ala, Lowndes Randolph. Conecuh . 183 227 363 .386 401 444 493 526 44 72 109 196 237 339 447 41 55 Ala Henry. Monroe Talladega. Tallapoosa Madison Covington... Marion. Ogletree Ala 65J Randolph,.. Pike. Culirman.. Talladega.. Shelby 80 115 116 Jan. Jan. Jan.; Jan. Jan. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar.: Mar. Apr. 1891 Oct. 125 136 148 11 Ponder, B. F ..... ........ 152 18 Porter, Martin & Co ....... Jacksonville, Ala... Calhoun.. 173 19 Platt, W. H .............. Kennedy, Ala... Lamar. 176 20 Phillips & Dean . .... .. Dale. Ala . 181 5 Pullen & Taylor..... ...... Eutaw, Ala .... Greene... 262 5 Pope, G. W ........ Midland City, Ala.. Dale.. 268 9Polk, M. S ........... Alexander City, Ala Fallapoosa 294 17 Preer, T. C............ Opelika, Ala Lee ...... 351 18 Parker, H. C.........Georgiana, Butler... 360. 26 Pitts,& Norris .... .. Vincent, Ala. Shelby. 414 3 Payne, W. H............ Dadeville, Ala . Tallapoosa .. 438, 14 Phillips, D. T........lkmont, Ala. Limestone... 475. 16 Prim & Kimbell......... Jackson, Ala. . Clarke.. 485. 24 Phillips, J. J. G. W ... Syllacauga, Ala . Talladega. 502 31 Pennery, James A.... .. Hokes Bluff, Ala Etowah. 511 18 Pugh, Stone & Co ... . .... Dadeville, Ala . Tallapoosa 522 11 Pope, J. F ..... ..... Wilsonville, Ala..... Opelika, Ala Charlton, Ala...-. & Oct. 19 Royal Fertilizer Co....... Charleston, S. C.... Nov. 10 Reese, John S. & Co........ Baltimore, Md .. Dec. 5 Read Fertilizer Co ......... Charleston, S. C.... Dec. + 1 Rayner B3rothers.......... Newtons . 12 Raisin Fertilizer Co....Baltimore, Md . Al Dale... 28 43 71 90 106 60 LICENSES-CONTINUED. Date of Issue.o 1892 To WHOM ISSUED. POST-OFFICE. COUNTY. 0 Jan. 20 Rainer, F. P & Co. Jan. 26 Russell, M. T. & Co. Jan. 29 Reynolds, F. L......... Jan. 30 Rogers, J. E.......... Feb. 5 Rainer Brothers .... Feb. 6 Raspberry, B. T........ Feb. 6 Roberts & Webb........ Feb. 8 Robinson, B. F Feb. 1' Roberson & Jones....... Feb. 9 Ray & Robertson. Feb. 13 Rayner, L. W Feb. 13 Robertson, Frederick & Co. Feb. 15 Russell, E. J Feh. 15 Rome Oil Mill & Fertilizer Feb. 20 Rains, G. M Feb. 2: Roberts, Frank S....... Mar. 3 Robinson, W.(C Mar. Russell, R. A. & Co. Mar. 3 Russell, 0 L. & Co. Mar. b Roberts, G. W Mar. 12 Robertson, F. M Mar. 24 Reynolds, H. C. & B. W Apr. 9 Robinson, M. H Apr. ii Riddle, S W. & Co Apr. 21Riser, A. 0 1891 Oct. 6 South Ala. Oil& FertilizerC Oct. 12Scott, Geo. W. Mfg Co Oct. 16Stono Phosphate Co Oct. 30 Savannah Guano Co ... Oct. 31 Souti emn Phosphate Nov. 9 Stedham, J. V ...... ... . Nov. 9 Smith, Jasper .......... . Nov. 10Shirley, S. W .... Nov. 20Steiner, Jas. & Son .. Nov. 20Steiner Bros. & Co..... Dec. 1 Skipper, Jno. C....... ... 1892 Jan. 2 Schloss & Kahn .. Jan. 5 Smith, T. & Meadows.. Jan. 1D Smith , F. Co....... . Jan. 15Sampey, W L Jan. 21 Schuessler Brothers. Jan. 25 Savage, L. W. ...... .. Jan. 25Street, J. C . Jan. 25 smith Brothers .. .. Jan. 27 Stephens, B F.& Co Jan. 30 Steinheardt, A.... .... .... Feb. 1 Seaman, E. S .. .. Feb. 2 Stevens & Spivy ....... . Feb. -3 Simon, Henry.......... Feb. 4 Shelton, G. D........... C( -klbertsvil e, Geneva. . Rogers, Ala. DJeKalb... Troy, Ala . Pike .. . Strasburg, Ala.. Chilton.,... Pleasant Gap, Ala... 'herokee Jemison. Ala. Chilton Cropwell, Ala.. St. Clair.... Wilsonville, Ala Shelby... Kirks Grove, Ala. Cherokee Lee ..... .. )pelika, Ala. ... thens, Ala.. Limestone... SRome, Ga. Ala Marshall . Mobile, Ala Mobile . Coffeeville, Ala. ... Clarke... Gaylesville, Ala.. Cherokee Lawrence, Ala Collinsville, Ala .... DeKalb Fayette C. H., Ala. Fayette. Montevallo, Ala Shelby Jacksion, Ala .. Clarke .. Gadsden, Ala. ... Etowah.... Talladega. Alpine, Ala. Geneva, Brnndidge, Ala.... Grand Bay, Ala Pike... Ala.... obile 184 . 207 219 226 261 2639 273 283 289 300 326 327 334 342 382 392 435 440 441 454 472 500 517 519 523 7 24 DOzark andGaDothen. Atlanta, Dale & Henry Co.-.. Charleston, 8. 0.... savannah, Ga.... Atlanta, Ga .. Stedham, Ala .. Guntersville, Ala... Glee, Ala ... Greenville, Ala... Greenville, Ala . Dotben, Ala .. Escambia... . LV'arshall . Pike Butler. Butler. Henry*.. 37 53 58 63 64 66 74' 75 83 C.'& Montgomery, Ala... Montgomery. 123 129 Lee .. Opelika, Ala . 154 Butler.. Greenville, Ala.. 167 Clanton, Ala . LaFayette, Ala ... Evergreen, Ala... Bluff Springs, Ala Svllacauga, Ala. Louisville, Ala. Greenville, Ala.. DeArinanville, Ala Patsburg, Ala Vlontgomery, Ala... Liberty, Ala.... Cmes onecuh.... Clay .. 188 Barbour.. Butler. . Calhoun.... Crenshaw.. Montgomery. Blount . 198 201 202 211 228 238 241 254 257 61 LICENSES-CONTINUED. C1 Date of To WHOM ISSUED. Issue. POST-OFFICE. COUNTY. Co .- - 1892 8 Stevens, John M......... Feb. Feb. 8Snead, James E.......... Feb. 8 Samhenry & Co......... 9 Slaughter, Staffin & Co. Feb. Feb. 11 Sanders & Purcell........ Feb. 11lSims,J. F.............. Feb. 12 Snead,J. H............ Stodghill, J. T........... Feb. Feb. 13 Sibert, W. J........... Feb. 17 Scholze & Brother........ Feb. 17 Simmons, C. M......... Feb. 18 Simpson, C. M Stiefelmeyer, C. A....... Feb. Feb. 19 Stumpe,J. M............ Feb. 19 Sims, John M............ ..... Feb. 22 Stinnett, S. L.. Feb. 22 Smith & Black............ Feb. 23 Smith, W. T Feb. 25 Stewart, B.M. & J. D. Mar. 3 Schiffrna. S. S........... Mar. 5 Stewart,. H. C.......... Mar. 5 Smith Brothers& Co. 13 19 Mar. 8 Shepherd, R.M........ Mar. 10 Sloane Brothers......... ..... Mar. 10Steagall, P. , Mar. 14 St. John & Quigley. Mar. 19 Smith, E. S......... Mar. 23Stnrdivant Brothers. Mar. 24 Smith, J. P. & Brother. Mar. 28 Sistrunk & Jordan ..... 1891 5 Troy Fertilizer Co...... Oct. 6eTinsley Fertilizer Co... Oct. 1892 Zoe, Ala........ Snead, Ala.... Gadsden, Ala . Perdue Hill, Ala.... Columbia, Ala.. Brompton, Ala. . Boaz, Ala.. Fredonia, Ala .. Gadsden, Ala.... Chattanooga, Tenn.. Monroeville, Ala... . Rranchville, Ala.... Cullman, Ala ... St. Florian, Ala.... (jeorgiana, Ala.. Athens, Ala. Lnverne, Ala Wi lonville. Ala. .. . Spring Garden, Ala. Huntsville, Ala Sylacauga, Ala. Heflin, Ala.. Kennedy,. Ala... Lebanon, Ala.. Eufaula, Ala . Mobile, Ala... .. Argo, Ala Dadeville, Ala Warrenton, Ala.. Tallassee, Ala..... Selma, . Henry.... Blount. Etowah. . 281 282 287 293 307 Monroe . Henry.... St. Clair. 313 322 329 330 349 354 362 369 371. 373 Marshall.. Chambers. Et o w a h . . -. St. Clair... Cullman... Butler . Limestone Gronshaw. Shelby.. Lauderdale. 384 397 Cherokee. 389 408 434 445 448 455 Madison..... Talladega . Cleburne ... Lamar DeKalb... Barbour . Mobile Jefferson.. Tallapoosa . Marshall... Elmore .. .. 459 461 4 '8 490 498 501 509 1 6 Troy, Ala.........Pike Ala........Dallas. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Feb. ............ 11 Tillis, R 27 Torbert, C. C ... ........ 30 Tucker, Brock & Co .... 3 Tally, Dyer N ........... 23 Thompson, J. T.......... 24 Thornton, G. A ........... 6 Tuttle, A. G.............. Feb. Feb. Feb. 2 Thomas Brothers ...... ... . Opelika. Ala Mar. 12 Tucker, W. D........ Maple Grove, Ala.. Cherokee,. .. Apr. 14Towers, G. W .......... 1891 Montgomery, Ala.. Montgomery. 8 Vandiver, W. F. & Co.. Oct. 1892 Branchville, Ala... -t. Clair Feb. 18 Vandegrift, J. Butler . Georgiana, Ala . Feb. 19Vincent, U. C............ fleflin, Ala... Cleburne.. Feb. 23 Vaughan & .Robinson.... Birminghasm, Ala 1.. Sefferson,,. ,,,,.. Mar. 2 Vandegrift, A. B Mar. 11 Treadwell. Abbott &Co... Atlanta, Shorters Stat'n, Ala.J Macon.. 132 Geneva.. 144 . Geneva, Ala.. Macon. 210 . Society Hill, Ala. :.aFayette, Ala Chambers.. . 231 Covington. 243 .. . Fairfield, Ala .. Jefferson.. Trussville, Ala.... 252 395 Madison.. . Huntsville, Ala . Fayette C. H., Ala.. Fayette.. 398 Ga .... 465 469 520 12 3i1 H......... 374 393 430 62 LICENSES-CONTIrNUED. 1891 8 Walton Guano Oct. Oct. 16 Walton & Whann Co. Nov. 14 Williams & Clark Fert. Co Nov. 16 Wood. W. S........... Dec. 19 Whiddon & Dawsey. Dec. 29 Winkler, A.G.......... Dec. 29 Weedon & Dent........ 1892 Jan. 6 WIel Brothers.......... Jan. ii1Wando Phosphate Co Jan. 14 Wright, Henderson & Rainer Jan. 14 Wood, J. P. & Co....... Jan. 14 Wallers, & Russell....... Jan. 21 Williams, R. S............ Jan. 2' Warnock &'Sons........ Jan. 29 Willis, J. J. S........ Feb. 4 Wood, R... Feb. 4 Williamson, Thomas F. Feb. 6 Whitman, S. P. & Sons. Feb. 6 Whitman & Co......... Feb. 8 Webb, J. H............ Feb. 8 Winter & Loeb......... Feb. 9 Williams, A. J. . Feb. 11 Weed & Williams........ Co....... Social Circle, Charleston, S. C............. New York,N.Y .. .......... Cottonwood, Ala .. Henry. Dothen, Ala Greenville, Ga............ ...... Eufaula, Ala. Ala. Henry. Barbour. Lee. ... ........ Crenshaw. . Talladega Tallapoosa Elmore Butler.. 10 38 68 70 10.1 119 120 134 139 159 160 163 185 213 224 256 258 271 272 .278 284 292 314 318 337 341 343 346 348 359 368 378 388 391 397 400 405 424 427 453 467 470 487 494 496 505 512 518 831 366 Opelika, Ala...... Charleston. S. C.... Brantley, Ala. ... Talladega, Ala. Alexander City, Ala. Wetumpka, Ala... Oxford, Ala Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Mar. Mar. l .Bror Childersburg, Ala. Talladega. Opelika, Ala......Lee. Guntersville, Ala... Varshall.. Boaz, Ala.Marshall Loachapoka, Ala. Lee....... Montgomery, Ala.. Montgomery. Linwood, Ala.. Pike. Ariosta, Ala......Dale Piedmont, Ala ... Calhoun. ... 12 Wolf, J. P... 15 Webb, John C.......... Demopolis, Ala. .. Marengo Attalla,Ala. 15 Whaley & Buckley....... Etowah Verbena, Ala.. Chilton. 15 Wells, K.............. 16 Watkins, F. & Co....... Opelika, Ala. Lee 17 Wilson Brothers.... .... . Clanton, Ala...... Chilton..... .. . Trinity, Ala....Morgan.... 18 Walden, D.......... 19 Webb: Brothers..... .... Kellyton, Ala .Coosa.... . PlIevna, Ala. ...... Madison.. 19 Walker, J. M .......... 23 Williams & Turner...... . Cherokee, Ala .... Colbert.. Cullman, Ala ... . Cullman.... 23 Williams, B. R. & Sons.. Calera, Ala . .... Shelby ... ..... 24 Wade, A. C. & Wilsonville, Ala.... Shelby.. 24 Weldon, J. H. & Sons. Farill, Ala .... 25 Wright, A. RI ....... . Cherokee Monroeville, Ala... Monroe.... Wiggins, W. J., Sr ....... ~....... Mt. Andrw ... Calhoun... Co Burnt Corn, Ala ... 7 Watkins, John P . . 11 Williams Brothers...... . LaPlace, Ala...... Luttrell, Ala. .. 12 Williams, C. LD....... 17 Williams, RH.G. & Co.. Opelika, Ala ... 22 White & Awbrey.... . Roanoke, Ala . .. 23 Ward & .. ,..... Station, Ala... 24 Windham, A. L.. ... Moulton, Ala...... Florence, Ala...... Apr. 2 Westmoreland, R ... Mar. Mar. Mar. Apr. Mar. Mar. Mar. Apr. IWimberly, 2 H.T .......... Greenville, Ala..... Butler.. Monroe... Macon.. DeKalb.... . May 11 White & L. Griffith.......... Cuba Lee. Randolph.'. Sumter..... . Lawrence.... Hokes Bluff, Ala. .. Etowah..... Lauderdale.. Feb. Feb. 18 Young, Reubin........... Snead, Ala....... Blount.. l8York, A. J......... #*a* Cullman, ,..Cullm~n.. Ala. 63 LICENSES-CONTINUED. Date of To WHOM ISSUED. Issue.o 1891 Nov. 20 Zell Guano Co.... ....... 1892 Feb. 17 Zadek, S...... POST-OFFICE. COUNTY. 6 Baltimore, Md............76 ... \'Iontgomery, Mar. 2 Zorn, D. H ...... .. .... Zornville, Ala Ala. .. Henry. :ontgomery. 355 .. 428 Bulletin No. 39. November, 1892. Agricutura Experiment Station -OF THE- AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE, AUBURN, ALABAMA. A. J. BONDURNAN, Agriculturist. JAS. CLAYTON, Assistant Agriculturist. W"The Bulletins of this Station will be sent free to any citizen of the State on application to the Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn) Ala. All communications should he addressed to EXPERIMENT STATION, AUBURN, ALA. Published by order of the Board of Direction, WM. LE ROY BRO UN, President. T [E BROWN PRINTING co., PRINTERS, MONTGOMERY, ALA. BO A..?ID OF VISITORS. COMMITTEE OF TRUSTEES ON EXPERIMENT STATION. HON. HON. J. R. G. F. GILCHRIST................................ LIGON..................................... Hope Hull. Montgomery. HON. H. CLAY ARMSTRONG.. ........................... Auburn. :BAE WM. LEROY B.ROUN OF DIEECTION._ President. ........................................ ....................... ...... ... ... A. J. P. H. BONDURANT............... ................ Agriculturist. N. T. LUPTON. MELL .............................. Botanist and Meteorologist. . ........ ..... Chemist. ............................. Biologist. C. F. CARY, D. V. S .............................. ASSISTANTS: JAMES CLAYTON. . .............. J. T. ANDERSON, Ph. Veterinarian, D.... ...... ....... filled. Assistant Agriculturist. First Assistant Chemist. L. W. WILKINSON, M. Sc ................ F. A. LUPTON, Sc..................... Third Assistant Chemist. R. F. HARE, B. Sc.....................Fourth Assistant Chemist. G. S. CLARK.... .. ........... Clerk, and Assistant Botanist. *To M. Second Assistant Chemist. be Experiments in Wheat. In 1890 the Agricultural Experiment Station began some experiments in wheat culture. Application for varieties of wheat, was made to the Agricultural Department at Washington, D. C., but only two varieties, imported from France, were sent, viz: Richelle de Naples, Large White, and de Reiti, or Large Red. The Purple Straw, a standard amber variety, was obtained near Auburn, and twelve other varieties were presented by James Carter & Co., High Holborn, London. It was not intended to show the farmers how to raise wheat, but to find some variety so adapted to our soil and climate, that they might be induced to plant something besides cotton, and at least raise enough wheat for home consumption. In October, 1891, eight bushels of purple straw, and six bushels each of large red and large white were distributed to forty-five farmers in different parts of the State; twenty-six of whom reported, sixteen of them were failures, owing largely to late planting, and ten met with moderate success. In addition to the above experiments, this Station also carried on a comparison of the same varieties, as follows: EXPERIMENT No. 1. The land had been planted in oats the previous year, followed by peas. About Nov. 1st, 300 lbs. cotton seed meal and 200 ibs, acid phosphate, per acre, were sown broadcast and turned under with a Dixie plow. On Nov. 4th', plots of acre each were accurately measured, (the "Farmer's Acre" obtain the same number of of 70 yards square used) and grains of wheat for each plot, three ounces of each variety were weighed and counted separately, and the average taken. The grain of the Large White, being an intermediate between that of the Large Red, and the Purple Straw, was used as a to basis, and 1 bushel, or 15ibs. (the quantity to be used per 4 plot) was found to contain 156,000 grains. The Large Red required 15.7lbs. to make 156,000 grains, while the Purple Straw, being much smaller, required only 10.1 lbs. The following tabulated statement shows the comparative yield from the same namber of grains per plot. SAME NUMBER OF GRAINS PER PLOT. 0 rI 0 4-1 z4 Nc 0 O Onw k) 0I; Q P-4 CID 0c gn zi~ cr d O k d .0~7 1... 2... 3... 3 Acre. " " 10.1 15.7 15. Purple Straw. Lairge white 156,000 156,000 40.4 62.8 60. 2. 236.3 15% 235.1 152 209.7 13.29-30 Large Red. 156,000 EXPERIMENT No. The land had been planted the previous year in wheat, followed by peas, and was prepared and fertilized as in Experiment No. 1. In this Experiment fifteen pounds of each of the three foregoing varieties were sown in 4 acre plots, with results as shown in the tabulated statement below. SAME NUMBER POUNDS PER PLOT. O 0 rd 00 CJ 56, tel ~0 wO CI2O 0 0 Fertilizers per Fertilizers per' Plot. Acre. 0 0O w, z Red. O0 z 75 lbs. C. S. M., 300 lbs. C. S. M 60 50 lbs. A. phos. 200 lbs. A. phos 176.4 11 60 Purple 1 Acre. Straw. 15 Large 4 2 " 15 3 " White. Large 90.26.2-15 116.5 7% 15 60 The object of these two experiments being to compare the yield of the same number of pounds planted, with that of the same number of grains planted, it is clearly shown that if the same number of grains be planted, the results are nominally the same, but that if the same number of pounds be planted, the smaller grain, giving more stalks per acre, produces a larger yield. That wheat can be grown profitably the statement below will show, and we urge our farmers to take a few acres of good land, prepare them well and plant a standard wheat. Even if the yield is a little below our estimate, the gleanings for the hogs, and the pea crop following on the same land, are items not to be lost sight of. ESTIMATED COST OF ONE ACRE OF WHEAT. Breaking land and sowing......................$ 1 bushel seed wheat........ ................... 500 pounds fertilizers .......................... Harvesting and threshing ...................... 1.00 1.00 5.00 1.50 $ 8.50 By 15 bushels wheat ................. Net proceeds ................. $ 15.00 $ 6.50 The above is based on the price the station paid for seed wheat. Experiment No. 3 consists of a comparison of fifteen varieties, planted in drill on the same land as experiment No. 2 with same preparation. Some of the imported varieties, as compared with the Purple Straw, give satisfactory results, and it is hoped that when they are thoroughly acclimated they may yield still more. The following statement shows comparative yield per acre. 6 VARIETIES OF WHEAT PLANTED NOVEMBER 4TH, 1891. Date 6 NAME O5 VARIETIES. of , Bearded or Cutting a a Smooth. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 S 9 10 11 6 11 11 Hundred Day. ....... " 11 Miller's Delight 11 Purple Straw..............May 23 Pride of Market ........... June 11 Prince of Wales Queen Stand Up " Anglo Canadian........ .... Bird Proof." Earliest of All ............ Flour Ball" Holborn's Wonder.. .. June 6 7.116.17-30 Bearded. 11 3.7 8.19-30 Smooth. 12 13 Red (Large)........ ...... . . .. .. 4" 6.414.14-15 2.2 5. 4-15" 4.2 9. 4-5 2.7 6. 3-10 1.8 4. 1-15 7.717.29-30 2.3 5.11-30 " " " " " " 11 3.5 8. 1-16 11 3 3 7. 7-10 " " 1 3.7 8 19-30Bearded. " " 14 15 White (Large).............May 27 2.3 5.11-30 White Chaff. June 6 5.713. 3-10 REPORTS OF EXPERIMENTERS. 11 3.1 7. 7-30Smooth. Mr. R. H. Cross of Letohatchie, Lowndes County, Ala., writes: station furnished me with 4 bushel of Large Red wheat, I planted, it upon 4' acre land, top dressed it twice with Ala. fertilizer, and cultivated twice with harrow. "Your No smut or blight of anly kind,' andl gathered 54 bushels, or 23 bushels per acre." M. A. Bishop of Madison Co., writes : station furnished me with 4 bushel of wheat, planted Nov. 10th on4 acre. Season unfavorable. I fertilized with 250 lbs. green cotton seed per plot, (or 1000 lbs. per acre,) and gathered 171 lbs. wheat, or 11 bushels and nearly a half per acre." "Your "Your station F. W. Bradley of Walker Springs, Clarke, Co., furnished I~ bushel of wheat, I planted me with says: it on4 acre of piney woods land, fertilized it with forty-five bushels of green cotton seed per acre, and made five bushels (5) of wheat, fine large grain, or 20 bushels per acre." Mr. Dan Gillis in charge of South East Ala. Agricultural Experiment Station at Abbeville, Henry Co., writes: "We planted a plot s acre of each of the two varieties sent us on Nov. 19th. White wheat, cut May 19th, yield 591bs, or 7 bushels and 52 lbs per acre. Red wheat, cut May 25th, yield 41 lbs., or 5 bushels and 28 lbs. per acre. These experiments were injured by a long dry spell in March and April, no rust or blight of any kind." J. W. Mize of Remlap, Blount Co., writes: "I received 4 bushel of wheat from your station which I received on Oct. 20th, obtained a good stand, but a heavy rain in February injured a part of the plot. I gathered 22 bushels, or 10 bushels per acre. Mr. J. C. Ott of Florence, Lauderdale Co., says: "I received 4 bushel of Large White wheat from your station, which I sowed late, owing to a protracted drought. I planted acre and made 2 bushels, or 8 bushels per acre." i Mr. Z. T. Stroud of Aberfoil, Bullock Co., says: "I received 4 bushel Large White wheat from your station, which I planted on 4 acre, and saved 3 bushels of fine wheat, or 12 bushels per acre." S. H. Burgess, Shady Grove, Pike Co., writes: "I received s bushel wheat from your station, which I planted on the 8th of Feb. It did well and I think will prove a success here," Bulletin Ao. 10. January, 1893. Agricultura1 Experiment Station -OF THE- AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE, AUB UTRN, GbCOTTON ALABAMA. EXPEflMENTS/D A. J. BONDJRANT, Agriculturist. JAMES CLAYTON, Assistant. The Bulletins of this Station will be sent free to any citizen of the State on application to the Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn) Ala. All communications should be addressed to EXPERIMENT STATION, AUBURN, ALA. Published by order of the Board of Direction, WM. LEROY BROUN, President. THE BROWN PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS, MONTGOMERY, ALA, BO.A?1JD OF TISI'TORS. COMMITTEE OF TRUSTEES ON EXPERIMENT STATION. Hope Hull. HON. J. G. GILCHRIST ..................................... Montgomery. ............ HON. R. F. LIGON. HON. H. CLAY ARMSTRONG.............................Auburn. 1BOAEJD WM. LEROY OF DIEJOTIONT_ Chemist. BROUN........................................President. A. J. BONDURANT...........................................Agriculturist. N. T. LUPTON............ .................................. P. H. MELL ................................ .............................. Botanist and Meteorologist. Biologist. C. A. CARY, D. V. M .............................. ASSISTANTS : JAMES CLAYTON. . .............. ............ A. F. GORY ........ J. T. ANDERSON, Ph. D. ................ L. W. WILKINSON, M. Sc ................ F. A. LUPTON, M. Veterinarian. Assistant Horticulturist. Assistant Agriculturist. First Assistant Chemist. SC....... ............. * To be Second Assistant Chemist. .Third Assistant Chemist. R. F. HARE, B. Sc..................... G. S. Fourth Assistant Chemist. CLARK............ ............ ... filled. Clerk, and Assistant Botanist. EXPERIMENTS WITH COTTON,-1892. COMPARISON OF VARIETIES. This experiment consists of a comparison between thirty (30) varieties of cotton. In the preparation of the soil 250 lbs. cotton seed meal and 250 lbs. acid phosphate per acre, were used broad cast, and thoroughly plowed in. The rows were measured exactly 32 ft. apart, and 200 lbs. of the above mixture applied in the drill, per acre, at a total cost of $6.67. The cotton was carefully picked and stored, each variety to itself, until time of ginning, when all were weighed under like conditions and ginned separately. ' A sample of each variety was numbered and sent to Mr. H. C. Parker, of Montgomery, Ala., for classification and valuation. No. 30, Catacaos, or Peruvian Cotton, failed to mature. The short staple cotton was sold in Opelika, on Dec. 9, 1892, for 9 7-16, and the long staple, for 10g. The fact that the long staple varieties do not yield as much seed cotton per acre as the short staple, is more than counter-balanced by the higher price which it commands. The following tabulated statement gives results of this experiment. 4 Yield per Acre 0 0 o 4 0 0 Q- 1. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Allen Long Staple.... Bailey Cherry'sCluster. Coltharp's Prickle Coltharp's Eureka Cook W. A......... Crossland Dalkeith's Eureka Dixon Gold Dust......... Hawkin's Improved... Hunnicut.......... Herlung Jones Long Staple. Jones No. 1......... Keith .... . King, T. J........... 18 Okra.............. 19 Peeler.......... ... 20 Peerless ............ 21 Peterkin.. ..... 22 Petit Gulf ... ....... 23 Southern Hope .. 24 Storm Proof..... .... 25 Truitt ............... 26 Welborn...... 27 Wonderful...... .... 28 Zel lner ... .... ... 29 Matthews Long Staple 30 Catacaos or Peruvian -tr TI 751 5 697 5 715 5 769 5 733.5 643 5 657 0 706 5 6525 630 0 625 5 7065 6075 702.0 639 0 792 0 801 0 724 5 859 5 882.0 994 5 976 5 954 0 985 5 958 5 193 5 207.0 211 5 2335 220 5 180 0 252 0 2160 1980 189.0 211 5 2205 184 5 202 5 202 5 238 5 256 5 234.5 256 5 274 5 337 5 315 0 292.5 324 0 301 5 25 7 1' 3-16c.1% 1012 4 1 29.6 18 t 4 c10'2 29 5 9 9-16 l'~e.l 3-16 023. 30 9 7517 114 30 0 3Y8 12 3 7 6 1312 27.9 l c. -1 3:-.3 9 11-16 305 t 3-16 1014 13-16 303 9 13-16 30.0 9 9-16 9 11-16 33 8 7 312 9 11-16 30i3 13-16c.%~ 9 11-16 to 28.8 118 31.7 75 13-16 9 9-16 934 31 7 9 9-16 32 0 c.13-16 10 32 3 30 1 to 31 1 11 92~ 33 9 934 7 32 2 %co.15-16 9 9-16 30 6 1 3-16c.13 4 10 32.8 I 1-16c.1 18 10 9-.16 31.4 933 5 956 0 814 5 913 5 Fine at 934 alk. I 225.0 211 5 243 0 265 5 Sea 30 6 93 27 9 18 3c.17-16 1112 29 8 9 9-16 29 0 l' 8 c.13-16 10 moature son too short to The following Tabulated Statement is Classification and Valuation as furnished s C \ , I I I-I by Mr. H. C. Parker, Montgomery, Alabama, basis Middling, Montgomery, 7-1-93. lsu -AIIII~IIIl-;nl li I la I GINNING. i i o. -1 LENGTH. 1 COLOR. GRADE. i VALUE. i i 15 13-16....... 13 13-16c % .. Good.. 7 Good. Fair. Good. i' Middling.. S. 9 9-16. .. . Middling. 9 11-16... 9 11-16... 9 9 9-16 9-16 9-16 9-16 9-16 9-16 ........... 11 3 ...... 2r 8............ 12 8........... 17 137 13 8............. 22 %8c 15-16.... 16 L in......... 21 1 in........ 20 in.. 26 L in........ 25 L in...... 24 1 1-16c 1 . 2 19 1I %.......... 14 1 1.......... 4 1 %c ~3-16.. 1 3. c 3-16.... 29 1 180 3-16.... 1 3-16 ... 11-16... Fair Staple. Fair. .. S. Color,... Good.. Good ... I Middling... 99-16.. 9 9-16.. St. Middling 9 11-16... Fairly... Middling... 9 9-16.... 9 9-16.... Fair.. 9 9-16....)J Good. Middling[... Fair. Good... S. Middling. 9Oc% . F<< 9 9 9 9 9 Good Staple, 3-16c % on for Staple. Fair. Fair.. Fair... Fair... Good... Fair... Good.. Fair... Giood.. Fair... Good.. Good... Good.. S. Middling. G. Middling 10. Middling 10%c.1.. S. Middling. 10 ... S. L. Mid... G< Extra Middling, c 34 on. Middling.. . I3-16c 23 I 3-16c %14. S. Middling. Middling. ' 1012.. , Sl 12 on. 14.. cc 1 Y4... ..... 6 27 .13-16.. 91 G. Middling 10 S. G. Mid.. 12 .. 1312..1 11 '2.. Long Staple, 2c, 3c on. Short Staple. Same as Poorly gin'd IuNO. 15 .~~u I~ 6 EXPERIMENTS WITH PHOSPHATES. QUESTION:--Will the vegetable matter in freshly cleared land, supply all the nitrogen needed by the cotton plant ? The experiment in reply to this question was begun in 1890, and published in Bulletin 22; Continued in 1891, and published in Bulletin 33; and carried on the present year, (1892) without changing the rows, or the addition of any fertilizers. It is proved by comparing plots 1 and 2, and 3 with 5, that the applied nitrogen has been exhausted. By comparing plots 1 and 5, it will be seen that plot 5, where 1,000 lbs. of acid phosphate were used per acre, gives onlj 48 lbs. seed cotton per acre increase over plot 1 where 500 lbs. acid phosphate were used per acre. It is evident from this comparison that the vegetable matter in new ground does not supply sufficient pitrogen to utilize so large an application of phosphoric acid. The decreased yield in plot 4, (no manure) is explained by the shortage of the general crop throughout this section. The following tabulated statement shows the results for three years: PHOSPHATE ALONE, AND PHOSPHATE AND NITROGEN APPLIED ON NEW GROUND IN 1890. NAMES OF FERTILIZERS AND QUANTITY USED PER ACRE, APPLIED IN 1890. y ri P ,O 6C 0~~ g w QC 0 ago ) Q 1 500 lbs. of Acid Phosphate............ 814 360 851 513 407 185 500 lbs. Acid Phosphate, 2 500 lbs. CottonSeed Meal.........1017 558 816 478 428 206 3 1,000 lbs. Acid 4 '--o Phosphate........ ...... ......... .... 883 424 790 452 453 231 Manure ............ 459- 383- 222- 5 1,000 lbs. Acid Phosphate. 1,000 lbs. 0. S. Meal .. 1213 754 936 598 455 233 EXPERIMENT WITH FERTILIZERS. In these experiments, 461 lbs. seed cotton, being the average yield of the unmanured plots 4, 8 and 12, will be taken as a basis for comparison. In plots 1, 2 and 3, where the chemicals are used separately, it is seen that nitrogen in plot 1, gives an increase of 265.4 lbs.;-that phosphoric acid in plot 2, gives 51 lbs.; and that potash in plot 3, gives an increase of only 5 lbs.; while in combination, as in plots 5, 6 and 7-plot 5 gives the best yield, though only making 54 lbs. per acre more than plot 1; and while plot 6 gives 118 lbs. less than plot 5, it (plot 6) makes 22 lbs. more than plot 7, and 150 lbs. more than plot 2; clearly showing that nitrogen is the element needed here. The best results, however, are obtained in plot 9, where the complete Fertilizer is used. Plot 10, (floats,) gives 29lbs. less than average of unmanured plots 4, 8, and 12; but when combined with nitrogen, as in plots 11 and 14, we have 131 lbs. increase in plot 11, and only 37 lbs. in plot 14. Plot 15, (4,240 lbs. stable manure) gives 6 lbs. less than plot 9, where complete Fertilizer is used. Plot 16, (C. S. meal and acid phosphate) yields less than either plots 9 or 15, yet the increase over average of no manure is 467 lbs. Thus, when the cost of the cotton seed meal and acid phosphate, is compared with that of stable manure, and the greater ease with which they are handled, and the utter impossibility of getting stable manure in sufficient quantity, considered, it is evident that C. S. meal and acid phosphate have great economic advantages over stable manure. COTTON EXPERIMENTS WITH FERTILIZERS-EXPERIMENT STATION, AUBURN, ALABAMA. Z Ls. FERTILIZER PER PLOT. LBS. FERTILIZER PER ACRE. r H 1 2 3 4 6 7 0 0 N 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda..... 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda.. 15 lbs. Acid Pbospjhate .. 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate 4 lbs. Murate Potash... 64 lbs. Murate Potash .. No Manure No Manure . 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 4 lbs. Murate Potash ... 64 lbs. Murate Potash... 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, - 15 lbs. Acid Phosphate... 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate . S4 lbs. Murate 64 lbs. Murate Potash, 15 lbs. Acid 45.4726.4 32 0512 0 31 . 32 8524 8 48.8780.8 41 4662 4 40 0 640 0 0466.0 Phosphate-. Potash, 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate... S 9 JO 12 13 15 16 No Manure,........No 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 15 lbs. Acid Phosphate, 4 lbs. Murate Potash .... 15 lbs. Floats. . ...... M anure. ....... 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 64 lbs. Murate Potaah, 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate.... 240 lbs. Floats 32.2.515.0 60 8 972 8 2.7 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 11c6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 05~9,2 0 210 lbs. Floats............1'7 S15 lbs. Floats....... ...... No Manure.............. No M anure......... '16 345 6 23 lbs. Green Cotton Seed. 848 lbs. Green Cotton Seed .31 240 lbs. Floats, 14 14 3 lbs. Floats, Cotton Seed. 848 lbs. Green Cotton Seed. '30.6498.6 lbs. Green 60 4 966 4 265 lbs. Stable Manure..4.240 lbs. Stable Manure. 240. lbs. Acid Phosphate, 15 lbs. Acid Phosphate, 15ilbs. Cotton Seed Meal 240 lbs. Cotton Seed Meal. 55 0928.0 0432.0 0466.0 10 This experiment consists of a comparison between compost, when the materials are put in the rows, and mixed with the plow, and bedded on in February-and compost freshly made in the usual way, and applied at time of planting. It is to be regretted that no comparison as to the cost of the two applications can be given, as the record has been misplaced. This work was ordered by Dr. Wi. L. Broun, President of the Board of Directors, results of which are shown below: COTTON EXPERIMENTS WITH FERTILIZERS. ,.. . ; U aq U U EXPERIMENT No. 1. O Q v',U . O a" rahvii C i c v 700 lbs. Acid Phosphate, 650 lbs. Stable Manure, 650 lbs. Green Cotton Seed. Applied in drill, and mixed with plow, Feb. 24th. Cotton planted May 10th, 1892. EXPERIMENT No. 2. 80 3247.3 333 6 148.2 70. 261. 905.5 700 lbs. Acid Phosphate, 650 lbs. Stable Manure, 650 lbs. Boiled Cotton Seed. ~ 60.5222.7 331 5145.6 84. 33.4877.7 Applied in drill, and mixed with plow, May 9th. Cotton planted May 10th, 1892. ______ The following experiments were made for Dr. N. T. Lupton, Chemist, to compare raw or ground phos jdaate rock with acid phosphate, the results of which are given in the tabulated statement below : COTTON EXPERIMENTS WITH FERTILIZERS. BY DR. N. T. LUPTON, CHEMIST'. -yL1 LnrVVU) LI ~ 1 ---~I:c C EG G 4-1 0aate e-nC x rCYr alL C.. POUNDS orFERTILIZER PER PLOT. 0 POUNDS OF FERTILIZER PER ACRE. j: QI t3t. aC ~ cyl 25 lbs. raw phosphate, cotton seed meal. 2 3 50 lbs. raw phosphate, 50 lbs. cotton see-d meal 3 25 lbs. acid phosphate, 25 lbs. cotton set d meal. 45 3.50 Its, acid phosphate, 50 lbs. cotton seed meal. No manure........... 6 . 25 lbs. raw phosphate, 50 lbs. green cotton seed 7.3 50 lbs. raw phos~phate, 1 S25 lbs. ..00 200 400 -160 30o meal.. AO lbs. acid phosphate, lbs. cotton 400 s~eed lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. raw phosphate, cotton s' ed meal.. raw phosphate, cotton seed meal.. acid phosphate, 9. 11.2 1.3 .12 3 4.3 11.5 11.4 20.1 27 4 13 4 11.6 16. 17 F! 17 2 12.2 26 3 31. 23. 37.1 16.8 25.3 43 5 39.1 45 33.5 43. 43.3 55. 31.9 42. 41.5 25.2 26.4 18.7 13.9 11.5 9. 8.2 4.2 4.1 37 1.3 1.5 2.S 1.5 1.1 1. 1.5 1.1 1. 06 28 3. 4.5 1.4 08 0.3 8 06 138 09 107 9 863 2 20.7 15.1 21 5 13 6 27 5 8 10 11 12 13 14 15 460 lbs. cotton seed meal.. No manure...... .. ... 00 lbs. rw phosphate, 400 lbs. green cotton seed. 400 lbs. raw phosphate, 00 lbs. green cotton seed. 100 lbs. green cotton 0 3 25 lbs. acid phosphate, .400 lbs. acid phosphate, lbs. green cotton seed 50 lbs. green cotton seed -10 lbs. acid phosphate, .50 lbs. acid phosphate, 0 lbs green cotton seed S1(0 lbs. green cotton seed Nomnanute......... NO manure.. .. ... lbs. raw phosphate.... 50 lbs. raw phosphate... 50 lbs. acid phosphate.. 100 lbs. acid phosphate.. 460 lbs. cotton seed meal.. 50 lbs. cotton seed m& 100 lbs. green cotton seed x~00 lbs green cotton seed. manure............ ]No manure............. 12. 5. 19.2 10 5 15 16.1 55 63 (1108 seed al. 0.5 114 9 919 2 04 147.81182.4 47.S& 22. 50.4 38 1 38 2 47.2 42 2 45.]1 45.5 25 8 16 7 13. 28 3 28.6 29.6 12.E& 4.2 16 5 11 10 0.3 147 31178 4 0.7 173.9 1387 2 0n 136 4 931.2 0 6 111 6 892 8 0.3 121.9 975 2 31 58 91271 2 3 3 161 - 12144 4 4.6 157.7 1261.2 S( 4(0 .No 30©3 30 2 37 6 42. 39 2 32.4 1 7 6 56 16 3 18 2 19.8 6 41 3. 1.6 67 72 9.1 , + p r" O COTTON EXPERIMENTS WITH FERTILIZERS, BY DR. N. T. LUPTON, CHEMIST. O R :ZEQ J r O O POUNDs FERTILIZER PER PLOT. POUNDs FERTILIZER PER ACRE. 0 - --- I' CL I CLU I i I _I i- a>- H i 57 114 57 114 114 114 114 57 57 114 114 No j- u No 5714 manure.................... 1-7 2-7 1-7 2-7 lbs. raw phosphate. ... lbs. raw phosphate....... lbs. acid phosphate. lbs. acid phosphate. - - -I lbs. raw phosphate, 2-7 lbs. raw phosphate... 2-7 lbs. raw phosphate, 2-7 lbs. cotton seed meal..... . 1-7 lbs. raw phosphate, 1-7 lbs. cotton seed meal.. 2-7 lbs. acid phosphate, 2-7 lbs. cotton seed meal... manure. -A C~ 400 lbs. raw phosphate.......... 800 lbs. raw phosphate.......... 400 lbs. acid phosphate.......... '00 lbs. acid phosphate......... No manure 400 lbs. raw phosphate, 400 lbs. cotton seed meal.......... 800 lbs. raw phosphate, 81)0 lbs. cotton seedl meal..... .... 400 lbs. acid phosphate, 400 lbs. cotton seed meal........ 800 lbs acid phosphate, X00 lbs. cotton seed meal.... ..... No manure Y 5 32 23 1.4 1. 65 9.6 7.9 15. 62 10.1 81 68 10 8 51 6 3:C 44 14.1 82 13 5 19 2 14 2 81 7.2 11 4 - i 8.5 87 66 6.5 35 6.2 3.8 32 2.1 1.6 31 1.8 2.1 1. 1. 1.1 41.5 31.4 28.1 20 6 15 2 290.5 219.8 196 7 141 2 106 '4 35 6 249 2 46. 322.7 8.3 69) 4.9 37 75 36.0 252 0 45 8 320 6 33 4 233 .8 ,rnr The following Experiments were made by Prof. Geo. F. Atkinson,-Biologist, for the Station, but as he resigned his position before the results were obtained, no comments are made, and only the tabulated statement of the work given, as follows: COTTON EXPERIMENTS WITH FERTILIZERS, BY PROF. GEO. F. ATKINSON. P-4 241 _ 064-czi m ev z H Ham, 1. 2. 3. 4. 1088 lbs. of Kainit and 500 lbs. Acid Phosphate applied broadcast and turned in with Dixie plow, Feb. 16th, 18 2. ................... No cotton crop, let second crop rot on ground. Peas : plow under ............... for twxo years. Plant cotton third year................ Plant cotton first year, plant peas last plowing, and peas and cotton first Plow ed un der, 40.6 73 0 96 0 Angus t 27th. 29.5 plowed under in the fall ................. ......................... 13 22 3 252.4 556.5 Plant cotton first year, plant peas last plowing, and let rot on the ground 31 6 Plant cotton first year, plant peas last plowing, and remove from the 20 2 ground in the fall............................................... 73.1 55. 12.9 94. 47 7 37.5 187 3 480.6 227 9 502.5 21.2 COTTON EXPERIMENTS WITH FERTILIZERS.-BY v , PROF. GEORGE F. ATKINSON. LBS. FERTILIZER PER ACRE. , >> P.4-)-- P, D y . y) I Check..... ............................................ 2 4001lbs. Salt ............................................. 32001bs. Salt ...... ...................................... 4 .......................... 1.7 3. 38 12 14.6 12.8 Check 5 6 300 10 600 " 7 100 " ......................... 8 Check.. ............. ............................. 9 400) Ibs. Kai nit ....................................... 200 lbs. Murate Potash ...... 96" ............. .......... ..................., 16 2. .......................... 9 8 11. 11 2 12 5 11 9 12 5 13. 12 14. 13.8 12 8 14.4 64 8 8 75 3.9 61 5.3 6 1 1. 12 21 2 53 5 172 5 57 42009 0 57010950 54.11893 5 11.9 12.1 13 3 13.7 7 1 7.] 5 9 6.4 1 6 2 1 6 52 (. 1841 0 54 4 IIn Feb. J300 lbs. of Kainit, 1st plowing, :1001lbs. X300 lbs. of Acid Phosphate, 1st plowing.......... 12 20o lbs. kainit...... ................................... 13 1'hec ............... it 25 2. 1 19 11 3 12 4 83 10 6 12 1l1 91 10.1 22 6 13 3 10.6 11.3 8 81 4.] 7.1 54 5 56 5.4 1.7 15 14 2.1 6" 5222 25 52 4 1869.0 41.01435.0 48 21687 0 904 0 ".................. ........ 1. 1.2 3 2.7 12.4 13. 13.2 10.5 10 5 11.5 6 55 I 77 6 41 13.9 7 8 22 3 9 5.1 1. 17 2 38 81358.0 46 21617 0 56.2 1967.0 14 800 lbs. of Thos. Slag, applied April 4th ..... 15 1.200 lbs. Thos. Slag, applied April 16 Check ................ .............................. 1 1,000 lbs. Thos. Slag ....................... 4th.............3342 ............ 7 821 18 .. .............. 3 3 12 5 16. 12 6 13. 13. 13 3 11. 13 5 12 7 5 6 4 4 7.5 4 7 2 3 6 29 0.9 1 3 2' 17 51 01785.0. 53 7 1 n':95. 58.3 2040 5 182,00lbs. Thos. Slag ........................ 1.9 Check 7 14.71196 1 096 10 4 11.8 108 86 433 43 44 29 2 1 91 4525158205 45521582.5 40314105 ... .. . . ... . 11 8 COTTON EXPERIMENTS WITH FERTILIZERS, BY PROs~'. +~.- GEO. ~-~- F. ATKINSON. oA QcN cIJ k Cr. C FFRTIT.TZRRS USED DURING CULTURE. POUNDS FERTILIZER PER ACRE. ~-~--~ o U"" ) Q -Q~-~*~~cC ~QOC Q~7 .2H H I I I C6 4-~ -l-. -1 -II ti~U~~ ~i~C .0 ~,~C -~-- II-- I 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Ii 12 13l Check................. 200 lbs. kainit, 1st plowing, 400 lbs kainit, Feb. 18 :'00 11bs. acid phos lbs. kainit, Feb. 18 ... 200 lbs. kainit, 1st plowing. lbs. kainit, Feb. 18 . 200 'lbs. kaini t, 1st plowing 520)0 lbs. kainit. 1st plowing. 600 lbs. kainit, Feb. 18 . X200) lbs acidl phos..... .. . Check ( Weilborn's Pet. ....... .................... W the variety of cotton, \as used in the 1sty9 plts 100 lbs. muriate potash ... ... 00 lbs. muriate l Herlong, in the last four... 400 lbs. muriate potash,... .. .. . . . . . ('heck 400 lbs. kainit...... ....... 1600 lbs. kainit....... . ICheck 63 56 48 7.4 8.1 77 75 83 7.1 10.0 10 1 4.0 39 03 09 33 28 4.7 25 28 30 63 47 50 53 58 0.5 10 2.0 1.2 15 20 2 1 2.1 34 27 25 22 25 1.1 10 1.0 1.0 05 09 1.8 1.9 42 2.3 19 20 15 02 19 8 1485.0 400 WO0 66. 80 8.2 83 6.1 09 18 28 20 2.5 34 3.0 36 2.5 35 34 83 52 50 55 53 0 2 20 7 1552 5 0.2 22 4 160.00 0.2 22.3 1672 5 0.2 26 8 2010 0 01 23.3 1747.5 03 04 08 07 08 0.4 04 28 27 3t 26 27 26 28 8 0 6 1 0 0 9 2160 0 20z5 potash 77 87 90 86 10 9 2370 0 1957.F 2025 0 1950.0 2167 .5 Agricultura1 Experiment Station -OF THE- AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE, AUBL TRN, BULLETIN NO, ALABAMA. DECEMBER, 1892, 44, - - SOME DISEASES OF COTTON GEO. F, ATKINSON. CONITENTS. PAGE. I. General Nature of Cotton Diseases..........5 II. Yellow Leaf Blight, or Mosaic Disease...............9 III. Frenching.....................................19 IV. Damping off, or Sore Shin.. ....... ......... 30 Anthraceose.................................40 V. VI. Shedding of Boils................................ 50 VII. IX. X. Angular Spot of Cotton............ .............. Cotton Leaf 54 58 VIII. Areolate Mildew of Cotton............... Blight. .. .. . .. .55 ........................ Root Gall..... .......................... .. 61 The Bulletins of this Station will be sent free to any citizen of the State on application to the Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn, Ala. All communications should be addressed to EXPERIME~NT STATION, AUBURJ1N, ALA. SThis Bnlletin was completed for publication by :Prof. Atkinson in cember, De- 1892. THE BROWN PRINTING5 CO., STATE PRINTERS, MONTGOMERY,, ALA. BOARD OF VISITORS COMMITTEE OF TRUSTEES ON EXPER~IMENT STATION. HON. J. G. GILCHRIST .............................. ..... HON.. HON. R. F. LIGON.......... .................... H. CLAY ARMSTRONG............................. ...... Hope Hull. Montgomery. Auburn. BO.AED OF DI E? EJOTIONT. WM. LEROY BROUN......................... .... A. J. BONDURANT................ ...................... N. T. LUPTON.... .. .. .. .. .... ................... .......... President. Agriculturist. P. H. MELL ... .......... ....... .... Chemist. .......... Botanist and Meteorologist. . . ......... C. A. CARY, Biologist. D. V. M. .................... ASSISTANTS: Veterinarian. JAMES CLAYTON CORY. ............................. ... ..................... Assistant Horticulturist. A. F. Assistant Agriculturist. J. T. ANDERSON, Ph. D ......... M. L. W. WILKINSON, Sc.......... *To ....... ..... First Assistant Chemist. Second Assistant Chemist. F. A. LUPTON, M. Sc ......... ............ Third Assistant Chemist. R. F. HARE, B. Sc...................... Fourth Assistant Chemist. G. S. CLARK......... ............ Clerk, and Assistant Botanist. be filled. SOME DISEASES OF COTTON. BY GEORGE F. ATKINSON, I. GENERAL NATURE OF COTTON DISEASES. Two years study of the diseases of cotton have brought to light several well characterized maladies of this plant in the United States. Some of these are physiological in their nature, being due to disturbances of nutrition and assimilation, brought about by various causes, which will be discussed under the several topics. Other diseases of the plant are due to the action of fungus organisms which live as parasites in various parts of the plant, penetrating the tissues, consuming the nutriment and living matter and setting up fermentations which act disastrously on the plant tissues. To a trained observer the plants affected present certain symptoms and characteristics which would enable him to diagnose the disease. Several diseases have been known to many planters and naturally names have been given to them in the absence of exact knowledge as to their nature. These names vary in different localities. Sometimes different names are applied to the same disease and frequently a single name is used for several very different troubles. "Rust" is a term which is more widely used than any other and is frequently defined as "red rust," or "black rust." The term has become so general. in its application as to be utterly valueless other than conveying the notion of disease. Quite likely that notion is all the planter intends to convey when he uses the term "cotton rust." To accept the term "cotton rust" as synonymous with cotton disease will tend to eliminate much of the confusion which must necessarily result should the term be accepted for any single disease. The great mystery which has clustered around this term as a name for a single disease is thus cleared away, and we are enabled to attach a true value to the reports and discussions of "rust" which appear from time to time in various publications. The diseases of the cotton plant in general are increasing in severity and extent each year, especially those which are due to parasitic organisms and to impoverished and badly cultivated soils. Under conditions which exist largely throughout the cotton belt, this increase of disease is the natural outcome of years of continued cultivation of the crop without a wise rotation with other remunerative farm crops and a careful diagnosis of the needs of the soil. The organisms which cause the more disastrous of the parasitic diseases rest in the soil during the winter season. With each successive crop they increase in numbers because their favorite pabulum is close at hand. The increase of the disease is comparable to what would occur among human beings were no sanitary measures taken to eradicate disease when once it gains foothold in a community. Varying conditions of temperature and humidity might cause temporary fluctuations in the rate of increase, but each year the trouble would become more deeply seated. One of the most important features of cotton culture is the adaptability of fertilizers to different soil conditions and the requirements of the plant. For cotton growers, the fertilizer trade, so far as it relates to the various brands of ready mixed fertilizers is one of the greatest follies of the present day. The continued use of these fertilizer nostrums is as fatal to the cotton grower as it would be for an invalid with some dangerous disease who resorts to some of the medicinal nostrums, or cure alls, instead of at once con- suiting a competent physician. He grows steadily worse, but with reviving hope tries one after another of these illadapted mixtures, some of which actually do him injury. Ready mixed fertilizers with attractive names, or those whose merits are pictured by the blandishments of the salesman or the seductive sentences of the advertising column find a too ready acceptance and use by the unsuspecting planter. Chance will sometimes bring about a happy coincidence, but more often the composition is unsuited to the particular soil, may lack the most needed constituent, or possess in excess several constituents, resulting in a loss to the user. One after another brand is used, while the crop grows smaller and the soil depreciates. The trade in unmixed fertilizers, as kainite, acid phosphate, c tton seed meal, etc., is the more profitable for the planter to patronize if home production of manures will not meet his wants. They can be mixed by him at home more profitably during the winter season. The effect of the known ingredients can be observed in given soils and each year better adaptations can be made for the necessarily varying character of soils on a single plantation. Much is yet to be learned by many planters concerning methods of cultivation and the proper distance which should be given the plants on different soils and with different degrees of fertilization. Yery many probably err in hasty preparation of the soil before planting, in too much cultivation of the soil after planting, and in leaving too many plants on the ground. There is a notion in some localities that "cotton will not begin to make fruit until the tap root strikes hard ground." The preparation of many fields for planting would lead one to believe that the motive was to have the hard ground so near the surface as possible in order that the tap root might readily and quickly "strike hard ground." Thorough and deep preparation of the soil not too long before planting, followed by very shallow surface cultivation, just enough to cut off the weeds and leave a shallow surface layer of loose soil, is probably the best treatment which can be given so far as cultivation is concerned. The treatment of the soil bears a very important relation to the health of the plant. Too many in their haste to plant the crop do so on a shabbily prepared ground, probably thinking they will loosen the soil more deeply during cultivation. Experience shows, as is well known by those who have observed the effects of deep versus shallow cultivation, that the former is very injurious to the plant, since so many roots are severed by the plow. Having discovered the nature of several of the most important diseases of the cotton plant, the next step to be taken is to put the knowledge in such form that cotton growers may be able to diagnose the diseases which appear. So long as the indefinite term "rust" is used for several diseases, we can make no progress in combatting them, and it would be useless to recommend a line of treatment for any particular disease, when the planter is liable to confuse several diseases and to apply the remedy for a different trouble from the one for which it is intended. The present bulletin is intended to present some of this matter in such a way that a few at least may more intelligently determine the trouble. Oil paintings illustrating the various color effects produced upon the foliage by the different diseases have been made and should be published, that the planter might have such striking and visible characteristics of the disease at hand to compare with plants from any diseased area. The subject is of more than local or even State interest. It is a subject which concerns the entire cotton belt region of the United States and bears on the improvement of the condition of the most important agricultural product there grown. These paintings are too expensive to publish without Gov- 1r l" "f .a CL ,.l J " r 1S " 'kc 'YT d ,,r Ye 4' _ ,Its er .J " t (' A k . ' I .t, ' F. r ........... i" .. Ml VIC Ali ernment aid, and the National Department of Agriculture could not do a better work for the cotton producing states than to put a copy of these illustrations, accompanied by popular descriptions of the disease, in the hands of several intelligent planters in each community. II. YELLOw LEAF BLIGHT OR MOSAIC DISEASE. The conclusions arrived at concerning the nature of this disease, as well as its treatment, published in bulletin No. 36, have been strengthened by farther study and experimentation during the summer of 1892. The reader is referred to that bulletin for the data concerning the disease as well as for the detailed description of the experiments for 1891. 10 It will be in place here, however, to give a brief description of the characteristic appearance of the disease, after noting the confirmatory experiments conducted during 1892. Experiments for 1892.-A set of experiments to test the comparative merits of kainite, salt, and muriate of potash was arranged on the Experiment Station farm, the ingredients being worked in the soil during the month of February. As the disease did not appear at all on this plat, no comparisons could be made. Another experiment was started on very poor sandy land which was designed to extend over a series of five years to test the value of "cow peas" (Dolichos sinensis) as nitrogen collectors for cotton under different conditions. The soil was heavily fertilized broadcast before plowing, with kainite and acid phosphate. No nitrogenous fertilizer was applied. A plat of nearly two acres was devoted to this experiment. Directly adjoining this plat on the south, the soil being the same, cotton was planted, having been quite heavily dressed with nitrate of soda in addition to some other fertilizer, but no kainite was used. North of one end of the first mentioned plat was one devoted to varieties of cotton treated with a complete fertilizer. In July there began a perceptible yellowing of the plants in plat No. 1, while plats No's 2 and 3 bore a rich green foliage. Close observation showed that the yellow color in the plants of plat 1 was quite evenly diffused over the leaf. There was no indication of the checkered or mosaic arrangement of the yellow and green so characteristic of the disease. From this time on the yellowing of plat 1 became more and more marked until sometime in September the plants matured. Only a very few in this plat were at all badly diseased at this time, probably in places where the kainite was not well distributed. 11 Early in August plat No. 2 was very badly diseased, the leaves first presenting the checkered arrangement of the yellow and green color, then easily falling prey to such fungi as Macrosporium nigricantium and Cercospora gossypina, curling up, drying and falling away. The contrast between plats 1 and 2 was remarkable. In plat No. 3 a large area was also badly diseased. A field of cotton of three or four acres, grown during the same season on a neighboring plantation, is worthy of mention. During May and June the plants grew vigorously and bore a healthy looking rich green foliage, and promised to surpass any cotton in that vicinity. But in July and August the disease appeared over the entire field and the destruction of the foliage was complete. The plant did not yield more than 50 per cent. of what it would if the foliage had not been destroyed by the disease. Judging from the experience of the past two years I inferred that no kainite or potash, or at least very little, was applied, though I knew the field was quite heavily fertilized at the time of planting. Upon inquiry I learned that the fertilizer was a compost of stable manure, cotton seed and acid phosphate. Had 200 lbs. to 300 lbs. per acre kainite been applied at time of planting the yield might have been nearly doubled. Mr. A. H. Clark, of Hope Hull, Ala., continued experiments this year on the same plat of ground where they were conducted last year and reported in bulletin No. 36. The plat was laid off with the rows in the same place as last year, but different amounts of kainite etc., were used. The table presents the yield of seed cotton per acre in the different plats. The results of the experiment last year are introduced in a parallel column for easy comparison. As the disease appeared in the plat the effect of kainite on the yield is very marked. TABLE I. 1891. Basis fertilizer is 667 lbs. phosphate and 333 lbs. 1892. Basis fertilizer 500 lbs. phosphate and 500 lbs. cotton seed seed meal per acre applied when bedded, other fertilizers 'as meal per acre applied when bedded, all other fertilizers apbelow stated applied June 9th, 1891, all on each side of drill. plied same date except when otherwise stated, all on each side of drill except where otherwise stated. PROi'UCT SEED COTTON. PRODUCT SEED COTTON. cotton 1 200 pounds kainite ........................ 400 " ..... 1,088 3 2 1.......1,291 1,741 1,104 1,048 959 1,040 1,720 1,876 1,143 1,655 1,151 400 pounds kainite. 200 ' 600 " Check. 600 pounds kainite June 20th. 5 6 -7 400 400 Check ................................... ... 200 pounds nitrate soda.. ................... " Check...........................711 " "116 10, Is it784 sat 200pond 0 ................... . .......... 600 salt June 20th. " " " 1,403 1,015 . 200 200 400 20 kainite in drill. salt in drill. 11~ Cheek ......................... 131 1,075 1,050 4 i9 salt. c c 12 ... ... . .. ... ... 13 ............... .. .. ... .. .. 316 997 14 .... ...... . .... 1,341 1,115 1,570 of 1892 with 200 pounds of, nitrate of soda shows a benefit Mr. Clark writes of the experimnent as follows : "Plat from it greater than does No. 14 from 400 pounds, which latter does not seem to he much benefitted, considering that it did not increase the crop to any extent last year, and that this year the larger application acted the same way. I am satisfied the product from No. 13 is an error. It is plain that kainite is a specific for the disease." 13 1,260 200 " Check. 200 pounds nitrate of soda. 400 c 13 September 16 I visited Mr. Clark for the purpose of observing the result of the experiment as presented in the appearance of the foliage of the plant. The result was very marked and plainly indicated the value of kainite in checking the disease. The foliage of the salt and nitrate of soda plats was very little if any better than the checks, showing the characteristic workings of the disease far in excess of the kainite plats. Plat No. 13 presented no better appearance in this respect than any of the checks, and this fact corroborates Mr. Clark's belief that the yield as reported from that plat for 1892 is an error. A preliminary account of this disease was published in 1891* and the results of a more extended study appeared in 1892.t The reader is referred to the latter for a full account of that study, but it will be in place here to briefly state the nature of the disease, especially since some figures have been prepared which make the description more intelligible. Description of the Disease.-The diseaset is a physiological one, the condition of the plant being one of imperfect nutrition or assimilation. To appreciate the peculiar appearance accompanying the first stages of the disease, when it can quite readily be recognized in comparison with other affections of the leaf, one must note the general form of the leaf, as well as the venation, the courses through which nutriment is distributed, and the final areas through which it is diffused in reaching the ultimate units or cells of the leaf. The leaf is palmate, the main ribs,or veins, radiating from a common point at the junction of the petiole to several points on the leaf's circumference, so that the leaf is either undivided, as in the case of the first few leaves developed after *Botanical Gazette, Vol. XVI, March. Bulletin No. 27, Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, May. tBulletin No. 36, Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, March. # Portions of pages 5 and 6 of Bulletin No. 36 are quoted here. 14 the cotyledons and the young leaves in the axils of the branches; or three to four or five lobed or pointed, one of the main veins extending into the corresponding lobe of the leaf. From these few main veins smaller ones branch in a monopodial fashion nearly at right angles, reaching out into the triangular area lying between. From these again still smaller branches extend, which themselves are branched, and so on until all parts of the leaf are at last intersected by the final smallest veinlets. This net work of veins is the medium through which the minute channels course that conduct water and nutritive solutions absorbed by the roots and transported through the circulatory passages of the stem to all parts of the leaf. It will be seen that the ultimate ramifications of this network of veins divides the leaf tissue into quite small angular areas, and that the circulatory channels in the veinlets lie along the borders of these areas, Now it is clear that, as the nutritive substances pass by diffusion from the channels in the veinlets to the areas between them, the cells of these areas lying closest to the veinlets will be the first to obtain nourishment, and that the cells toward the centre of these small angular areas will be the last. When there is an abundance of the nutritive solution containing all of the necessary elements, all the cells of the areas will be well supplied, and, other things being equal, will remain healthy and green. But if the supply is deficient either in quantity or quality the first cells to feel this deficiency will be those in the centre of these angular areas, while all the cells lying along the track of the distributing channels may be well supplied for a time. The effect of this deficiency, either in nutrition or assimilation, is shown in the partial disorganization of the chlorophyl, or green substance, which causes it to become yellow in color. At first this change in color is finite iisitiflct. ] it is LjluaiIl 1)11 -rnaiaIv vr or wcI1 - uuue IIlot'( r uun±[ tit . Alhe ru itt l1)chs' iiIu t ick" cllsI it "ivt's t') the unn until Iuuif al chkered ;g qite Ii Lnlli uiosu i i Ipenrnilw. chnilrinlinf- ii is in tllm 1t1!lets w~hhi lu k)(i1ii ti" e \t'hi\isli nun roeu n or sme tiu1e. 1 rrli1seutl sacl lentf nth iui tosIc lii\ tuIL ello thnreas. inriing the' ellnnr of1t,)2Lsucedd ndee.p tills atificialy. dise~cse Sovei oso cto.' tepat 16 When the laboratory were set apart for the experiment. plants were about one foot high the soil was flooded with water every day. In the course of two weeks the characteristic mosaic arrangement of the yellow and green color appeared in the leaves, and in a week more was very marked so that the definition of the boundaries between the two colors was much more distinct than I have ever seen it in the field. Sometimes the disease progresses more rapidly, so that the smaller veins are also yellow, and it is only along quite close to the larger veins and their branches that the green color is present. Cotton quite frequently has a yellow cast affecting all parts of the leaf as well as the tender parts of the stem, even when fertilized with kainite, and especially when fertilized with acid phosphate, as shown in the experiments described above, but it should not be confounded with the mosaic disease. In the farther progress of the disease, if the weather continues quite dry, the leaf after awhile will gradually dry, If rain and hot weather become shrivelled and fall off. succeed each other, semi-parasitic fungi attack the weakened spots in the leaf, absorbing the living substance for their own growth. These fungi are microscopic plants, but when produced in great numbers, give a dark brown or black appearance to the leaf. When the plant is badly diseased it will die without the injuries produced by these organisms if the weather is not suitable for their production and dissemination, but the attacks of fungi always hasten the disease and increase the injury. Ill thle 1 ittr stalges of the disease the leaves assume dlifiitii'iliii- to 11he Ihimi of fngus wvhiich ferent a1tle1'H1IL4's 4rms inthe irtsof isesed te pant.Fi' re rjnlt- V 'A' 4/0 ~ -, e.A ' i 4 1'*j''tttt III Ill. Thisfu ;icrrr/i aue;~ cllrculhr slnits, brownI ill ijitititi' fhlvnds of this fiiiiii-. Thei glowl j a it 1 of the fruitiug, ~ tjieinllx lt sh ~ a;tLilf.~ t Illvdf thet Plate, grows leaf is (tt\ red with a funguns grow Ul, the spores of w\ithci ire( 11imW i t fig. ) of the samte Plate. ii ii it -~iit lllIt I ll t ti ltitl - i t'll i t ill I i on i is ('i'riru. o 'I ii ." 'iiri l~it . ,i , ill' i i iiii is ... ' e el i 'l le-l u of th 'r i III-IIr su l tuil iot: leafir tx ti - h o~ m tu i I ii I on ii Ii ", in F Feu~~ s;r e I ul Il l1 of i11iin t Il Til os herjIt o lttl lo o . h oi s l i l: iii c liii*-. I 111 e ;n" i a I hi LI k i or ll' n : brow1 II li n it sl ttt lutl i/ f /ltfrit i hiun I've, Io on n;t Ir;u l 1 Vh n11~ lt 19 III. FRENCHING. This disease was first called to my attention June 16, 1891, but has for sometime been known to a number of planters. Why the name "frenching" was ever applied to this disease I have been thus far unable to determine, unless it be that, following the signification of the verb from the same root which means something foreign, and therefore later, strange, unnatural, etc., it is intended to denote a strange or unnatural appearance of the cotton plant. I first collected specimens of the diseased plants at Matthew's Station and Hope Hull, Ala., on June 16th and 17th, and material has been sent me frem Allenton, Ala. July 9th I discovered it at Pike Roads, Ala. July 19th I collected specimens at Selma, Ala., in sandy land. September 4th I found it also in the sandy bottoms of the Alabama river, within two miles of Montgomery. In August, 1892, I received it from Arkansas, the specimens being sent by Mr. C. L. Newman of Pine Bluff. During the month of September, 1892, I was called to Athens, Ala., by Commissioner Lane to inspect some diseased cotton, and found the same disease there. I am led to believe that its distribution is much wider, but these are the only places of which I have positive knowledge from personal examination of its presence. Beginning with the lower leaves the first sign of the disease is a light yellowing of the leaf at the edge, or more commonly between the forks of the main ribs of the leaf. This yellow color is sometimes very pale and almost white. It is followed by a drying of the same parts of the leaf, and later, as these parts of the leaf die, they turn brown and become ragged and the leaf eventually falls to the ground. These different colors follow successively, and when the disease is well advanced all the colors are seen on the same leaf, the yellow color, of course, being nearer the still green prti Lo 111e 5 of tho lead i(iu, represents a leaf PAt lot~a of t he main ribs. Fig-r -lowing, alll the colors, the darlker' K I_ colo I 'in; the (lid potionis, thei i;;hter color, th1e ye1 - kman [tlcc liradaxliv eI th lue colo, it alilon tiS th veitinIos.r it si aoter i ieds heatvOe ;tdv naice 1 until lhfi ou11s Io ll 'i to fill h lluule At111 last the effeotid. Cot lilos Ie Hieiioitu' leve ale' at- 21 A few of these plants I took from the ground, conveyed them to Auburn and transplanted them. The transplanting checked their growth for a few days, then growth set in and all external signs of the disease disappeared, but in the latter part of June, when the plants were almost one foot high, they were severely attacked, and by the middle of July all of the leaves presented the peculiar striped appearance so characteristic of normal advanced stages of the disease. Scme of the young plants collected in May were examined microscopically and found to be identical with the disease observed in the larger plants the previous year. When the plant is old these progressive changes of color frequently are distributed over many more courses on the leaf, following not only between the main four or five veins of the leaf, but also the spaces between the primary branching of these veins. On plants possessing a mild type of the disease, some of the leaves may exhibit the yellow color in indefinite courses, now a few large yellow spots some distance from the edge, or a pale yellow occupying nearly one side of the leaf. But it is always sufficiently characterized either by the usual relation of the different colors, or by the peculiar shade of yellow, or both, for one who has once carefully observed the disease to easily detect it, except in some cases to be described later. I am aware that other appearances of the cotton plant are termed "frenching," but I am lead to believe that the disease here characterized, and manifested by the specimens I have seen, is the one more generally known as frenching. The leaves of a cotton plant are sometimes variegated with different colors, yellow, white, red and green. This is sometihes called "variegated cotton," or the "spotted cotton plant," "leprosy," etc. Some call this "frenching," and consider it the same as the disease I have described above. It is totally different, however. The leaves do not die from the trouble, but may remain alive and perform their functions. The final and sure test of the disease is found upon break2 22 ing or cutting the stem of the plant. If it is "frenching" the tissues of the fibro-vascular system will appear light brown in color, the depth of the color depending upon the virulence, or stage,' of the attack. Planters say the "heart" is black. A microscopic section of the stem reveals the presence of fungus threads which are interwoven in labyrinthian'meshes, in some cases completely filling some of the vascular channels of the plant. The discoloration of the tissues is more apparent in those ducts infested with the fungus. With good illumination the color appears, when viewed in a microscopic section, to be a brilliant yellow, un. less quite old, when it is much darker. The threads of the parasite when young are colorless, but as they age they assume a bright yellow color. They measure 2-4 micromillimeters in diameter. Very minute spores are developed from the ends of some of the threads and are found either 23 attached to their places of growth or free within the ducts, and are 1-2 x 2-4 micromillimeters. In figure 6 is shown a portion of a thin section across a diseased stem, very highly magnified, the fungus threads are interwoven in two of the ducts. Using proper precautions to prevent contamination of the culture media, pure cultures were obtained of the parasite from within the stem. In all such cases the fungus obtained proved to be a species of Fusarium. The parasite enters the plant near the surface of the ground or in the upper parts of the roots. The threads then as they increase grow upwards and reaching the branches and petioles of the leaves grow out into their circulatory channels. This explains why the lower leaves are the first to be affected during the first period of the disease. During the early stages the parasite is not in the leaves, the color changes and dying of the leaf being the result of a failure in nutrition due to the withdrawal of nourishment from the vascular channels of the stem by the parasite. The larger openings in figure 6 represent some of these cut across. It will be noticed that the failure of nutrition in the leaves is somewhat similar to that which occurs in the mosaic disease, but in frenching the interference with nutrition is so much greater than in the mosaic disease that the yellow color does not first appear in the smaller areas bounded by the smaller anastomosing veinlets, but extends rapidly up from the edge of the leaf between the larger veins. The plants sometimes put out new growth and seem to recover to a certain degree from the disease. In many cases the upper part of the plant dies, the new growth coming from the latent buds and dwarfed branches near the ground. Many of the plants die outright. Under favorable circumstances a new growth from the lower branches may entirely hide the dead top of the,plant unless careful observation is made. In other cases the new growth may come from all parts of the plant. After a 24 period of convalescence the plant may suffer a relapse. The second attack often differs materially from the first in external appearance, probably from the fact that the mycelium of the fungus is so well distributed throughout all parts of the plant that its effect in attacking the new growth and increasing in the old, is more rapid, thus not permitting the gradual sequence of color observed when the fungus has but one opening through which it can enter the growing parts of the plant. A few leaves sometimes show the characteristic sequence of color, but the leaf soon wilts, thus checking the color changes. Plants may pass through several periods of convalescence and relapse during a season. The fruit even on plants that do not seem to be very badly effected may frequently decay when nearly ready to open. The disease when not complicated with other diseases of the roots, does not advance with such rapidity into the roots, and this probably explains why so many plants sometimes recover, the roots in favorable weather sometimes supplying constantly the necessary moisture and nutrition, furnish material for the growth of the latent branches near the base. In sandy land the progress of the disease seems to be much more rapid, especially when the plant has attained considerable size. and the fungus already is well distributed throughout the system. It then often happens that very few of the leaves show the gradual changes described above, but suddenly wilt on a hot or dry day; a few on one day, more on the following, or sometimes perhaps all on the same day. The plant then soon dies. This phenomenon of the disease in aged plants in sandy land is in external appearance very much like "root rot" of cotton in Texas, but caused by a different fungus. Occasionally the plants on the sandy land are also affected with nematodes and have large "knotty swellings" on the roots. These galls are caused by a nematode worm. Whenever cotton is frenching in soil affected 25 by these worms, almost every plant effected by the worm is also affected with the organism of frenching. This is probably because the roots, being diseased by the worms, offer easy access to the parasitic fungus. However, many of the plants that are frenching are not affected by the nematodes even in sandy land. The two diseases are distinct, but when both attack a plant, the condition of the plant is much more serious. "Knotty swellings" are also found by some planter; on roots of cotton in the prairie lands. These are probably caused by the same nematode. I have not observed them myself on cotton roots in the prairie lands, but have found them in such lands on the roots of tomatoes and lettuce. * It is thought by most planters familiar with the disease, that it is confined to soils of a certain character. Some will say that it occurs only in gray soils of the prairie belt; others that it occurs only in the loose black, or gunpowder lands. This is due to the comparatively narrow area over which their observation extends. Thus, at Hope Hull, it is mainly in the gray lime lands, with a less per centage in the clay and very little in the bottom land adjoining the gray soil. At Matheiv's Station, on the other hand, it seems to be confined mainly to the bottom land, some of the lands being known as "gunpowder land," a deep, black loam, which in dry weather becomes very finely powdered and loose. Considering also its occurrence in sandy soil, it will be seen that it is likely to infest any soil into which it may be carried and gain a foothold. At Athens, Ala., I found okra affected by the same disease. No other plant is now known to be affected with the same disease that I am aware of. Corn seems to be entirely free from it, and perhaps more frequent rotation with corn would not only starve out the fungus, but benefit the plan*Agricultural Journal, Montgomery, Ala., August, 1891. 26 ter in another way also-that of providing grain for stock, instead of purchasing it at high prices, as many do. CULTURES OF THE FUNGUS. In starting the artificial cultures of the fungus, care was used to free them from contamination from any germs on the plant. With a knife heated to redness, the stem was cut and the bark carefully and quickly shaved off. Then with a flamed cool knife, portions of the diseased ducts were transferred to nutrient agar agar in test tubes. Cell cultures were made in which the sections were so thin that I could observe with the microscope that the growth obtained in the cultures originated from the young fungus threads in the tissues, or from the minute spores. Other cell and tube cultures were made by dropping the thin sections in liquified nutrient agar agar in the test tubes, and then pouring it upon thin glass to solidify. Frequently in such cases the spores were shown to be quite numerous from the number of centres of growth in the medium other than those where the sections were located. The formation of spores takes place within fifteen or twenty hours from the time of starting culture from the stem or in sowings of the spores. The hyphae in artificial cultures remained hyaline in all the cultures made except in one culture in bouillon. In drawing specimens for examination from this culture, portions of the submerged mycelium were raised above the surface of the liquid. In a few days these possessed the same color as the older threads in the tissues. In bouillon and nutrient agar agar frequently enlarged cells appear in the hyphae, which resembles gemmae. Sometimes they occur at the end of a hypha, and in both cases often bear several flasked-shaped basidia. The spores obtained in cultures vary from 2-4.5x4-40 micromillimetres. They are continuous, or one to four or five septate, according to their length. The very minute ones are narrowly oval. As they increase in length many 27 are inequilateral and curved. They are colorless, faintly granular, and frequently possess one to several vacuoles, according to their size. The short ones have usually one rounded end, the opposite end being usually rather sharply pointed. Variations in this character occur. The longer spores have a tendency to be pointed at both ends when mature, though frequently one end is appreciably the stouter. The fertile hyphae vary greatly. The earlier ones are short, flasked-shaped and supported on the main hypha by a narrow pedicel. As they age, they frequently increase in length, and branch producing dendritic forms. The formation of spores in cultures reminds one strongly of some species of Glceosporium and Colletolrichum, where they are clustered about the ends of the basidia. Frequently in this Fusarium the basidium elongates as the spores are being borne and leaves them distributed along its course. Cultures in nutrient agar agar or bouillon produced shorter spores than on sterilized cotton bolls or Irish potatoes. A saprophytic Fusarium is very common on decaying cotton bolls in autumn, and I have found it in various places during the past July, growing upon bolls which were probably first attacked by a bacterium. I have also found it on decaying bolls from plants badly affected by this vascular disease. Of this saprophytic species I made parallel cultures with the parasitic form, to determine if they were specifically distinct. The cultures were made on sterilized cotton bolls and Irish potato. The two seem to be specifically distinct. In the saprophytic species the spores are more strongly curved and the ends very long and slender. This distinction was maintained throughout several cultures. Some of the growths in artificial cultures are represented , 28 in figure 7, a from culture in agar, b from culture on cotton bolls, c from culture on potato. The fungus seems to be new and I propose for it the name Fusarium vasinfectum. Inoculations. -Experiments were made in August, 1892, to determine if the disease could be obtained by inoculation with the fungus which I obtained in pure culture. The Fusarium was considered not to be a sufficiently aggressive parasite to be able to make its way into the ducts of the circulatory system unaided. Having found that the "damping off" fungus could disease the stems of the young cotton, and that many plants even when the ulcer reached the circulatory system, recovered from the effects of this external injury, it was suggested that possibly this fungus could open the way for the entrance of the Fusarium. Accordingly several short rows of cotton were planted in the plant laboratory and just as the plants were issuing from the ground they were inoculated with the "damping off" fungus. When by examination it was shown that several plants were diseased so that an opening was made in as far as the vascular tissue, a portion of the earth was removed and pure cultures of the Fusariumwere placed directly against the diseased portions of the plants. Some of the plants died from the effects of the "damping off" fungus, but loosening. of the earth and partial drying of the soil saved others. In a few days the soil was kept well watered again. Aug. 24 one plant about 12 inches high died exhibiting signs of the disease in one leaf. Microscopic examination showed the Fusarium ducts near the ground, while for some greater distance up the stem the fibro-vascular tissue was brown in 29 color. The discoloration and disease of the ducts is started by the injury from the "damping off" fungus. The diseased condition of the ducts affords an opportunity for the Fusarium to gain a foothold. As the plant recovers from the lesions produced by the "damping off" fungus it imprisons the Fusarium in a living condition. The Fusarium may for some time lurk in the circulatory passages making but slow growth. Its presence and growth upon the already partially diseased tissues extend the malady farther up the passages with the growth of the plant. Finally in Tmany cases the Fusarium has such a strong foothold and is so wide spread through the system that the plant is overcome and dies outright, or sheds all its leaves. Favorable conditions may bring on a period of convalescence followed by a relapse as the Fusariumagain gains the upper hand. Some of the plants first diseased with the "damping off" fungus were inoculated by placing stems of a frenching plant against the diseased parts. In one case the result was beautiful, three of the leaves slowly passing through the yellow color changes and then wilting. The ducts of the stem also presented all the characteristics of the disease. The result was much more satisfactory than that obtained from the inoculation with the pure culture of the Fusarium. This suggested that possibly bacteria which are frequently obtained from the diseased tissues might be associated with the Fusarium in the etiology of the disease. While I do not wish to be understood as making any positive assertion in favor of the Fusarium being the cause instead of bacte ria, I do think the evidence thus far in hand gives greater support to the former view. The Fusarium is invariably found,both in cotton and in okra afflicted with the disease. Bacteria are not always found in the diseased tissues, forin quite a number of transplantings of diseased tissue to nutrient agar agar no bacteria were developed while the Fusarium always appeared. Again not always does the same species of bacteria appear, but now one speoie8 ..and then another, i -. Soi-Srri<'" 'F).\ n'pmc er',' S II'lI; I-toy.. t to llJ 1) rlY l~n u linti ter'; ;liiie 11 i ill',h iii' v t't' It *tIs t geeiiilt ill kn' li ' -' ilt' liei'ii li t. tii lII jitIt til' ii ~o 31 Damping off is so frequently attributed to the work of Pythiumn DeBaryanum, I supposed in this casethat fungus was present, but numerous examinations failed to reveal it. Beside the frequent occurrence of threads of Rhizopus nigricans, and species of Fusarium, non-fruiting threads of some fungus were so generally observed. I suspected their causal connection with the disease. The threads are 9-11 micromillimeters in diameter and the cells 100-200 micromillimeters in length. At first they are colorless and possess numerous vacuoles of varying sizes in the nearly homogenous protoplasm. As they age they become brown in color. The branches extend obliquely from the parent thread, are somewhat narrower at their point of origin and possess a septum usually 15 20 micromillimeters from the parent thread, giving a clavate form to this part of t-he branch which is continuous with the parent cell. Frequently .the hyphee are associated in strands being woven and twisted together. Pure cultures.-By placing effected seedlings on filter paper in a moist chamber there are developed in 24 to 48 hours numerous threads in a horizontal or procumbent position, which extend out for 1 c m to 3 c m over the paper, often not contaminated with other fungi. By transplanting a few of these threads, using a flamed platinum needle, into nutrient agar rendered acid by lactie acid (one drop concentrated lactic acid to about 10 c c of nutrient agar) a pure culture of the fungus was obtained. A series of experiments was conducted to determine if the fungus found in the tissues ,of "sore-shin" cotton, could really produce that disease and "damp off" the young plants. Experiment No. 1-Soil from the hill in the garden where young plants had just died from the disease was placed in two pots on June 27. Pot a was placed in the soil bed of the plant laboratory and watered. Pot. b was steamed in the steam sterilizer for three hours and left in the sterilizer over night. June 28 it was placed in the soil bed beside pot. a. Cotton seed after being scalded was planted in both pots. The plants began coming up July 1 and 2 and were 32 well up July 3rd. In pot a the plants were damping off while in plot b, the soil of which had been steamed, the plants were perfectly healthy. I was now absent until July 16. On returning, my assistant reported that all the plants in pot a died in a few days. In pot b they were still perfectly healthy. This was very good evidence that the soil contained some parasite which caused the disease and the steaming killed that parasite. Experiment No. 2.--This experiment was made in order to test the effect of kainite in the soil since it had been found in a few trials where the fungus was not very abundant in the soil that acid phosphate hastened the disease. Earth from soil in the garden which had been heavily fertilized with acid phosphate and in which plants died from "damping off" was placed in two pots. These were sunk inthe soil bed in the plant laboratory June 27. Scalded cotton seed was planted in both. Pot a was watered with pure water while pot b was watered with a strong solution of kainite. The plants were well up July 3rd. Damping off began in both pots and in a few days all were dead. This indicates that while under ordinary circumstances acid soil conduces to the development of the disease, heavy application of kainite will not prevent it where the fungus is abundant in the soil. Experiment No. 3.-Earth from the garden not known to be infected with the fungus, but quite likely containing it, was placed in a pot and steamed in the steam sterilizer for three hours. It was sunk in the soil in the plant laboratory July 16, and planted with scalded cotton seed. The plants were well up July 20. Three different groups of plants in the pot were inoculated with the fungus threads taken from a pure culture, grown on nutrient agar. The threads were placed against the lower part of the stem after removing the earth. The earth was then returned and the soil watered. Several groups of plants remained untreated in the pot to serve as checks. July 22 one plant from group 1, and two plants from group 2, had fallen and were wilting. These were removed 33 to a moist chamber on filter paper prepared in the same manner as described above. July 23 there was a profuse growth of the fungus threads extending out upon the filter paper. It was identified as the same as the one used in the inoculation. On the same day one plant in group 3 had fallen and was wilting. Others in groups 1 and 2 were diseased while the checks remained healthy. This proves that the fungus used in the inoculation is the cause of the disease produceu at that season in the garden and fields which I examined. July 28-Experiment No. 3--was photographed. Only one plant among the remaining number of the plants inoculated was erect, and examination showed that to be diseased. This was in group No. 1. In group No. 2 there were still three plants, one had fallen July 27 and was wilted; two fell during the night of July 27, and on the morning of July 28 were wilting. In group No. 3 were also three plants. Two had fallen July 25 and 26, and were nearly dry, while one had fallen during the night of July 27, and was wilting on the morning of July 28. The group of plants not inoculated remained perfectly healthy. Experiment No. 4. July 22 water cultures were started in the following way. Two 4 oz. bottles were filled with distilled water to which a small quantity of acid phosphate, kainite and nitrate of soda was added. The bork was perforated to admit the radicle of the cotton plant seedling. The seed was previously scalded and germinated on filter paper in a moist chamber. The seedlings were placed in position and the experiment photographed. No. 1 was inoculated by placing a tuft of fungus threads against the stem where they would keep moist, while No. 2 served as a check. July 23 the fungus had taken hold of the plant in No. 1, as shown by the discoloration and shrinkage of the tissues. July 25 the plant in No. 1 was dead while the check plant in No. 2 was perfectly healthy, and had grown as shown in the photograph taken on the same date. 34 Experiment No. 5.-This experiment was designed to test the fungus of "root rot" of alfalfa sent by Prof. George W. Curtis, Director of the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, which appears to be identical with root rot of cotton in Texas. A pot of soil from the garden was steamed in the steam sterilizer for two hours, cotton seed previously scalded was planted July 20th, along with refuse earth and particles of alfalfa roots from the Texas material. The plants were coming up July 23 to 25. July 26 one plant had "damped off." July 27 several plants were badly diseased so that the least pull caused them to break off at the diseased area. The "damping off" fungus was found, and also numerous threads'of Rhizopus nigricans, which was abundant on the alfalfa roots. Experiment NAo. 6.-This experiment was designed to test the effect of the Rlzopus nigricans, which developed so abundantly in experiment No. 5. Two pots of soil from the garden were steamed for two hours, the soil being previously wetted. Scalded cotton seed was planted July 27. A culture of the Rhizopus was added to the seed planted in pot a. Pot b was retained as a check. Plants remained healthy in both. Experiment No. 7. This experiment was designed to test a preparation chiefly recommended as an insecticide, but claimed also to possess fungicidal properties. The preparation is known as "par oidium," or "black sulphur." The experiment was conducted in pots a and b of experiment No. 2, where all the plants had died from damping off. The "par oidium" was mixed with three inches of the surface soil, and seed not scalded was planted in both pots July 16. July 20 when seed planted in other places on July 16 was up, I examined the seed in pots a and b and found it dead. Fresh seed was then obtained and after being scalded was planted in pots a and b, while check plantings were made in other places to determine the quality of the seed. The check plantings germinated while 35 not a seed in pots a and b germinated. July 25 some of the seed in pot a were opened and placed on filter paper in a moist chamber, when in 24 hours a profuse growth of the characteristic fungus appeared. This showed that the "par oidium" had not prevented the growth of the fungus. Experiment No. 8.-This was conducted to determine whether or not seed would germinate in the soil used in experiment No. 7 after being steamed. July 25 the soil in pot b was removed. That in a pot a was divided perpendicularly, one half being placed in pot b. First, soil was placed underneath this soil in both pots to raise the surface nearly level with the rim of the pots. Pot a was steamed for two hours, and when cooled, scalded seed was planted in both pots. July 28, 29 and 30, the seed in pot a had germinated, the plants were coming up and were perfectly healthy. In pot b not a seed had germinated. The fungus had multiplied to such an extent in the soil that it killed the seed before germination could take place. DESCRIPTION OF THE CULTURES.-It was difficult in the culture in moist chambers from the roots of diseased plants to prevent bacteria from accompanying the threads. The acidulated medium prevented the growth of the bacteria while it did not interfere with the growth of the fungus. Five different cultures were started in this manner. Four test tubes containing sterilized corn stalk pith saturated with acidulated nutrient agar agar were inoculated with the threads. One failed to grow, two were contaminated with Rhizopus nigricans, and two developed pure cultures of the desired fungus. The fifth inoculation was made into acidulated nutrient agar agar in a liquid condition, which was allowed to partially cool, and then was poured out upon a sterilized glass plate, the partial cooling of the agar permitted it to remain in a heap about 1 c m high and 4 cm in diameter. A pure culture of the desired fungus was obtained in this also. In the plate culture a profuse growth followed, the hyphe 36 emerging in all directions from the substratum, extended all over the glass plate to the edge, and there, in the course of a week, hung down in broad, brown mantles or veils of exceedingly delicate texture, reaching to the water in the bottom of the vessel. In a like manner by this time the threads grown from the diseased plants in the moist chamber had extended over the filter paper for four or five inches, forming in many cases distinct strands, of a dark brown color, from the association and intertwining of several hyphe, resembling the strands of some Hymenomycetes. These strands also occurred in the plate culture. In the test tube culture the hypha first appeared, springing in a radial direction from the point of inoculation on the corn-stalk pith as a white, fluffy mass which soon spread over the surface of the pith and leaped by strands across the space intervening between the pith and walls of the tube, where in many cases, compact masses of hyphae developed, composed of short cells very much constricted at the septa and broader than the normal ones. These were white at first but became brown with age, and suggested the development of sclerotia. This culture was started June 21st, and by July 21st, as growth seemed to have ceased, more nutrient agar was poured into the tube, partly immersing the pith. In twenty-four hours a profuse growth had appeared over the surface of the agar. July 18th additional cultures were started from the plate culture by transplanting portions of the agar containing the threads, as well as the threads alone taken from near the edge of the glass plate, into test tubes of acidulated nutrient agar. Growth appears first as a loose, abrupt convex tuft of radiating white threads. In a few days this tuft increases greatly in the periphery, but little in height. At the same time minute, powdery-looking masses appear which are seated on the mycelium, near the surface of the medium, in the meshes of the tuft or near the extremity of the loose threads. Some of these are young sclerotia, as noted 37 above,-white at first, but gradually changing to a brown color. These occurred in all the cultures. Cultures on Irish Potatoes.-July 23rd several Irish potatoes were halved, placed in covered glass vessels and steamed two hours each day for two successive days. Being in closed vessels the steam did not reach the potatoes readily, and numbers of bacteria developed. Observing this, July 25th the covers of the glass vessels were partially removed during the process of steaming which continued for two hours, killing the bacteria, since no farther development took place. After cooling, July 25th, p. nm.,two of the halves of the potatoes were inoculated with the fungus threads from a test tube culture. July 26th, a. m., the fungus had grown rapidly, spreading in a radial direction over the cut surface of the potato for about 2 c m.* July 27th, a. m1., it had reached and passed the edge of the potato, extending over the edge about 1J c m, the growth for the twenty four hours being about 3 c m. On the surface of the potato the threads form a stout pellicle lying quite close to the surface, while at the edge they tend to separate into strands and diverge outward and downward. July 28th, a. m., the two cultures in vessels of different size presented some differences. In the glass jar, 6 c m in diameter, the infusion from the steamed potato was more plentiful in proximity to the potato and of greater depth on the bottom of the vessel than in the shallow and broader vessel. This increased moisture and richness of pabulum conduced to a much more rapid and profuse growth of the fungus. The threads for a short distance down the perpendicular surface of the potato stood out loosely, while lower down, as the moisture and nutriment increases, they cling more closely to the side of the potato, forming a pellicle with a few loose threads or strands. Upon reaching the infusion they again grow into a very compact pellicle, the strands of which extend radially to the side of the vessel. * Two and one-half centimeters are nearly equal to one inch. 38 The pellicle is thrown into radiating and dichotomously forked folds. Upon the surface of the pellicle in both cultures there are later developed many procumbent free strands and threads. At the ends of the free threads, and over the surface of the pellicle, numerous powdery-looking tufts, alluded to above, are developed. Those close to the surface of the pellicle form the sclerotia. The pellicle is 400 micromillimeters or more in thickness. On Irish potato in test tubes the fungus develops a loose weft of threads and strands. Many strands extend across to the walls of the tube where numerous sclerotia are developed. The sclerotia also are developed on the strands in the intervening space between the potato and walls of the tube, as well as on the surface of the potato. In one of the potato cultures, where the potato was first boiled, then halved and steamed, the pellicle as it advanced over the surface of the potato caused a depression parallel with and a little behind the advancing border of the weft. The pellicle later became strongly and irregularly folded. Cudtureson Gotton Stalks.--A cotton stalk, from 1 cin to 2 cin in diameter was cut into sections about 5 c long, boiled and then placed in a glass jar where they were steam sterilized for two hours each day on two successive days. July 30 they were inoculated with threads of the fungus. August 2, from the point of inoculation, which was at one end of the small pile of stems near the lower portion, the fungus had spread radially for a distance of 3 c min 5 c min to in a rather compact but moderately thin pellicle nearly obscuring the bark of the stems. On the side of the glass jar it also extended radially from the same point for a distance of 3 c min. Upon the infusion in the lower part of the vessel the pellicle was much thicker, showing much more vigorous growth, and here the brown color appeared. The powdery tufts and selerotia were also developed. Culture on Oak Wood.-From an oak limb which had been i *One micromillimeter, equals 1-25,000part of an inch. 39 dead about one year, still possessing the bark, about 3 c m in diameter, a section 5 c long was taken, boiled, and split in halves. These were placed in a small glass jar, a little distilled water, and a small quantity of cotton stem infusion, added, and then steam sterilized two hours each day for two successive days. July 28 this was inoculated with threads of the fungus. August 2 the fungus had spread radially from the point of inoculation, a distance of about 3 c mn, forming a very thin gauze like pellicle through which the wood could be distinctly seen. The growth was somewhat more vigorous on the weak infusion. August 4th the gauze like pellicle had nodt increased in density, while the growth on the infusion was much more compact and sclerotia were developing on the sides of- the glass jar as well as on the surface of the wood. Culture on Cotton Seed.-July 25th some cotton seed killed by the fungus was opened and placed on filter paper in a moist chamber. July 26th a profuse growth of the fungus had begun. August 2 sclerotia were observed on the filter paper several centimeters distant from the seed varying in size up to the size of a bird shot. Connecting these with the seed are strands of the :fungus. on Horse Dung.-July 28 a small quantity of horse dung was placed in a small glass jar and steam sterilized for two hours each day on four successive days. Steaming was then omitted one day and then the material again steamed for two hours. August 3 the horse dung was inoculated with the fungus. August 4, very little perceptible growth had taken place, the threads from the point of inoculation radiating for a short distance, about 1 c m. August 5 this growth had extended making in all about. 2 c min. There was no infusion whatever in the vessel, and the slow growth was found to be due to a lack of moisture, for on the addition of sterilized water, the growth was accelerated and numerous sclerotia were afterward formed. in Culdture 40 V. ANTHRACNOSE. Colletotrichumn Gossypii SOUTHWORTH. During the summer of 1890 this then new disease of cotton was studied independently by both Miss Southworth* and the author.t While it seems to be quite widely distributed serious injury seems to be confined to localities. While I have observed it in quite a number of places in Alabama, only at Brundidge have I noted any very serious injury to the fruit. At that place in September, 1891, fully ten to fifty per centum of the crop was destroyed on some plantations. In the vicinity of Auburn while it occurs on the bolls its greatest injury seems to be confined to young cotton plants. Affecting the Bolls.-The disease on the bolls originates in minute spots. These spots when very small are of a dull reddish brown color, and present minute shallow depressions of the surface tissue. As these spots enlarge the tissue blackens until the development of the spores begins. These are developed in pustules, usually confluent, in the center of the nearly circular spot. Their development changes the color of the spot, which becomes a dirty grey, if there are few spores or a bright pink, if the spores are numerous. Where the spores are few in number, many of them stand out upon the surface on threads which have grown up through the tissue. The spores being colorless give a greyish cast to the dark back ground of diseased tissue. When the spores are developed in great quantities they are piled up into a considerable heap and form a large confluent mass occupying the central portion of the spot. A pink pigment, given off by the spores, is produced here in such quantity by the mass of spores that it can be readily seen. It is this pigment which gives the pink color to the spots. *Journal Mycology, Vol. VI, No. 3. tJournal Mycology, Vol. VI, No. 4. '1/ lt' tilt' diliseas isi ' t ill i2 i X r .it* 11 ("1'l I I II I li '*iiitheii tisi'- iti llit ImtI tX;k ll 1111 1 1'e4 tl 11iii t. ill fr lit' w hIt'll'1I 1f , I'i it t iil ' :l t (iI I' 1,1 lit te t~ Ii'e 1 i itI 1 ii 11111i 111 t111 111,11.ii i l lt u t ill 2~r11' 1iel " ft it it'' ful" I'I' hi II it j It t l I t z ip 11'I'll ll t l t'1" t 1 1 Il ti 'r h 1l11 11 _- e ' ix tr' ' l 1l lt 1 l' 11l ix t l II (tl x , i tiltli I li 1 i'x I;t , , i rieIM rntll (< o ixtil .1 ~KZ 11 ['Ii, htl; 11 iii1 thiIt ilt. tilt SOisuttiine, 111it5, alt liitt lit itct, nearly the entire tissue being e7I ivolited at an i it v i 'i(tt1 i 111 it till' I I e lr :iii 1tiit' 42 profuse development of the spores at any given point takes place. In such cases the boll appears nearly black partly from the dead tissue and partly from the numerous black hyphae and sclerotia of the fungus. Affecting the stem.-So far as I have observed the fungus does not produce any characteristic injury of the stem which is noticeable, but it is frequently found in injured parts of the stem, and on the scars left by falling leaves, where the dying tissue of the scar, especially in humid weather, invites its development. In my early studies of cotton anthracnose* I thought the fungus attacked the upper part of the stems in September occasioning a scalded appearance of the stems and leaves. Since I have become more familiar with the yellow leaf blight or mosaic disease, I am convinced the trouble was caused primarily by that disease and afforded a good opportunity for the fungus of anthracnose to develop. The fungus sometimes effects seriously the stems of seedling cotton, attacking the stem at the surface of the ground or just below causing the plant to wither and die much as if it damped off. The tissues redden, and shrink frequently in longitudinal lines. The macroscopic appearances of the injury are usually quite different from those occasioned by the "damping off" fungus. The stem is not apt to present the well-defined ulcer, or diseased depression, which is so characteristic of the injury from the "damping off" fungus. Seedlings are probably frequently diseased in this way from the spores which are lodged in the lint of the seed at time of planting. In some cultures of young plants in sterilized soil I have sometimes been annoyed by the development of the fungus in the stems under circumstances such that they were diseased in no other way than from spores which remained attached to the seed. Affecting the lecwves.-The anthracnose is frequently found upon the leaves but it is more aptt o develop in sickly leaves, or injured places, than to attack healthy leaves. Indeed, there does not seem to be any characteristic affection Journal Mycology, Vol. VI,No. 4, p. 174. Washington, D. C., 1891. 43 of the leaves but from, the partial saprophytic habit of the fungus otherwise diseased or injured leaves, as well as the stems, provide a nidus for the propagation and transport of the spores through the growing season, to the bolls. The seed leaves, or cotyledons, however, suffer frequently from a characteristic injury. While the cotton seed is germinating the spores, caught in the tangle of lint still adhering- to the seed coats, germinate also and attack the fleshy cotyledons as they are slipping from the coats. The fungus attacks the edges of the cotyledons and destroys an irregular area bordering the middle portion. The cotyledons being quite fleshy and succulent form a suitable place for the profuse development of spores and the diseased area is marked by the bright pink or roseate tint so characteristic of its profuse development on the fruit. The degree of success which attends the throwing off of the seed coat by the cotyledons during germination probably bears a very close relation to their susceptibility of disease. After the young root has emerged from the seed coat, or hull, if the temperature conditions are such as to cause the hull to dry and remain so, or provide it with little moisture, it is cast off by the cotyledons with difficulty, and sometimes not at all. Frequently the hull clings to the extremities of the cotyledons, holding them firmly, while their bases are exposed to the light, and consequently take on a healthy green color. The edges of the cotyledons, held firmly bound, acquire a sickly yellow color, and frequently the effort to extricate themselves, results in some abrasion of the tissue. In either case the edges of the cotyledons, so held under extremely unnatural conditions, are an easy prey to the anthracnose spores which fall on them from the tangle of lint still on the seed coat. Such cotyledons are sometimes attacked by a Fusarium,the spores of which also produce a pink pigment, and the fungus can then only be differentiated from anthracnose by a microscopic examination. I have succeeded also in inoculating young plants through their seed leaves.* A portion of a boll containing a profuse *Journal of Mycology, vol. vi, no. 4, p. 177, Washington, D. C., 1891,. 44 development of spores was immersed in water, which was then shaken thoroughly to scatter the spores in the water. The cotyledons of the young plant were well wetted with this, and a bell jar placed over the plant for a day. Natural conditions of temperature and humidity were then imitated as nearly as possible. The plants being in a frame artificial heat could be produced, temperature ranging from 20D C at night to 350 C at midday were produced. The humidity of the air in the frame was kept above that outside by closing the frame and wetting the soil. After four days the humidity was reduced while the temperature was maintained. A week later an examination was made of a cotyledon which was dying, the distal end being half dead and shrivelled while the base was still green. It was well infected, and there were numerous clusters of setw at the edge, also clusters of spores, and in the interior of the cotyledon spores borne on scattered basidia. Ten days from the time of inoculation another plantlet was diseased, both cotyledons being affected. When the distal half was pretty well dead and shrivelled the examination was made. Very few external signs of the fungus were present, but in a few places at the edge the setae were just piercing through, and sections showed numerous spores and lusters of gemmae within. The base of each cotyledon was apparently healthy, and each was still firmly attached to the stem. In no case were the spores developed in such numbers as to show the roseate tint. In this respect the result of the inoculations differed from what we observe in a natural appearance of the disease on the cotyledons probably due to artificial conditions. Since the plant is thus shown to be vulnerable to the attack of the fungus at the cotyledons and young stem from spores resting on the seed, the suggestion is called forth that possibly we have here a case similar to the well known cases of Cystopus candidus and certain of the Ustilaginee. The researches of DeBary showed that members of the Crucifercc were open to the attack of Cystopus candidus only through their cotyledons. The fungus having thus found 45 an entrance to its host traveled through the stem to other parts of the plant. Brefeld and others have shown that wheat, oats and barley are only attacked by their specific Ustilago at the time of germination when the germ tube of the sporid enters the young stem and the parasite- grows along with its host, doing no apparent injury until just prior to harvest time. In this case soaking the'grains in blue stone water, or immersing them for a short period in hot water, destroys the spores of the smut while the grain is not injured. If the analogy of cotton anthracnose with Cystopus, and the smuts is such as these facts would suggest, then, since the inoculating spores are now shown by my investigations to be in considerable numbers on some cotton seed, why can the analogy not be farther carried out and we be able to prevent anthracnose, in a large measure at least, by scalding the seed prior to planting? We have no positive evidence that the anthracnose fungus does travel along through the plant from the young stem or cotyledons to the bolls and leaves. But circumstantial evidenceindicates that such is not its course. In the first place the fungus reproduces spores again, very soon comparatively, after germination takes place, so that crops of spores are produced in rapid succession where conditions for growth are present. In the second place, the fungus is not in any appreciable degree an obligate parasite, but is markedly saprophytic at times. There is a reasonable possibility that the crop of spores produced on the diseased young stem or cotyledons will soon find an opportunity for growth and production of another crop of spores at some injured point in a leaf, or upon the partly dying tissue at old leaf scars, where I have found the fungus in fruit. Furthermore, when the fungus obtains a good hold in the tissue of the stem it does serious injury, which is not the case with the smuts in the stem of the cereals. It is therefore exceedingly improbable that the analogy at first suggested really does exist. Nevertheless, 46 it is quite probable that one common source of infection of young plants, and the production of numerous spores at an early season, might be remedied by scalding the seed. When cotton is planted on ground not cultivated in cotton the previous year, if the seed were scalded there is reason to believe that the disease might be prevented in that field. It is not yet known whether or not spores live over the winter in any appreciable numbers in soil where cotton is grown. It is possible that the same treatment of the seed might be efficacious in soils where cotton is continuously planted. The method is worth a careful trial. Charactersof the Fungus.-The spores are oblong, usually rather sharply pointed at the base, often rounded at both ends, with a broad, shallow constriction in the middle, nearly cylindrical or distinctly curved, usually vacuolate with one or more vacuoles. They vary greatly in size from 4.5 to 9 micromillimeters in diameter by 15 to 20 micromillimeters in length. Where they are produced on green or decaying bolls, or other softened parts of the plant, they are frequently associated in distinct acervuli or heaps, which are 100 to 150 micromillimeters in diameter. One of these pustules is shown at figure 12 a. They are composed of numerous spores developed from the ends of fertile threads which arise from a stroma of mycelial threads within the tissues of the plant, andl lie in groups closely parallel. The 47 fertile threads are of two kinds, short colorless basidia, which are first developed and the more numerous, and rather long, dark, olive septate sete. The sete are straight, curved, flexuous, simple, or rarely branched, and measure 100 to 150 micromillimeters in length. Their ends are nearly hyaline, and the spores borne upon them are often obovate, the base being rather sharply pointed. They seem to arise later in the development of the pustule, when parts of the stroma are becoming dark in color, either from dark parts of the stroma or from rudimentary sclerotia. Artificial Cultures.-Several artificial cultures were made to trace the development of the fungus. In some cases the nutrient medium used was agar-agar peptone broth and an infusion of cotton leaves, but it was found that it grew about as well without the addition of the infusion. Pure cultures were obtained in several ways. Bolls on which the spores were just being produced, were placed in a moist chamber. When the cluster of spores was well elevated and distinct, not so old as to be contaminated with bacteria, with a flamed needle a few spores could easily be taken not accompanied by other germs. Some of the cultures were made in cells so that germination and growth could be directly observed under the microscope at short intervals. The spores germinate quite freely under favorable circumstances in four to ten hours. At the time of germination, or prior to it, frequently one or two transverse septse are observed in the spore, dividing it into , t 48 two or three cells. Several germ tubes may be produced from a single spore. Figure 13, a represents spores when when sown, and b, some just after the beginning of germination. The mycelial threads begin to branch immediately, and are somewhat flexuous in their course. From all parts of the mycelium short fertile branches soon arise of 1, 2, or 3 cells' length, which resemble the basidia and produce spores. Sometimes these fertile branches or basidia arise directly from the spore. In the solid medium the spores form a single basidium, when not crowded by the basidia and other spores, are clustered around the end, each succeeding spore pushing the one which has just become free to one side. The sharply pointed basal end of the spore favors this. After several days there is a beautiful crown cluster of spores about the end of the basidium, all lying parallel to each other. Figure 12, b shows a few of such clusters in an artificial culture. Spores are sometimes produced in less than twenty-four hours from the time of sowing. Besides the production of spores certain branches, either near or remote from the center of the growth, produce at their ends peculiar enlarged cells, olive brown in color varying in their outline but always of greater diameter than the hyphae which produce them. These bodies frequently produce immediately a normal hypha resembling the others of the mycelium. This in turn may soon produce another bud, or may grow to considerable length, produce basidia and spores, or produce spores soon after its origin from the bud as an ordinary basidium. These buds, or gemmae, as they might be properly called, are shown in Figure 13, c. In many cases the gemma immediately begins to bud in an irregular manner, producing cells similar in color but very closely compacted into an irregularly oval or elongated or flattened, imperfect sclerotium. After one or two weeks' growth a large number of these gemme and imperfect sclerotia are developed near the center of growth, i. e., the original spore. At the same time the basidia have become 49 very numerous at this point, arising from the mycelium or by the branching of the older ones, and the mass of spores assumes the roseate tint. Cultures were also started in pure water and in a weak nutrient medium. In water the germ tubes almost invariably, when once or twice the length of the spore, produced the gemmae. If these developed another tube it was only to give rise to another gemma. In no case at that time were spores produced nor any appreciable length of mycelium. In the weak nutrient medium the gemma were produced freely. Also, a number of hyphe produced one to four or five spores. While the vegetive growth exceeded that of the spores sown in pure water, there was but little compared with the growth in a rich nutrient medium, and the spores did not live so long. These gemmm produced soon after germination, more freely in weak nutrient media, are spoken of by some as secondary spores.* They are not secondary spores in the usual acceptance of that term. They do not become freed from the mycelium except by accident, or by the dying of the thread to which they are attached, in which case they are more properly gemmee. Their frequent later development into compound gemmae by budding would strengthen this view, and indicate that they are rudimentary sclerotia, or perhaps presage the development of pycnidial or ascigerous stages as yet unknown in this genus. I have also obtained pure cultures of the fungus when contaminated with bacteria by the usual method of separation by dilution in liquid nutrient agar, both by plate cultures and by Esmarch rolls. In cultures on nutrient agar, I have never observed the sete to develop in such numbers as they do naturally on the cotton plant, but by pouring a small quantity of liquid agar on scorched cotton in a culture tube and then inoculating this medium with spores the setse developed profusely. *Southworth, Journal of Mycology, vol. vi, Nos. 3 and 4. Botanical Gazette, vol. xvii, No. 9. Halsted, 50 VI. SHEDDING OF BOLLS. The "shedding" of bolls or "forms," or their death and drying while still attached to the plant is very frequently a source of great loss to the cotton crop. The trouble has long been known, but perhaps the most widely prevalent and disastrous form has been misunderstood. It is variously attributed to the work of the boll worm, to a puncture made by some Hemipterous insect, etc. That some of the shedding is due to the work of the boll worm can not be denied, but many planters are now coming to believe, as is quite true, that usually comparatively little of this trouble is caused by that worm.' The shedding referred to here is a purely physiological trouble not due to the work of insects, nor to the action of a fungus. During three years observation in Alabama, I have found this physiological form of shedding to be by far more serious than that produced by other causes combined. It occurs most frequently in extremes of either dry or wet weather, or during the change from one extreme to the opposite extreme. It may occur to some extent under normal climatic conditions, especially if the cotton plants are too numerous on the ground, or the variety of cotton is one which develops a very large amount of fruit forms in proportion to the leaf surface. I)II iII ;I I t'wIll ; \\litt I 1 1 1 'm'iiit gim tit itIIII( I' fruti ~il il li t I n t tt\i rI ' t! tll i 't il l vvtil t 1 w1 lil~l(f it utxliii it l itr l, 1111' J ; *y iirl fl IiI t I I t'II jn11 ti llii t 1 111! > hi t-i I ("lii t titnl i;itti tin til t ii iii~ fl .it tilt' u t 1I it ItIi ( it to t ll] tlt' t ttiu I". 1 l li-" 1I " I fit i t tilu rP till' 1)I"Il lll'I1, : ;Ill ll' to l'II II'II llA- ;I n II ;Ilal nl nrly lII r111 uIliI 1LI;ir t l it. I"ll;l ;It, lu l'.1 t ttl"II l lll I I"u I" ;lllt tll till' 11I 11111' Ilt I' III. 1 "I. Il n u tlu t;unl rl" l u lllliII I.1' ;Itt;It Iuul nt t!I: till i ,I";II II ft f;lllin ; II ;If. I InIIrI If Illliut frllnl at ;I ,Ilan a1111t Itl I. Ilis- nIIII" ;ulll tllr lllllillI ulnlL iullinhll " till' 1111 ' u t W "II;I I';It lu l l Iti ;tlit tIl II l t"I ItI II' trl 1111 IIIU ' ICI int II If tll: :nt (;II"t" t I" II( of tlll, :t "ul LIIIIv\ tine lw 1lc" d, null v('I !,Iv1jIwIItly tlll'I) the Ir hurt Ilf the ib,;I(l III1111111I.1\ iulli tIl tin I'fn I"I" tI IV ' Ill I('1 Ilu t I'lltll'I IV' ,t"lin l';ttl' ;Intl till' bu ll uulin, lill ill to tlll Ili t t;Ik Ill;ult. a ril til In wlul till tllt' ;II11 II t1 , 1115 Ili 1111 ±; 1 .. f till I"I lttu varil til;, I",IIIti;lIIY II t111 .I 1);11o tilln Ilt' t IV'IIIII' l l t lv ;lu ll tlll I1t 111 n nnlly wlll;lill, tirully h Il ill 11,I iti nl" llut tln k,;!(I lru"t r I v- iII I( -;ltl t II: ti.:II iu vIIIvI II. llrt IlI 111;1("( 'tIIt f' s ncII ;I r;I1; . '1'111 v lI h ILi. t III" IIIIItIIn tlli II :lll lu II ll Ali IIu nllt Il;ltlll';' f, w ill ;I IU It w ll;II I t I illlly tell' t 111' ln vI r eef t II [ ti, :nl ;t lll'rlv I (llit ;II lil" " lust tI II' t III' till v rl uutiu 1i (I tI, t II Id lit. tll Illu "lilll l It l u t III II I, III"I I t I 111 l l11t Illlt L III In ;ttll rl"Il iu II;Ltlll'I II: III I~ n ;litill!1. IIIrI' tI'lllt tlll' ;tAA;Iv, .. f t II Ill ;lei iullnniurl In IiI;I lu;u lIw I. tll, Il;lll; null flwlII i, ;t II i. fn lliu 1!I llrlll'IIIIIIItlliII V Inln ll o f tl l!' lll;LIIt II'I"t II1 ;l IW ttl'It)I11' ;;I t111" I' l ll, t1w V11111'IL III II'ti Illi ltlll't 11 ':it d I- 53 jection held by some to the cluster varieties of cotton is their tendency to hold the dead immature fruit. It is interesting to note here'the factors of selection which in time may cause only the fittest of the varieties to survive; the fact that cluster varieties are more subject to this physiological trouble, and the objection held by many to the strong tendency of the irnmatured boll to cling to the plant when dead. Another objectionable tendency in some of the cluster varieties, is that so marked in "Welborn's pet," where several bolls in a cluster may fuse into an abnormal one, which readily cracks open when immature and subjects the internal parts to the action of bacteria and fungi. \ I[ .\ N r I fr'I I; ~~I'4 I I (~i I ~ .IC.r~ w ,i II I I 1n r!nrl< nll nlnr slrrrt It Ir li. y rv vvirlr I v vvIlil'll >II II ;Ir in Inv ;l l lust r l l n u y i'illll'1 I till' Iu r!7llrli itl 11E;lI ! i I\ i I ti!(I I {It' I l I I'II; IMIIWI.(ol, slr t ,u r" ,+ru n 'tiu n 'n M- litl'w I Iii, tt Iv "Irriu :Inrlhrv( iwiltly rnlr rrr ulrrr I: r,( tll uuliu il,,; art' tll ' I nl, Iwin i t ri ittrn i ; Irv ;iir ill r ulnrly ri .1 1',Ic, lli. lly ;l ' I I;!t nr i tI t l'l1 r l 't II I, I l] IIi iI! l lr I lI lllr"i r, I II Arr " :'i It l Ahi \ i Pi tli Lt i I 55 rations in the leaves with ragged edges, somewhat as results in cotton leaf blight. The disease hastens the falling off of the leaves. In the very earliest appearance of the spots, when the watery condition is coming on, these spots swarm with bacteria. This suggested that it might be a bacterial disease. Cultures of the organism present were obtained, and inoculations of healthy leaves have been made at several different times, but I have never been able to producethe disease as a result. The disease usually appears only on the older leaves, those which have passed the prime of their existence. It is quite likely that the bacteria present may easily start the trouble in such leaves, but that they might be unable to enter and disease the younger healthy leaves. This might account for the failure of the inoculations. Sometimes it attacks nearly all the leaves in the plant, but rarely. This suggests that such plants may be constitutionally weak from some unfavorable condition, either frost or the weather, which renders them susceptible of attack. VIII. AREOLATE MILDEW OF COTTON. (IRamularia areola Atkinson.) The areolate mildew of cotton is so called because it occurs in definite small areas of the leaf which are limited by the small veins and gives a mildewed, or frosty appearance 56 to lte;ttrc nt' l h ;t ,ir, t iu -it( 17. I Nis it iIiA (n' u r I 1'~< n~ u '\j.-,ntlliiit ,.jli xiuit. \ lrnm 1 lul tli ;it; ii i hu it illiN 1 i id liii iiiitf tin n hi ]m fin, Iii 'iilt1tii- 111 ,i I l ii iiii (Hhl~ itit tiihl-,tliiijifi iIVllihhi 57 ' 0 to the outside. Clusters of these fertile threads are shown in figure 18. In figure 18 are also represented some of the spores, or reproductive bodies, are borne on the wind to other leaves and spread the mildew. These spores grow at the end of the fertile fungus threads and become separa- -which ted by a constriction forming, which eventually cuts the spore free. The hypha, or fertile thread, then elongates at one side of the scar left by the abjointed spore and produces another. Sometimes, in the early development of the spores, they are produced in series or chains, as shown in one of the figures. All parts of the fungus are colorless, or rather, hyaline, so that the mass of hyphe and spores on the surface of the diseased area give it a frosted appearance. The fungus was first described in the Botanical Gazette, Vol. xv, No. 7. Following is a technical description of the fungus. Roamularia areola, spots amphigenous, pale at first, becoming darker in age, 1 min to 10 inmm (mostly 3 m to an m), o4 angular, irregular in shape, limited by the veins of the leaf, conidia in profusion giving a frosted appearance to the spots. Hyph e amphigenous,fasciculate,in small clusters distributed over the spots, subnodose, older ones frequently branched below, more rarely above. Where they are toothed, the teeth are 58 frequently unilateral when the hyphe are curved instead of zigzag, several times septate, stouter below, hyaline, 25-75 micromillimeters x 45-7 micromillimeters. Conidia oblong, usually abruptly pointed at the ends, sometimes concatenate in the early development of the hyphe, hyaline, 14-30 micromillimeters x 4-5 micromillimeters. IX. COTTON LEAF BLIGHT. (Spl(cerella gossypina Atkinson.) Cotton leaf blight is a disease of the leaves caused by the Cercosporastage of a fungus, Sphcerella gossypina. It usually attacks the older leaves of the plant, or all of the leaves when the plant is not very vigorous, or in rather wet soil, in unfavorable weather, or when the vitality of the plant is weakened from other causes. The same fungus attacks plants effected with the yellow leaf blight, or mosaic disease, but plants first affected by that trouble and afterward attacked by the Cercosporado not present the characters of the cotton leaf blight. The beginning of the disease is indicated by small reddish spots on the leaf which increase in size centrifugally, the outline being rather irregular. Later the cta l xid naofx th l ts h ei\tl 1 s "lit hewl or e rtu a til li ;A 1 ithi tlil m,the ~ t! nn si h cente of l' t tuit ttle Ci.s de~ti aiol lrvan~lfrelneul rea~ xn i';t st tiofdi olti~iie )ImiIl aon 1 Nth tredso the n fl~n iii ns nwnt iith s l s Fu-'. 19. 60 By comparing this with figure 3 of the text some notion can be gained how great the difference is when complicated with a physiological disease. The Cercospora stage of this fungus was first described by Cooke as Cercospora gossypina*. A short notice of the disease was published by Scribner in 1887.t He notes that it is probably the Cercospora stage of some Sphcerella, since it agrees in many respects with other fungi known then to be but the conidial stage of Sphcerella. This suggestion the present writer found to be correct, when in 1890 he found the perfect stage of the Cercospora, and named it Spcerella gossypina.:: The Sphcerellais illustrated in figure 4. I found this Sphcerella at Auburn several times during the autumn of 1890 on leaves of Gossypiun herbaceum in the spots earlier occupied by the Cercospora. During the following winter, in looking over a quantity of cotton leaves sent me by correspondents, I found the same Sphcerella on leaves from Eutaw and Alberta Station. These leaves were remarkable for being almost covered with a profuse growth of the Cercospora on both sides. The Sphcerella was also very abundant, and since we would, from the analogy of other forms, expect the perfect stage of the Cercospora to be a Sphcerella, there was practically no doubt of the genetic connection of the two forms. Since then, the perfect stage of a fungus is the one which bears the name, Gercospora gossypina Oke. becomes a synonym of Sphcerella gossypina. The perithecia are ovate, and nearly black, as shown in figure 4. They are partly immersed in the tissue of the leaf, the ostiolum and the upper surface projecting through the epidermis. They measure 60-70 x 65-90 micromilli*Grevillea, Vol. XII, P. 31, 1883. tDept. Agr. Report for 1887, P. 355. tBulletin Torrey Bot. Club, vol. xviii, No. 10, 1891. 61 meters. These perithecia contain several subeylindrical asci, varying from clavate to lanceolate, and measure 8-10 x 40-45 micromillimeters. Two of these can be seen partly escaped from the perithecium, and a group is shown just above the perithecium in figure 4. Each ascus contains eight spores. These are ellipitcal, or nearly fusoid, and when mature constricted at the septum, one cell being usually somewhat smaller than the other. They are obliquely uniseriate, or partly biseriate, and measure 3-4 x 15-18 micromillimeters. The illustrations of the fungus accompany the first article in this bulletin, because the fungus is so frequently an accompaniment of the disease described there, in its later stages. X. RooT GALL OF COTTON. Root gall is a disease of the roots caused by minute parasitic worms. These worms live in the roots where they cause abnormal thickenings, resulting in what is known as galls, which give the roots a knotty appearance. There are several places in the State where it occurs with unusual severity. I have seen it at Saville, Ala., on the farm of G. W. Rhodes; at Selma, and also at Montgomery. Figure 20 on next page represents one of the plants from the farm of S. F. Houston, at Selma. The injuries produced by the worms upon entering the roots, as well as the in- hn i~ I t IIi the 1 ni II I I ii - fe lt~ I lt l l litIII t I l( tW I I. ;It _A i l ii ;triu in t nt 1 1 l r Illnu11 j IIi ni.i I ~utu i l l ' iuuu uiii t"fl " iui II i hhh r~u t1Iu Iu/i/i niulii u lii ti Iii iil, lut uliiil, l uI utl Il ut' i 't l uitui'- II-u ,1rv w ll r n . tll ,,;, llnl fii :, Ln t is It1 ut n l t tl tli utit u till tr u i trt N luhu hiI Iii*Ii. it NN; iI L ~ uh II ~h' lu ~ I t lu i' , 11 1 Ji 63 whence the name, but of course they are much smaller, being microscopic, or only so that they can just be seen with the eye when full grown. The eggs of the nematode are bean-shaped and about 4. 100 micromillimeters long. Figure 21 represents the egg in all stages of development, i from the single cell to the mature larva, which is toile several times in the egg . membrane. From the time that the embryo begins to take on the form of a larva, as shown in 11 and 12 of figure 21, it now and then moves around in the egg membrane by twisting and coiling its body. When mature these writhings and contortions become more violent, and finally cause the rupture of the membrane and the larva is set free. It can now be seen to possess the form of an 17 eel, but its structure is quite different. The blunt end is the head. In 17 of figure 22 there can be seen a minute slender spear, which projects a little out of the mouth of the head end. The nematode has the power of thrusting this spear forword and backward. By this means it punctures a 'hole in the root and enters, and by similar operations makes a passage for itself through Sthe tissues. Once in the tissues it sucks up the ' juices, and by its presence stimulates the tis- sues of the root to abnormal growth by attracting liquid nutriment to those parts, In this way galls are formed. The worm soon becomes stationary in the tissues of the gall, moults its skin for the second time, having moulted once just about the time of hatching. Its body now begins to distend, as shown in 18 of figure 22, and continues until it forms a vesicular body resembling a small gourd. Before it is fully Q.2a. 64 grown important differences appear in the males and females. The males, instead of distending farther, begin to pass through another transformation. Their cyst wall, or the distended skin, remains unchanged, but the worm inside begins to elongate and at the same time to become more slender, so that it separates from the cyst wall and eventnally lies within, coiled two to four a times, as shown in figure 23. Casting this distended skin makes the third mioult, and while they are elongating they cast their skin for the fourth time. By this transformation the male has: returned to the eel form of the worm, but they are much longer and stouter than the larva, and their tails are blunt instead of pointed, and are about 1 mm long. They now break through their cyst wall and seek the female to fertilize her. a IThe female continues to distend so that she closely resembles a stout gourd, the head being the small end, Sand when mature contains 200 to 300 eggs. Figure 24 f °y(27) represents a female much enlarged, and (28) are the ovaries much more magnifled. (21z) represents a male. A The paired testes' can be .. seen. The larvae hatch while still in the body of the parent, unless accident ruptures the gall and frees them. Under favorable conditions the worm will develop from the egg to the mature fen:,male with more eggs ia 65) about one mouth. Several generations cau therefore be developed iu a single season. Figure 25 represents a section through a gall on cotton roots. ipublished in Bulletin No. 9 of this Station. Th i s should be consulted by those who wish to obtain more accurate information concerninn thze worm and its injuries to v a worm A full account of this was / 1 0 u S(l Its scientific p# b nanme is Lick )SodcF( red icrecola.e plants. this Station account of a I Bulletin No. 21 of gives an new root found er'3'.e 3 rot disease of cotton have since b .,, that time organism of frenclmmo was associated with the nematodes in producing that disease, or rather in making it munch more serious. Bulletin No. 12. January, 1S93. Agricultura1 Experiment Station -OF THE- AGRICULTJRAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE, AUBURN, : ALABAMA. CO-OPERATIVE SOIL TEST EXPERIMENTS A. J. BONDUR ANT, Agriculturist. JAMES CLAYTON, Assistant. ,~The Bulletins of this Station will be sent free to any citizen of the State on application to the Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn, Ala. All communications should be addressed to EXPERIMENT STATION, AUBURN, ALA. Published by order of the Board of Direction. THE BROWN PRINTING CO.? STATE PRINTERS, MONTGOMERY, ALA, Board of Visitors. COMMITTEE OF TRUSTEES ON EXPERIMENT STATION. ZION. J. G. GILCHRIST ................................. Hope Hull. HON. R. F. LIGON.....................................Montgomery. HON. H. CLAY ARMSTRONG ............................. Auburn. BOARED OF 2DIOE'r"cxN' WM. LEROY BROUN.......................................President. A. J. BONDURANT......................................Agriculturist. N. T. LUPTON.. ..... .............. . .... Chemist. P. H. MELL ............................... Botanist and Meteorologist. ...................... ................. C. A. CARY, D. V. M........ ............. ......... Veterinarian. Biologist. ASSISTANTS : JAMES CLAYTON ............................. A. F. CORY'............... .... J. T. ANDERSON, Ph. D.................... L. W. WILKINSON, M. Sc ................ F. A. LUPTON, Sc ..................... R. F. HARE, Sc ................... G. S. CLARK.......... ................. ..... ,...,.Assistant Agriculturist. First Second Third Fourth Clerk, and Assistant Assistant Assistant Assistant Assistant Chemist. Chemist. Chemist. Chemist. Botanist. Assistant Horticulturist. B.M. *To be filled. f In charge of Soil-Test Experiments. CO-OPERATIVE SOIL-TEST EXPERIMENTS. c -FQE?, 1892_ z D Results of co-operative experiment for 1981 were published in Bulletin No. 34, January, 1892, from this Station, and will be made use of in comparing results obtained from the same line of experiments conducted in 1892. The fertilizers were carefully analyzed, mixed, weighed, placed in bags and numbered at the Experiment Station, according to the plot on which each was to be used, and then shipped with freight prepaid to the following experimenters : NAMES. i POST--OFICE. COUNTY. Letohatchie........ 10. Cross, R. H 11. Davis, Maj. E. M. Prattville.......... Monroeville . .... 12. Deer, Jno. F. 1 ranklin. Newburgh ......... .. Rxed Level Covington. Limestone. Athens........... ..... ladison. Madison ...... Walker Springs. Clarke. 5. Bradley, F. Russell. 6. Brannon, J. M.... Seale ............. Bibb. Sandolph ......... 7.Brown, D. L. Marengo. S. Compton, G. W... Dixon's Mills...... Autauga. ,Mulberry .. .... 9. Cory, A.F. 1. Aday, 2. Beasley, E. J . 3. Binford, R. E. 4. Bishop, M. A. Rev. L.C.. W Lowndes. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 15. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. Lane, H. D.. 24. Logan, J A. 25. Martin, Autauga. MVionroe. Attalla........... Etowah. Dick, R. M. Macon. Creek Stand ... .... Ellison, J. Mi. .. .. Cherokee. ... Eing, R. T .. Centre .... . Henry. Abbeville... (Gillis, Dan, jr Elmore. Goodwyn, A. T.. Robinson Springs.. Washington. Gordon, Dr. Jno. . Healing Springs .. Louisville.......... Barbour. Hobdy.,J. M.. den........... St. Clair. Inzer, J. T.... Morgan. Johnson, Urial... Trinity Station. Dale. ....... Newton Killebrew, J. C thens. ............ Limestone. Chilton. Hale. Blount. Remlap ...... 26. Mize, J..W. Perry. 27. Newmnan, W. H .. . Uniontown ......... Tallapoosa. Dadeville .......... 28. Oliver, J. P ... Lauderdale. . Florence.. .... .... 29. Ott, J. C. Cresswell Station..... Shelby. 30. Pitts, J. W... Pike. ....... Chesser ..... 31. Pruett. S. A .. Randolph. 32. Radney, J. H..... Roanoke..... ..... Geneva. Geneva..... ...... 33..SugT Sellers, W. H. .. Holly Pond ...... ~... Culiman. Bullock. Aberfoil.......... 35. Stroud, Z T Lawrence. Hattan 36. White, W. L . I Wi.. ... . Clanton Greensboro.. ......... ....... ' 14 . ~ __1S(W__ _ IU :__----- . --- --- . .. 4 No reports were received at the date of issuing this Bulletin, from the following co-operative experimenters to whom fertilizers were sent: NAMES. POST-OFFICE. COUNTY. 1. -Beasley, 2. Brannon, J. Mv.... 3. Ewing, R. 5. Hobdy, J. M ., E. J. .Red, 4. Goodwyn, A. T... Robinson Springs 6. 7. 8. 9. Inzer, J. T...Eden ......... .... Lane, H. D...Athens............ White, W. L..Hattan ............. Binford, R. F.... Athens .... T...Centre... Seale............... ..... Level........... Covington. Russell. Cherokee. Louisville.. Elmore. Barbour.. ......... St. Clair. Limestone, Lawrence. Limestone. 5 Cost of Eertilizers Applied per Acre. In order that the experimenters and other farmers may better understand the inquiry 'made upon the different plots, the cost of the different materials used is given in the statement which follows. The calculations are made upon the cost laid down at Auburn. The local freights upon the packages reshipped to the depots of the experimenters would produce a false impression, since the average local rate of freight charged upon the amount sent to each experimenter from Auburn to their depots exceeds five dollars per ton. Shipped in quantity, the freight to the various depots of the experimenters would average little more than that from the factories to Auburn. Again, in estimating profits resulting from the nse of the different fertilizers, it will be more convenient to have a common standard of comparison. Quantity and Cost per Acre of Fertilizers used by tive Soil Test Experimenters, 1892.', FERTILIZERS., Co-opera- Plot. 1 2 3 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda........................... 2.79 b40b. AcidPhosphate...........................1.68 64 lbs. Muriate 4 5 6 No Manure. 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda .................. 6lbs. MuriatePotash...................... Potash,..........1.62 7 ~ 6 8 9 10 11 1240 64 lbs. Muriate Nitrate 240 lbs. Acid 6lbs. 240 12 13 14 3240 lbs. ~96 lbs. Floats.............._.............1.82 Nitrate Soda.........................2.99No Manure.................................... 848 lbs. Green Cotton Seed @ 45c per cwt.......... 3848 lbs. Green Cotton Seed @ 45c per cwt........ 3.81 240 lbs Floats.. lbs. Acid Phosphate.......................1.68- 3.30 No Manure. 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda.........................2.99. lbs. Acid Phosphate......................1.68 64 lbs. Muriate Potash ...................... 1.62- 6.09 .................................. 1.62**... Phosphate. ..................... Potash. 1.62 2.79 Soda..... 4.41 4.47 ............ .................... 2.79 1.68- 1.82 4.61 3.81 4.24 4 04 15 ~240 lbs. Floats 1J_240 S240 4240 lbs. Stable .... .. .......... 1.82-.. 5.63 $ e 1aueal.bs............ ,000 ... ...... 1.68 lbs. Acid Phosphate............ lbs. Cotton Seed Meal, .. 2 36.-- The following table shows the quantity of potash, phosphoric acid, nitrogen, (and its equivalent of ammonia) contained in the different fertilizers used per acre,, as determined by Prof. N. T. Lupton, State Chemist rn Z 6 FERTILIZERS. O , o 1 2 3 4 5 14.17 17.20 ............. 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda. 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate..............34 94 38 32......... .. 64 lbs. Muriate Potash.........31 91 No Manure .. 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda.. .. .. ....... 14.17 17 29 1417 38.32..... 1720 64 bs Muriate Potash...91........ 6 596 lbs. Nitrate Soda... ........ 34 94 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate.......... .... ....... 7 64 lbs. Muriate Potash......... 31.91 ..... 34.94 38.32 ~240 lbs. Acid Phosphate.......... 8 9 10 11 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda........... 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate.......... 240 lbs. Floats.................. .... 5240 lbs. Floats .. :........................28.50....... t96 lbs. Nitrate Soda................ 8481lbs. Green Cotton Seed. 5848 No Manure.... .... .... .... .14 .......... 17 .. .... . 34.94 38 32 ....... 31.91 17 20 . . 64 lbs. Muriate Potash ..... .... .. .. 28 50 .... .... 10 17 . ... . 14 17- 17.20 25 74 21.2. 12 13 14 No Manure............. :.... ............ 10.6 10.17 21.2 2.0...28.5 15 6 .. . lbs. Green Cotton Seed...10 ~240 lbs. Floats................... .. 28.40 Stable 240 16 240 lbs. Cotton Seed Meal ~240 lbs. Acid Phosphate........ Ibs. Manure........ ..... 6 55 .. '349438 791,19 13.14 26.71 32 43 . . 32 15 17 .. . 7 EXPERIMENT MADE BY REV. L. C. ADAY. NEWBURGH, FRANKLIN COUNTY. Soil, Red Cedar Land; Sub-soil, Red Clay. By examining the following statement of Mr. Aday's work for 1892, and comparing it with the experiments made by him for 1891, it will be seen that the general indications are that his soil is deficient in the three main elements of plant food, as plot No. 9, where a complete fertilizer is used, gives the best results for both years. When floats in combination with nitrate of soda and floats with green cotton seed are compared it is in favor of floats with green cotton seed in 1891, and floats with nitrate of soda in 1892. O POUNDS OF FERTILIZER PER PLOT. POUNDS OF FERTILIZER PER AcRE. O ' " . 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda.. 15 lbs. Acid Phosphate 4 lbs. Muriate Potash... No Manure........ 5 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 4 lbs. Muriate Potash 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 6 15 lbs. Acid Phosphate. 4 lbs. Muriate Potash, 7 15 lbs. Acid Phosphate. 8 No Manure.......... 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 9 15 lbs. Acid Phosphate, 4 lbs. Muriate Potash. 10 15 lbs. Floats......... 11 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, S15 lbs. Floats......... 12 No Manure:. ..... 13 53 lbs. Green Cot. Seed 15 lbs. Floats, 14 53 lbs. Green Cot. Seed 15 265 lbs..Stable Manure. 15 lbs. 16 S15 lbs. Acid Phosphate, Cot. Seed Meal. 1 2 3 4 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda..... 39 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate.. 27 64 lbs. Muriate Potash.. 26 No VIanure..........23 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 64 lbs. Muriate Potash.. 32 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate.. 36 64 lbs. Muriate Potash, 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate.. 29 No Manure........... 27 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 64 lbs. Muriate Potash, 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate.. 46 240 lbs. Floats. ......... 27 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 240 lbs. Floats........... 34 No Manure............ 34 848 lbs. Green Cotton Seed 41 240 lbs. Floats, 8481lbs.Green Cotton Seed. 39 4,240 lbs.. Stable Manure 31 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate, 240 lbs. Cotton Seed Meal. 33 22 16 12 11 14 17 15 13 22 14 16 9 11 11 24 23 23 4 4 4 6 5 5 5 10 6 6 2 2 3 5 7 84 1344 47 752 42 672 38 608 52 58 49 45 832 928 784 720 78 1240 47 752 56 45 54 53 60 896 720 864 848 960 63 1008 8 EXPERIMENT MADE BY MR. M. A. BISHOP, MADISON, MADISON CUUNTY. Soil, Dark Loam; Sub-soil, Clay. In Mr. Bishop's experiments for 1891, plots number 6 and 9 give the same yield, and plot number 16 gives 256 lbs. less than either, but the same as plot number 3, while in his experiments for 1892, plot number 6 gives 128 lbs. less than plot number 9, plot number 16 gives 64 lbs. more than plot number 6, and 128 lbs. less than plot number 9, and 192 lbs. more than plot number 3. The results are so conflicting that no conclusion can be drawn. Floats with the nitrate of soda gave best results in 1891, but in 1892 the combination is in favor of floats with green cotton seed. iCf2tL& 3O nOu ;ha na ,er " ,lo c O O o Z POUNDS OF FERTILIZER PER ACRE. POUNDS OF FERTILIZER PER PLOT. Can 0 _, 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda.... 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda..... 15 lbs. Acid Phosphate 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate.. 4 lbs. Muriate Potash 64 lbs. Muriate Potash.... No Manure ......... No Manure........ 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 5 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 4 lbs. Muriate Potash 64 lbs. Muriate Potash .... 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, lbs. Nitrate Soda, 6 5 lbs. Acid Phosphate 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate S 4 lbs. Muriate Potash, 64 lbs. Muriate Potash, S15 lbs. Acid Phosphate 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate.. No Manure 8 No Manure........ ....... 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 9 15 lbs. Acid Phosphate, 64 lbs. Muriate Potash, 4 lbs. Muriate Potash 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate 10 15 lbs. Floats. ..... 240 lbs. Floats .......... 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 11 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 15 lbs. Floats.......... 240 lbs. Floats........... 12 No Manure... ..... No Manure .... 13 53 lbs. Green Cot. Seed 848 lbs. Green Cotton Seed 240 lbs. Floats, 14 15 lbs. Floats, 53 lbs. Green Cot. See 848 lbs. Green Cotton Seed 15 265 lbs. Stable Manure 4,240 lbs Stable Manure . 15-lbs. Acid Phosphate, 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate, 15 II ~\Trlbs. Cot'n Seed Meal I240 lbs. Cotton Seed Meal In.P I\I1TrRTP r~i~nR ~Trlr~~ I\I1T.rS1.T.P i~innR 1 2 3 4 10 16 14 ·... 8 14 12 4 8 10 12 6 8 22 38 32 18 352 608 512 288 544 640 672 288 768 320 480 304 512 576 800 704 j6 14 16 8 34 14 10 40 10 42 9 18 8 6 18 14 S.. 9 22 . .. 18 14 10 48 20 30 14 14 11 10 8 19 8 32 10 50 8 44 36 18 12 22 18 20 16 9 EXPERIMENT BY MR. F. W. BRADLEY. WALKER SPRINGS, CLARKE COUNTY. Soil, Sandy; Subsoil, Red Clay. The best results obtained by Mr. Bradley in his two years experiments are from the use of cotton seed meal with acid phosphate. In 1891 plot i o. 16 gave 276 pounds more than plot No. 9, and 1892 it is '288 pounds more. These results are very decided, and show that it is a waste of money for Mr. Bradley to use potash on his soil. Green cotton seed with floats give better results than nitrate of soda with floats, and for two years give larger yield. than complete fertilizer. To purchase a fertilizer which is a waste of money for Mr. 1892it i Bradley. contains potash U3 U " moe.U 488pouns z 0 POUNDS FERTILIZER PER PLOT. POUNDS FERTILIZER PER Cl oc ACRE. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 6 lbs. nitrate soda 15 lbs. acid phosphate 4 lbs. muriate potash. No manure........ 3 6 lbs. nitrate soda, 4 lbs. muriate potash 3 6 lbs. nitrate soda, 15 lbs. acid phosphate. 3 4 lbs. murate potash, 15 lbs. acid phosphate. No manure. . S6 lbs. nitrate soda, 15 lbs acid phosphate, 4 lbs. muriate potash 15 lbs. floatsfloats.. 96 lbs. nitrate soda 240 lbs. acid phosphate 64 lbs. muriate potash No manure. ....... S96 lbs. nitrate soda, 64 lbs. rnuriate potash 96 lbs. nitrate soda, 240 lbs. acid phosphate .32 4 6 16 20 25 21 16 13 10 8 4 34 54 344 44 24 60 864 704 384 960 26 28 24 15 18 14 6 21 S6 lbs. nitrate soda, 15 lbs. floats ....... No manure... ... 53 lbs. green cotton seed 3 15 lbs. floats, 53 lbs .green cotton seed .. . .. 240 lbs. acid phosphate 33 21 No manure..... .. 8 12 S96 lbs. nitrate soda, 64 lbs, muriate potash, 240 lbs. acid phosphate. 35 16 240 lbs. floats.... . 16 18 S96 lbs.. nitrate soda, 240 lbs. 64 lbs. muriate potash, 70 1120 68 1088 26 416 j .ma w.. No manure. 6 848 lbs.green cotton seed 19 lbs. floats, 848 lbs.green cotton seed 37 265 lbs. stable manure.. 4240 lbs. stable manure. 37 15 lbs. acid phosphate, .240 lbs. acid phosphate, 15 lbs. cotton seed meal 240 lbs. cotton seed meal 37 floats....... 72 1152 8 42 672 33 I240 24 16 23 29 32 33 I 17 74 1184 2 24 384 18 60 960 22 15 I 88 1408 78 1248 i 1 1 1 I 20 90 1440 I P 10 EXPERIMENTMADE BY D. L. BROWN, RANDOLPH, BJBB COUNTY. Soil, Sandy; Sub-8oil, Clay. While Mr. Brown's experiments were injured in 1891 by drought and overflow, yet when plot Nos. 6 and 16 are compared with plot No. 9 in 1891, and the same comparison is made in his experiment for 1892, it is cleaaly seen that Mr. Brown's soil does not need-potash as his best results are obtained where nitrogen combined with acid phosphate are used and that money can be saved on such soils in buying only cotton feed meal and acid phosphate and mixwith ing them on the farm. In Mr. Brown's experiments, with nitrate green cotton seed give, better results each year than of soda. floats ho'~ floats necA O w 1 z 0 0 POUNDS FERTILIZER PER PLOT. POUNDS FERTILIZER PER ACRE. J -10 1 O..'+-' HH i i i i 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 II 15 lbs.cotton IY IA 96 lbs. nitrate soda 240 lbs. acid phosphate 64 lbs. muriate potash No manure . .~96 lbs. nitrate soda, 64 lbs. muriate potash. .96 lbs. nitrate soda, 1240 lbs. acid phosphate. S64 lbs. muri:ate potasc, 15 lbs. acid phosphate. 240 lbs. acid phosphate. No manure ... .. No manure. ...... lbs. nitrate soda, 9Vibs. nitrate soda, 15 lbs. acid phosphate, 20lbs. muriate potash, b.acid phosphate 24 4 lbs. muriate potash . 240 lbs. floats ....... 15 lbs. floats.... ... nitrate soda, .~96 lbs S6 lbs. nitrate soda, 240 lbs. . 15 lbs. floats. No manure ......... No manure....... 53 lbs green cotton seed 848 lbs.green cotton seed c240 lbs. floats, 5 15 lbs. floats, 53 lbs.green cotton seed 1848 lbs. green cotton seed 265 lbs. stable manure.. 4240 lbs. stable manure. 515 lbs. acid phosphate, S240 lbs. acid phosphate, 6 lbs. nitrate soda.. 15 lbs. acid phosphate. 4 lbs. muriate potash No manure....... S6 Pbs. nitrate soda, 4 lbs. muriate potash I 6 lbs. nitrate soda, 15 lbs. acid phosphate. 4 lbs. muriate potash. . 16 20 16 6 20 12 26 24 10 8 4 36 8 6 12 50 48 22 60 576 800 768 352 28 44 960 48 16 108 1728 66 1056 {6 28 26 12 8 10 6 44 24 32 16 32 36 32 36 24 384 22 26 12 28 floats......... 12 92. 1472 10, 56 896 8 36 576 12 72 1152 14 12 92 1476 88 1408 108 1728 6 64 1024 42 44 seed meal rP I 1240 lbs. cotton I\ln mu.nllrc? seed meal 48 46 14 11 EXPERIMENTS WITH FERTILIZERS, G. W. COMPTON, DIXON'S MILLS, MARENGO COUNTY. Soil, Dark, Sandy; Sub-soil, Clay. In Mr. Compton's experiments for two years, results are somewhat conflicting. His soil is most deficient in phosphoric acid, though the increased yield, when combined with. nitrogen, is very marked. Floats, with green cotton seed, give best results for the two years, and give only 16 lbs. less than complete fertilizer in 1892. -1 . 1Ii4ZS 0 0 0 POUNDS OF FERTILIZE PER PLOT. " POUNDS OF FERTILIZFR PER ACRE. . Oi moO _ A O .__ C(- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda. 6 albs. Nitrate 15 lbs. Acid Phosphate. 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate. lbs. Muriate Potash.. 41bs. Muriate Potash... No Manure ......... No Manure. ........ 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 6 Nitrate Soda, lbs. 4 lbs . Muriate Potash... 64 lbs. Muriate Potash.. 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 6 lbs. Nitrate -Soda, 15 lbs. Acid Phosphate.. 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate. . 4 lbs. Muriate Potash, 64 lbs. Muriate Potash, 115 lbs. Acid Phosphate- 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate No Manure. .. ... . No Manure. 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 5 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 64 lbs. Muriate Potash, 15 'bs. Acid Phosphate, Soda . I I 64 2 6 13 11 5 SS 22 32 I42 7 5 32 12 22 2 17. :30/' 2 4 1 272 488 13Y2 216 152 3 9 1012 10%2 168 552 3 4 4 4 6 3 22 11 6 15 13 1% 23%2 376 14 '2 232 688 496 464 672 552 656 ... 10 15 lbs. Floats .. 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 11 15 lbs. Floats........ . 12 No. Manure ... ..... 13 53 lbs. Green CottonSeed Floats, 14 15 lbs ;Green CottonSeed lbs. 15 265 lbs. Stable Manure. Acid Phosphate, 16 15 lbs. Cotton Seed Meal. lbs. 4 lbs. Muriate Potash.. . 240 lbs. Acid I53 I15 II c~ Ivi isi 1l'2 4 6'2 2 848 lbs. Green CottonSeed 10 12 5 240 lbs. Floats, 348 lbs. Green CottonSeed 18- 15'2 412 4,240 lbs. Stable Manure :. 15 13'2 4% 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate, tP ~YC~t~Bn I240 lbs. Cotton Seed Meal.! 24 12'2 3 2 lin Incr. Iviiinar.o rr\raan No 240 lbs. Floats .... 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, AG0 lbs. Floats.. ...... Phosphate.. 2 3'2 43 31 Manure........ 2'% 15%2 248 2 2812 456 2 4 42 1%2 1 41 12 EXPERIMENT BY MR.A. F. CORY MULBERRY, AUTAUGA COUNTY. Soil, Red. .Subsoil, Red Clay. It is clearly shown from Mr. Cory's experiment that his soil does not need potash. Plot 6, nitrate of soda with acid -phosphate, gave 111 lbs . more than plot No. 9, complete fertilizer, while plot No. 16 gave an increase of 32 lbs. over plot No. 9. Floats with green cotton seed give better results than with nitrate of soda, and both give larger yields than complete fertilizer. floats , r+'' P S"r, Nc- ivco o 0 0 POUNDS FERTILIZERPER POUNDS FERTILIZER PER PLOT. ACRE. 0 m . 4 0 -i 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 96 lbs. nitrate soda ... 6 lbs. nitrate soda . 15 lbs. acid phosphate.. 2140 lbs. acid phosphate.. 64 lbs. muriate potash. 4 lbs. muriate potash. No manure .. ... No manure....... 96 lbs. nitrate soda S6 lbs. nitrate soda, 4 lbs. muriate potash. 64 lbs. muriate potash . 96 lbs. nitrate soda, nitrate soda, 15 lbs. acid phosphate. 240 lbs. acid phosphate. 12 13 9 11 14 22 14 19 17 20 14 34 27 28 28 04 phosphate No manure........ . 8 No manure......... 96 lbs. nitrate soda, S6 lbs. nit rate soda, 9 .15 lbs. acid phosphate, 64 lbs. muriate potash, 4 lbs. muriate potash. 240 lbs. acid phosphate. 10 ... 15 lbs. .. . 240 lbs. floats.. 96 lbs. nitrate soda, 11j S6 lbs. nitrate soda, 240 lbs. floats ........ 15 lbs. floats...... No manure......... 12 No manure. ....... . 13 53 lbs. green cotton seed 848~ lbs. green cotton seed floats, 14 S15lbs. green cotton seed 240 lbs. green cotton seed 53 lbs. 848 lbs. 15 265 lbs. stable manure. 4240 lbs. stable manure lbs. acid Ibs, 16- S15lbs cottonphosphate. 240 lbs. acid phosphate, cotton seed meal seed meal. 240 15 lbs. acid phosphate. {6 lbs. {4 34 5844 32 44 24 20 p60 440 so768 704 37 27 368 lbs. muriate potash, 61 lbs. muriate potash, 250 lbs. acid 30 15 8 27 15 20 9 16 9 12 10 12 ~(400 6448 448 floats.... 20 16 22 40 25" 38 48, 37 592 floats, 25 26 115 23 11 9 624 30 39 13 EXPERIMENT MADE BY R.IH. CROSS, LETOIATCHIE, LOWNDES COUNTY. Soil, Sandy Loam; Sub-soil, Yellow Clay. Mr. Cross gains nothing by the use of potash on his land. In 1891 complete fertilizer gave a slight increase over plot 6, nitrate soda and acid phosphate, but yields 160 lbs. less than plot 16, cotton seed meal and acid phosphate. In 1892, plots,6 and 9 gave the indications for same. Plot 16 gave 304 lbs. more than either. the two years are that potash is not needed in this soil. Floats, with green cotton seed, gave better results for the two years than with nitrate soda. The floats 4-j Itca ias 9. moe tha iphate. eiFa 4-J ¢ I~ 4-J p 4-J P Z O POUNDS FERTILIZER PER PLOT. POUNDS FERTILIZER PER ACRE. ., . p-I Q+ 12 16 16 20 10 64 lbs. Muriate Potasb. 5 7 No . 4 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda,. 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 4 lbs. Muriate Potash 64 lbs. Muriate Potash. 15 22 6 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 15 lbs. Acid Phosphate 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate. 26 29 4 lbs. Muriate Potash 64 lbs. Muriate Potash, 15 lbs. Acid Phosphate 240 lbs. Acid Phospbate. 21 25 8 No Manure.........No Manure. 7 9 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, . 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 9 15 lbs. AcidlPhosphate 64 lbs. Muriate Potash, 4 lbs. Muriate Potash 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate. 30 24 12 21 10 15 lbs. Floats..... .. 240 lbs. Floats.... . 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 114 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 15 lbs. Floats........ 240 lbs. Floats ....... . 16 12 6 9 No Manure. 12 No Manure... 13 53 lbs. Green Cot. Seed 848 lbs. Green Cot. Seed 30 26 240 lbs. Floats, 1415 lbs. Floats, 1453 lbs. Green Cot. Seed 848 lbs. Green Cot. Seed 33 24 15 265 lbs. Stable MVanure. 4240 lbs. Stable Manure. 40 34 Phosphate 16 415 lbs. Acid Seed Meal, 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate, 41 41 240 lbs. Cot. Seed Meal. 15 lbs. Cot. 1\1 1 2 6 lbs. Nitrate lbs. Acid Phos .. 154 lbs. Muriate Soda'. sl Potash 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate Manure.........NoManure 14 9 51 816 2t 11 68 1088 14 9. 41 656 12. 4 28 448 16 22 S 64 1024 12 89 1424 80 1280 32 512 20 16 11 5 19 16 89 1424 26 18 77 1232 1S 20 66 1056 13 7 35 560 21 6 84 1344 20 21 20 8 85 1360 7 102 1632 6 108 1728 14 EXPERIMENT MADE BY MAJ. E. M. PRATTYILLE, AUTAUGA COUNTY. DAVIS, Soil, Sandy Loam; Subsoil, Red Clay. In Maj. Davis's experiments results are conflicting. In 1891 the complete fertilizer gave the best results, while in 1892 nothing is 1nu gained by the use of potash as in plot No. 9. Floats with green cotton seed give the best results in 1891, while floats with nitrate of soda gave best results in 1892. Further experiment is necessary to determine anything for this soil. loeo Frr wO 13 0. - 0andb h s PER O POUNDS FERTILIZERS fpts ZPLOT. POUNDS FERTILIZER PER ACRE. O v 0 12 2) { nitrate soda, 240 lbs. acid phosphate. 64 5~ lbs. muriate potasb, 15 lbs. acid phosphate. 240 lbs. acid phosphate No manure. ......... No manure..... .. 6 nitrate soda, lbs. S96 lbs. nitrate soda, 15 lbs. acid phosphate, 64 lbs. muriate potash, 4 lbs. muriate potash. 240 lbs. acid phosphate . 15 lbs. floats .... ... 240 lbs . ... ..... S6 lbs. nitrate soda, 5 963 lbs. nitrate soda, 240 lbs.. floats ........ 15 lbs. floats ........ No manure...... No manure.. ........ 53 lbs.green cotton seed 848 lbs.green cotton seed ~240 lbs . floats, 5 15 lbs. floats, 53 lbs.green cotton seed 1848 lbs green cotton seed 265 lbs. stable manure 4240 lbs. stable manure 5 15 lbs. acid phosphate, 5240 lbs. acid phosphate, 15 lbs cotton seed cotton ~ ~ ~ 240 lbs. ~ ~I seed meal 15 lbs. acid S4 lbs. muriate 6 lbs nitrate soda . 15 lbs. acid phosphate. 4 lbs. muriate potash .. No manure 6 lbs. nitrate soda, 4 lbs. muriate potash. S6 lbs. nitrate soda, 21 96 lbs. nitrate soda 240 lbs. acid phosphate. 171 64 lbs. muriate potash. [7 1.8 17 2. No manure....... 5 96 lbs. nitrate soda, 1.9 64 lbs. muriate potash. 42 27 3% 31. 2% 31 441 752 phosphate. 5 96 lbs. 724 432 potash, 36 18 1.5 20 15 22 20 Ln1 24 47 44 a33% 746 496 672 526 32 1 2 35 46% floats 656 42 3312 19 171'2 24 22 -2 2' 56 41 38 680 II AT YCI C meal 14 28 1 1 38 608 M CII? IC~l\ L; 1 Y\ WI 15 EXPERIMENT MADE BY J. F. DEER, MONROEVILLE, MONROE COUNTY. Soil, Gray Sandy; Sub-soil, Clay. Mr. Deer failed to make a report last year, 1891, so we have only this year's work to compare. It is evident from this experiment for one year that it is a waste of money to apply potash as in plot 9 on land like Mr. Deer's. Floats with green cotton seed give with nitrate of soda. better results for the one year than floats z o LBS. FERTILIZER PER PLOT. LBS. FERTILIZER ACRE. I0 PER C)C "* 1 2 3 8 96 lbs. nitrate soda, 1% 10 4 lbs. muriate potash.'64 lbs. muriate potash. 96 lbs. nitrate soda, 6 . 6 lbs. nitrate soda, 0 20 15 lbs. acid phosphate. 240 lbs. acid phosphate. 7 4 lbs. muriate potash, 61 lbs. muriate potash, 17 15 lbs. acid phosphate. 240 lbs. acid phosphate . 8 11 No manure.......Nomnunre.......3 8 96 lbs. nitrate soda, 6 lbs. nitrate soda, 9 15 lbs. acid phosphate, 64 lbs, muriate pot::sh, 4 lbs. muriate potash. 240 lbs. acid phosphate... 9 20 5 14 240 lbs. floats . ..... 15 lbs. 10 96 lbs. nitrate soda, 113 6 lbs. nitrate soda, 16 240 lbs. ........ 15 lbs. 2 11 Nomarnure ........ 12 .No manure.......... Is 53 lbs.greea cotton seed 1848 lbs. green cotton seed.~ 9 13 4 5 6 lbs. nitrate soda, 96 lbs. nitrate soda % 6 lbs. nitrate soda .. 15 lbs. acid phosphate. 240 lbs. acid phosphate... 16 4 lbs. muriate potash. 64 lbs. muriate potash...31 . 11 No manure..... No manure. 6 26 13 15 2134 344 800 8 50 7 23% 376 6 1512248 14 25%2408 10 40 8 33 5 6 35 3 22 5 26 640 528 304 560 352 416 19 floats.... floats floats, floats......5 14 515 lbs.green cotton seed 240 lbs. green cotton seed. 1214 148 lbs. 53 lbs. 15 265 lbs. stable manure. 4240 lbs. stable manure... 16 16515 lbs. acid phosphate 240 lbs. acid phosphate, 16 15 lbs. cotton seed -meal 240 lbs. cotton seed meal. 16 floats, 4 17 5 32 4 39 1 272 512 624 20 19 5 37%~ 600 18 135 560 16 EXPERIMENT MADE BY R. M. DICK. ATTALLA, ETOWAH COUNTY. Soil, Red Loam; Sub-soil, Red Clay. In Mr. Dick's experiments for 1891 nitrate of soda with acid phosphate, as in plot No. 6, gives 48 lbs. more than complete ferti,lizers as in plot No. 9, while in 1892 the results are in favor of the complete fertilizer which gives 376 lbs. more than plot No. 6. The Floats with green cotton seed give better results for the two years with nitrate of soda. than floats d POUNDS OF FERTILIZER POUNDS OF FERTILIZER PER ACRE. PER PLOT. ' .517n -'a Soda 6 lbs. Nitrate lbs. Nitrate 96 Soda 2 15 lbs. Acid Phosphate 4 lbs. MuriateP otash. 3 .... No Manure ...... 4 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 54 4 lbs. Muriate Potash. S6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 6 15 lbs. Acid Phosphate 7 4 lbs. Muriate Potash, 715 lbs. Acid Phosphate No Manure .......... 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 15 lbs. Acid Phosphate, 4 lbs. Muriate Potash 15 lbs. Floats...... 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 15 lbs. Floats....... ... No Manure .. 8 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate 64 lbs. Muriate Potash. .. No Manure 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 64 lbs. Muriate Potash.. 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 240 lbs Acid Phosphate 64 lbs. Muriate Potash, 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate. No Manure ........ 96 lbs. 22 12 812 13 9 24 15 13 19 11 13 14 11 13 32 2 520 01 59 41 33 42 944 656 528 672 10 23. 25 . 24 26 14,~ 6212 1000 14 34 1024 X3212 520 64 lbs. Muriate Potash, .itrate Soda, 8 132 11 240 lbs. Acid 29 33 240 lbs. Floats......... 17 19 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 16 22 240 lbs. Floats ........ No Manure....... 10 14 Phosphate. 24 1376 15 .51 816 13 .51 816 584 17 5412 872 12%2302 53 lbs. Green Cot. Seed 848 515 lbs. X53 lbs. 265 lbs. 15 lbs. lbs. 15_LVUI Floats, Green Cot. Seed Stable Manure.. Acid Phosphate, Cot. Seed Meal.. 240 lbs Floats, 26 16%1 64'2 1032 848 lbs. Green Cot. Seed 22 4240 lbs. Stable Manure. 26 26 18 70 1120 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate 240 lbs. Cot. Seed Meal... 27 23%212'%63 1008 lbs. Green Cot. Seed 16' iT EXPERIMENT MADE BY J. M. ELLISON, OREEKSTAND, MACON COUNTY. Li IResults 1S91. nothing was gained by the use of potash as in plot No. 9, wlhie in 1892 plot No. 9 gives an increase over plot No. 6 of 224 poupds. Floats, with sodium nitrate, gives better results for the two years than floats with green cotton seed. Soil, Sandy; Subsoil, Sandy. are conflicting in the experiments made by Mr. Ellison. 14 P 'e Obi b P us5 Z FERTILIZER i':iR PLOT. POUNDS FERTILIZER_ PER ACRE. 5 1 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda.. 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda 5 2 15 lbs. Aid Phos .... 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate 4 lbsXlMuriate Potash 64 lbs. Muriate Potash 6 4 N_ t1a Il e .... ...... NoManure.. 6 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 56 M itrate Soda,. S4 lbs. N.1uiate Potash 64 lbs. Muriate Potash 19 6 . Nitate Soda, Ib 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 13 51lbs. Acid Phosphate 240 lbs. Acid 7.4 lbs. Mmnaiato Potash 64 lbs. Muriate Potash, 17 12 9 21 1220 18 20 7 41 7 39 14 13 656 624 976 816 61 51 'hi. 17 18 10 20 13 10 16.624992 .. 21 72 1152 SNo Manilre.......... 9 10 I5 b-z. Aci Phosphate. - Nirate Soda, 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 240 lbs. lb.i floats ........ No Manure ....... 1.2 ,tir)a1isre ........ 13 .53a Gr, en Cot. Seed 848 lbs. Green Cot. Seed l'.s 14 Ibs, F'oats, 240 lbs. Floats,, Vi3 lbs. Green Cot. Seed 848 lbs. Green Cot. Seed 15 26.' lbs. -t tvm1,laamre. 4240 lbs. Stable Manure. Phospli at 16S 15 lbs. Cot. Seed Mcal, 124O lbs. Acid Phosphate. Cot. Seed Meal. l 11,lb1 s. P5 015 15 lbs. Floats.......40.lbs. Floats.... 15 11+s. Acid Phosphate 64 lbs. Muriate Potash, 4 lbs. Mtv ite Potash 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate. 14 ..... 9 6 lbs Nitrate Phosphate 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate. 13 No Manure........ 9 Soda,. 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 15 22 19 53 67 1072 51 17 816 816 896 800 800 67 2 22 14 18 18 27 28 81 1296 74 1184 14. Floats.......... I11 20 16 78 1248 12 10 17 18 12 12 12 13 10 12 14 13 10 6 16 51 18 56 15. 50 10 50 8 1l5Aid 240 lbs. 42 18 EXPERIMENT MADE BY MR. DAN GILLIS, IN CHARGE OF SOUTHEAST ALABAMA EXPERIMENT VILLE, HENRY COUNTY. STATION, ABBE Soil, Sandy; Subi-soil, Sand and Clay fixed. It is clearly shown by the results of this experiment that the soil on the Southeast Alabama Experiment Station is deficient in the three In 1891 plot No. 9 gives largest main elements of plant food. yield of any except Plot No. 15-stable manure-and gives an increased yield over average of no manure, of 73.5 pounds per acre. the facts 1) While in 1892 the increase is not so large (414 indicate best results from the use of complete fertilizer. Floats with green cotton seed give better results for the two years than floats with nitrate of soda. 1StL S E no p(,, ii yet 5 5 UO te SeO iana POUNDS OF FERTILIZE PER PLOT. ... , , 11 POUNDS OF FERTIL,ZER PER ACRE. O~ O U 0 o 4 6 7e 4) ~/Y 0 U1~II~~E 1 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda 2 15 lbs. Acid Phosphate 3 4 lbs. Muriate Potash.. 4 No Manure...... lbs. 5 S6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, Muriate Potash... 4 6 6 15 lbs. Nitrate Soda, lbs. Acid Phosphate.. 34 lbs. Muriate.Potash, 7 15 lbs. Acid Phosphate No Manure.......... 8 S6 lbs. Nitrate. Soda, 9 15 lbs. Acid Phosphate, 4 lbs. Muriate Potash... 10 15 lbs. Floats........ 6_ 11 15 lbs. Nitrate Soda, . lbs. Floats......... 12 No Manure......... . 13 53 lbs. Green CottonSeed 15 lbs 14 S53 Floats, CottonSeed lbs. Green 15 265 lbs. Stable Manure. 16 15 lbs. Acid Phosphate, lbs. Cotton Seed Meal. -II 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda. 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate . 64 lbs. 4 96 64 96 240 64 240 ... No Manure. lbs. Nitrate Soda, lbs. Muriate Potash.. lbs. Nitrate Soda, lbs. Acid Phosphate. lbs. Muriate Potash, lbs. Acid Muriate Potash.. .5 4 368 7 10 22 352 6%11 21%2 344 912 9% suli 23 22 799 4 14 3 25 400 640 448 272 14 8 40 6'% 28 No Manure......... 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 64 lbs. Muriate Potash, 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate 240 lbs. Floats ...... 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 240 lbs. Floats.........:. No Phosphate. 8%210 Ei r 41 4 I16 17 6 6 4 7 712 312 20 17 30 320 272 480 1 15 ~~v Ln~ulluru 848 lbs. Green CottonSeed 5 11 240 lbs. Floats, 848 lbs. Green CottonSeed 7 10%2 8 8 L7 13 4,240 lbs. Stable Manure. 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate, 14 10 240 lbs. ~~~cy\~ Seed Meal.; 1 v Cotton Manure. 8 9 7 5 3 6 4 28%~ 456 44 704 36 576 19 EXPERIMENT MADE BY DR. J. GORDON, HEALING SPRINGS, WASHINGTON COUNTY. Soil, Sandy Loam; Sub-,oil, Sandy Loam. In the experiment made by Dr. Gordon for 1 91, plot No. 2, acid phosphate, gave 80 pounds more than plotiN 9, complete'fertilizer; 336 pounds more than plot No. 6, nitrate of soda with acid phosphate, but 184 pounds less than plot No. 16, cotton seed meal with acid phosphate, while in. 1892 plot No. 2 gives 152 pounds less than plot No. 96 lbs. less than plot No. 9, but 112 pounds more than plot 16. The results of these experiments are so conflicting that no conclusion can he made. Floats with green cotton seed give a slight increase over with nitrate of soda for the two years. -6, floats Z p POUNDS OF FERTILIZER PER ACRE. POUNDS OF FERTILIZERPPER PL 1 2 . 4 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda ... 15 lbs. Acid Phosphate ... 4 lbs. MuriateP otash... No Manure ........... 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 4 lbs. Muriate Potash.... 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda. 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate 64 lbs. Muriate Potash 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 64 lbs. Muriate 10 20 8 9 5 15 240 248 248 62 262 424 9 17 272 512 152 No Manure...........7 6 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, S15 lbs. Acid Phosphate ... 240 lbs Acid Phosphate . 26 7 4 lbs. Muriate Potash, 64 lbs. Muriate Potash, 15 lbs. Acid Phosphate .. 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate .. 26 S No Manure .......... No Manure..... ..... 6 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, Potash. 6% 15 10 36 576 552 192 82/342 6 12 9 10 11. 12 13 240 14 X53 lbs. Floats, Cot. Seed... 848 lbs Floats, lbs. Green lbs. Green Cot. Seed... 2712 9 15 265 lbs. Stable Manure..4240 lbs. Stable Manure... 26 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate Phosphate, . 240 'lbs. Cot. Seed Meal..... 16 15 lbs. Acid Seed 15 lbs. Cot. 13 J15 15 lbs. Acid Phosphate, 4 lbs. Muriate Potash.... 15 lbs. Floats ... ....... Soda, 6 ~15 lbs. Nitrate........ lbs. Floats No Manure. .. 53 lbs. Green Cot Seed... 64 240 240 96 240 lbs. Muriate Potash, lbs. Acid Phosphate. 26 lbs. Floats. .......... 30 lbs. Nitrate Soda, lbs. Floats ..... ..... 25 No Manure. ......... 8 848 lbs. Green Cot. Seed. 21 96 lbs. .itrate Soda, 6'2 321/ 520 6'2 3612 584 8%~ 3324 536 8 16 9 .30. 7 256 480 361/ 584 33 528 Meal.. 6k 192 312 20 EXPERIMENT MADE BY MR. URIAH JOHNSON. TRINITY STATION, MORGAN Soil, COUNTY. Red Sandy Loam; Sub-soil, ed Clay. In Mr. Johnson's two years experiments it is clearly shown by the increased yield of plot No. 2"over-1 and 3, that phosphoric acid is the element most deficient in his soil, but in combination results are conflicting. In 1891 plot No. 9 gave 128 pounds more than plot- No. 6, while in 1892 plot.6 gives 352 pounds increase over plot No. 9. Floats, with green cotton seed, give the best results in 1891, while with nitrate of soda give best results in 1892. Further experiments are necessary to be made on this soil before any conclusions can be drawn. floats op S POUNDS OF FERTILIZER PERACRE. POUNDS OF FERTILIZER PER PLOT. O v "¢ . . c ) 2 3 4 1 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda. 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda ... 15 lbs. Acid Phosphate ... 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate. 4 lbs. MuriateP otash.... 64 lbs. Muriate Potash No 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 4 lbs. Muriate Potash.... 64 lbs. Muriate Potash 6 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, ' 15 lbs. Acid Phosphate... 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate 7 4 lbs. Muriate Potash, 64 Muriate Potash, 315 lbs. Acid Phosphate... 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate.. 8 No Manure.............. No Manure ...... 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 96 lbs. trate Soda, I 9 15 lbs. Acid Phosphate, 64 lbs. Muriate Potash, 4 lbs. Muriate Potash.... 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate 10 15 lbs. Floats ......... 240 lbs. Floats....... ... 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 1 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 5 Manure. ............ 16 34 14 18 32 34 12 28 22 32 24 No Manure..........12 8 6 8 8 10 10 24 40 22 20 28 62 384 640 352 320 448 992 lbs. 8 42 672 820320 12 40 6 28 8 640 441 640 1t5 lbs. 12 13 53 lbs. Green Cot. Seed... 848 lbs. Green Cot. 240 lbs. Floats, 14 153 lbs. Floats, lbs. Green Cot. Seed... 848 lbs.. Green Cot. Seed ... 15 265 lbs. Stable Manure.... 4240 lbs. Stable Manure.. Acid Phosphate Phosphate, 16 15 lbs. Acid Seed Meal.... 240 lbs. Cot. Seed 15 lbs. Cot. 240 lbs. '05 No Manure......... . ... Floats,...... ... 240 lbs. Floats...... ..... No Manure............ 12 40 38 Seed 8 20 10 320 608 36 40 8 34 4 44 44 544 704 704 Me-,......... 21 EXPERIMENT MADE BY J. C. KILLEBREW, NEWTON, DALE COUNTY. Soil, Sandy Loam; Sbsoil, Red Clay. In Mr. Killebrew's experiment for 1891, nothing is gained from the use of acid phosphate, as is shown when plot No. 6 is compared with plot No. 9, while in 1892 it is clearly seen that phosphoric acid is the leading element needed.' The increase of plot over average of unmanured plots 4, 8 and 12, 256 pounds per acre. -Plot No. 6 gives an increase of 288 pounds, and plot 9 gives, 576 pounds increase. The results from plot No. 16 are very mrarked. In 1891 the iflcrease over plot No. 9 is 16 pounds, but in 1892 it is 160 pounds per acre. Floats with green cotton seed, and floats- with nitrate of soda, give same results in 1891," but 1892 with green cotton seed give 544 pounds more than floats with nitrate of soda, but no more than green cotton seed alone, as in plot No., 13. i ov seI.~.c. !r 12 Tha is No.2 No. floats z 0 in i I f8OT. F 'O " 0 POUNDS OF FERTILIZER PER ACRE. POUNDS OF F EIaTILIZER tTI) 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda.... 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda. 2 15 lbs. Acid Phosphate 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate.. 3 4 lbs. Muriate Potash. 64 lbs. Muriate Potash.. No Manure....... 9 No Manure........ 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 4 lbs. Muriate Potash. 61 lbs. Muriate Potash.. 16 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 96 6 5 lbs. Acid Phosphate 240 lbs. Nitrate Soda, lbs. Acid Phosphate. 7- 5 lbs. Muriate Potash, 64 lbs. Muriate Potash, cid Phosphate 14 20 12 14 16 24 16 12' 20 8 42 18 12 50 10 12 34 10 10 31 672 800 544 544 14 12 42 672 16 12 52 20 12 4 832 240 lbs. Acid 8 9 No Manure....... No Manure........ 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 15 lbs. Acid Phosphate, 61 lbs. Muriate Potash, 4lbs. Muriate Potash 240 lbs. Acid 4 Phosphate.. 12 48 768 8 32 512 15 Floats... ...... 240 lbs. Floats ........ 1 . 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 11; S6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 15 lbs. Floats....... 210 lbs. Floats.... ..... . No Manure....... 12 No Manure......... 13 53 lbs. Green Cot. Seed 848 lbs. Green Cotton Seed i 14 15 lbs. Floats, Cot. See. 240 lbs. Floats,Cotton Seed 53 lbs. Green 848 lbs. Green 15 265 lbs. Stable Manure. 4,240 lbs. Stable Manure.. lbs. 16 S156 Acid Phosphate, 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate, 15 lbs. Cot'n Seed Meall 240 lbs. Cotton Seed Meal, lbs. Phosphate.. 26 24 2'0 70 1120 14 16 6 36, '576 16 12 30 28 32 32 16 12 44 704 14 10 36 576 28 20: 72 1248 26 24 36, 20 30 18 78 1248 88 1408 80 1280 VI ZINU LIIC~LICUC~V I V IN~ ~LIILLLILVVV -L VUCUL111. L ~L VVC 22 EXPERIMENT MADE BY J. A. LOGAN, Soil, -Mulatto an CLANTON, CHILTON COUNTY. 1 Sandy; Sub-soil, Red Clay. It is clearly shown by the results of two years' experiments made by Mr. Logan that his soil does not need potash. In 1891 plot 6 gave an increase over plot 9 of 112 pounds, and over plot No. 16 48 pounds; while in 1892 plot No. 6 gave 16 pounds more than plot No. 9, and 8 pounds more than plot No. 16. These. amounts are small but they are valuable facts, and show that it is a waste of money to use potash on such soils, as the yield of. cotton is decreased. It should be stated here that cotton seed meal contains some potash, is why the comparison is made between plot No. 6 'and plot No. 16. Floats with green cotton seed gave with nitrate of soda. better results for the two years than of floats 3O sel tO PO z O 0 LBS. FERTILIZER PER PLOT. 1l11 r LBS. FERTILIZER PER ACRE. lll iU I 1 0 .h -4 QQ wr Q.i. O tit O 6 lbs. nitrate soda 15 lbs. acid phosphate. 4 lbs. muriate potash. No manure........ 3 6 lbs. nitrate soda, 4 lbs. muriate potash. 3 6lbs. nitrate soda, 15 lbs. acid phosphate. Nobs. nittsoda, . 6 manure. ... ... 15 lbs. acid phosphate, 4 lbs. muriate potash. . 15 lbs. floats . j 6 lbs. nitrate soda, 15 lbs. floats {4 lbs. muriate potash, 15 lbs. acid phosphate. 20 8'2 12 No manure.... . . .. No manure........ 53 lbs. green cotton seed 848 lbs. green cotton seed. 15 25'2 15'2 240 lbs. floats, 3 15jlbs. floats, 19%228'2 10 lbs. 53 lbs.green cotton seed X~48 green cotton seed. 265 lbs. stable manure. 4240 lbs. stable manure... 28 30%/k1[O2 315 lbs. acid phosphate. 240 lbs. acid phosphate, 222~ 33 8 240 lbs. cotton seed meal. ri 15 lbs. cotton seed meal i ~r i ........ 11 20 4 38 96 lbs. nitrate soda... 240 lbs. acid phosphate.. 20 19 3 42 64 lbs. muriate potash... 512 372 No manure........... 10 17 .3212 96 lbs. nitrate soda, 64 lbs. muriate potash.. 10~2 25 8'2 42 96 lbs. nitrate soda, 240 lbs. acid phosphate.. 30 28 6 64 64 lbs. muriate potash, 240 lbs. acid phosphate,.. 20 46% 7 54'2 No manure... ... . 10'2 182 6 3.5 96 lbs. nitrate soda, 64 lbs. muriate potash, 7 63 240 lbs. acid phosphate... 23 33 16 25 ..... 6 67 ... 240 lbs. 96 lbs. nitrate soda, 15 2712 8012 53 240 lbs. floats .......... 608 672 600 520 672 1024 -872 560 floats 1008 752 39 56 848 624 896 58 928 69 1104 1016 i01 - 23 EXPERIMENT MADE BY MR. WILLIAM MARTIN, GREENSBORO, HALE COUNTY. Soil, Sandy Loam; Subsoil, Qiclay. No conclusions can- be made from Mr. Martin's work, as we har~e only one year's experiment to compare. The following statement shows the results for 139.1j I in~Mr/Ol 13C rf 0,15 ynl Lr - Ip 33 QL CJ z O PoUsNS FERTILIZER PER POUNDs FERTILIZER PER ACRE. PLOT. a Oa Q H O -IC) 0 ---1 f I f I---- 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 53 lbs.green cotton seed 34 15 265 lbs. stable manure. 28 lbs. stable manure acid 16 515 lbs. cotton phosphate, 5240 lbs. acid phosphate, v* 1F5lbhs c I^ ^I seedl meal 240 lbs. cotton seed m~sl 36 I_ i. {6 {515 6 lbs. nitrate soda 15. lbs. acid phosphate 4 lbs. muriate potash No manure. 6 lbs. nitrate soda, 6 4 lbs muriate potash S6 lbs. nitrate soda, 15 lbs. acid phosphate. .4 lbs. muriate potash. 15 lbs. acid phosphate No mal~ure. .... S6 lbs. nitrate soda, 15 lbs acid phosphate, 4 lbs.- muriate potash 15 lbs. lbs nitrate soda, floats. 96 lbs. nitrate soda 240 lbs. acid phosphate 64 lbs. muriate potash No manure .. 5~ lbs. nitrate soda, 96 64 lbs. muriate potash. 5 96 lbs. nitrate soda, 240 lbs. acid phosphate. 5 64 lbs. muriate potasc, 240 lbs. acid phosphate. No manure.. .~96 lbs. nitrate soda, 64 lbs. muriate potash, 240 lbs. acid phosphate 96 5~ 240 lbs. floats....... 30 20 30 16 32 36 68 30 50 52 32 42 68 10 20 10 10 14 32 16 18 20 16 10 16 16 8 14 12 8 4 cr 6 4 6 10 48 44 46 30 52 78 768 704 736 480 832 1248 1664 896 20 104 8 56 14 16 84 1344 84 1344 864 1056 1536 832 768 928 15 lbs. floats. No manure. 53 lbs green cotton seed lbs. floats, 4240 lbs nitrate soda, 2401lbs. floats........ No manure ..... 848 lbs.green cotton seed X240 lbs. floats, 8481lbs. green cotton seed 12 H 54 8 66 12 96 10 6 10 48 58 24 EXPERIMENT MADE BY J. W. MiZi, BEMLAP, BLOUNT CoUnT. Soil, Red Sandy; Sub-soil, Sticky, Aineral iVhlure. In the experiments made by Mr. Mize nothing is gained by the use of potash. In 1891 plot No. 6 gave 144 pounds more than plot No. 9, and plot 16 gave 176 pounds increase over plot No..9,-while in 1892 plot No. 9 gives an increase of 8 pounds ove~r plot No. 6 and 98 pounds over plot No. 16. These results. are conflicting, and no conclusion can ho drawn. Floats,. as in plots No. 11 and 14, gave same yield in 189 I, while in 1892 floats, with green cotton seed, give an increase of 224 pounds over nitrate of soda with floats. _ nrr r :" Cr( ,uu', rrl z O C Lns FERTILIZER PER LBS. FERTILIZER PER PLOT. ACRE. 1 f i iV 6 lbs. nitrate sodla . 9 lbs. nitrate 15 lbs. acid phosphate. 240 lbs. acid 4 1bs. muriate potash. 64 lbs. muriate potash... No manure..........No manure.......:..... 1 6 lbs. nitrate soda, 96 lbs. nitrate soda, 4 lbs. muriate potash. 64 lbs. muriate potash... S6 lbs. nitrate soda, 96 lbs. nitrate soda, 15 lbs. acid phosphate. 240 lbs. acid soda. phosphate 4 43. 7 b 4 l0 13 208 632 232 16S 7l/ 280 728 ll,'l S4 lbs. muriate potash, 64 15 lbs. acid phosphate. 240 No manure.......... 6 lbs. nitrate soda, 96 "15 lbs. acid phosphate, 64 4 lbs. muriate potash. 240 15 lbs. floats'.... .... 240 S6 lbs. nitrate soda, 96 15 lbs. floats........ 240 No manure...........No lbs. muriate potash, lbs. 'acid phosphate... No manure...... . lbs. nitrate soda, lbs. muriate potash, lbs. acid phosphate.. . lbs. floats ........ . lbs. nitrate soda, lbs. floats........ . phosphate... 1612 12 10 G f;! ; 2L53 4 18 3S3% 544 192 s618 6 5 8 20 ra9 4(1 ;tej 7363 26~0 53 lbs.green cotton seed 5 15 lbs. floats, 53 lbs. green cotton seed 265 lbs. stable manure.. 5 15 lbs. acid phiosphate. 15 lbs. cotton seed mneal 848 lbs. green cotton seed.' manure........ 240 7 51/ 240 lbs. floats, 348 lbs. green cotton seed. 4240 lbs. stable manure... [2 240 lbs. acid phosphate, 240 lbs. cotton seed meal.' -L., ^~__ 22.1 464 6 13 15% 17 SoG 40 1, - 25 EXPERIMENT MADE REPORTED BY BY W. H. NEWMAN. EXPERIMENT B3. M. DUGGA R,- CANEBRAKE STATION, UNIONTOWN, PERRY 'COUNTY. The following tabulated statement. is- the result of the experiment as conducted on the -Uniontown ExperimentStation: z 1 POUNDS OF FERTILIz C 1 POUNDS OF FiRTILIZERn J PER ACRE. * .r , J .O$1 v PER PLOT. 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda 15: lbs. Acid Phosphate. 3 4 lbs. Muriate Potash.. No .Manure........ 4 5 .64 lbs. Nitrate Soda, lbs. Muriate Potash... 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 15 lbs. Acid Phosphate.. S 1. lbs. Muriate Potash, 2 15 9 35 17 9 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda... 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate.. 16?-/54342234 t6l lbs. Muriate Potash... 17 37% 19 No Manure .......... 1%422 .... .. .. 51134 984 93 7312 1496 1176 1240 202...72 9 SNo Manure....... 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 15 .lbs. Acid Phosphate, 4 lbs. Muriate 15 lbs. lbs.. Acid Phosphate Floats.. . .. .-. .. 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 64 lbs. Muriate Potash.. 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 140 lbs. Acid Phosphate.. 61 lbs.. Muriate Potash, 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate. 1432 30 14 .. .. .i8%2936 1934792 1334242 112 9 .6Y22432 21 31 9 .. . . 10 11 12 13 Potash.. 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 64 lbs. Muriate Potash, No '240 Manure....'.... ... 40 0 50 471/ 640 960- lbs. Acid Phosphate... 12 240 lbs. Floats...... 240 lbs. 6 lbs.-Nitrate Soda, 15 lbs. Floats.. No 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 1514 .... 3232.21 24t2 10%2. 65% 1048 800 760 14 151 c15 . 53 [18 .9 13 No Manure. ...... Manure........ lbs. Green Cotton Seed 848 lbs. Green CottonSeed 12 24'2 7 lbs Floats, Floats. . ...... 25'2 S .... .. 60 ... 43%~ 696 960 53 lbs. Green 265 lbs.' Stable Manure 15 lbs. 'Acid Phosphate, 16, I\-- Ilhs. ;Cotton Seed Meal CottonSeed 848 lbs.. 1 15 240 lbs. Floats, Green CottonSeed 15 1,240 lbs. Stable Manure . 13 2140 lbs. Acid Phosphate, 4-0 lbs. Cotton 8% .. 55 23% 94%... 411 3112 17 X312.... '880 056 563 Seed Meal. 15 35%2j 26 EXPERIMENT MADE BY J. P. OLIVER, DADEVILLE, TALLAPOOSA COUNTY. Soil, Gray Sandy; Subsoil, Clay. In Mr. Oliver's experiments for the two years the indications are that his soil is deficient in the three main elements of plant food. In 1891 plot No. 9 gave best results, and in 1892 plots No. 9 and 16 gave the same yield. Floats with green cotton seed gave best suilts in 1892. 1891, while floats re- and nitrate of soda gave best results in ~~U ,eO U "a ,cy: b1i .0 Q" inH z 0 O POUNDS FERTILIZERS PER POUNDS FERTILIZER PER ACR. PLOT. - OQ 0 U C) C3 0 CO - - iI. -- - - I - 96 lbs. nitrate soda 240 lbs. acid phosphate. 64 lbs muriate potash. 3 No manure . 4 96 lbs. nitrate soda, 5 64 lbs. muriate potash 96 lbs. nitrate soda, 6 240 lbs. acid phosphate, 64 lbs._ muriate potash, 7 240 lbs. acid phosphate No manure. ...... . 96 lbs. nitrate soda, lbs. 6 nitrate soda, 15 lbs. acid phosphate 64 lbs. muiriate potash, 4 lbs. muriate potash 240 lbs. acid phosphate. 240 lbs. floats.... .. . 10 15 lbs. floats .. 96 lbs. nitrate soda, 6 lbs. nitrate soda, 11 l5 lbs. floats.. 2.40 lbs.. floats.... ... . No manure..... .. . 12 No manure..... lbs.green cotton seed 13 53 lbs green cot. seed 240 lbs .- floats, S15lbs. floats, 14 53 lbs. green cot. seed 848 lbs. green cotton seed 15 265 lbs. stable manure 4240 lbs. stable manure 240 lbs. acid phosphate, 16 i 5 lbs. acid phosphate 240 lbs. cotton seed meal lbs. cot. seed meal. LIICUV~ LLLUILLULV VtEIVLL~LJLIJ ~J~'ULVII rVLI M II i 1~LI~ { 6 lbs. nitrate 15 lbs. acid phosphate 4 lbs. muriate potash No manure nitrate soda, 6 lhs 4 lbs. muriate potash lbs. nitrate soda, .6 15 lbs. acid phosphate S4 lbs. muriate potash 15 lbs. acid phosphate No manure. soda... 5 3 4 1 3 5 312 I612 2 2%L 3 8 8 11 1412 232 288 248 176 232784 624 176 3 23 19 2 24 9 3 5 6 7 8 8 9 6 6 49 39 11 ,7 3 848 7 16YQ7'2 22%2 9 4 4 l6 7Y2 16 23 2,) 664 8'2 4 40Y2 648 808 6%2 3 41%2 52 832 318 608 824 272 17 115 63 2 52 832. 27 EXPERIMENT MADE BY J. C. OTT, FLORENCE, LAUDERDALE COUNTY. Soil, Grey and Gravelly; Subsoil, Clay. No experiment was reported by- Mr. Ott for 1891. Conclusions cannot be drawn from one year's work. The following statement shows results for 1892. 2 2 9 -4,= 4-z r. O 0 POUNDS FERTILIZER POUNDS FERTILIZER PEE PLOT. PER AcRE. I 6.1 5 12 10 10 8 14 16 12 14 12 14 20 a ae -eF 1 2 3 4 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda 12 15 lbs. Acid Phos... 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate 12 4 lbs. Muriate Potash 64 lbs. Muriate Potash. 8 No Manure No Manure 6 5 6 lbs. 4 lbs. Muriate Potash 64 lbs. Muriate Potash 6 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 15 lbs. Acid Phosphate 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate. 7 4 lbs. Muriate Potash 64 lbs. Muriate Potash, 15 lbs. Acid Phosphate 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate. 8 No Manure. .. No Manure. 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, . *96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 15 lbs. Acid Phosphate 64 lbs. Muriate Potash, 4 lbs. Muriate Potash 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate 10 15 lbs. Floats 240 lbs. Floats .... ... 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 115 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 15 lbs. Floats........ 240 lbs. Floats ...... . 12 No Manure .. No Manure 13 53 lbs. Green Cot. Seed 848 lbs. Green Cot. Seed Nitrate 10 8 8 8 10 12 50 42 40 34 48 8o0 672 640 544 768 Coda,. 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 10 18 .16 14 10 18 10 12 8 14 14 10 18 10 12 66 1058 52 40 72 46 56 38 62 48 48 58 832 640 1132 736 S 14 10 12J 8 22 16 22 14 18 14 16 12 14 10 10 8 12 10 10 10 896 608 992 768 768 928 14 lbs. Green Cot. Seed 848 lbs. Green Cot. Seed 12 15 265 lbs. Stable Manure 4240 lbs. Stable iMdanure. 12 5F lbs Acid Phosphate 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate 15 ( 15 lbs. Cot. Seed Meal, 240 lbs. Cot Seed Meal 18 1 ~LV IV)clI1~IUJ-IIVIJEIIIL~YV~l~lly ~~\~M I1V'tJLICICL IVLI I T 53 J15 8 18 12 10 18 lbs. Floats, 240 lbs. Floats, 28 EXPERIMENT MADE BY J. W. PITTS, CRESWELL STATION, SHELBY COUNTY. Soil, Thin Brown or Iclatto; Subsoil, Ste fClay. In this experiment it is clearly shown in two years' results that potash is not needed in this soil. Comment seems unnecessary. In 1891 plot No. 6 gave an increase over plot No. 9 of 48 pounds, and plot 16 gave 112 pounds more than plot No. 9. In 1892 plot No. 6 gave 208 pounds. more than plot No. 9, and plot No., 16 gave 192 pounds. more than plot No. 9. These are not large amounts, but they are hard facts,.and Mr. Pitts is wasting money when he buys potash for his soil. Floats with green cotton seed give best results in 1891, while with nitrate of soda give an increase in 1892. floats 0o. ci. 0.0* ri7 +~0 r C POUNDS FERTILIZER PLOT. PER POUNDS FERTILIZER PFR ACRE. 6 lbs. nitrate soda . 15, lbs. acid 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 41 4 lbs.muriate potash. No manure........ .6 lbs. nitrate soda, 4 lbs. muriate potash. 64 6lbs. nitrate soda, 96 15 lbs. acid phosphate. S4 lbs. nuriate potash, 61 15 lbs. acid phosphate.. 250 phosphate.. 96 lbs. nitrate soda 240. lbs. acid phosphate. 64 lbs. muriate potash No manure....... 96 lbs. nitrate soda 9 29 7 10) 21 10 17 13 9 28 448 10 60 960 11L 28' 448 13 208 6 '1() No lbs. muriate potash lbs. nitrate soda, 2 35 21 3 6 5 57 5 1 912 lbs. acid phosphate No 1l15 96 lbs. nitrate soda, 64 lb's. muriate potash, ls muriate potash 210 lbs. acid phosphate 15 lbs. floats.... ... :340 lbs. floats ......... S6 lbs. nitrate soda, 96 lbs. nitrate soda, 15 lbs. floats........ 240 lbs. floats..... . No manure ....... . No manure ........ 53 green cotton seed 848 lbs. green cotton, seed 3~15 lbs. floats, 240 lbs. floats, 53 lbs. green cotton seed 348 lbs. green cotton seed 265 lbs. stable manure.. 4240 lbs. stable manure S15 lbs. acid phosphate. 240 lbs, acid phosphate, 15 lbscotton seed meal. Ij240run n7anllrrrr seed meal lbs. cotton iun ~nannrA 6 lbs. nitrate soda, manure ....... lbs. muriate potash, lbs. acid phosphate manure....... .. 624 10 160 704 432; 704 208 320 608 896 4 lbs. acid phosphate, 28 13 23 13 9 14 3 44 5 27 7 44 13 20 8 38 lbs. 17 46 13 25 8 79 1364 3 56 41 12 29 EXPERIMENT. MADE CY S. A. PRUITT, CHESS, PIKE COUNTY. Soil, Light Sandy; Sub-soil, Red and Yellow Sandy. The best results in this experiment for the two years are from plot 16-cotton seed meal with acid phosphate. Plot No. 9,'complete fertilizer, gave a marked increase over plot No. 6 for each year, and the indications are that the soil is deficient in the three main elements of plant food. Floats with green cotton seed give -a decided increase over floats with nitrate'of- soda for the two years p POUNDS FERTILIZER PER ZPLOT. POUNDS FERTILIzIIa ACRE. PER _ Z)O 24 40 28 28 30 14 40 14 16 18 . , 3 4 5 6 6 lbs. nitrate soda 15 lbs. acid phosphate 4 lbs. muriate potash. No manure....... 4 lbs. muriate potash S6 lbs. nitrate soda, S 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 5 6 lbs. nitrate soda, 15 lbs. acid phosphate. 5 4 lbs. murate potash, 364 lbs. 15 lbs. lbs. nitrate soda 240 lbs. acid phosphate 64 lbs. muriate potash Nomanure..:..... 96 lbs. nitrate soda, 64 lbs. rnuriate. potash S96 lbs. nitrate soda, 240 lbs. acid phosphate .96 38 80 42 44. 608 [280 672 704 48, 763. 62 40 44 99J2 640 704 floats 3 6 lbs. nitrate soda, 15 lbs. floats..... . No manure..... ... 15 lbs. ........ acid phosphate. No manure... .6lbs. nitrate soda, 15 lbs acid phosphate, 4 lbs. muriate potash 240 lbs. acid phosphate 28 No manure... .... 32 S96 lbs. nitrate, soda, 64 lbs. muriate potash, ~240 lbs. acid phosphate 52 36 24 96 210 lbs.. muriate -potash, 40 22 12 12 24 18 22 12 22 30, 28 28 S53 l bs. green ,cotton seed 53 lbs. green cotton seed 848 15 lbs. j240 loats. floats...... No manure......... lb.fot lbs. nitrate soda, 76 1216 54 864 62 992 44 704 58 928 70 1120 80 1280 84 1344 floats, 5 265 lbs. stable 4240 15 lbs. acid phosphate, 3 240 15 lbs. cotton seed meal 240 manure.. 848 40 32 lbs.green cotton seed 36 lbs. floats,. lbs.green cotton seed '40 lbs. stable manure.. 52 lbs. acid. phosphate, lbs. cotton seed meal 56 30 EXPERIMENT MADE BY J..II. RADNEY, ROANOKE, RANDOLPH COUNTY. Soil, Sandy Loam; Subsoil, Clay. Results of Mr. Radney's experiments are so conflicting that further work will have to be done before any conclusions can be drawn. His best results in 1891 are from plot No. 6, nitrate of soda with acid phosphate; whije in 1892, plot No. 9, complete fertilizer, gives 136 pounds more than plot No. 6, and plot 16 gives an increase of 398 pounds over plot No. 6. floats with nitrogen are eompared, with nitrate of soda give best results in 1891, while floats with green cotton seed give best results in 1892. floats Where oPouNDs FERTILIZER PER POUNDS FERTILIZER PER ZPLOT. ACRE. P-I------E--4 ' v s . .s ,- s 64 lbs. rnuriate potash 2 96 lbs. nitrate soda, 240 lbs. acid phosphate 16 64 lbs. muriate potash, 240 lbs. acid phosphate 6 No manure..... 1 96 lbs. nitrate soda, 64 lbs. muriate potash, 240 lbs. acid phosphate 13 240 lbs. floats . 2 96 l bs. nitrate soda, 15 lbs. 240 lbs floats ...... 9 No manure. . No manure. ... 1 53 lbs. green cot. seed. 848 lbs.green cotton seed lbs. floats, 240 lbs. floats, 53 lbs.green cot. seed S48 lbs.green cotton seed 17 265 lbs. stable 4240 lbs. stable manure. S15 lbs.acid phs'phate, 240 lbs. acid phosphate, hi ~ 15 lbs. 'r^"~" ~~~) 240 lbs. cotton seed meal 23 " "'~ cot. seed meal. I "V'Nh/'- LLIV L~VUCY~ WVV 6 lbs. nitrate soda. 15 lbs. acid phosphate 4 lbs. mnuriate potash No manure. ....... 6 lbs. nitrate soda, 4 lbs. muriate potash S6 lbs. nitrate soda, 15 lbs. acid phosphate S4 lbs. murate potash, 15 lbs. acid phosphate No manure. S6 lbs. nitrate soda, 15 lbs acid phosphate, 4 lbs. muriate potash 15 lbs. floats....... . 6 lbs. nitrate soda, 96 lbs. nitrate soda 240 lbs. acid phosphate 64 lbs. muriate potash No manure........ 96 lbs. nitrate soda, 2 5 10 12 3 6 2 4 5 15 8 4 6 14 5 6 2 3 2 1 15 39 16 13 17 240 624 256 208 272 8 2 10 2'2 43Y2e 696 27 16 52 11 32 12 45 432 256 832 176 12 1 7 2 1 2 3 2 floats. 20 18 3 4 12 5 8 I15 512 192 720 manure 15 10 3 25 20 1 69 1094 3t EXPERIMENT MADE BY W. I. SELLERS. GENEVA, GENEVA COUNTY. Soil, Sandy; Subsoil, Red Clay and Sand. The indications are, from results of two years' experiments by Mr. Sellers, that his soil' is deficient in the three main elements of 9 gives best results for the two years' work. plant food, as plot with nitrogen. No results No comparison can be made as to NQ. having been reported from O POUNDS OF FERTILIZERs z PER ACE. floats and. green cotton seed in 1891. O 2 floats ~O r2 in0 cd JJ of O0V POUNDS Or FERTILIZER' PER PLOT. .0 C G\7 ,, 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 6 lbs. Nitrate r ri 15 lbs. Acid Phosphate 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate. 4 lbs. Muriate Potash 64 lbs. Muriate Potash... - Soda... 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda. . . 136 {16 lbs. Nitrate Soda, No Manure. ....... S6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 4 lbs. Muriate Potash No Manure....... 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 64 lbs. Muriate Potash.. 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, Acid 18 288 13 208 9 144 13 208 26 416 . No Manure. 1 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 9 15 lbs. Acid Phosphate, 4 'bs. Muriate Potash 10 15 lbs. Floats. 6 11 15 lbs. Nitrate Soda, lbs. Floats....... No Manure.... 12 13 53 lbs. Green Cot. Seed 15 14 3 lbs. Floats, Cot. See 53 lbs. Green 15 265 lbs. Stable Manure. Acid 16 315 lbs. Cot'nPhosphate, Seed Meal 15 lbs. 64 34lbs. Muriate Potash, 240 lbs. lbs. 15 lbs. Acid Phosphate 5 lbs. Acid Phosphate 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate Mariate Potash, 3 No Manure...... 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 64 lbs, Muriate Potash, 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate 240 lbs. Floats ...... .. . 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 240 lbs. No Phosphate.. 21 336 136 28 448 13 208 17 272 9 144 13 208 17 272 17 272 172 280 ai I v IU~ ~L~ruiuruv vvucu) 1 vv ~uu LIIC WVU 848 lbs. Green Cotton Seed 240 lbs. Floats, 848 lbs. Green Cotton Seed 4,240 lbs. Stable Manure 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate, 240 lbs. Cotton Seed Meal ~JVU~ Manure... Floats..... .. 32 'EXPERIMENT MADE BY T. A. SNUGGS. HOLLY POND, CUTLLMAN COUNTY. Soil, Sandy and Gravelly; 5ab89d, Yellow Sandy. soil is The two years work of Mr. Snuggs clearly shows deficient in the three main elements of plant food, as plot No. 9 gave a large increase over everything for the floats z O 0 I that his two years,' eel eO _ when with nitrogen are compared. give best results for each year. POUNDS FERTILIZERS PER PLOT. Floats with green cotton. seed e00 rrnd POUNDS FERTILIZER PER ed d ACRE. O V a't 0 -40 3 9 5 6 r 15 16 6'2 600 9G lbs. nitrate soda 6 lbs. nitrate soda.... 15 lbs. acid phosphate. 240 lbs. acid phosphate. L2% [71% 6 45'% 728 10% "391 61 lbs. muriate potash. 4 lbs. muriate potash 12 13 648 No manure...... No manure 19% L1 96 lbs. nitrate soda, 6 lbs. nitrate soda, I*1' ' 451j 14irio -728 64 lbs. muriate potash L2 t! 4 lbs. muriate potash 96 lbs. nitrate soda, 5 6 lbs. nitrate soda, 812 O2> 1000 15 lbs. acid phosphate. 240 lbs. acid phosphate. 5 4 lbs. mnuriate potash, 64 lbs. muriate potash, 23', 15 lbs. acid phosphate. 240 lbs. acid phosphate. 960 No manure. ...... . 1412 18 912 12 672 No manure.......... ioJl 15 lbs. acid phosphate, 6 lbs. nitrate soda, 14 10 11 lbs. m~uriate potash. 5 6lbs. nitrate soda, 15 lbs. floats ........ 15 lbs. floats.... 12 13 15 16 No manure.......... 53 lbs.green cotton seed 19 S15 lbs. floats, 53lbs.green cotton seed 5 15 265 lbs. stable manure lbs. acid phosphate, 15 lbs. cotton seed meal 64 lbs. muriate, potash, lbs. acid phosphate . 322~23%. 9'" 240 lbs. . 14 17 9 96 jibs. nitrate soda, 25'1 17 240 lbs. floats No manure........ . 132~17 12 18 J'1 10 848 lbs.green cotton seedl c.240 lbs. floats, 848 lbs green cotton seed 16 O/' 14 4240 lbs. etable manure 30 24'7 5240 lbs.- acid phosphate, 20 112 240 lbs. cotton seed meal (240 ( 96 lbs nitrate soda, floats........ 65'2 [048 ........ 10 640 944 680 519 4 49 501 784 808 192 635 1040 491t Bulletin No. 13, : : : May, 1893. Agricultura1 Experiment Station -OF TF- AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE, AUBUTRN, ALABAMA. EYE DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS, BY C. A, CARY. glI'The Bulletins of this Station will be sent free to any citizen of the State on application to the Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn, Ala. All communications should be addressed to EXPERIMENT STATION, AUBURN, ALA. Published by order of the Board of Direction. CO., TITS; BROWN PRINT[NG STATE PRINTERS5 MONTGOMERY, ALA. BOARD OF VISITORS, COMMITTEE OF TRUSTEES ON EXPERIMENT STATION. lION. J. G. GILCHRIST.................................Hope Hull. HON. R. F. LIGON..................................Montgomery. HON. H. CLAY ARMSTRONG...........................Auburn. BOAEJD 0S' A. DIEECCIOIT WM. LEROY BROUN.....................................President. J. BONDURANT.......................................Agriculturist. ............ .................. N. T. LUPTON. .................... P. H. MELL........................Botanist Chemist and Meteorologist. J. M. STEDMAN ............. Biologist. ,..:... .. C. A. CARY, D. V. M........ ............. ASSISTANTS : JAMES CLAYTON................ .Veterinarian. A. F. CORY* ............. Assistant Assistant Horticulturist. Agriculturist. .......................... Mv. J. T. ANDERSON, Ph. D.................... L. W. WILKINSON, First Assistant Chemist. Second Assistant Chemist. Sc. . ........... F. A. LUPTON, Mv. .......... Sc G. S. .... .. .. ...... Third Assistant Chemist. Fourth Assistant Chemist. and Assistant Botanist. R. F. HARE, B. Sc...................... CLARK......... ................. .Clerk, charge of Soil-Tests. * In CONTENTS. .I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X. XI. XII. XIII. XIV. PAGE. Anatomy of the Horse's Eye..........................5-14 Diseases of the Eye Lids............................14-19 Diseases of the Haw or Membrana Nictitans.............19-20 Diseases of the Lachrymal or Tear Apparatus...........20-21 Diseases of the Tissues surrounding the Eye-ball and in the Orbital Cavity..... ............................... 21 Diseases of the Conjunctiva..........................22-25 Diseases of the Cornea.............................25-37 Diseases of the Iris................................37-40 Cataract-Opacity of the Lens.. 40-44 Amaurosis-Paralysis of the Retina and Optic Nerve..44-46 Glaucoma-Disease of the Vitreous Humor.............. 46-47 Hydropthalmus-Excess of Water in the Aqueous Humor 48 Dislocation of the Eye Ball-Exoptbalmus ............... 48-49 Animal Parasites of the Eye............................ 49-51 XV. XVI. XVII. XVIII. XIX. Appendix-Reports 51 Strabismus-Squinting-Cross-Eye............... ........ 51-53 Causes of Indistinct Vision and Shying ................. 54-70 Periodic Opthalmia-Moonblindness.................... 70-76 Methods of Examining the Eyes.......... ............. of Diseases, etc.....................77-79 ERRATA. Page 6, line 7 of explanation of fig. 1,for "equeous" read aqueous. Page 6, line 13 of explanation of fig. 1, for "samal" read small. Page 10, lines 22, 24, 32 for "'agueous" read aqueous. Page 11, line 1 for "agueous" read aqueous. Page 11, lines 23, 28 for "vitrious" read vitreous. Page 11, line 33 for "Membrane" read Membrana. Page 12, line 19 for "membrane" read membrana. Page 15, line 4 for "Costic" read Caustic. Page 15, line 13 for "stiches" read stitches. Page 17, line 10 for "conjested" read congested. Page 21, line 31 for "incision" read excision. Page 23, line 14 for "diptheretic" read diptheritic. Page 23, line 15 for "conjunctivitas" and "fallicular" read conjunctivitis and follicular. Page 27, line 18 for "conjested" read congested. Page 29, line 3 for "agueous" read aqueous. Page 30, line 2 for "conjested" read congested. Page 30, line 6 for "is" read are. Page 43, line 1 of explanation of fig. 13, for "Luxuration" read Luxation. Page 48, line 17 for "Exothalmus" read Exopthalmus. Page 50, line 4 after "is" insert found. Page 59, line 10 for "Wallach" read Willach. Page 63, line 2 for "appearances" read appearance. Page 64, line 12 for "attscks" read attacks. ANATOMY OF THE HORSE'S EYE. [When reading note the location of the parts of the eye as illustrated in Fig, 1.] The eyeball or globe is a spherical shell whose interior is filled with liquid or semi-liquid parts, called the humors or refracting media of the eye. The wall or shell of the eye is formed by three distinct coats-the external, the middle and the internal. The outer or external coat is divided into two distinct parts-the sclerotica and the cornea. The sclerotic is a very tough, white membrane, forming about four-fifths of the outer coat of the eye. The muscles that move the eyeball are attached to the back part and the outer surface of the sclerotica. Its internal surface is loosely united to the middle or choroid coat of the eye by small blood vessels, nerves and loose fibrous tissue. In front, the sclerotica shows an elliptical opening with its greatest diameter from side to side and shortest diameter from above to below; the edge or border of this opening is bevelled on the inner side, and the cornea fits in it as the watch crystal fits in the watch case. The sclerotic is well supplied with blood vessels and nerves, and a little below the middle of the back part, the optic nerve passes through it and the choroid to form the retina or internal coat. The cornea is a very transparent membrane forming the anterior part (about one-fifth) of the external coat of the eye. Its outline is elliptical, like the opening it closes. It consists, from without to within, of the following layers: The external layer is the conjunctival epithelium spread over the outer surface of the cornea; in some animals this 6 layer is not separated from the middle layer by a thin elastic limitary membrane, called Bowman's membrane. FIG. 1. Diagramatic Section of the Horse's Eye (after D'Arboval) showing the relative position of the various parts. In reading the description of the anatomy of the eye frequent reference should be made to this cut. a, Optic nerve; b, Sclerotic; c, Choroid; d, Retina; e, Cornea ; f, Iris; g, h, Ciliary circle, (or ligament) and processes given off by the choroid though represented as isolated from it, in order to indicate their limits more clearly; i, insertion of the ciliary processes on the crystalline lens; j, Crystalline lens; k, Crystalline capsule; 1, Vitreous body; m, n, Anterior and posterior chambers; o, Theoretical indication of the membrane of the equeous humour; p, p, Tarsi; q, q, Fibrous membrane of the eyelids; r, Elevator muscle of the upper eyelid; s, s, Orbicularis muscle of the eyelids; t, t, Skin of the eyelids; i9, Conjunctiva; v, Epidermic layer of this membrane covering the Cornea; x, Posterior rectus muscle; y, Superior rectus muscle; z, Inferior rectus muscle; w, Fibrous sheath of the orbit (or orbital membrane); 1, Section of orbital arch; 2, Lachrymal gland; 3, Section of samal oblique muscle. The middle layer is the principal and the thickest part of the cornea; it is fibrous, tough, unyielding and continuous, with the sclerotic; its external surface, in most animals is covered with Bowman's elastic limitary membrane and its inner surface is separated from the internal layer of the cornea by Descemet's elastic limitary membrane. The internal layer is composed of a single layer of many sided cells which contain large neuclei. The cornea has but few blood vessels. The vessels form loops around its border, and in the sheep they advance to the middle of its surface. The middle coat of the eyeball consists of the choroid, the ciliary processes and the iris. The choroid is a thin, vascular, dark colored membrane, spread over the inner surface of the sclerotic, investing the posterior four-fifths of the eyeball, and terminating, in front, at the ciliary ligament; there bending inward to form the ciliary processes. The choroid is divided into two zones or unequal parts by the ora serrata-azigzag line that corresponds to the point where the retina changes its character or near the anterior border of the retina. The posterior zone or part, in the horse, is not uniform in color, being perfectly black in the lower part; this is abruptly terminated at a horizontal line that passes about one-eighth of an inch above the place where the optic nerve passes through the sclerotic and choroid. From this line on the segment of a circle from two to three-fifths of an inch in height it shows most brilliant colors: at first blue, then an azure-blue, afterwards a brownish blue, and after this the remainder of the eye is occupied by an intense black. The bright portion, or upper half of the choroid is the tapetum. The anterior zone or ciliary part of the choroid includes the ciliary ligament and the ciliary body. The ciliary muscle circle or ligament is a grayish circular band of unstriped muscular fibres about one-sixteenth of an inch broad; the fibres are radial and circular, the former arises from the junction of the cornea and sclerotic to pass back to the choroid opposite the ciliary processes; the latter are internal and pursue a circular course around the place of attachment of the iris. By the contractions of this muscle, it plays an important part in accommodating or adjusting the eye to the perception of objects at different distances. The ciliary body forms a ring which overlaps before and behind the ciliary muscle and lies between the choroid and iris, or rather it connects the choroid to the iris. The ciliary processes consist of 110 to 120 radiating folds formed by the plaiting and folding inward of the choroid at its anterior margin; these are received between the corresponding folds of the suspensory ligament of the lens. The dark color of the choroid is due to the coloring matter, pigment in the cellular or internal layer of this membrane. The pigment absorbs the rays of light which pass through the retina and thus prevents their becoming reflected and confusing the vision. The brilliant metallic colored tapetum is generally observed in nocturnal animals (horse, etc.), and especially in the carnivora. It is believed that by reflecting rays of light a second time through the retina, it gives the animal a clearer and better vision at night. This is the cause of the glare or "balls of fire" perceived in the eyes of the cat and other carnivora in the dark. FIG. 2. Normal Horses Eye (after Goubaux and Barrier). The iris is elliptical in shape like the cornea; it is a thin, perforated, contractile curtain, suspended behind the cornea in the aqueous humor, in front of the crystalline lens, forming the anterior portion of the middle coat of the eyeball; it is composed of radiating and circular muscular fibres and a fibrous frame work. Its anterior surface is covered by a layer of polyhedral cells on a fine basement membrane; its posterior face is opposite the lens and ciliary processes, and is covered by a thick layer of pigment called the uvea; loose predunculated portions of this pigmented layer may project through the pupillary aperture; they most frequently project from the superior border of the pupil and extend into the anterior part of the aqueous chamber, where they are known as "soot balls" or corpora nigra. These black, spongy masses the may obstruct the passing ofh light into the eye, but if they are small, little harm is done by them. These "soot balls" arebrownish black and are larger when along the upper border of the pupil than when at the lower border. The color of the eye depends upon the quantity of pigment in the uveal layer of the iris. In man, the color of the iris varies with the different individuals; while in the horse it is generally of a brownish yellow hue; sometimes, however, it is nearly white or bright gray-the animal possessing such The aperture or elliptical eyes is said to be "wall eyed." central opening in the iris forms the pupil, which is expanded or enlarged when the radial muscular fibres of the iris contract; and it is contracted or decreased in size when the circular muscular fibres contract. Strong sunlight produces contraction of the pupil; while weak light or darkness causes the pupil to expand. The internal coat of the eyeball or shell is the retina. It lies on the inner surface of the choroid to which it loosely adheres. This most essential, delicate, grayish, transparent, nervous membrane is thicker behind than in front, and extends as far 10 forward as the ciliary body, terminating in a ragged edgecalled the ora serrata. The retina is formed by the expansion of the optic nerve; the nervous elements are imbedded in and spread over a fibrous frame-work. At the point of entrance of the optic nerve is found, on the retina, a small oval elevation, known as optic pupilla. From its centre and its border emerge and radiate the blood vessels of the retina. This disc or elevation is the only portion of the retina where the sense of vision is wanting, and is, in consequence, called the blind spot. In the exact centre of the retina posteriorly corresponding to the axis of the eye, is a triangular yellow space called the macula lutea-the spot where vision is most distinct and perfect. The extreme complexity in the arrangement of the nervous elements of the retina may be partially comprehended by the fact that they are divided into ten different microscopic layers. These various nervous elements receive the impression of the inverted image or picture of the object or objects in the field of vision and the optic nerve conveys this impression or perception to the brain. The humors or semiliquids of the eye are the Agueous Humor, the Vitreous Humor and the Crystalline Lens. The agueous humor is a watery liquid that is found in the small chambers in front and behind the iris. It is secreted by Descemet's membrane, which lines the chambers containing the humor. This humor maintains the convexity of the cornea, facilitates movements of the iris and the lens, and, to some extent, assists in the refraction of the light passing through it to the lens and the retina. If by surgical operation, accident or disease, this humor is permitted to escape from the agueous chambers, it is rapidly regenerated. The crystalline lens is a double convex, clear, semi-solid body, and lies behind the pupil with its anterior surface 11 immersed in the agueous humor and its posterior face imbedded in the vitrious. The suspensory ligament extends from its periphery to the ciliary body and thus assists in holding the lens in position and establishes a union between it and the ciliary muscle. The lens is enveloped by an elastic capsule very like Descemet's layer of the cornea. The proper tissue of the lens is arranged in concentric layers that under the microscope are found to be composed of fibres; the external layers of the lens are almost liquid, but they gradually increase in hardness toward the center. The lens receives neither blood vessels nor nerves; it absorbs its nutriment from its capsule through a delicate layer of cells on its surface. The anterior surface of the lens is flatter or less convex than its posterior surface. By the contraction of the ciliary muscle the convexity of the lens is changed and the degree of refraction varies; thus the eye is adjusted for, or made to accommodate itself to, different distances. The chief use of the lens is to refract (change the direction of or bend) the rays of light, which enter the eye. It causes the rays to converge or unite or focus upon the retina. The vitrious humor occupies about two-thirds of the interior of the eye-all of the cavity of the eye behind the crystalline lens. It is transparent, colorless, jelly-like in consistency and contains a few embryonic cells, while its major part is amorphous or without distinct parts. The hyaloid membrane envelopes the vitrious mass and is in contact externally with the retina and the posterior convex surface of the lens. This humor assists in the refraction of light. If it escapes, it is not regenerated. The accessory organs of the eye are the Orbital Cavity, the Muscles of the Eye, the Eye Lids, the Membrane Nictitans and the Lachrymal Apparatus. The orbital cavity is situated at the side of the head, near 12 the union of the cranium and face; it has the form of a long and fibrous cone open at the base or in front, with the optic nerve entering the small foramen at its apex or back part. The muscles of the eye are seven in number: the posterior, the superior, the inferior, the external, the internal, the superior great oblique and the inferior small oblique. These muscles all lie in the orbital cavity behind the eyeball; their posterior ends are attached to bony walls of the posterior part of the orbital cavity; while their anterior ends are attached to the surface of the sclerotic-each one to that part of the sclerotic surface indicated by its special name. The eyeball is turned upward, downward, outward, inward, etc., according the contraction of one of these special muscles. If the internal muscle is stronger or shorter than the external the eye is turned inward, and if held in that relative position constantly the condition of "cross eye" is produced. The protective organs of the eye are the eye lids and the membrane nictitans. The eyelids are two movable curtains covering and protecting the front of the eye. They are attached by their external borders to the rim of the bony orbit; their external surfaces are covered by the skin; their internal faces are moulded on the anterior surface of the eye, and are lined by the conjunctiva-a mucous membrane which is also reflected above and below on the eyeball- (the conjunctiva is very sensitive and vascular and is painfully irritated by small seeds, particles of dirt, etc., that may get "into the eye"). The framework of the lids is formed by a fibrous plate attached to the orbital rim and terminating at the free border of each lid by a small tendinous arch called the Attached to the outer surface of this fibrous plate, tarsus. common to both lids, is the orbicular or sphincter muscle of the eyelids, which by its contraction "closes the eye" or brings the free borders of the eyelids together. The elevator muscle pulls the superior lid upward, and the lower lid drops 13 when the orbicular muscle ceases to contract; thus the eye is opened. On the outer part of the free border of the upper lid are large eye lashes--but the lashes of the lower lid are fewer in number and smaller. On the inner part of the free border of each lid are little oil glands which lubricate the free margins of the lids and keep them from growing together or adhering to one another during sleep. The membrana nictitans, third eyelid, the "haw," or the eye washer," is placed at the inner angle of the eye; its framework is a fibro-cartilage, elastic and irregular in shape, thick at its back part, and thin at its anterior or free part, which is covered by the conjunctiva. This lid is continued behind by a strong, fatty cushion, which insinuates itself between all the muscles of the eye. This lid is moved over the anterior surface of the eyeball to remove dust particles, small seeds, etc. It has no special muscle, but is pushed over the eye when the eyeball is drawn backward into the orbital cavity or socket by the posterior muscle of the eye. When this lid is continually drawn, or pushed out, over the eye, as in tetanus, lock jaw, etc., some persons say the horse is affected with the "hooks ;" and occasionally the barbarous treatment of cutting off these protecting and useful lids is practiced. It would be about as sensible to cut off the hands of a man to keep him from rubbing his eye when it becomes irritated by dust, etc. The LACHRYMAL APPARATUS comprises the gland which secretes the tears and the canals which carry the extra tear fluid to the external openings of the nasal cavity. The lachrymal or tear gland is situated above the eyeball and below the rim of the orbit; it secretes the tear fluid which is carried to the surface of the eye by little ducts or canals that open in the inner surface of the eyelids. The tears are spread over the eye by the movement of the lids called winking. At the inner or nasal angle of the eye is a little 14 round body, usually black or brown; it is a fold of the conjunctiva and is designed to direct the tears toward the opening, located in each eyelid near the internal angle, by which the tears pass into the lachrymal ducts that carry the superfluous tears to the lachrymal sack. This tear sack is a little reservoir which receives the tears from the ducts of the upper and lower lids, and passes the tears into the lachrymal canal. The lachrymal canal passes downward and slightly inward, at first through a bony canal, and terminates on the inner surface of the outer wing of the nostril; the opening or orifice of this canal looks as if it were punched out of the tissues and is sometimes mistaken for an ulcer. DISEASES OF THE EYELIDS. TuMORs of various kinds are occasionally found on the eyelid. The upper lid is a favorite place for warts-diseased, excessive growths of the outer layers of the skin. The exciting cause of warty growths is at present thought to be a very minute plant or animal parasite. It is best to excise them with the knife; or, if small, to snip them off with the scissors, being careful not to cut deeper into the eyelid than the thickness of the skin. After the bleeding has partially ceased and the blood has been wiped away with a clean, moist sponge or cloth, the raw surface may be touched or cauterized with lunar caustic or a small pledged of cotton dipped in strong carbolic acid. Melanotic (black, pigmented) tumors are occasionally found on the eyelids of white horses. If they are small and are removed in the early stage of growth, they are not so liable to return; but if they involve considerable tissue or are of long existence, they are very liable to return after removal. All small tumors of the eyelids may be removed in a manner similar to that described for warts. Pedunculated tumors may be ligated by tying a strong 15 cord around the pedicile close to the skin; if it does not fall off in a few days another strong thread may be tightly tied around it at the same place. Caustic medicines (Lunar Costic or Tri-Chlor-Acetic Acid) may be applied, once every four or five days, until the tumor can be pulled away by the fingers. Care must be taken not to get these caustics into the eye; it is best not to use caustics except on tumors with large, thick bases that cannot be ligated or excised. WOUNDS OF THE EYELIDS. These occur through bites, tearing on nails, harness, hooks of snaps, barbs of wire fences and other projecting points, about the stable or stall. If the wound is fresh the edges may be brought together by stiches one-third of an inch apart; ordinary white silk thread may be used. INFLAMMATION OF THE EYELIDS. Various injuries and bruises of the eyelids may occur when a horse is rolling or throwing his head during colic attacks, or other painful diseases; or neighboring tissues may be injured or bruised and the inflammation extend .to the eyelids. The writer has repeatedly observed the eyelids of cattle attacked by ringworm, a transmissable parasitic disease of the skin, causing not only inflammation of the eyelids but also of the conjunctiva, extending at times to the cornea. Constitutional diseases (authrax, Texas fever, purpura) may be attended by swollen and inflamed eyelids. Small wounds may admit germs into the tissues of the eyelids and produce inflammatory swellings. Inflammation, resulting from wounds, bruises, etc., may be reduced by bathing the eye in cold water and applying antiseptic solutions. In ringworm the crusts and scales must be washed and scraped from the skin and then a one per cent. solution of corrosive sublimate may be applied, 16 once per day for three or four days. Other parts of the body and other animals affected with ringworm must be treated in the same way; since this parasitic skin disease is transmissible. Inflamed, swollen eyelids from constitutional diseases may be remedied by treating the disease with which they are associated. ENTHROPITM--FOLDING INWARD OF THE LID. The free margin of the lid is folded in against the eyeball; generally the entire margin of the lid is rolled inward, but, at times, only that half near the inner or nasal angle of the eye is thus affected. FIG. 3. Entropium-Folding inward of the lower lid; the eye-lashes and hair rub over the conjunctiva and cornea, when the eye lid or eye-ball is moved, producing inflammation by constant friction. This disease occurs most freqently in the dog but occurs also in the horse, the ox and the sheep. It has been observed in some animals at birth; and, no doubt, a tendency toward this disease is inherited-especially among dogs. Spasmodic contractions of the orbicular muscle that closes the eye, a relaxation or loose condition of the skin and an excessive development of the skin and tarsus of the lid, are said to be prominent factors in producing entropium. Scar tissue--resulting from wounds, ulcers, etc., on the inner surface of the lid--contract, or make tense, the con- 17 junctiva to such a degree that it pulls the free border of the lid inward; while the contraction of the orbicular muscle (in winking) would roll or fold the lid. One or both lids of one or both eyes of the dog may be affected; but, as a rule, only the lower lid of one eye in the horse is so diseased. The constant friction, occasioned by the continual rubbing of the eyelashes over the conjunctiva and the cornea, produces great irritation, which, if long continued, results in inflammation. The conjunctiva becomes conjested, light red and slightly swollen; the cornea may be clouded and at times ulcers form on its surface; the tears flow in excess; and the animal constantly attempts to close the eye. As soon as the lid or lids are returned to their normal position, the inflammation, cloudiness, etc., begin to disappear and the eye to retain its normal condition. Treatment consists in removing by excision a portion of the relaxed and loose skin. In the horse a strip of skin, one-fourth to one-half inch broad, is cut away parallel to, and about onehalf inch from, the margin of the lid. The elliptical strip may be removed by using small, sharp shears. The free edges of the skin are then brought together by silk stitches, about one-half inch from one another. As a rule, in the course of a week the stitches may be removed. In the dog the relaxed skin may be excised much farther from the margin of the lid and the gaping wound may be left to heal, without bringing the edges of the skin together with stitches. It is, however, safer and better to stitch up the wound. ECTROPIUM-ROLLING OUTWARD OF THE LID. In this disease the eyelid is drawn away from the eyeball, the conjunctival surface turned outward, the free border (lower lid) downward; the eyelid is rolled outward and downward, leaving the eye unprotected, subject to constant irritation from air and dust and rapid evaporation of tears. This condition produces chronic inflammation of the con- 18 junctiva and leads to the formation of clouded spots and vascularity of the cornea. This disease also occurs most FIG. 4. Ectropium-Folding outward of the lower lid. frequently in dogs, but may appear in the horse, ox and sheep. It is caused mostly, in the horse, by scar tissue in the neighborhood of the lower eyelid; this makes the skin so tense that the traction pulls the lid from the eyeball. Inflammatory swellings and new growths on the conjunctiva may also cause it. Dogs with deep set eyes and in a poorly nourished condition suffer with this disease. Ectropium is treated by cutting away a narrow strip of the conjunctiva parellel with margin of the lid. The shears may be used, but no stitches are required. PTOSIS--FALLING OF UPPER LID. When the upper lid hangs abnormally downward and outward from the eyeball, without folding or rolling, it is called drooping of the lid or Ptosis. It is usually associated with paralysis of the facial nerve, and may occur on one or both sides. In paralysis of both nerves there is constant dribbling of saliva, paralysis of the lips, the nostrils and the upper eyelids. This is said to result from an injury of the facial nerve or some of its larger branches. The injury is usually produced by bruises or due to pressure of the bridle 19 or of a yoke. In the first stages of the paralysis, it may be improved by reducing the inflammation or by removing the pressure on the nerve or its branches. But, as a rule, paralysis of one or both facial nerves is incurable. Yet the drooping of the eyelid may be removed by a surgical operation too complicated and difficult for unskilled hands. DISEASES OF THE HAW OR MEMBRANA TITANS. NIC- The conjunctival mucous membrane which covers the haw may be inflamed when the other parts of the conjunctiva are diseased. Also the haw may be pushed out over the eye when the eyeball is drawn back into the socket, which is done in certain eye diseases and for protection. In such cases uninformed persons say the horse has the "hooks" and at once proceed to cruelly cut them out. It is scarcely necessary to remark that nearly every case of so-called "hooks" is only a symptom of another disease and would certainly disappear if the real disease were removed. FIG. 5. Abnormal extension of the haw or "eye-washer" as observed in tetanus (lockjaw) inflammation of the haw, etc. This continued projection of the haw, is many times called "hooks." In some instances the haw is injured by being torn at the upper part of its free margin or it may be torn or cut in other places by injuries. Nearly all cases of injury recover without treatment, but should the separated or divided haw 20 continue to irritate other parts of the eye, it may be removed. Occasionally tumors appear on the haw or eye-washer; if small and harmless they may be left undisturbed or clipped off with the shears; but if large and harmful, the entire haw (if necessary) may be removed. In cutting away the torn haw, or the tumor and haw, the animal should be securely and safely confined (by casting or otherwise) and a few drops of a ten per cent. solution of cocaine may be put into the eye; after waiting a few minutes for the cocaine to take effect, the haw or tumor may be grasped with small forceps and completely excised with the shears; during the next few days cleanse the eye, two times per day, with warm water, and a one per cent. solution of carbolic acid. After repeated or severe attacks of inflammation of the conjunctiva, or repeated attacks of moonblindness, the haw remains more prominent and farther projected over the eyeball than normal. In tetanus, or lock-jaw, in horses, the haws are partially or completely extended over the eyeball-especially on exposure to strong light or when the head is elevated. DISEASES OF THE TEAR APPARATUS. In all cases where the tears are running down over the side of the cheek and there is no swelling or redness of the lids in their normal position, it is wise to examine carefully the lachrymal or tear apparatus. Most frequently the lachrymal canal is obstructed at its opening into the nostril; this may be relieved, as a rule, by removing the dirt and puslike matter which clogs the opening. Sometimes the canal is obstructed in its superior part near the tear sack; then it is best to inject by means of a small syringe, carbolized water or a two per cent. solution of boracic acid, into the canal at its lower or nasal opening. If the tear canal, tear sack and tear ducts are open or pervious, the water will pass out at the tear points near the inner angle 21 of the eye on the margin of each lid. Occasionally the canal or the tear ducts are obliterated, resulting from catarrhal or infectious inflammation and from fractures of bones along the course of the canal. In such cases it may be made pervious by forcing a small silver probe into the canal; but sometimes the canal is so completely obliterated that it is impossible to open the old passage way for the tears. When the conjunctiva or the eye lids are inflamed and when the under lid is everted in ectropium, the openings of the tear ducts are closed or are so displaced as to prevent the passing of the tears into the ducts. After recovery from these diseases, the tears cease to flow over the cheek. DISEASES OF THE TISSUES SURROUNDING THE EYE AND IN THE ORBITAL CAVITY. Fractures, bruises and wounds may take place in the bones and tissues surrounding the eye, and must be treated according to the conditions presented. Generally speaking, continual application of cold water baths or fomentations to the injured parts will materially reduce and prevent inflammation. Tumors or new growths of various kinds may appear in the orbital cavity outside of the eye ball. As a rule, they are very serious and eventually necessitate the removal of the eye ball with its surrounding tissues and sometimes requires excision of the eye lids and the skin with other tissues in the neighborhood of the eye. Whenever cancerous growths begin to spread or extend to the parts around the eye it is well to cut away all the parts involved. Such malignant growths are liable to return, even after several removals. Deep seated, spreading tumors of the orbital region should always be considered as very serious and as nearly always incurable without complete incision. 22 DISEASES OF THE CONJUNCTIVA. CONJUNCTIVITIS. Inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the eye lids and reflected over the eye ball around the cornea. CAUSES. 1. Mechanical and chemical irritants.-Small seeds, pieces of hay, straw, glumes, wheat or barley beards, small insects, coal dust and other kinds of dust, sand, hair, smoke, entropium, parasites-all foreign bodies that act as mechanical or chemical irritants may produce conjunctivitis. Not infrequently has the writer observed this disease in a very severe form, resulting from injudicious and ignorant application of caustic and blistering salves, liniments or quack eye washes. Striking the animal in the eye with a whip, or stick; bruising or wounding the eye lid or parts near the eye may excite inflammation in the conjunctiva. Cold, sharp or excessively dry winds may also cause it. 2. It is associated with other diseases, as-ulceration of the cornea, periodic opthalmia, occasionally with Texas fever and anthrax, influenza, strangles (distemper in horse), rinderpest, and, now and then, in the course of other infectious diseases; often it is associated with catarrhal inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nasal passages, sinuses of the head and of the lachrymal canal and ducts. Inflammation of the conjunctiva and the cornea is quite often observed in sheep when they are affected with "head scab," or parasitic skin disease, confined to the short wool regions of the sheep. Conjunctivitis is also associated with sheep pox. Cattle are attacked by an enzootic inflammation of the conjunctiva and cornea, which is considered in detail under diseases of the cornea. Diptheritic conjunctivitis appears in fowls. SYmPrToms.-On the irritated and inflamed spot of the conjunctiva there will be red streaks of strongly congested blood vessels, the mucous membrane will be slightly swollen ; this inflammation may in a short time extend to all parts of the conjunctiva and involve the circumference of the cornea ; the eye is very sensitive to light, and is kept closed continually. During the early stages the secretion of tears is greatly increased and they flow in profusion over the cheek, but during the more intensive or severe inflammation a mucus exudate appears, which is of light gray color and contains small semi-transparent flaky particles. If the inflammation is still more severe the exudate or secretion appears as a grayish yellow or a green fluid which consists of pus cells and tears. At one time, in severe cases, the secretion may be pus mixed with serun, and at another it may be pus mixed with mucus. An organized membraneous exudate is present in diptheretic conjunctivitas and to a limited extent in fallicular conjunctivitis. The superficial layer may be involved in severe cases, while in other instances all the layers and the submucous tissue may be involved in the inflammation; these distinctions are not always well defined; but as a rule, great intensity and long duration of the inflammation indicate that the entire conjunctiva and submucous tissues are affected. TREATMENT.-The first thing to do is to remove the cause if it can be discovered. If the animal is very sensitive about having the eye examined, it is best to put a twitch on his nose. Place the thumb on the lower lid and the index finger on the upper; by gradual and firm pressure, open the eye and look carefully for a hay seed or any foreign body or irritating particles that may be in view. After completely cleansing the index finger and removing the long, rough or sharp margin of the finger nail, it may be pushed around under the lids and under the haw in search of the irritant; this must be done with great care, and it is always best to put a few drops of a three per cent. solution of cocaine into the eye before introducing 24 the finger. Following this search and the removal of the irritant, the eye may be washed with pure cold water or with a solution of corrosive sublimate 1 part and pure water 5000 parts. Bathing the eye in very warm water will relieve the pain and sensitiveness; while cold water fomentations will remove the fever. A great many cases of conjunctivitis readily yield to the simple method of adjusting a large, clean wet cloth over the eye, keeping it moist by pouring cold water on it every hour. It is generally best to put the animal in a dark stall, but unless such a place is well ventilated I prefer the open and well ventilated box stall. The following prescription has met with great favor in Germany: Borax, 6 grains; Aqua Amygdale Amara, 2 drachms; Gum Arabic, 2 drachms; Pure Water, 2 ounces. Apply to the conjunctiva by putting several drops into the eye twice per day. In purulent conjunctivitis, when pus is present in the eye secretion, one may employ corrosive sublimate 1 part, water 1000; or nitrate of silver 4 grains and water 1 ounce. In a few seconds after applying the nitrate of silver solution, the eye may be washed with a weak watery solution of common salt; this checks the burning irritation of the silver nitrate. It is safer to use the solution of corrosive sublimate. Diptheritic conjunctivitis develops in chickens, doves and other fowls that are affected with diptheria of the mouth, the throat and the nose. The healthy should be separated from the diseased fowls; the diptheritic membranes should be removed from the mouth and eye; and the mucous membranes should be covered or penciled over (by means of a feather or small brush) with a 1 to 2 per cent. solution of corrosive sublimate or with 1 to 2 per cent. solution of silver nitrate. In 20 to 30 seconds after applying the nitrate of silver solution, bathe the eye and other affected parts with a weak solution of salt water. When chronic inflammation of the follicles of the inner surface of the haw is present, it 25 may be relieved by using a 1 per cent. solution of corrosive sublimate; this should be applied as previously directed, being very careful that the fluid does not come in contact with other parts of the eye. As a rule, follicular conjunctivitis occurs only in dogs. When it will not yield to medical treatment, the inflamed follicular spots are clipped off; or part or all of the haw may be removed. Nitrate of silver solutions should be discarded in all cases where the cornea is also involved, since it is liable to leave permanent opacities of the cornea. DISEASES OF THE CORNEA. WOUNDS. The transparent cornea may be injured by a stroke of the whip, by hard straw or hay stems, by thistles, and occasionally by sharp objects-glass, nails, splinters, hedge thorns, and wire barbs. Small rough or sharp objects that get into the eye not only injure the conjunctiva but also may scratch or even penetrate the cornea. In fact, many of the chemical and physical causes of injuries to the conjunctiva in like manner effect the cornea. The shunning of light by closing the eye and an extra secretion of tears are always present during the active stages of the inflammation. The seriousness or severity of an injury depends upon the extent of surface affected and whether the outer or middle layers are separately or conjointly injured; or whether the entire thickness of the cornea is perforated. If there be but a small spot of the outer layer injured, recovery takes place in a few days, by keeping the eye covered with a clean cotton or linen cloth saturated in a solution of 1 part carbolic acid to 100 parts of water. If the deeper or middle layer of the cornea be injured, it will require more time for healing and is liable, in the horse, to leave a scar-a whitish upaque spot. Treatment may con- 26 sist in the continued application of the 1 per cent. carbolic acid solution, or in applying continually a cloth saturated with a solution of 5 to 10 parts of antipyrine and 100 parts of water. After the painful and feverish stage is past a few drops of a solution of 2 parts of potassium iodide and 100 parts of water may be used two times per day. If the cornea be perforated the aqueous humor escapes, and this leads, in most cases, to inflammation of the entire eye, resulting in loss of sight and generally in the destruction of the eyeball. Occasionally a perforating wound heals by granulation, the iris becomes free and sight is restored. But most frequently in such cases the iris remains attached to the wound or scar tissue of the cornea and prohibits the light from passing into the eye. If the perforation is near the margin of the cornea, a few drops of a solution of 1 gr. of eserine to 1 ounce of water may be applied, two times per day. But if the perforation is near the centre of the cornea a -few drops of a solution of atropine 1 gr. to water 1 oz. may be used, night and morning. By the use of eserine the pupil is contracted and the free borders of the iris are taken away from the marginal wound in the cornea. By the use of atripine the pupil is expanded and the borders of the iris are removed from the edges of the central corneal wound. Infectious and general inflammation of the eye may be obviated by adjusting over the eye a cotton or linen cloth moistened every half hour with a solution of carbolic acid 1 part to water 100 parts; or corrosive sublimate 1 part and water 1000 parts. KERATITIS OR CORNEITIS. INFLAMMATION OF THE CORNEA may involve the super- ficial layer, or the middle layer of the cornea; it may embrace only part of the cornea or may be diffuse-extend over the entire cornea. The partial or limited form is generally 27 the result of injuries of the cornea. The friction of the eyelashes in entropium, small sharp substances, and irritating salves, are common causes of local inflammation of the cornea. Diffuse inflammation is associated, as a rule, with infectious conjunctivitis in cattle and sheep; and, at times, appears in the course of cow-pox and sheep-pox, and of diptheria in fowls; and in the course of influenza and the acute attacks of moon-blindness, in the horse. Symptoms when the outer layer alone is affected: As soon as the cornea becomes inflamed, the animal avoids the irritating light by partially or entirely closing the eye, and tears flow down over the cheek. The cornea becomes opaque at a not sharply limited spot or over its entire surface; this opacity may be grayish blue, gray or light gray in color. One may see this opacity best by viewing it, not from directly in front of the eye, but from one side. If the inflammation is of long duration blood vessels will be found in the cornea, which may be seen in their conjested condition near its border. When the opacity and the other symptoms appear suddenly (without blood vessels forming in the cornea), recovery is quite certain to occur in a few days. The darker the opacity or cloudiness the weaker the infiltration or the less damage in the cornea to be repaired. Light gray and white colored opacities denote intensive changes which require eight to ten days for their complete removal. If blood vessels form in the cornea of the horse, a permanent opaque spot may remain; but in the dog the complete removal of the opacity will usually occur. 28 3j > FIG. 6. KERATITIS PUNcTATA--Inflammation of the internal or posterior layer of the cornea produces a spotted apacity; the dots or opaque white spots may be larger or smaller than those in the cut and may extend over the entire surface of the cornea. Another form of keratitis punctata is developed as mentioned in the text. If the middle layer or principal part of the cornea be inflamed, the opacity develops slowly, is grayish blue, gray or light gray in color. The opacity is generally irregular in form-cloudy, striped or ray shaped; these points or spots extend over the entire cornea. When inflammation produces such spotted or irregular dotted opacity, it is designated keralitis punciata (see Fig. 6). This spotted appearance of the cornea is due to the dotted opacities in the outer layer while the inner layer may be evenly clouded in all its parts. The deeper seated opacity may be observed by viewing the cornea from one side; this is perceived best by illuminating the eye in a dark stall or room. A yellow colored, sharply limited opacity, announces the formation of a corneal abscess. Shunning the light and an excessive flow of tears are always present during inflammation of the outer surface of the cornea or the formation of an abscess. In acute cases the opacity may entirely or partially disappear in three to six weeks. Should the opacity continue longer, from improper treatment or non-disappearance of the cause, vascularization (formation of blood vessels) with abscess formation or ulcer- 29 ation of the cornea appears; thus the prospects of recovery are decreased, while the danger of a pus-like exudate appearing in the agueous humor or the perforation of the cornea increases. Not infrequently do these bad results appear in cow-pox, sheep-pox or infectious conjunctivitis and kerititis among cattle and sheep. TREATMENT.-Examine the eye critically, being especially careful to discover and remove any irritating foreign body or particles. Bathing the eye in very warm water twice per day and then adjusting over it a clean cloth, saturated with a 1 per cent. solution of carbolic acid, will, in most cases, be sufficient. But, should there be an abscess or an ulcer present, the cloth might be saturated with a solution of corrosive sublimate 1 part and water 1000 parts; and during the reparative stages warm water baths night and morning, and the application of the following salve, will aid in the removal of the opacity: Calomel, 30 grains; iodoform, 30 grains; vaseline, 5 drachms. Instead of this salve one may apply with a feather a small quantity of equal parts of pulverized calomel and iodoform. INFECTIOUS CONJUNCTIVITIS AND KERATITIS, OR INFECTIOUS INFLAMMATION OF THE CONJUNCTIVA AND CORNEA. This eye disease is most frequently found in cattle, but may appear in sheep, horses and goats. It is said to occur only during the summer months, but the writer saw it in a herd of cattle in February and March in south-eastern Iowa. That winter was exceptionally warm. It attacked cattle of all ages; but calves and the young cattle seemed to be predisposed to it. A number of young colts, running in the same field with the cattle, were similarly affected. Several outbreaks of this eye disease have been reported to me as occurring during the spring and summer months of 1892, in Alabama. The disease announces its presence by an increased flow 30 of tears; the eyelids are closed and slightly swollen. The conjunctiva becomes swollen, its blood vessels conjested and, in severe cases, a purulent discharge appears. FIa. 7. An illustration of an abscess and the attending vascularization of the cornea as observed, in infectious keratitis and conjunctivitis in cattle. The black spot in the cut represents the yellow abscess and the radiating lines the blood vessels in the cornea. Young animals seem to have a general fever, hanging of head, loss of appetite, and consequent emaciation; loss of appetite, etc., is most probably the result of pain instead of fever. These symptoms continue to increase for the first eight or ten days. About the third day from the first appearance of the disease, the cornea will exhibit a small dAlicately clouded spot, near its centre, which will gradually extend over the entire cornea, giving it a milk white appearance. The centre of the opaque cornea is at first pearly white in color, but in a short time a straw colored or yellow spot appears; this spot signals the formation of an abscess. The cornea at the yellow spot is rough and surrounded by a wall of thick, swollen, pearly white tissue. From this yellow centre (see Fig. 7) numerous blood vessels take their course toward the sclerotic border of the cornea. The yellow centre is generally longer from side to side, shorter from above to below, and is said to be occasionally mistaken for 31 "an oat grain in the eye" by uninformed laymen. Theabscess generally erupts or breaks open on the outer corneal surface leaving an ulcer to heal by granulations forming over its sides and bottom. In cattle, as a rule, the scar tissue is entirely removed and the cornea becomes clear and completely normal. However, in horses and occasionally in cattle a permanent pearly white opacity remains, causing partial or complete blindness. Some cases do- not advance to the stage of abscess formation; in others the abscess may not erupt; while in still others the abscess may be so large that when it breaks open, the pressure of the aqueous humor against the remaining thin portion of the cornea will perforate it; this sudden removal of pressure on the lens may rupture the capsule of the lens and permit it to escape; the entire eye is thus involved, resulting in total loss of sight and of the eyeball. The cause of this spreading eye disease is unknown, yet there are indications that point towards a germ or a microorganism as an exciting cause. Billings claims that it slowly extends over a herd from one animal to another; one eye may be at first affected, but in a short time the other eye is attacked. According to some of the German authorities the disease spreads quite rapidly-in a few days attacking 50 in a herd of 300; in 7 days attacking 20 in a herd of 40. TREATMENT.-Separate the sick from the healthy; apply a solution of corrosive sublimate 1 part, water 2,000 parts; saturate a clean cotton cloth with the above solution and adjust the cloth over the eye; keep the cloth moist with the solution. During the purulent discharge from the conjunctival sack, the eye may be washed night and morning with warm water. ULCER OF THE CORNEA. Loss of substance or destruction of a limited portion of the cornea may result from the erupting of a corneal abscess, 32 as in infectious keratitis; it may also appear in suppurative inflammation of the conjunctiva or cornea, and it is occasionally found associated with influenza in the horse; very often it is observed in the course of influenza (distemper) in the dog. Ulceration of the cornea appears to be caused by an infectious or contagious microbe, since the disease is transmitted from one eye to the other, and occasionally appears as a disease that may extend to a number of animals in a locality. An ulcer may appear near the center of the cornea or near its border; the cornea surrounding it is generally opaque the bottom of the ulcer may be greenish yellow or gray white in color; the borders of the ulcer are, in the early stage, so abrupt that it appears as if it had been cut out with an iron punch. It may extend in depth to the internal layer of the cornea, then the reparative process may begin. Shortly after the formation of the ulcer, the cornea becomes vascular; the blood vessels give the opaque cornea around the ulcer a reddish tinge. As soon as the developing blood vessels reach the advancing borders of the ulcer the process of repair begins and continues slowly until the ulcer completely disappears, leaving behind a pearly white scar in the horse, but in the ox and the dog this opacity is, as a rule, removed. If the ulcer is located near the border, the healing process progresses more rapidly than when it is in the centre of the cornea, because the developing blood vessels can reach the ulcer sooner and thus check its advancement. If the internal layer of the cornea is destroyed by the penetrating ulcer, the inflammation extends to all parts of the eye ball and generally results in loss of the entire organ. TREATMENT.---Prof. Moeller very highly recommends aqua chlorata diluted with 2 or 3 parts of water. A solution of corrosive sublimate 1 part and water 1,000 parts may be employed; or a 2 to 4 per cent. solution of boracic acid. It is not ad- 33 visable to use silver nitrate as it generally leaves a permanent opacity in the cornea. In examing the eye care should be exercised to prevent transmitting the purulent irritating discharge with its microbes, from the diseased eye to the healthy one. It is also best to separate the diseased animal from all others. If the cornea is perforated, a 1 per cent. solution of eserine or atropine may be used as advised in perforations of the cornea under the head of corneal wounds. OPACITIES OF THE CORNEA. Scar tissue, infiltrations and organized exudates that supervene or result from injuries, inflammation, ulcerations and abcesses are termed opacities. These opacities remain after the inflammation has subsided or after the wound or ulcer has healed, and are not to be confounded with the opacities attending active inflammation. Slightly foggy, weakly clouded, translucent, grayish blue or gray spots, not sharply limited, are mostly found in the outer layer of the cornea and are sometimes called nebulce. If the opacity is semi-transparent, sharply limited, gray or milk white, it is designated macula. If the opacity is a dense, completely opaque, pearl white, gray or white, regularly distributed or in large spots or stripes, it is called a leucoma. There are also chalk-like, well defined opaque spots which are formed by using acetate of lead or silver nitrate with common salt, calomel or corrosive sublimate; insoluble precipitates are thus deposited in the corneal tissue. Black colored opacities may be spotted or cloudy and are due to bleeding from the vessels in the vascular cornea, or to adhesions of detachments of the pigmented iris; the latter may occur as a result of the attachment of the outer surface of the iris with the inner surface of the cornea. The harm produced by opacities depend upon their location; an opaque spot in the center of the cornea cuts off more light than one located near the border. Total blind- 34 ness is better (more safe) than partial blindness; hence, large and dense opacities are preferable to weak and diffuse opacities, unless the latter can be removed. Scar tissue, from ulcers, wounds or abscesses, can not be removed in the horse; it may in some instances disappear in the ox, but in the dog, it is, as a rule, entirely removed. Chalk spots, streaks or stripes, as a rule, are permanent-not amenable to treatment. Weak and superficial opacities may be improved and many times can be removed by judicious treatment. The following ointment may be employed: Yellow oxide of mercury, 4 grains; atropine, 1 grain; vaseline 4 drachms. Put a small quantity under the eye lid; then with fingers on the outer surface of the lids work or move them around over the cornea in radial and circular directions. Finely pulverized calomel may be thrown into the eye by placing a small quantity in a quill and blowing it into the eye. This should not be repeated oftener than once per week. In case the horse will not permit the blowing of the calomel into the eye, it may be used in the form of a salve, by mixing it with vaseline. A salve of potassum iodide 10 grains and vaseline 1 ounce may be employed. Some authorities recommend massage treatment-placing two fingers upon the upper eye lid and with slight pressure moving it in a circular direction over the opacity. This massage treatment may be repeated daily unless signs of inflammation should appear. STAPHYLOMA OF THE CORNEA. The bulging forward and outward of the cornea is designated staphyloma. It may be partial or complete, depending upon whether a part or all of the cornea is involved. Thinning of the cornea by ulceration and eruption of large abscesses, so reduce the resisting power of the cornea that the intra ocular pressure (pressure of the aqueous humor, etc.) distends, projects or pushes the cornea outward. The 35 scar tissue resulting from ulceration is also unable to withstand the intra ocular pressure and the cornea bulges forward, forming a partial staphyloma. A staphyloma from either of the foregoing causes is generally opaque, gray or white colored. In the healing of perforating wounds, the iris may adhere to the scar tissue, should the corneal scar then become distended it would carry with it the iris and the result would be called an Iris-staphyloma. Occasionally intra ocular pressure pushes forward the entire transparent cornea. FIG. 8. Total Corneal Stophylorna (after Armatage). The treatment of staphyloma is mainly preventative. In impending perforations of the cornea from ulceration, wounds or abscesses, a compress bandage and a 1 per cent. solution of eserine may be employed. In cases of established perforation the eserine or atropine may be used as before directed for perforating wounds of the cornea. Proper treatment of abscesses, ulcerations and wounds of the cornea will also prevent the formation of a staphyloma. 36 NEW GROWTHS ON THE CORNEA. fig. 9) is peculiar fleshy growth consisting of an abnormal development from the conjunctiva. It has been observed in horses, dogs and cattle. Its usual situation is at the inner side of the eye ball; it is triangular, or fan-shaped, with the apex extending almost to the center of the cornea; generally it is loosely attached to the cornea PTERYGIUM (see a FIG. 9. PTERYGI .- Fleshy growth on the conjunctiva and cornea (after DeSchweinitz). and the conjunctiva. Sometimes it is present at biith and at times it results from the repairing of an ulcer near the border of the cornea. It is believed that animals exposed to smoke, dust, heat and slight injuries to the cornea are predisposed to its development. Treatment consists in removing the loose pterygium with the knife or shears; this should be done by a surgeon after the animal is cast or confined and a solution of cocaine is applied to the eye. The cornea usually remains opaque at the spot from which the tissue is removed. When a pterygium results from the contracting scar tissue pulling the conjunctiva over a part of the cornea, it should be left undisturbed. A DERMoID is a small, skin-like growth, which usually appears on the nasal side of the eye ball, partly on the cornea and partly on the conjunctiva. The outer surface is gener- 37 ally covered with long hair that project outward between the lids. (See fig. 10). FIG. 10. DERMOID.--Left eye of dog (after Gurlt). It occurs in calves, pups, colts and lambs and is most frequently present at birth; but, according to some authors, it may be acquired after birth. The hairs interfere with the rays of light and the dermoid, as a whole, irritates the cornea and conjunctiva. Treatment consists in removing the dermoid by means of the knife or shears. The animal is cast and the eye is anesthized with cocaine; then the loosely attached skin-like growth is carefully dissected from the cornea and conjunctiva; a permanent opaque spot remains, but the constant irritating action is removed. DISEASES OF THE IRIS. IRITIS or inflammation of the iris is generally associated with diseased conditions of the ciliary bodies, or the choroid coat; because, a close connection exists between these parts of the eye, in location, attachments and blood supply. Iritis also appears in the course of inflammation of the entire eye ball, in periodic opthalmia (moon-blindness); it occurs also, in some instances, in connection with influenza, strangles (distemper), infectious inflammation of the lungs 3 38 and pleura, in acute muscular rheumatism, in inflammation of the navel in young animals and occasionally in connection with catarrhal inflammation of the conjunctiva or ulceration of the cornea. Penetrating wounds or injuries near the margin of the cornea excite inflammation in the iris. Yery rarely does iritis appear alone-without other parts being involved at the same time. Owing to the fact that the iris is richly supplied with blood vessels, it is disposed to produce exudates, or to bleeding from its surfaces. The exudate may be flaky and gray, floating in the aqueous humor; or it may be pus-like and form a yellowish sediment at the bottom of the aqueous chamber. These exudates may be tinged with blood or the entire aqueous humor may be colored by blood from the vessels of the iris. The exudates from the posterior surface of the iris falls between the iris and anterior or front surface of the lens; this pushes the iris forward; unless the iris is moved by the expansion of the pupil, the back or posterior surface of the iris becomes firmly attached to the capsule of the lens. The iris may, also, become attached to the posterior surface of the cornea; this frequently results from perforating wounds or ulcers of the cornea. The discoloration, swollen condition of the iris, and the flaky, purulent or bloody exudates can not be observed in many cases, because the cornea is so clouded or opaque. However, in the first or the last stage of such cases, one may be able to view the iris. During the "clearing up" period in moon-blindness one may observe the iris, faded somewhat in color, with its pupillary margin more or less ragged and irregular. Generally the tears flow in excess, dread of light and extreme sensitiveness are present during the active stage of iritis. In the treatment of iritis the chief aim is to prevent the pupillary or free margin of the iris from forming attachments to the capsule of the lens or the posterior surface of 39 the cornea. For perforations of the cornea directions for treatment have been given. To prevent adhesions to the capsule of the lens, the pupil may be kept expanded, during the active stage of the inflammation, by the use of atropine. The following has pry:ven very beneficial in the hands of the writer: atropine 1 grain; potassium iodide 5 grains; pure water 1 ounce. A few drops may be put between the lids two times per day. The application of hot water will stimulate the absorbents and hasten the removal of the exudates and, at the same time, reduce the pain; while cold water fomentations will best reduce fever and inflammation. CLOSURE OF THE PUPIL. If the iris, during the extreme contraction of the pupil, becomes bound down to the capsule of the lens throughout its entire pupillary margin, it may leave a small, clear pupillary opening; this condition is denominated exclusion of the pupil. But if the pupil bp completely obliterated during extreme contraction of the pupil when the iris is attached to the capsule of the lens, or the small pupil becomes filled in with an opaque, inflammatory deposit or exudate, the condition is termed occlusion of the pupil. The destruction of the pupillary attachment of the iris to the lens capsule is soon followed by the formation of a cataract-opacity of the lens. The anterior division of the aqueous chamber is completely separated from the posterior and the iris is bulged forward at all parts except at its marginal attachments to the lens capsule. If the attachments of the iris to the capsule are not firm and solid, the iris may be torn loose by the use of atropine. In case that does not succeed, the iris may be mechanically separated or detached by a surgical operation; or a new pupillary opening may be made by the operation known as irodectomy. These operations can only be performed by a 40 skilled surgeon and are, many times, done after the lens has become opaque or the operation is followed by opacity of the lens, destroying the vision. The writer observed a case of occlusion of the pupil in both eyes of a three year old horse that was brought to the free clinic at the experiment station in Auburn. The cornea and aqueous humor were transpaparent, and the occlusion was very probably a result of acute iritis. A strong solution of atropine was dropped into the eye but the iris was so firmly fixed it could not be detached. Excessively developed or large "soot balls" "grape-like bodies," hanging from the inner aspect of the superior part of the free margin of the iris, interfere with, or obstruct, the passage of light into the eye. The large, brown, flake-like bodies are quite frequently the cause of shying and cases have been recorded where complete blindness appeared as a result of these "soot balls" entirely closing the pupil. By a surgical operation they could be removed; this should be attempted only by a skillful operator. Some white horses possess such a high degree of sensitiveness of the eye to light that in clear sunshine the pupil is closed by complete conntraction and the animal cannot see until the sun sets. CATARACT. All opacities of the crystalline lens, regardless of size, origin or condition, are embraced by the general name cataract. A false or spurious cataract is produced by collections of pigment on the capsule of the lens, resulting from the tearing loose of the attachment of the iris to the capsule. It appears in dark, almost black, colored spots on the anterior surface of the capsule. True cataract means that there must be opacity in the substance of the lens or its capsule. If the opacity is in the substance of the capsule it is known as capsular cataract, and when in the substance of the lens, it 41 is designated lenticular cataract. Lentiular cataract may be partial or complete; the former when a small portion of the lens substance is involved and the latter when the entire lens becomes opaque. The causes of cataract are various; and in some cases are not distinctly understood. Occasionally a cataract may be present in one or both eyes FIG. 11. PARTIAL CATARACT (after Armatage).-The opaque spot or spots in the lens or its capsule may be seen through the pupillary opening. Spots in the cornea should not be mistaken for the deeply located opacities in the lens. at birth. Heredity, no doubt, exercises a great influence in the production of cataracts during foetal life and also predisposes an offspring to the disease in later life. Cataract frequently manifests itself in the course of diabetes mellitis (sugar in the urine) but there is no positive proof that the sugar in the system causes the cataract. Hemorrhages (bleeding) in the aqueous chamber lead to straining of the capsule; the coloring matter of the blood is deposited in the capsule and the dark colored opacity remains after the blood is absorbed or removed from the aqueous chamber. Disturbances in the nutrition of the lens in old age is said to be the cause of senile cataract. In old age the lens substance becomes more and more solid; this leads to irregularity in its density; also prevents changes in the curvature of the lens that are necessary in the adjustment, or its accommodation, to different distances. The constant straining of the eye to bring a hardened lens to the various positions or forms 42 for different distances, would lead to perverted nutrition and possibly to inflammation, in the capsule, the lens, the ciliary ligament or ciliary bodies. The nutrition of the lens may FIGa. 12. TOTAL CATARACT (after Armatage).-The opaque lens gives the entire pupil a grayish white color. also be perverted by inflammation primarily in the lens itself or from extension of inflammation in the iris, the ciliary bodies or the ciliary ligament, to the lens. Active inflammation in the lens or the surrounding parts, (from wounds, injuries or other diseases) generally leaves inflammatory products or deposits in the substance of the lens or its capsule, which form permanent opacities. Strokes on the head that produce sudden concussion are said to cause opacities in the lens. There are many cases of cataract, the cause of which cannot be determined; but the most prolific cause of cataract in the horse is periodic opthalmia (moon blindness). Straining the eyes to see objects in imperfectly lighted barns or stalls, no doubt, plays an important part in producing cataracts as well as other eye diseases. Occasionally small spurious cataracts of the capsule disappear, because of the great activity of the cells of the capsule. But opacity of the lens substance very rarely disappear; because changes in its structure take place very slowly for it contains no blood vessels or nerves. Sometimes small gray specks may remain unchanged; but, as a rule, the little gray star like opacity gradually increases unil total lenticular or capsular opacity appears. 43 In examining the eye for a cataract one may readily see a gray, a bluish gray, a greenish yellow, a brown or a pearl white reflection in the pupillary opening; the form (starshaped, cloudy, fog-like, feathery, streaked, or scattered dots, ball-shaped, etc.,) can be determined if the opacity be sufficiently developed. The exact location and form or the small, beginning white speck may not be visible to the observers unaided eye, especially out in the clear sunshine or when the ground is covered with snow. The animal should be placed so that the light falls upon the affected eye from a clear window or an open door in front of the animal. The observer then looks into the pupillary opening, standing in in front or to one side; it is well to observe the eye from various points of view. If the pupil is contracted or too small to admit of sufficient examination, a few drops of a solution of atropine (1 gr. atropine to 1 ounce of water) may be put into the eye to expand the pupil. The lens may, also, be examined by placing the animal in a dark room and illuminating the eye with a candle, or a candle and a double convex lens, or with a candle and a small concave mirror (see methods of examining the eye). FIG. 13. Luxuration (dislocation) of the opaque lens into aqueous chamber; the lens lies in front of the iris, almost completely obstructing the passage of the light through the pupil. Treatment of cataracts in domestic animals consists chiefly in prevention. The reducing of all inflammations of the eye, the prevention of periodic opthalmia, keeping the sur- 41- roundings of the animal in proper condition and maintaining sufficient light for the animal to see distinctly in all parts of the stall without straining the eyes. As a rule it is best to have the light enter the stall or barn from behind the animal, or from both sides. In man the opaque lens is removed by a surgical operation, and a double convex lens is adjusted in front of the eye thereafter. But this is impracticable among domestic animals, since the double convex lens can not be adjustad to the eye, and the eye would always be hypermetropic (farsighted), permitting the animal to see close objects indistinctly and therefore inducing it to shy or become frightened. However the opaque lens is occasionally removed in horses and dogs to eliminate the unsightliness of the cataract; but there is always more or less danger of losing the entire eye ball. AMAUROSIS. Paralysis (palsy) of the retina or optic nerve has been technically named amaurosis. This condition may depend upon tumors in the brain, injury to the optic nerve between the brain and the eye-ball, or inflammation of the retina. Parasitic cysts quite often appear in the brain of sheep and the amaurotic condition of the eye is a characteristic symptom. Abscesses sometimes implicate the roots of the optic nerve and amaurosis supervenes. Temporary amaurosis is present during the intoxication period of lead poisoning; poisoning from Kalmia laifolia ("ivy"); during the comatose condition of the cow in parturient apoplexy (milk fever); and in congestion of the brain. Inflammation of the retina is nearly always present in moon blindness and occasionally it termiin paralysis of the retina-amourosis. Detachment of the retina from the choroid, hemorrhage from the retinal blood vessels, and emboli (plugging by clotted blood) of retinal blood vessels and excessive loss of blood, cause temporary 45 or permanent amaurosis. If, in the course of inflamation, if the retina pigment is deposited in the retina, it produces night blindness--a condition that prevents the animal seeing at night. Extreme sensitiveness of the retina, as observed in Albinos and in some white horses, leads to day blindness. In such cases, the pupil is so nearly or completely closed that the animal can not see in clear sunshine, or when the ground is covered with snow; but during twilight, on cloudy days, and at night vision is normal. Amaurosis sometimes results from castration. the eye appears bright, glassy, very clear (after Armatage FIG. 14. AMAUROSs.--The pupil is greatly expanded, gray-blue in color and In well established cases of amaurosis there is total blindness; yet there are no opacities in any of the tissues or humors of the eye. The eye is bright, clear, and perfectly transparent. The animal steps high, stumbles over, and runs against objects in its way. If, at a short distance, you noiselessly threaten to strike it, there is no winking or manifestations of fear. The ears are very sensitive to sound, and the outer ears are constantly on the alert to catch all noises. The pupil i. e pandled to its extreme limit; the iris is immovable and insensitive to light. Leadling the animal from the dark into the light, or from the light into the dark, does not change the size of the pupil or move the iris; while in the normal eye the pupil expands in darkness 46 and contracts on being brought to light. The pupillary reflex (the light reflected from the retina outward through the pupil) is, as a rule, grayish-blue; but may, at times, appear more gray than blue, or present a more or less distinctly green color. TREATMENT.-When amanrosis is a result of another disease, it is evident that the disease of which it is a symptom should be treated. In cases of recent standing, good nutitive food, extra care and a nerve tonic (drachm doses of nux vomica two times per day) may be employed with advantage. But treatment of long standing cases always proves valueless. GLAUOOM A. This name is applied to several varieties of a disease whose chief symptom is increased ocular tension. The increased intro-ocular pressure is a direct result of the jellylike vitrious humor becoming thin, more watery and greater in quantity. This condition may appear independent of any other disease, but it generally appears, accompanied by, or as a sequel of, inflammation in the choroid or the ciliary bodies. However, the exact cause in many instances is unknown. The extra amount of lymph or watery secretion within the eye has been explained in various ways. Some have claimed that it was due to obstructions in the introocular lymph vessels, which carry off the extra amount of lymph; others have suggested that the extra supply of water was due to excessive secretion by the choroid, and especially the ciliary bodies. The development of glaucoma is slow, its course is nearly dalways chronic and of a more or less intermittent form. Old animals which have far-sighted (hypermetropic) eyes are predisposed to glaucoma. SYMPTOMS.-Increased hardness of the eye-ball, or rise of intra-ocular tension, is the most prominent symptom. These 47 conditions may be determined by placing the index finger of the right hand upon the upper lid of the left eye and the index finger of the left hand upon the upper lid of the right eye; then compare the tension or hardness of one eye with the other by palpating with the tips of the fingers; in increased hardness, firm pressure of the finger tip produces no impression; but the tension may be doubtful unless there is a marked difference in the impressions made upon the two eyes. The pupil is generally greatly expanded and the lens, as a rule, remains transparent, but may in rare instances be opaque. The depth of the anterior part of the aqueous chamber is diminished; the front surface of the iris is almost in contact with the internal surface of the cornea. The iris in some cases appears swollen and it is sluggish in movement or entirely inactive. The slight diffuse cloudiness of the cornea and the aqueous humor produces the sea green (glaucoma) color of the pupil. The episeleral and conjunctival vessels are more or less congested. But the excavation or sinking or depression of the optic nerve can not be seen without the aid of an opthalmoscope; this cupping of the optic disc is due to the intraocular pressure; the cup is called the glaucomatous cup and the yellow halo around it is known as the glaucomatous ring. Treatment consists in preventing inflammatory adhesions between the iris and cornea by using eserine. Also, reduce inflammation of the iris, ciliary bodies and choroid, that may lead to glaucoma; this may be accomplished by using hot or cold water fomentations. A well developed case can If eserine is used cononly be relieved by irodectomy. stantly it must be in a weak solution (1-10 to 1-16th grain to one ounce of water.) Irodectomy consists in removing a portion of the iris; in glaucoma one-fifth to one-fourth of the iris should be removed; or what is known as the broad peripheral irodectomy can be done only by a skilled surgeon. 48 HYDROPTHALMUS. This is an enlargement of the eye ball due mainly to an increased secretion of the aqueous humor, as in glaucoma. Sometimes the eye ball becomes twice its normal size; the cornea is generally so opaque that one cannot see the inner parts of the eye. In consequence of the enlarging of the eye ball the attachments of the lens are partially or entirely torn loose and the lens may float in the vitreous or the aqueous humor. The enlargement of the eye may appear suddenly, in twenty-four hours; or may advance slowly. Seldom is it relieved by treatment. Occasionally the cornea is ruptured and the eye ball lost. In the early stage, the cornea may be punctured, thus allowing the extra amount of aqueous secretion to escape; this has, in some cases, proven beneficial; however, it cannot be done by the novice or the inexperienced. DISLOCATION OF EYE BALL-EXOTHALMUS. The eye-ball may be pushed out of its socket by tumors that originate behind the ball; sometimes by bleeding, from deep penetrating injuries, congestion of blood vessels; by horns of cattle, by biting and scratching among dogs and cats, also by dislocation of the lower jaw in the smaller animals. Occasionally an animal has its eye dislocated by having it crowded out with a blunt stick or club in the hands of a cruel boy or attendant. If the eye is not lacerated, bruised or seriously injured and the optic nerve is not torn, the ball may be returned to its cavity and a compress bandage applied over it to keep it in place. This should be done as early as possible or the swelling of the parts around the eye will prevent returning it to its proper place. However, the outer angle of the eye may be divided if necessary to admit the eye ball to the socket. Should the eye ball be 49 badly injured or in case it is impossible to return it to the socket the entire protruding parts may be cut away as deeply within the eye socket as possible; a pledget of cotton, saturated with a one per cent. solution of carbolic acid er corrosive sublimate may be pressed into the cavity; a compress bandage should then be placed over the eye. When the eye is dislocated by growing tumors in its socket, or if there are malignant or fungoid tumors within the eye, or if the eye is very badly injured, it may be necessary to extirpate the eye ball, its muscles and the surrounding tissues. For this the animal must be cast, anmsthised with chloroform or some other anesthetic; an assistant holds the eye lids apart; the operator grasps the cornea or the internal or external rectus muscle with the forceps in his left hand; the eye ball, the tumor, or the entire contents of the orbital cavity, if necessary, are then removed, with the shears or knife. The bleeding is checked by applying a pledget of cotton, and a compress bandage as before described. ANIMAL PARASITES OF THE EYE. Filaria papilosa is a small, round, white worm that is found most frequently in the vitreous humor; but is occasionally observed in the aqueous humor and commonly spoken of as the "snake in the eye." It is from one-half to two inches in length, and it is very probable that the young filaria reach the eye by way of the blood vessels, and develop in the humors of the eye. However it is scarcely probable that the humors of the eye are the natural habitat or home of this parasite, since the same worm has been found in other parts of the body. One man reports that he observed a worm in the aqueous humor during a period of six years. But a few months is usually the length of time this parasite lives in the eye. A number of cases are recorded where this parasite has produced inflammation of the cornea and 50 iris, with an extra flow of tears and opacities of the cornea and aqueous humor; these conditions may subside in a short time and leave a slight cloudiness of the cornea and aqueous humor. In certain districts in India this parasite is very frequently in the eye of the horse and if not removed the eye goes blind. This worm has also been observed in the eyes of cattle. The worm may be removed from the aqueous chamber by cutting a small opening in the cornea at its upper border near the sclerotic margin; then remove the worm with small forceps. Before operating it is necessary to cast the horse or ox; anesthise it with chloroform or ether and apply a ten per cent. solution of cocaine to the eye. After operating keep the eye moist and cool by frequent or constant cold water applications, and occasionally put into the eye a few drops of a one per cent. solution of carbolic acid or boracic acid, or a weak solution of corrosive sublimate. Filaria lachrymalis is a small, white, round worm onehalf to one inch long; it lives in the lachrymal ducts, under the haw or eye. washer and sometimes under the eyelids; it causes inflammation of the conjunctiva and lachrymal ducts and may close the tear ducts . Remove the worms from the tear ducts and the conjunctival surfaces by using small forceps; then apply, two or three times per day, a few drops of a corosive sublimate solution (1 part c. s. to 1000 parts of pure water). As elsewhere mentioned, Willach has discovered in the eye the young forms of various round and flat worms, and he claims that these animal parasites play an important part in producing periodic opthalmia. Since nearly all parasites gain admission into the system by way of the alimentary canal, infection may be prevented by observing a few precautions. Impure drinking water is probably the most common carrier of the various animal parasites. Hence always give animals water from deep wells or pure springs, and never from ponds, rivers, or stagnant 51 lakes. The digestive tract may become infected with these parasites by ingesting infected food. In all cases where parasites are found in the alimentary canal (manifested by the occasional passing of parasites with the feces), it is advisable to give one-half to one drachm doses of sulphate of iron or sulphate of copper in the ground food two times per day for one week; then give a purgative, consisting of one pint of raw linseed oil or one ounce of Barbadoes aloes. STRABISMUS, SQUINTING OR CROSSEYE. In this defect the visual axis or line of one or both eyes deviates from the normal. In other words, the eye ball is turned inward, outward, upward or downward by the excessive contraction of a muscle or as a result of the paralysis of one of the muscles of the eye. In converging (inward) strabismus, the external rectus muscle may be paralysed and thus be unable to counteract the contractions of the internal rectus, its antagonist. This weakness, partial or complete paralysis of one or more muscles of the eye may be due to the pressure of tumors on the nerve of the muscle, rheumatism, tumors at the base of the brain or injuries of the muscle. Squinting or crosseye may be treated by section of the antagonistic muscle, but this can be done only by a skilled veterinarian. However this defect is rare in domestic animals and may be detected by noting the squinting appearance and carefully comparing one eye with the other. When strabismus is present it causes considerable shying, which is especially annoying in nervous animals. SOME OF THE CAUSES OF INDISTINCT VISION AND SHYING. Hypermetropia or farsightedness is that defective condition of the eye which causes the principal focus to fall be- 52 bind the retina, as illustrated in figure 15-H. In other words, the parallel rays which enter the eye come to a focus behind the retina. As a rule, the axis of the eye or the diameter from before to behind is too short and the cornea may appear less convex or flatter than normal. Removal of the crystalline lens (as is sometimes done in cataract) produces farsightedness. Convex glasses are used in hypermetropia in man, but are impractical with animals. Distant objects may be seen distinctly but the images of objects at a short distance are blurred and sometimes distorted into frightful forms. Hence farsighted horses are frequently frightened, or are caused to shy as a result of indistinct vision. FIG. 15. Diagramatic section of an eye (after Moeller) to show: That the parallel rays of light, which enter the normal eye, con- verge or focus on the retina, making a distinct image. That, in the farsighted eye, the parallel rays focus at H behind the retina, forming a blurred image on the retina. That, in the shortsighted eye, the parallel rays converge at M in front of the retina, forming a very indistinct image on the retina. Myopia or shortsightedness is a condition in which the refractive index of the eye is too great or the axis of the eye is too long; the parallel rays come to a focus in front of the retina (as in fig. 15-M.); or the principal focus falls in front of the retina. In shortsightedness the cornea may appear very convex or conical as it frequently appears in cattle. 53 Close or near objects can be seen distinctly but distant objects may be distorted or become very indistinct. Concave glasses are used by farsighted persons; but since the use of glasses is impractical for animals, shortsightedness, therefore, becomes a permanent cause of shying and fright. In the Normal or Emmetropic eye, the principal focus falls on the retina, and distinct images of all objects, at near or far distances, form on the retina (fig. 15--E). The cornea, the aqueous humor, the lens and the vitreous humor take part in the formation of the image-the refraction and collection of the rays of light. The cornea is the principal refracting medium when the eye is at rest; but the changes in the convexity of the lens (caused by the contractions of the ciliary muscle) are the means by which the eye is ad- justed, or accommodates itself, to different distances. In the far-sighted, short-sigted and normal eye the curvature of the cornea and of the lens is regular; but sometimes the curvature of the cornea may be so irregular that one part or meridian may produce short sightedness, another part produce far-sightedness while still another meridian may be normal. This condition produces a very much distorted image and is a fruitful source, of shying or the cause of fear and fright. Irregularities in the meridians of the cornea produce the condition known as astigmatism. This defective vision may also be caused by an oblique position of the lens. There are several kinds and degrees of astigmatism, all of which are very difficult to distinguish and can only be relieved by the use of proper glasses which are inapplicable to animals. Slight cloudiness or opaque spots in the cornea, weak cloudiness of the aqueous humor, beginning cataract, beginning amaurosis or beginning glaucoma are accompanied by indistinct vision, and consequently produce frequent shying. In fact, partial blindness from any cause is always attended by indistinct vision and shying, fear or fright. 54 PERIODIC OPTHALMIA-MOONBLINDNESS. This is an eye disease peculiar to horses and mules. Before the development of veterinary science the belief was prevalent that the moon exerted a direct or indirect influence upon the eyes; because the inflammatory attacks recurred at monthly or somewhat regular periods. Thus the names "moon blindness" and "mooneyed horses" originated. But as veterinary science progressed, extensive clinical and anatomical investigations made known the fact that moonblindness was a periodic or recurring inflammatory disease of the entire eye, involving primarily the iris, the choroid coat and the ciliary bodies. SYMPTOMS. This disease makes its appearance very suddenly--generally beginning in the night; in the morning the eye is found closed, extremely sensitive to light with a very great flow of tears down over the cheek. In some instances there is systemic fever, while in other milder cases, it is not manifest; but, as a rule, the horse or mule is dull, wanting in vigor, and energy, indicating constitutional disturbance. The eye ball is drawn backward into the orbital cavity, by the retractor muscle; this makes it appear smaller than the healthy eye; after several attacks the eye ball is said to shrink in size--decrease in actual volume. The conjunctiva exhibits slight swelling and diffuse reddening; the surface FIG. 16. Diffuse cloudiness of the cornea as observed in moon blindness and in inflammation of the cornea. The internal structures of the eye are cut off from view by the total opacity of the cornea (after Armatage). 55 blood vessels of the sclerotic are congested; this produces a light red ring, or seam around the cornea (pericorneal injection.) The cornea near its outer border exhibits a weak, diffuse cloudiness, which soon extends over the entire cornea; in the beginning this cloudiness is weakly marked and the cornea appears as if it were glass with a thin layer of fat spread over it. In the advancement of the disease the middle or principal layer of the cornea becomes affected, which leads to intense, diffuse cloudiness and occasionally to vascularization of the cornea; the latter is distinctly visible at its border in a few days after the beginning of the attack. Sometimes a pearl white opacity may appear at some spot on the outer surface of the cornea. In the beginning the slight cloudiness of the cornea does not prevent one from viewing the iris, the lens and sometimes the vitreous humor and the retina. The purulent or flakey exudate in the aqueous humor and the excessive contraction (almost entire FIG. 17. This cut represents the free border of the iris attached at points to the capsule of the lens, producing an irregular, ragged outline of the pupil and wrinkling of the iris. This may be observed after several attacks in periodic opthalmia (modified from Armatage). obliteration) of the pupil hide from view all the internal parts of the eye. The iris appears rough on its outer surface, slightly glazed, lighter colored than normal; at times it is covered with a grey exudate. The ciliary portion of the iris is bulged forward and outward; the movements of the iris are slow and weak; it is quite insensible to variations in light, and the pupil does not expand in the dark. The 56 color of the pupil when visible during its contraction is greyish green. Atropine causes the iris to expand slowly, weakly and irregularly; at points the pupillary border of the iris adheres to the capsule of the lens; the remaining parts are free; expansion of the pupil under such conditions produce irregularities in the iris and in the outline of the pupil (see fig. 17). At the lower part of the aqueous humor, in the anterior chamber, there is a gray-yellow, partly sedimentary, partly flocculent exudate, which sometimes is colored with blood. The quantity of the exudate varies; in the early stage of the attack--especially in the later attacks--it is visible by focal illumination as a slight cloudiness; at the height, or severest stage, of the attack the aqueous chamber is almost entirely filled; the exudate settles to the lower part of the aqueous humor, and is gradually absorbed and entirely disappears in the course of ten to fifteen days. No prominent changes are exhibited in the conjunctiva; however, the pigmentation of the conjunctiva of the eye ball makes it difficult to observe variations in its blood vessels. Occasionally the conjunctiva becomes swollen and produces a slimy, serous secretion. In cases where the vitreous humor can be observed in the early stage of the attack it is found to be clouded. In the active, inflammatory stage, the eye ball is found, by palpation, to be sensitive and hard. Opacity of the lens appears during the later attacks, and, as a rule, when the lens become entirely opaque (total cataract) the periodic attacks cease in that eye. In six to eight days after the beginning of the attack the inflammatory appearances begin to subside, the sensitiveness to light and extra flow of tears abate; the exudate in the anterior eye-chamber begins to disappear; the pupil begins to expand and the iris may react with regularity. After about fourteen days from the beginning of one of the early attacks the inflammatory changes will have so completely disappeared that casual observation fails to discover anything abnormal in the re- 57 cently diseased eye. However, a careful and critical examination discovers that the iris is still attached to the capsule of the lens; or one may find on the capsule pigment masses which were left there in the breaking away of the iris from the capsule; the iris is lighter in, color-lighter brown, very like the color of dead leaves. Occasionally the iris is so pressed forward that it comes in contact with the cornea and the anterior division of the aqueous chamber appears obliterated. The pale green appearance of the pupil indicates more or less cloudiness of the lens or vitreous humor. In most cases, especially after the later attacks, there remains a bluish ring around the margin of the cornea-a diffuse cloudiness-the upper eyelid, instead of presenting a continuous arch, exhibits an abrupt bend a short distance from the inner angle; the upper lid and the eyebrow are also more wrinkled than usual; after a few attacks the eye ball shrinks in volume, is smaller than normal, and in the interval between attacks the eye ball, by palpation, exhibits uncommon softness. In most instances cloudiness of the vitreous humor and detachment of the retina can only be discovered by first expanding the pupil with atropine and then examining the eye with the opthalmoscope. After the disappearance of the acute inflammatory symptoms, or after the inflammation has subsided and all damages are partially repaired, or the eye has "cleared up," it may remain free from another attack for a month, for two or three months or even for a year. However, as a rule, the attacks occur somewhat regularly every four or six weeks until the eye becomes entirely blind. This disease generally results in the formation of a total cataract and occasionally in paralysis of the retina or optic nerve-amaurosis. The attacks may vary in severity in the different cases, but the successive attacks in each case grow more severe and leave behind more distinct and prominent signs of approaching total blindness. Five to seven attacks, as A rule, completely destroys the 58 sight; thereafter that eye remains free from periodic inflammatory attacks; the other eye is then liable to become similarly affected until it goes blind. Rarely are both eyes thus diseased at the same time, but they may be attacked alternately until each one becomes blind. The diagnosis of periodic opthalmia is not difficult. The previously mentioned symptoms and course of the disease are generally quite distinct. There are exceptional conditions and times when the owner or observer will be in doubt. During the first attack, when the cornea and the aqueous humor are so badly clouded that the pupil, the iris and all internal parts of the eye are invisible, one can not determine beyond question whether it is a case of simple iritis or iritis associated with some form of influenza. In some attacks the cornea may be so opaque for a time that one is unable to discover whether the aqueous humor is clouded or not; in such a case the owner may believe that the cornea is injured in some way. Time alone will bring forth or make clear the other symptoms. Again, during the interval between the first and second or between the second and third attacks, the before mentioned symptoms may be indistinctly marked; it will then be necessary to wait for the appearance of another attack. But in all the doubtful, indistinct cases, the characteristic fact of its recurrence in the same eye will remove all doubts in the mind of the owner if not in the mind of the buyer. CAUSES.-A number of different microbes have been found in the tissues and humors of eyes affected with moon blindness. Vigezzi has found a micrococcus which he believes to be the direct cause of the disease; Trinchera discovered an immovable, curved bacillus; R. Koch found a short bacillus, rounded at its ends; Richter found a diplococcus and a triplococcus. However, no positive proofs have as yet been discovered, by experimentation or otherwise, that would justify a positive declaration in favor of any microbe. In fact 59 the investigators have found a germ associated with the disease; but, if the microbe has been cultivated on artificial media, the eye disease has never been artificially transmitted or produced by means of the germ. Willach examined 37 eyes from 24 horses and has discovered a variety of forms and kinds of round and flat worms; most of them were found in the humors and represented the young stage in their development. Similar parasites were also discovered in the alimentary canal, the liver and the lungs. Wallach believes that these worm-like parasites migrate from the alimentary canal during their early lifechiefly by way of the blood vessels-and thus reach the eye; these migrations take place periodically or at such times as the egg or young forms of the parasites reach the alimentary canal in the food or water. This theory would, of course, explain the periodic nature of the disease and many other phenomena connected with it. But the wormlike forms were found only in the examination of dead eyes, whereas the limited number of cases and want of transmission or actual production of the disease by experiment will not justify, beyond question, the 'far-fetched' conclusions. On river bottoms, on moist clay soils, on marshy grounds, on moist coast lands of seas and lakes, in malarial districts, this disease is said to be most prevalent. In 1875, a regiment was moved from Frankfurt on the Main to Hofgeismar; at the former place moon blindness never appeared; during the first year, at the latter place, 5 cases appeared among the horses of the regiment; the second year 12; the third year 11;, the fourth year 14, and the fifth year 42. The regiment that was stationed at Hofgeismar was moved to Frankfurt; during the last five years of this regiment at Hofgeismar there were 130 cases of periodic opthalmia, and during the first five years at Frankfurt not a single case appeared. Hofgeismar, Saarburg, St. Avold and other places in Germany seem to be peculiarly adapted, by (~0 their moist clay soils, to the development of the microbe, the parasite, the gas or miasmatic factor that causes this disease. Records also show that on certain low lands of Belgium, France, Spain, Italy. Austria and England, this eye disease prevails extensively. Likewise in our own country certain localities have more cases of moonblindness than others. The writer has observed that this disease is more prevalent in the southern states, than in the central or northwestern states. Compare the number of cases in the dry, cool climate of South Dakota with the moist, warm climate of Alabama and the result shows the extremes-the almost complete absence in the former State and the unpleasant prevalence in the latter. It is said to occur less frequenly on lime soils. Clay soils will retain moisture longer and as a rule are richer in organic materials than sandy soils; consequenly germs, malarial parasites, etc., will grow abundantly on the moist clay soil. The disease appears on sandy soil if there is sufficient moisture; it will also appear on moderately high rolling land irrespective of the kind of soil if there be sufficient moisture--as a rainy season followed by a warm season with occasional heavy rains. A number of cases have been observed at Auburn, 800 feet above the sea level, with a gray sandy soil; however, there are red clay districts not far from Auburn. I, also, have reports of its appearance on sandy soils in other parts of this state. In the period from 1879 to 1890, appeared 2183 cases of periodic opthalmia among the horses of the Prussian army. Of this number 585 were in the 15th army corps; 358 in the first; 339 in the 11th; 145 in the 10th; 135 in the 5th; about 80 in the 2nd, the third and the 8th; about 70 in the 7th; about 60 in the 4th, the 6th, the 9th and the 14th; 49 in the guard corps. It will be observed from the above records that the disease prevailed quite extensively in the 61 respective localities of the first five of the army corps above mentioned; while in the districts of those last mentioned the disease was comparatively rare. Cloudy weather, or moist air, so common and constant on wet lands, is said to be a factor in causing this disease. Rank, succulent fodders, grown on wet lands, associated with a damp, sultry atmosphere, is conducive to the production of a lymphatic temperament or constitution--a horse with a coarse open texture of bones and muscles, with an excess of connective tissue, with thick skin, legs covered with an abundance of long hair and with labored, sluggish movements. No doubt, such animals are predisposed to moonblindness. Fodder, hay or grass, from low, swampy or wet soils may also contain the germs or malarial parasites which are believed by some to cause this disease. In some localities of Europe the hay and todders,grown upon certain soils, are said to be the cause, or the carriers of the cause from the soil to the animal. A constant stimulating diet of corn, rye or barley grain-especially in summer or when given to the growing colt-contain too much of the fat and heat producing food and not sufficient proportion of the muscle and bone forming food; the horse so fed may be very fat but less able to resist the germs of disease, more liable not only to minoonblindness but also to "big head" and other constitutional diseases. Constant feeding of corn will certainly make the periodic attacks occur more frequently and also augment their intensity. This has been proven by a number of trials. A reliable farmer living near Auburn had a fine young mare that had been attacked two or three times; he believed the corn was making the disease worse; hence he withheld the corn and thereafter fed her upon oats; the eyes were not again attacked, and they recovered so completely that her owner could never observe anything wrong with them. Certainly the feeding of corn alone did not produce the disease, but 63 after the real exciting cause had established it, the corn either maintained a supply of food for the microbe or diminished the general vigor of the animal or the resisting power of the leucocytes--germ destroying cells of the body. High feeding associated with irregular exercise, feeding irregularly and using unwholesome, decayed or partially rotten hay, fodder or grain; also the surface water of runs, ditches, ponds and shallow wells receiving the impurities from barns, barn yards or outhouses--all these are contributing causes and many times the impure water may convey the microbe, the originating cause, into the system. Overworking an animal, no doubt, depresses the vigor and resisting power of the animal; thus attacks are more liable to begin or recur during the severe, exhausting spring plowing and summer work. During the time of breaking the colt and of the eruption of permanent teeth the attacks are excited to greater severity and are called forth more frequently. The eruption of nearly all the permanent teeth occur during the last half of the third, fourth and fifth years of age. The small teeth that usually appear just in front of the first molar on, either side of the upper jaw, very rarely in lower jaw, are commonly called wolf teeth or "blind teeth." Many people believe that this little tooth in some mysterious way affects the eye, causes it to go blind "by pressing on the nerve of the eye." This is, to say the least, very unreasonaThose little teeth never affect the ble if not nonsensical. eye. No doubt they are broken off many times when a horse has an attack of periodic opthalmia and the eye "clears up" in ten to fifteen days--not because the little tooth was pulled or broken off with a punch--but because that eye disease appears and disappears periodically. Heredity is certainly a strong predisposing cause of the disease. It does not originate the disease but the offspring inherits the tendency or weakness of the eyes, that permits the originating excitant to call forth the disease with little resistance. This trans- mission, from sire or dam to the offspring, of defective tendencies is, no doubt, responsible for the appearances of periodic opthalmia in certain families when the original blood was so contaminated. In France the government discourages, and prohibits when possible, the use of blind stallions or mares for breeding purposes. The farmers and stockmen of the country have observed and noted the influence of heredity in the production of moonblindness. From the replies to a circular letter which I sent to farmers and stockmen in all the counties of Alabama, twenty-one stated that heredity was a primary or secondary factor in the cause of periodic opthalmia. Poor or badly ventilated and improperly lighted stalls or barns are also causal factors. Prof. Williams of Edinburgh says: "Fifty years ago thousands of horses became annually blind from opthalmia; now-a-days one seldom sees a case of blindness from this cause. This happy result is due to the enlightened writings of Coleman on ventilation and the advance of veterinary science facts which the public seem to ignore." In improperly lighted stalls or barns the light is so weak, or small in quantity, that the eyes are continually strained in order to see distinctly; or the light enters from a small window directly in front of the horse, placing the horse on the shady side of the objects in front of him, and this in combination, or contrast, with the constant glare of the window, is certainly as trying on the eyes as insufficient light. The light should come from behind or from either side of the animal in quantity sufficient to make all objects in the stall distinctly visible. It has been suggested that exposure to cold, or to any of the atmospheric influences which ordinarily produce acute catarrh or cold in the head, will cause an attack of moonblindness. The records of the disease in the German army show that more cases occur in winter than during any other season. But in this State the majority of cases appear in the spring and summer, 64 A rheumatic condition of the system is said to play an important part among the long list of causes of moonblindness. It, however, like many other depressing diseases and influences, is only a preparing or predisposing cause or condition which can not originate the disease but may excite frequent attacks and increase its severity. Smoke, pungent vapors, hayseeds, dust or any local irritants or injuries may awake the latent tendency or augment the intensity of an attack. In short, whatever depresses the vigor or debilitates the system will aid in originating the disease and will also increase the intensity and frequency of the attscks; anything that strengthens the constitution or improves the animal vigor will be a protective or assist in preventing periodic opthalmia. The essential and originating cause is very probably a microbe, a miasmatic germ, an animal, worm-like parasite or the poisonous product of a germ. The natural habitat or its native place of propagation and development seems to be on moist lands that are, during one season, extremely wet and at other times dry enough to bring forth crops. The surface water of such districts, and the fodders, grasses and hays grown on such lands, transmit or carry the germs into the system of the animal. During January, 1893, the veterinary department issued about two hundred circular letters containing questions relative to eye diseases among domestic animals; these were mailed to farmers and stockmen in all the counties of Alabama, and they were also published in many of the daily and weekly papers of the State. The principal question in the circular letter read as follows: "Are horses and mules in your beat or county affected with what is commonly called moonblindness? If you have such an eye disease please state how frequently it occurs, and what is your view of the cause of it." I received in all nearly 125 replies. From these replies I have obtained the following records on periodic opthalmia or moonbliadness: 65 Eighty (80) cases were reported in such a manner as to leave in doubt just when they occurred; 33 cases were reported as being in existence at the time (January and February) of replying; 7 parties report that the disease was prevalent in their respective beats ten to twenty years ago, but not of late years. During the first three months of 1802 and during the same time in 1893, 21 cases have come under my observation at the free Saturday clinic; these cases were from the country and towns surrounding Auburn, and represent fully ten per cent. of all the diseased cases that appeared at the free clinic during the same time. The above records certainly indicate that periodic opthalmia is a common disease among horses and mules of Alabama; and according to the reports on other eye diseases it is the most prevalent and frequent cause of blindness. The reports do not give data sufficient for one to state in just what beats it occurs, but they do show that moonblindness has been, or is at present, in nearly every county in the State; that annually a great many valuable horses go blind as a result of it. Generally speaking, the reports seem to indicate that the disease is most prevalent in the low lands or malarial districts of the State; yet the knowledge given of the local geography of the places from which the reports come, is not sufficient for one to make an accurate comparison. From the replies I find that a variety of opinions were expressed as to the cause, and a great many failed to express their views, while others said they did not know. Let me now give a concensus of the opinions expressed. Six parties believed that improper and irregular feeding are important factors in the cause of moonblindness; 3 say "not enough variety in diet ;" 4 believe "too much fodder and grain and not enough hay" is the cause; 1 says "feeding corn to colts;" 9 claim "feeding corn as an exclusive grain diet" is the direct cause; 3 give "exposure to cold" the credit; 1 says the "eruption of permanent teeth and the shedding of colt teeth;" 1 says "blind teeth;" 1 makes 66 "high feeding and irregular exercise" responsible; 11 claim that "overwork" in various ways is a potent causal factor; and 21 say heredity, especially in blind or "weak-eyed" breeds, is the chief cause; six (6) parties traced the history directly to a blind sire or dam. Surely the above ideas, relative to the cause of periodic opthalmia, show that the stock owners of Alabama have been searching for the cause; and if they have not discovered the actual originating cause, they have found factors that intensify or conditions that make the disease worse. Some have suggested that homebred horses are more disposed to this disease than horses or mules brought here from other states; yet others claim that the opposite is true. I am of the opinion that the animals freighted here from Kentucky, Missouri, Illinois, etc., are far more liable to contract periodic opthahnia than home-bred horses; because the diet of the northern horse is very greatly changed and he must also become acclimated -his system must be adjusted to new climatic conditions. The susceptibility of an animal is determined to some extent by age. From the reports of cases where age was mentioned, and also from the records of European authorities, the period of greatest frequency is from 3 to 9 years of age. Some have placed this danger period from 2 to 7. Yet it should be remembered that periodic opthalmia does occur outside of the above age limits, for I have reports of cases 12, 13 and 15 years old. TREATMENT.X-Taking into consideration our indefinite knowledge of the originating cause and the numerous attending, exciting and predisposing causes, and the fact that the disease generally results in total blindness in one or both eyes, it is evident that preventative treatment is the most profitable and reasonable. The drainage, ventilation and light in most barns are sadly neglected and generalJy very defective. The barn is usually resting on the ground and the stalls are filled with clay which becomes saturated with urine. The clay allows very little moisture to pass through it; the urine, which falls upon it and with which it becomes 67 saturated, passes off mainly by evaporation. With little ventilation or drainage below it, the clay rarely becomes dry and the atmosphere of the stall is constantly saturated with unhealthy gases (ammonia, etc.,) from the fermenting urine and decomposing organic matter of the feces. Such unhealthy conditions can be greatly improved by following the methods usually adopted in building houses in this climate. The floor of the barn should be from two to three feet above the ground; this may be accomplished by making the brick or stone pillars for underpinning the required height and using strong plank two inches thick for flooring. Lattice work between the outside pillars will permit free circulation of air under the barn and prevent the use of the basement for a dog house, pig pen or as a place for fowls. This will give good, cheap drainage below with excellent under ventilation. The ventilation of the box stall (the best and healthiest kind of stall) should be so arranged that the hot and light air may escape through an opening or series of openings in the upper part of the outer wall, permitting it to pass directly out of the barn. Similar openings should be located in the outer wall near the floor to allow the heavy gases (carbonic acid gas exhaled by the lungs, etc.) to escape. Besides these openings lattice box stall doors and lattice outer hall doors and windows should always be in use for summer ventilation. There may be objections (its hardness and the drying out of the feet) to standing a horse on a plank floor; but these may be overcome by bedding or littering the box stall ; by occasionally soaking the feet in water, and, when nearly dry, oiling them with an ointment made of one part of pine tar to eight or ten parts of lard or cotton seed oil. The light should, as before mentioned, enter from behind or from both sides of the animal; in the box stall the light should thus enter when the horse is standing at the manger. Furthermore, the light should be so arranged and of sufficient quantity to enable the horse to see distinctly in all parts of the stall. The water supply and time of giving water to horses should be carefully considered. All surface water, from ponds, brooks, rivers and shallow wells should be avoided. Spring water, taken directly from the spring, filtered rain water or other kinds of filtered water, or water from deep wells are best, and less liable to contain disease-producing germs. The horse and the mule should always be given warter before feeding grain-never after, unless it be given two hours after feeding. A constant corn diet is to be avoided, especially as a food for colts. It is extremely doubtful if corn for colts is ever advisable. Furthermore, it is injudicious to feed horses or mules upon corn as the only grain food at any other time except in the cold period of winter. In fact, there is no time in this climate when corn alone is really needed or demanded by the system. Far better results will be obtained by using oats as the staple or chief grain food; and, at times, equal parts of ground corn and cow peas, or equal parts of ground corn, cow peas and oats, or equal parts of ground corn and wheat bran, may be substituted for oats alone. Corn should never be fed to horses with weak eyes or with diseased eyes. Corn and fodder (leaves) form the staple articles of food, for horses and mules, in some parts of this State with a climate that will produce green rye for soiling during the entire winter and green sorghum and green millet for summer. Corn is too stimulating and contains too much heat-producing material; the corn fodder is a dry, rough food, which in combination with corn is liable to lead to attacks of constipation, producing passive congestion of the blood vessels of the brain and the eyes. To be sure this does not always occur, but many times an attack of periodic opthalmia may thus be called forth. in rations should always be considered, and extended according to local food supply; watch the effects of the quality and the quantity of the various foods, and many times you will be able to regulate the diet of the animal according to your experience in feeding it. INo fixed or absolute laws can be muade to fit all cases; horses have their individual peculiarities as well as persons. Variety 69 High feeding, with irregular exercise; excessive and exhausting work; exposure to cold (rheumatic influences) are to be avoided as far as possible, especially with animals affected with periodic opthalmia or predisposed to it. The indiscriminate use of blind animals for breeding purposes can not be too strongly condemned. Heridity is certainly the most potent predisposing cause of periodic opthalmia. Mares with weak eyes and with a lymphatic temperment and structure should not be bred to stallions of similar temperment and form. Proper curative treatment will sometimes check the progress of the disease, and may, in rare instances, result in permanent relief. During the active inflammatory stage bathe the eye in cold or hot water for 1 to 2 hours morning and evening; after each bathing put into the eye a few drops of the following solution: Potassium Iodide, 10 grains; Atropia Sulphate, 1 grain; Boracic Acid, 10 grains; Pure Water, 2 ounces. This medicine may be used for 6 or 8 days until the eye begins to clear up; then use the same prescription, omitting the Atropia Sulphate. When possible adjust over the eye a cotton cloth or small bag of cotton, kept constantly wet with cold or hot water. It is well to keep the horse, during the inflammatory stage, in a dark box stall if the ventilation, cleanliness and drainage of the stall is healthful and good. If the horse is constipated a mild purgative (one-half pound of Glauber's salts or one-half pint of raw linseed oil) may be given. Constipation may be thereafter avoided by giving a bran mash once or twice per week. Moderate and regular exercise or easy work is beneficial, but keeping the affected horse or mule at hard work is decidedly injurious. In every instance it is wise to remove, when possible, all predisposing or attending causes. As indicated in several reports from different parts of the State, periodic opthalma seems to be disappearing in certain localities. It will certainly decrease in frequency, or entirely disappear, in nearly every beat in Alabama when the stock raisers comply with the hygienic laws, govern- 70 ing the health of horses and mules. The principles of feeding, ventilation, drainage, breeding and sanitation in general must be studied and practiced, from a scientific stand point. Besides Alabama can and should raise her own mules and horses. Healthier, better and cheaper animals can be bred and raised in this State than the majority of those that are annually shipped here from other States. METHODS OF EXAMINING THE EYES. Remove the blind bridle or any harness obstructions to free vision. Tie a cloth over one eye and then lead the animal over obstructions that will cause stumbling or high stepping. Repeat this test with the other eye blindfolded. If the animal with one eye blindfolded stumbles over low objects the vision of the other eye is defective. Note the attentive and erect position of the ears indicating that they are attempting to compensate for the defective sight. Carefully compare the fullness or prominence of one orbital region with the other; note that in fat or young animals the orbital cavity is full and that in poor or old animals the eye socket is not completely filled and the orbital rim or bony border is prominent. Excessive fullness of one orbital region would indicate that the eye lids or the tissues, surrounding the eye ball, are swollen, or it would indicate the presence of a tumor in the orbital cavity. Closely observe the form, position and condition of the eye-lids; the presence and position of the eye lashes; also, compare the curve of the free border of one upper lid with the same lid of the other eye. Examine carefully the secretion at the miner angle of the eye. The tears are like water; mucus appears gray and flocculent; pus mixes with the tears and appears yellow and cloudy; in the dog pus sometimes is colored green. If the mucus and pus are mixed the mucus flakes are colored yellow. An excessive quantity of tears, mucus or pus is manifest by the flowing of the secretions down over the cheek. The presence of the mucus, pus or an extra quantity of tears flowing over the cheek should induce the observer to look closely for 71 foreign particles in the eye, inflammation of the conjunctiva, abscess or ulceration of the cornea and closure of the lachrymal ducts. For further examination the animal should be taken to a barn or stall. It is best to use a stall with one window or one door; the animals head should be turned to the open door or to the window, allowing the light to fall on the eye from directly in front or from an angle to the right or left of the front. The eye may be opened by gently and firmly pressing Ithe lids apart with the thumb and index finger, using the right hand with the left eye, and the left hand with the right eye. To see the conjunctiva of the upper lid, it may be everted by grasping the eye lashes with one hand and everting the lid over the fore finger of the other hand. Examine closely the haw or "eyewasher" and all parts of the conjunctiva for signs of injury, inflammation and irritating particles. Examine also the opening of the tear ducts. The observers attention is next directed to the size, form and position of the eye ball. It is always advisable to compare one eye with the other that the abnormal may be judged by its deviation from the normal. If the eye ball projects outward and forward excessively, dislocation of the eye ball, hydropthalmus (excess of water in the aqueous humor) or a tumor in or behind the eye may be suspected. If the eye ball is drawn backward into the eye socket, severe inflammation is present, attended by extreme sensitiveness to light, as in the beginning of an attack of moon blindness. A decrease in volume or size of the eye ball, (after repeated attacks of periodic opthalmia and in tuberculosis of the eye ball) is manifest by apparent drawing of the eye into the socket and the more or less infolding of the upper lid near the inner angle of the eye. The tension and hardness of the eye ball may be tested by palpation upon the upper eye lid, with the index finger; both eyes should be tested at the same time that one may be compared with the other. Note the presence or absence of the congestion of the pericorneal bloodvessels; its presence indicates inflammation of the ciliary bodies, the iris and sometimes the choroid coat, 72 The cornea may be next viewed from various positions, noting carefully its curvature, its opacities, the presence or absence of ulcers, abscesses, vascularization, swellings or new growths. The location, color and limitations of the opacities should first be determined. The weaker the opacity or cloudiness the more blue the color; intense opacities are white. Black opacities of the cornea signify pigmentation from iris adhesions or from blood stains. Striped and pearl like opacities, with sharp limitations, point to scars or chronic changes in the cornea; chalk spots result from the employment of silver and lead salts in wounds and ulcers of the cornea. Viewing the cornea in profile, or from one side, will enable one to locate the opacity, revealing in a degree what layers of the cornea are involved; and to a certain extent enables one to determine the curvature of the cornea, especially in partial or total staphyloma and extremely flat or very conical forms of the cornea. If the transparency of the cornea will permit, investigate the aqueous humor, searching for the gray, floculent exudate or the yellow, sedimentary pus exudate, or the red colored exudate in blood effusions; these may be present in penetrating wounds of the cornea, iritis and moonblindness. The color, condition of the outer surface, movementsand attachments of the iris should next be examined. The iris may become grayish brown by the deposition of inflamma- tory products in its substance, or become gray from the deposit of an exudate on its surface. The bluish-green color of the iris, manifest after one or two attacks of periodic opthalmia, is due to an atrophied (shrinking) condition of the iris. Occasionally in cattle a tubercular growth develops from the iris and completely fills the aqueous chamber of the eye. The iris may be attached by inflammatory adhesions to the capsule of the lens (as in iritis or moonblindness); or it may thus adhere to the posterior surface of the cornea (a result of penetrating wounds and ulcers). By the use of atropine, if the pupil is small or contracted, or eserine if the pupil is large or expanded, these adhesions may 73 be destroyed or their permanent presence made known by the immovable iris and unchangeable form of the pupil. The iris, when attached to the capsule of the lens or to the cornea, may appear rough on its outer surface and its pupillary border is more or less irregular. The ragged, irregular border of the pupil should not be mistaken for the large brown "soot balls" that appear so frequently along the upper and lower parts of the pupillary border of the iris. The movements of the iris should also be watched when the animal is taken from the sunlight into the barn, or from the dark stall into the sunshine. If the pupil contracts regularly in bright light and expands regularly in partial darkness, the action of the iris is normal. But should the pupil remain greatly expanded under all conditions of light and darkness, one would suspect partial or total amaurosis. If the pupil remains partially or greatly contracted under all conditions of light and darkness, one should suspect adhesion of the iris to the capsule of the lens. The pupillary reflex or color of the pupil is the reflection of light from the retina and the choroid. The normal color of the pupil varies with the variations in its size or in its degrees of expansion or contraction; its color also changes with the variations in the light. By great expansion of the pupil it appears blue-green; by medium expansion it appears The blue-black; by great contraction it appears black. more color of the pupil in amaurosis is generally lighter, clear and glassy than in the normal eye. When the pupil is small atropine should be used to produce maximum expansion. Or, the animal may be taken into a moderately dark stall where the color of the light reflected from the upper part of the retina and choroid will be green, and that reflected from the optic papilla (spot where the optic nerve enters the eye ball) will appear light red. This light red color is very distinct in carnivorous animals. Cloudiness of the lens or the vitreous humor changes the color of the pupil according to the intensity of the cloudiness. Total cataract gives the pupil a gray, a white or a whitish- 74 yellow color; while by a partial cataract the normal color of the pupil is cut off at the points or places of local opacities of the lens or its capsule. In cloudiness of the vitreous humor the pupil becomes more or less distinctly green. A liquid condition of the vitreous humor combined with cloudiness of the same also produces a distinct green pupil. Sudden or geat movement of the cloudy vitreous humor, is a certain proof of its fluidity. The observer should view the pupil from various positions; by the use of the hand or a black hat the superfluous rays of light, or those coming from certain directions, may be cut off. The observer should not mistake the images of white objects (white shirt fronts, windows, holes in the building), for white or gray opacities in the lens or other parts of the eye. Dislocation of the lens, falling of the opaque lens into the anterior or aqueous chamber of the eye has its appearance suggested by figure 13. But if the opaque lens should fall into the vitreous humor, the upper part of the pupil may remain transparent, and the small appearing optic papilla might be visible; yet a portion of the white or gray opaque lens could be seen through the lower part of the pupil; as a rule, the iris remains passively inactive and its pupillary border floats in the aqueous humor. Sometimes the lens may be partially dislocated or may have some shred-like, or hanging thread-like, attachments to its old location; these conditions would present different views in the pupil. In order to be more accurate in locating and discovering opacities, the animal should be placed in a dark room where the eye may be illuminated by the use of a lamp or candle. The lamp may be placed in different locations, in front of, and outward from, the eye to be inspected; opacities will then be made more distinct. Three images of the flame may be seen as illustrated in figure 18. In the normal eye the first image is the largest, upright, the most distinct and reflected from the front surface of the cornea; the second image is smaller, upright and reflected from the anterior surface of the lens; the third one is the smallest, inverted 75 FIG. 18. This cut (after .Schlampp) shows the images of the candle's flame. The animal should be placed in a dark room or stall, or the test may be made at night in an ordinary stall; the candle is held a short distance in front of the eye to be examined and the following images, as above illustrated, will be seen. The first upright image is reflected from the cornea; the second upright image of the flame is reflected from the capsule on the anterior surface of the lens; the third or inverted and small image of the flame is reflected from the capsule on the posterior surface of the lens. The dark back-ground of the cut represents the pupil. and reflected from the posterior surface of the lens. In the normal eye it will be noticed that these images are more or less distinct and that, as the lamp or candle is moved, the first two images of the flame will move in the same direction that the candle moves, but the third or inverted image moves in an opposite direction to that of the candle. As the candle is moved about in front of the eye, it may reach a place where the first two upright images remain clear and distinct, but the smallest and inverted image becomes cloudy and indistinct; this would indicate that the substance of the lens or the posterior part of the capsule is opaque at the point or spot where the candle's rays attempt o pass through. If the second image becomes indistinct the opacity lies in the anterior part of the capsule; if the first image becomes hazy and diffuse the cloudiness is in the cornea. Total cloudiness of the cornea would obliterate all three images, and the diffuse cloudiness of the aqueous humor obliterates the second and the third image. A small double convex lens may be used, as illustrated in figure 19, to focus or collect the rays from a candle or lamp in a dark room or stall. Or, a concave mirror (with a small, round opening in its center for the observer to look through) can be used to collect and reflect the rays from a candle or from an open door or window; in using the mirror the candle 76 Fi. 19. This cut (after Schlampp) illustrates how the double convex lens is employed in illuminating the eye or parts of the eye for the pur- pose of examination. night; the glass The examination is made in a dark room or at until the lens is moved forward and backward candle's rays are focussed upon the desired part or various parts, as it is upon the cornea and lens in the above cut. or window should be backward from the head and outward from the shoulder or body. By employing the double convex lens or concave mirror, the transparent or opaque condition of the cornea and the aqueous humor may be distinctly observed and many opacities can thus be seen that are invisible in ordinary daylight. By employing atropine to expand the pupil, slight opacities of the lens may be made distinct and cloudiness of the vitreous humor may be observed. These methods of illuminating the eye also enables one to carefully examine the condition of the iris. The opthalmoscope is an instrument that is used by occulists to look at the retina, its bloodvessels, the papilla optica, and to determine the degrees of farsightedness, shortsightedness, astigmatism, etc. Its use, however, requires great skill and much practice; hence, directions for using it will be omitted, since they would be of little value to the average man. In preparing this bulletin, the writer has made frequent and extended references to the .ollowing books, pamphlets, and medical journals: Moeller's-"Augenheilkunde." Schlampp's "Augenuntersuchungen." Ellenberger-Shiitz-"Jahresbericht fiber Yeterinir Medicin. Jahr 1891." 77 Bayer's'"Bildliche Darstellung des Gesunden und Kranken Auges Unserer Hausthiere." Williams-" Principles and Practice of Veterinary Surgery." Reports of Bureau of Animal Industry on "Diseases of the Horse" and "Diseases of Cattle." De Schweinitz's-"Diseases of the Eye." Chauveau's--"Comparative Anatomy of Domestic Animals." "Berliner Threrirztliche Wockenschrift." Billings-"Bulletin of the Nebraska Experiment Station, June, 1889." APPENDIX. The following are some of the diseases that have been reported to this department as occurring in different parts of this State: "Pink-Eye" has been reported as occurring among horses, mules and cattle. A large number of the cases of so-called "Pink-Eye," among horses and mules, was due to inflammation of the conjunctiva and sometimes of the cornea, associated with influenza, cold in the head, or strangles (distemper). An inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nasal passages may extend to the mucous membrane (the conjunctiva) of the eye by way of the tear canal and the tear. ducts; or, some of the mucous discharge from the nostril may accidentally get into the eye. A few cases of "PinkEye" among cattle were associated with malignant catarrh; while nearly all "Pink Eye" cases among cattle have been outbreaks of infectious conjunctivitis and keratitis. "Hooks" have been reported, in a number of instances, as a prolific cause of blindness. One man spoke of "bone hooks" and "fat hooks," but failed to explain the technical meaning of these terms. However, the indiscriminate practice of cutting out the haw or "eye washer" when the eye is affected with conjunctivitis, moon blindness, or tetanus (lockjaw) is certainly useless, if not barbarous. 78 One case of night blindness ; and as previously mentioned, 134 cases of periodic opthalmia have also been reported. Reports of four outbreaks of head scab among sheep have been received. This is a disease of the skin, and is caused by a mite (sarcoptes scabiei, var. ovis) which attacks the skin of the short wool regions of the head and legs. In attacking the skin of the eyelids, it produces entropium which leads to inflammation of the conjunctiva and cornea. Scrape the crusts from the affected places and apply any good sheep dip, once every eight days for one month. The writer has also observed a few cases of diphtheritic conjunctivitis among turkeys and chickens. Separate the sick ones from the healthy and wash the eyes and the diseased surfaces of the mouth and throat with a weak solution of corrosive sublimate (1 to 500). CEREBRITIS (Blind Staggers) has occurred in several counties of Alabama during the past winter and early spring. It has occurred, in nearly every instance, as a result of feeding rotten or mouldy corn. Curative treatment is usually ineffectual; it is best to prevent it by ceasing to feed damaged, mouldy corn. The writer has received a great many reports, and has also observed cases, of " Big Head," (osteo porosis)-a disease of the bones, manifest by enlargement of the facial bones, of the lower jaw bone and the bones of the limbs, and nearly always leading to the "breaking down" of the horse after a long period of more or less severe rheumatic lameness. This disease is generally fatal. Excellent care with the variety in diet, as suggested to prevent moonblindness, will be good preventative, as well as palliative, treatment in this disease. A few cases of malignant catarrh ("hollow horn?") have been reported and also a few cases of Parturient Apoplexy ("milk fever") among, cattle. Hog cholera raged in several counties last year, and has appeared in some counties this year. The disease has done the most damage in beats and counties where hogs have 79 been allowed to run at large. To be sure it occurs in stocklaw districts, but it does not there spread so rapidly; and in some instances the spreading of the disease has been checked or stopped at the border line between stock-law and nonstock-law districts. Since the germs of this disease are propagated mainly by filth and bad sanitary conditions, it pays best to work along the line of prevention. Keep hogs and pigs confined to a certain pasture, or lot; see that these places are kept free from stagnant pools or filthy holes and that the water supply is pure. Also remember that the :omniverous hog can not live under any condition or eat all things with impunity. It is well to keep a mixture of equal parts of charcoal, wood ashes, sulphur and common salt (pulverized and thoroughly mixed) constantly in reach of the hogs; also, keep a small box of nut coal in the hog lot continually. This department is desirous of receiving reports of all diseases among domestic animals, especially all outbreaks of infectious, contagious, or spreading diseases that appear in Alabama. Questions relating to animal diseases will be gladly received and promptly answered. Address all such communications to the Veterinarian of the A. & M. College and Experiment Station. AGRICULTURAL AVSrBVI~N, EXPERIMENT OF THE AZ+A AMA_ STATION owc, AGRICUTUFAL AND MCHANICAI BULLETIN NO. 44, - - MAY, 18901 TOBACCO PLANT, ALEX. J. BONDURANT CONTENTS. PAGE. I. II. III. IV. V. Object of Experiment........................3 -6 Botanical Characteristics of Tobacco...........6 -7 -10 Climatic Conditions.........................7 Raising the Plants..........................11-12, Field Culture..............................12-14 VI. Transplanting .. VIII. XI. VII. . .. .. .. .. . .. ................. Chemical Properties and Fertilizers............. Management of the 14-15, Plant......................19-24 ... ............ 15-19- IX. X. Insect Pests............... Modern Virginia Tobacco Variety of .Tobacco and Harvesting.......... 27-32; Snow's Modern Tobacco Barn.................. Stripping and Prizing........................39-42 25-27, XII . XIII. Barn ........ ........ 32-34- 34-39 SThe Bulletins of this Station will be sent free to any citizen of the State on application to the Agricultural Experiment. Station, Auburn, Ala. All communications should be addressed to EXPERIMENT STATION, AUBURN, ALA. Alabama Printing Co., Montgomery, Ala. BOARD OF VISITORS. COMMITTEE OF TRUSTEES ON EXPERIMENT STATION. EION. J. G. GILCHRIST. 'HON. R. F. LIGON. HON. H. .......................... .............................. ..................... Hope Hull. Montgomery. Auburn. CLAY ARMSTRONG. BOARD OF DIRECTION. WM. LEROY BROUN................................. President. A. J. BONDURANT..............................Agriculturist. N. T. LUPTON. .. .. .. .. .. ............................. Chemist. P. H. MELL... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... Botanist and Meteorologist Biologist J. M. STEDMAN....................................... C3. A. G.ARY, D. V. M...... .................. . .. Veterinarian. ASSISTANTS. JAMES CLAYTON....................... Assistant Horticulturist. A. F. CORY.............................. Assistant Agriculturist. J. T. ANDERSON, Ph. First Assistant Chemist. L. W. WILKiNSON, M. Second Assistant Chemist. F. A. LUPTON, M. .. ... Third Assistant Chemist. D.o............. Sc.... ...... Sc. . ... 00... R. F. HARE, B. Sc .................. Fourth Assistant Chemist. Clerk, G. S. CLARK...................... and Assistant Botanist. TOBACCO. 'The scientific facts pertaining to agriculture, so far as they have been discovered, are scattered through many books and agricultural publications; few of these publi,cations are accessible to the ordinary farmer. Some service may be done to the farmers gen,erally and especially in the cotton States by collecting some important facts that are accurately and certainly known and the experience of intelligent farmers and scientific men on the subject of "Tobac·co Culture"' and presenting these to the public in compact form.. The investigation of this subject was commnenced last year and methods of cultivation and management of this crop was given in Bulletin No 37, March, 92. I. OBJECT OF EXPERIMENT. Experiments to a limited extent were undertaken the past year in tobacco, with seed fromseveral varieties that are raised in Virginia,North Carolina, Florida, Connecticut and Cuba to ascertain, if possible, the kinds that are best .adapted to this climate, and tofind out if the culture of tobacco, as a staple crop, could be made profitable in Alabama. Experimentation was conducted only in a general way, amore with reference to the growth of the different varieties planted and their qualities, than to the particulars of fertilizers suitable to the crop and methods of curing. Raising Plants.-These experiments were commenced the middle of February; at that time preparation was made for raisingtheplantsinthe open air bedsburntin the woods. The first seeding was made 13th of February; from this bed ,ery few of the plants came up. The 7th day of March two open air beds were made which were left without any 4 covering. At the same time a hot bed was made, the seed sown and the bed covered with cheese cloth. From these beds the seed soon germinated, and in ten days from the time of sowing some of the plants could be seen The cold spell of weather, which commenced March 19th, when ice to the thickness of a quarter of an inch was formed, destroyed most of the plants in the open air beds during germination, those which were protected under the covering of cheese cloth in the hot bed fared much better, and while large numbers were killed by the freeze, the proportion .was much less than in the open beds, and it was from the hot beds that plants were raised for planting the experimental grounds. April 7th, other seed were sown for late plants for replanting; these were principally of the Cuban varieties obtained from the Florida station; no plants of any consequence were raised from these seed. It was demonstrated from the experiments made in the raising of tobacco plants, that the young plants were easily affected by cold and quickly killed by freezing weather in this climate, in fact, seemed to be affected sooner in this respect than in many localities in the old tobacco raising States. To avoid this difficulty, it is advisable, when practicable, to raise the plants under covered beds, in preference to open air beds. Another important discovery was made in raising plants on the Station, viz: That the flea beetle, commonly called tobacco fly in the old tobacco States, seems to be abundant in this section, attacking the plants soon after they come up, and in uncovered beds, destroying the plants unless insecticides were promptly applied. It was further ascertained that the plants under canvass made a more rapid growth and presented a healthier appearance, and were ready for transplanting much earlier than those in the. open air or uncovered beds. ,plants Transplanting the Plants.--The transplanting of the from the plant-bed to the experimental grounds was commenced May 18th, and continued as the sea·son was favorable for transplanting up to the middle .of Jure. A few of the first plants which escaped being killed by the March freeze were left to grow in the open air bed, these made a rapid growth and were topped the 6th of June, and were cut and ready for curing the 1st of August. Of the different varieties planted the Cuban varieties were the first to get their growth and were ripe and ready for cutting early in August. These were much blistered rand made leaf of poor quality, owing to their rapid growth and early maturing during the month of July. which was a wet month, making unfavorable conditions for the growth of tobacco of good quality. Another important fact was observed in connection with Cuban varieties, that is, that the leaves were coarse and thick, not so well adapted for either wrappers or fillers for cigars, too strong for any smoking purposes. The varieties from Virginia, North Carolina and Connecticut did not make as rapid growth as the Cuban varieties, and did not ripen until September, and continued to ripen until October. Some plants of good size and quality were obtained from these varieties which would make a good quality of chewing tobacco and cigars. The curing was imperfectly done, as it had to be cured by the air process in the gin house; and while a small quantity of bright leaf was secured by this method, the proportion of bright tobacco was thereby greatly reduced. JMaking Cigars.-With the view of testing the quality of the tobacco raised on the Station for cigar purposes, and as instruction to the agricultural students, an experienced cigar maker was employed to make up a small quantity of the tobacco into cigars. This experiment of cigar making demonstrated that some of the tobacco was suitable for this purpose. During the process of making, when the cigars were in a damp condition, they were weighed. It took from 120 to 125 of the smaller size to weigh a pound, and from sixty to eighty of the larger size to weigh a pound. From the above the conclusion can readily be drawn as to the profits arising from tobacco when manufactured into cigars, and this experiment should encourage the growers of tobacco in this State to strive to raise a good grade of cigar leaf. Tobacco growing is one of the most profitable branches of tropical and semi-tropical agriculture; the subject has been much neglected by writers of agricultural literature. The importance of the subject to the farmer may be estimated when it is considered that next to the cereals used as staple articles of food there is probably no plant sowidely and generally grown as tobacco, and certainly none that is used by a greater number of the human race. It is proposed in this bulletin to give a brief history of the plant; to notice some of the leading varieties, some instructions for its successful cultivation and management with a view to encourage the cultivation of a plant that can be generally grown in this State, the climate and soil of which, it is believed, suits it admirably, in sufficient quantity not alone to satisfy all local demands, but to open up a large and profitable export trade. II. BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TOBACCO. The tobacco plant is known to botanists by the generic name of Nicotiana. The genus Nicotiana belong to the Nightshade family to which order belong the Potato, Tomato, Capsicum, Henbane and deadly Nightshade Of some fifty known varieties of the genus Nicotiana, it is claimed that all are natives of America, except two, 7 namely: Nicotiana Suaveolens, which is a native of Australia, and is known as "Native Tobacco," and Nicotiana Fragrans, a native of New Caledonia. The best known species are as follows: (1.) Nicotiana Tabacum, of which there are two varieties, viz: Macrophylla (Maryland tobacco) and Angustifolia (Virginia tobacco). Each of these two varieties is divided into several sub-varieties. The Macrophylla is the variety which affords the famous Cuban and Manilla tobaccos; it has a fine leaf which is soft and thin, and is much valued in the trade for the fine qualities of the leaf for binders and wrappers in making cigars. Angustifolia is the most commonly cultivated variety in the United States. (2.) Nicotiana Rustica, best known as Hungarian tobacco, is largely grown in Europe and Asia. There are also two varieties, a large leaved and a small leaved kind, both of which yield tobacco of good quality. (3.) Nicotiana Persica, a type produced by climatic influences, but long thought to be a distinct type. (4.) Nicotiana Crispa. This species is much grown in Syria and on the Mediterranean coast. (5.) Nicotiana Repanda, a Mexican variety. It has small leaves, used for imparting the peculiar aroma to Mexican cigars and cigarettes. The remaining species, notably Nicotiana, glauca, glutinosa, longiflora, nana and sanguinea, are of no commercial importance, being of interest only to the botanist and horticulturist. III. CLIMATIC CONDITIONS. Of the many conditions which affect the quality of tobacco, the most important is climate; other conditions may be, in a measure, modified, but very little can be done with regard to climate. The most rational mode of overcoming this difficulty would be in the selection of seed of the varieties which have been grown with success under similar climatic conditions as prevailin the district proposed to be cultivated. In this State, with its range of climate from semi-tropical to temperate, a wide margin is permitted to the grower, and seed can be procured suitable to all parts of the State. In tobacco,.as in all other crops, the aim of the grower should be to produce the kind which will command the highest price. The most valuable tobaccos are the Cuban and Manilla, and they owe their fame mostly to the favorable conditions under which they are grown. These places possess a tropical heat, but at the same time are tempered with the sea breeze, and there are, no doubt, parts of the coastal districts of this State which may produce an article that could favorably compare with these tobaccos. Tobacco thrives best in a good rich soil, rich in vegetable mould, but light soil containing a good amount of organic matter and well drained will produce an excellent smoking tobacco, and on such soil the finest leaves are grown. The more clay in the soil the thicker the leaves become, and the aroma becomes less, and is consequently less suited for the finer qualities of smoking tobacco, although the weight of yield may be heavier. Black prairie land will probably yield more to the acre than any other kind of land in this State, but the tobacco will not possess so fine a quality on such soil it grows larger, has coarser stems and a heavier leaf, and is not so good for wrappers, or fine cut or cigarettes and cigars as the upland tobacco on sandy soils. Though tobacco is a hardy plant and will grow under varied conditions, yet to become a profitable crop, it must not be grown in a situation very different from that to which it is suited by nature. It must be remembered that the plant is a native of :awarm climate, and thrives best in a moist atmosphere; therefore, in such a climate, by employing ordinary means, tobacco may be made to yield a profit not attainable in less favored situations. A warm, moist climate will permit of the selection of the varieties that sell at the highest price in the market, and in a suitable soil the profit will be such as is not often or easily realized from any other .crop. From a table at hand, which gives the essential features .ofthe crops of cotton for the year 1888, in the United States, it appears that the yield per acre for cotton was one hundred and eighty pounds-price per pound, eight .and a half cents. Value per acre, fifteen dollars and thirty cents. With tobacco, the average annual production during the past decade has been about one-sixth that of cotton. The average yield per acre has been about seven hundred and twenty-five pounds, with an average of eight and one-half cents per pound, making the value of tobacco per acre sixty-one dollars and sixty-two and a half cents. As the Havana tobaccos command the highest price, growers everywhere attempt to introduce and cultivate them. The difficulty in growing these varieties is, they speedily degenerate if the conditions are not favorable. Virginia tobacco is the most favored in temperate climates, .as it does not require such a high temperature, but on account of its botanical characteristics it is not much liked by cigar or cut tobacco manufacturers. A high price is generally commanded, no matter of what variety, which possesses either a light mahogany, cinnamon, or golden color, and fine aroma, with thin ribs far apart and even. The wider the leaf and the less they are worm eaten, or torn, the greater the number of wrappers which can be .ut from a pound for making cigars, consequently manufacturers will pay more for grades possessing these qualities than for others. There are among growers as many 10 varieties of tobacco as there are varieties of cabbage, each section favoring a particular kind. It may, however, be said of the varieties most generally grown in America, that the Kentucky, Virginia and Maryland are employed for chewing, pipe and cigarette smoking, while the Connecticut seed leaf and Havana are most in use for fillers and wrappers in the manufacture of cigars. Tobacco is now cultivated through a wider range of temperature than any other tropical plant, and whether grown amid the plains of South America, or in the rich valleys of South side Virginia, or as far north as Connecticut, develop its finest form and perfection of leaf. During the last half century the plant has been developed to a greater extent than during the three hundred years succeeding its discovery. Its cultivation and management have been reduced to an approach to an exact science, and the quality of the leaf is, in a great measure, within the control of the growers of the plant; until quite recently it was supposed that the varieties that grew in the tropics could not be cultivated with success in the temperate regions, but recent experiments have demonstrated the fact that the tobacco of Cuba can be grown with success in many parts of the United States. The tobacco raised in the tropics is the finest in flavor, while themore temperate regions produce the finest and best colored leaf. The tobacco of the tropics, as to the uses to which it is put, is limited, while the tobacco of the more temperate regions can be used for all the purposes for which the plant is needed. Formerly but little attention was paid to the color and. texture of the leaf, the principal object being the production of a leaf of large size, rather than one of good color and of silky texture. Now, these are most importait conditions, and give value to the tobacco in proportion to the: perfection of these qualities. 11 IV. RAISING THE PLANTS. The first operation necessary in starting tobacco growing is the making of a seed-bed for raising the plants. A warm sheltered position should be selected for this. It is a common plan to burn a pile of brush-wood on the land selected for raising the plants to supply potash, and at the same time destroying the seeds of weeds, or the eggs of insects. A more recent plan of raising the plants is under a covering of cheese cloth in a hot bed. Plate No. 1 is an illustration of the modern method of covering the plants during their growth both in the open air and hot beds. The [ area of the seed bed will of course depend upon I the extent of the proposed cultivation and as usually about one square inch in space is allowed to each young plant in the seedbed, it will require a seedi bed of thirty-six square Sfeet, say nine by four feet, to supply plants for an acre planted at equal distances of three feet apart. An ouncecontainsenough seed to plant from six to seven acres, but as it has not a high percentage of vitality it is usual to sow at the rate of half ant 12 ounce for an acre. The bed ought to be covered with a .covering of cheese cloth, or fine brush, or short leaf pine s.:traw. This not only protects the plants from the cold, sudden freezes, which are common in the early spring in this latitude about the time germination commences, but checks too rapid evaporation from the earth, keeping the surface moist. When the young plants first appear above the surface they are very tender; they] require frequent ,watering of weak liquid manure and top dressing with fertilizers. All weeds must be carefully removed and the flea beetles which often destroy all the young plants in a days must be watched for and insect remedies applied. In from five to six weeks the plants will be ready for transplan ting. :few V. FIELD CULTURE.. ;.should .. Land on which it is intended to grow tobacco well ploughed; on compact soils the be ploughing should be deep. An intelligent rotation of crops carried out with an intelligent knowledge of the needs of the tobacco crop will be the aim of the practical farmer. Before transplanting the young plants from the -seed-bed the land should be ridged, the distance between the ridges depending on the kind of tobacco to be planted -the larger kinds requiring more room than the smallerleaved and tall sorts; but they should be far enough apart to allow a free passage between the rows of plants without injuring the plants. Generally from three to three and a .,halffeet apart betveen the rows, and the same between the plants will be sufficient. Where the surface is level the plough may be run lightly over the field at right angles, thus forming small hills on which the plants are planted. Choice of Soil.-The growers of the plant in Virginia are very particular in the selection of soil for the plant. The iands which they find best adapted are the light red or 13 chocolate colored lands and the richest low grounds. Theselection of soil will depend upon the color of leaf in demand, as the soil as well as the fertilizers determine to.. some extent the color and texture of the leaf. The effect produced by planting tobacco too near the sea is injury to the leaf, which is apt to be thick and unfit for a cigar wrapper. In some countries, however, notably Cuba, the leaf grown near salt water is equal in color and texture to any grown in the interior. Generally the plant obtains its finest form and quality of leaf on lands bordering the largest rivers. This is true of the tobacco lands of Connecticut, Kentucky, Virginia and North Carolina, as well as of those in the islands of Cuba and San Domingo; but some of the finest tobacco grown in the United States is grown in, countries some distance from large rivers. When possible, select the.kind of soil for tobacco that will produce the color and texture desired. For Connecticut seed leaf a light moist loam is the best soil. For the bright tobaccos, such as are raised in Virginia, North Carolina and Maryland, the soil should be light and friable, or what is commonly called a sandy loam, not too flat, but of a rolling,undulating surface not liable to overflow in excessive rains. New cleared in these last named States is considered better than long cultivated soils. In Cuba the planters select the red soil as the best for fine tobacco. Some planters, however, prefer a soil mixed of one-fourth sand and one-half to three-fourths of decayed vegetable matter. Both the Cuban and American planters concur in asserting that a large quantity of silicious matter in soils is essential for the growth of good cigar tobacco. The rich clay loams on the banks of the James River in Virginia do not grow the highest price tobacco, while the less fertile silicious soils of other sections will produce tobacco of su- 14 perior quality for chewing and smoking. Tobacco of high grade will not grow in the calcareous regions. A better soil is one that rests upon the primary foundation. VI. _ - TRANSPLANTING. ---Figure2 shows the plan of placing and 2Trans planting -= ----_--. . should be done in the evening or on a cloud _ FIGUR 2E.2should == day. Before transplanting, -- the seed-bed receive a good watering so that the plants can be drawvn without injury to the roots. The planting is similar to the planting of cabbage and is no mor e difhecult. A good plan is, for a boy to walk betwveen the ridges, placing the plants alternately to right and left, being followed by the planters, who place the plants in the hills or ridges, taking the precaution to leave the bud well above the surface. In a few dlays any .missing hills which occur should be replanted, and during the early growth a close watch must be kept for the cut worm, bore worm, and other injurious insects. W\hen the plants have taken root they grow very quickly and subsequent cultivation is simple, though re-, quiring care. When the plants are from six to nine inches high they require be hilled, by mounding the earth around the to 15 -plants, to protect then from falling when the soil is wet or from being blown down by heavy winds. One or two ings are necessary during the growing period to keep down the weeds, as everything that detracts from the growth of -the plant is detrimental to the quality of the leaf. hoe- VII. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES. An analysis of the ashes of tobacco by Professor shows the following constituents in their several proportions (per cent.): Potash ....................................... ................................... Lime........................................45.90 Magnesia.....................................13.09 -Chloride of Sodium..............................3.49 Chloride of Potassium............................3.98 Phosphate of Iron............................... Phosphate of Lime...............................1.49 :Sulphate of Lime...................35 Silica..................................... Johnson 12.14 0.07 Soda.,.. . 5.48 8.or 100.00 From this analysis it will be observed that of the mmeral matters contained in tobacco, the following predomiiilate : silica, potash, lime and magnesia, with a large proportion of the phosphate of iron and sulphate of lime. There is in tobacco a volatile akali which may be known red by its smoke changing the color of to purple and purple to green. Different kinds of tobacco .are distinguished by the peculiar odor emitted. This vairiation is in part due to the different modes of curing the leaf. Recent In'vestigations. M any new investigations have been made as regards the tobacco crop, referred to under the following heads.* flowers-turning *'Dr. J. Nessler, of Karlsruhe (Landw. vers. Stat. 40, pp. 395-438) Ex,periment Station Record, October, -1892. 16 (1) Demands of the trade especially with reference to burning qualities. (2) What amount of chlorine is allowable and what amount of potash essential to the desired burning quality. (3) Effect of soil on the burning quality. (4) Amounts of chlorine and potash removed from the soil by different crops and effect of previous cropping on the burning quality of tobacco. (5) Amounts of potash and chlorine furnished the soil in different manures. i (6) Effect of manuring on burning quality. (7) Effect of previous cropping and manuring on the properties of tobacco other than that of burning. (8) Injurious and beneficial methods of cropping and manurin)g tobacco. The various properties of the tobacco leaf, burning qualities, size, weight, color and fermentive properties, are all more or less affected by the variety of tobacco, the soil, time, and manner of manuring, climate and the time of ripening. The properties of tobacco may also be affected by the manner of curing and the weather during the curing. The fact that so many factors play an important part in determining the quality of tobacco makes this part of the subject a difficult and tedious one to study and understand. To secure the desired burning quality, the amount of chlorine must not rise above a maximum, nor the amount of potash sink below a minimum. From studies made of forty-six samples of tobacco, grown in Baden, Germany, on different soils and with different manures, the conclusion was, that tobacco continued to glow longer, i. e., burned better, the more potash and less chlorine (sodium chlorine) it contained. In general, tobacco will be of inferior burning quality, which contains more than 0.4 per cent. of chlorine, and less than 3.5 per cent. potash. 17 Effect of Soil on Burning Quality of Tobacco.-As a result of the studies referred to above, it was found that while tobacco from sandy soils contained on an average only 0.29 per cent. of chlorine, that from heavy soils contained 0.92 per cent. of chlorine, and that tobacco from light soils averaged 2.8 per cent. potash, while that from heavy soils averaged 2.4 per cent. From these indications, to secure the best burning quality, tobacco should be grown on light soils,. and not on heavy clay soils. Effect of Fertilizers on Burning Qualities of Tobacco.As previously stated, that to be of good burning quality, tobacco should not contain more than 0.4 per cent. chlorine to 2.5 per cent. potash (that is, six times as much potash as chlorine), consequently, fertilizers for tobacco should contain at least six parts of potash for every part of chlorine that is at the disposal of the plant. The closer the relation between potash and chlorine in a fertilizer the less it is adapted for tobacco. A number of experiments have been made, with potassium nitrate, potassium sulphate, potassium muriate, gypsum and common salt as fertilizers for tobacco. The chlorine compounds always injured the burning qualities, and the potassium sulphate and potassium nitrate often improved this quality, though not always-the failure being due, it is believed, to the potash not being suficiently distributed through the soil, or where heavy applications were made to the formation of too concentrated solutions. The tobacco plant gets its growth and maturity rapidly,. and requires a constant supply of plant food from the soil, but on the other hand it is exceedingly sensitive to concentrated solutions. It is important that the fertilizer, especially the potash, be thoroughly mixed with the soil to a depth to which the roots extend. This may be accomplished in a measure by applying the fertilizer sometime in advance of planting. 18 Previous Czulture of Land for Tobacco.-The quality of the soil and the manuring are largely responsible for the early and late ripening and the regular and irregular ripening of tobacco. Tobacco plants ripen later on soils rich in organic matter, except in the case of sandy soils, where the organic matter decomposes rapidly. Heavy applications of nitrogenous manures retard ripening. Tobacco richly manured with liquid manure, night soil, barnyard manure, or nitrate of soda, ripens late. If the plants are set late on fields so manured, or those rich in organic matter, the leaves may not have time to ripen, and a greenish leaf will result, which, in burning, gives an unpleasant odor and bitter taste, and bitter taste in chewing also. F'ormulas for Fertilizers for Tobacco.-The following fomulas for fertilizing tobacco have been recommended: Formula No. 1. From 900 to 1250 pounds of wood ashes, or 350 pounds of potassium sulphate per acre, the applications being made to deep soils late in the fall, or to shallow soils before the first plowing. In the spring before setting the plants 135 to 180 pounds of nitrate of soda may be applied when the land is not heavily manured. In rainy seasons, when the plants lose their dark green ,color, and fail to grow well, 90 to 135 of nitrate of soda per acre may be applied while the plants are small. Formula No. 2.-Two hundred and seventy-five (275) pounds of low grade sulphate of potash, 250 pounds of acid phosphate (12 per cent.) and 100 pounds of sulphate of ammonia (a by-product of gas liquor) or 280 pounds of cotton seed meal. Sulphate of ammonia, it is stated, is one of the most concentrated forms in which ammonia ,can be applied to the soil, and is, at the same time, one of the most active and readily available forms, being deci- 19 ,dedly quicker in its action than any form of organo-nitro.genous matter. Magnesium carbonate, a new product of the Stassfurt industry, of Prussia, Germany, containing 18.5 per cent. .of potash, is said to possess good properties in improving the quality of tobacco. In the Connecticut valley, where cigar leaf is raised, nearly all kinds of domestic, commercial, and special fertilizers are used. Of domestic fer,tilizers, horse manure is considered the best, as it produces the finest and lightest colored leaf of any known fertilizer. seed meal, when used with domestic manure, is an excellent and strong manure. Mapes formula is a favorite with many growers of fine leaf in Connecticut. -line ,Cotton .cigar VIII. THE STALK. { 4Qround, FIGURE 3. Figure 3 represents a full grown tobacco stalk, with the leaves taken off. The tobacco stalk varies with the varieties of the plant. All of the species cultivated in the United States have stalks of a large size, much larger than many varieties grown in the tropics. The American varieties have erect, hairy, viscid stalks and large fibrous roots, while the foreign va- rieties are harder and much smaller. The size of the stalk corresponds with that of the leaves; the two larger stalks in the figure show the American, and the smaller -stalk the foreign. The size of the stalk corresponds with that of the leaves, and with such varieties as are planted in Virginia, North Carolina, Kentucky, and other old tobacco States, will be found to be larger than the Spanish 20 and Syrian tobacco, which have a much smaller, but harder stalk. The stalk must be hard and strong to support the long, palm-like leaf, which, in some varieties, grows to a length of two and half to three feet. The Leaves.--The 1plant bears from eight to twenty leaves, according to the species of the plant. FIGUPE 4. They have, as represented in figure 4, various forms;: ovate, lanceolate, and pointed. Leaves of a lanceolate form are the largest, and the shape found on most varieties of the American plant. The color of the leaves when growing, as well as after curing and sweating, varies, and is frequently caused by the condition of the soil. The color, while growing, may be either a light or dark green, which usually changes to a yellowish cast as the plant ripens. The ground leaves geiterally ripen first, turning yellow and during wet weather will rot and drop from the stalk if not gathered. The color of the leaf, after curing, may be determined by the color of the leaf while growing; if dark green while maturing in the field, the color will be dark after curing and sweating, and the reverse if of a lighter shade of green. If the soil be dark, the color of the leaf will be darker than if grown upon light soil. The kind of fertilizers applied to the soil, as well as the soil itself, has much to do with the texture of the leaf, and should be duly considered by all growers of the plant. 21 The Flowver.-The flowers of the tobacco plant grow, as is shown in figure 5, in a bunch on the summit of the plant, and are of a pink, yellow, purple or white color, according to the variety of the plant. FIGURE 5. After the buds appear they blossom in a few days and remain in full bloom two or three weeks, when they perish. The Capsule.-W hen the flowers drop from the fruit bud, the capsules grow very rapidly and soon attain full size, as shown in figure 6. FIGURE 6. This occurs only in those plants which have been left for seed and remain untopped. In form, the fruit bud resembles an acorn, though more pointed at the top; in some species, of a dark brown, in others of a light brown color, containing two cells filled with seed, similar in shape to the fruit bud. Some writers state that each cell contains about one thousand seed. The fruit buds of Virginia tobacco, as 22 well as of most varieties grown within the limits of the United States, are much larger than those of Havana, Syrian and numerous other species of the plant, while the color of these last named varieties is a lighter shade of brown. The color of the seed also varies according to the varieties of the plant. The seeds of some species are of a dark brown, while others are of a lighter shade. The seed are so small that the variety to which they belong can not be determined except by planting or sowing them. The plants selected for seed should be left growing late in the season. Strong, healthy plants generally produce large, well.filled capsules, and these should be selectedi by the grower for seed. The largest and finest capsules on the plant mature first, while the smaller ones grow much slower and are frequently several weeks changing from their green to brown color. Many of the capsules contain, imperfect seed and some do not contain any seed at all. The Sucker. The sucker makes its appearance at thejunction of the leaves and stalk, as indicated in figure 7. FIGURE 7. Usually these are not seen until after the plant has been, topped, when they come forward rapidly and if not pluckedi off in a short time develop into strong, vigorous shoots. 23 The growth of the suckers is injurious to the leaf, retard4 ing their size and maturity, and affect the quality as well as the maturity of the plant. When the plants are fully ripe and ready to harvest, the suckers will be found to be growing around the root of the plant. This is one of the most reliable evidences of its maturity, as it denotes the ripening of the entire plant. Breaking off the suckers hastens the ripening of the leaves and gives a lighter shade of color, no matter on what soil the plants are grown. Topp2ing.-Topping is simply breaking off the bud at the top of the stalk, as represented by figure 8,- FIGURE 8. to prevent the plant running up to flower and seed. By this means the best growth of the leaves is secured, and they at once develop to the largest possible size; will ripen sooner, while the quality is much better. There are various methods of topping, as well as different periods. Some planters top as soon as the capsules appear, while others wait until the plants are in full blossom. If topped before the plants have come into blossom, it 24 should be done as soon as possible, as a longer time will be required for the leaves to grow and ripen than when topping is delayed until the plants are in bloom. Top the plants at a regular height, leaving from nine to twelve leaves, so that the field will look even and also make the number of leaves to a plant uniform. The above method ,oftopping refers more especially to cigar rather than cutting leaf. Those varieties of tobacco suited for cutting leaf :should be topped as soon as the flower bud appears; top low, thereby throwing the strength of the stalk into a few leaves, making them large and heavy. Let it grow from five to six weeks after it is topped, so as to have it thoroughly ripe, thereby giving it the bright, rich, golden color, entirely different from cigar leaf, but desirable for chewing leaf. The custom in the old tobacco States is to top for English shipping from eight to ten leaves; for coal curing, from ten to twelve. In some sections of the United States the plants are not topped at all; the leaves are left upon the stalk until they are fully ripe, when they are taken off. ~25 IX. iNSECT PESTS. The two most destructive pests that prey upon the toare the "cut bacco plant after being transplanted to the worm" and the "horn worm", as shown by figure 9. field The cut worm commences its, work of destruction in a few hours after transplanting in the field. During the night this worn begins by eating the small or central leaves, and often so effectually as to destroy the plant. The best time to. find, and destroy these off pests is early in,."the morning, when they. can be found nearer the surface; with the heat of the sun they burrow deeper in the soil. Soon after they disappear, the tight with the horn worm. Q~Onmmences. 26 Figure 10 shows the Sphinx, or moth, the parent of thehorn worm, the larvae and the horn worm. FI;GURE 10. The horn worm feeds upon the finest and largest leaves; eats the leaves in the finest parts of them. They leave large holes which render the leaf worthless for a cigar or chewing wrapper, leaving it fit only for fillers. As the Sphinx, that lays the eggs usually deposits two crops of 27 eggs on the tobacco plant during its growth, it will require. much time and labor to destroy the eggs and worms. If this is neglected,the crop will be much injured and will not be sought after by good judges of tobacco: X. VARIETIES OF TOBACCO AND HARVESTING. Figure 11 represents the Connecticut seed leaf as it appears ready for harvesting. FIGURE 11. Tradition indicates that this variety was introduced originally into the New England States by B. P. Barber,and it is thought to belong to the Cuban variety. The varieties cultivated in the United States and known as... "seed leaf" tobaccos, are grown in Connecticut, Massachusetts, Vermont, and eastern and western States. All of the seed-leaf of the United States is used exclusively in the manufacture of cigars, and is celebrated fors cigar wrappers from the superiority of its color and texture, and the good burning quality of the leaf. The plant grows to the height of about five feet, withl. leaves from two and one-half to three feet in length, andO from fifteen to twenty inches broad. The color of thistobacco after curing is either dark or light cinnamon. 28 There are two principal varieties of Connecticut seedleaf, broad and narrow leaf-of these two, the broad leaf is considered the finest, cutting up to better advantage in cigar making, and ripening and curing fully as well. This tobacco has not that fine flavor of Cuban tobacco, but in texture is considered equal to it. It burns freely, leaving a white or pearl colored ash, which is one of the best evidences of a good cigar tobacco. The leaf is firm and strong, and sufficiently elastic to bear considerable manipulating in manufacture. Thorough .cultivation by the growers has made this quality of tobacco .one of the most profitable of any cigar tobacco grown in .. he United States. : This figure represents a plant of Virginia tobacco maturing seed. Virginia tobacco has acquired a reputation which has gradually increased for morethan two hundred and fifty years. The plant grows to the height of from three to five feet; the leaves are long and broad, and when cured are of various colors, . from a rich brown mahogany, cinnamon, to a fine golden yellow. Thle finest quality of Virginia toFIGURE 12. ,bacco comes from the southside counties, but the amount is small compared to the quantities of dark raised on the lowlands of the Dan and James rivers" andtheir tributa ries. The tobacco grown in the southside and southwestern counties of Virginia is much lighter in color, and of much softer and finer texture than the ordinary Virginia tobacco. 29 Hvana Tobacco.-This famous variety of tobacco, as shown in Figure 13, is considered the finest for cigars that is now cultivated. flavored is FIGURE 13. This variety, it is stated, grows to height of from nine feet, with oblong, spear-shaped leaves. The leaves when young are of a dark green color, and have rather a smooth appearance, changing at maturity into yellowish green. This variety grows quickly, and by careful pruning a fine colored leaf is obtained, varying from a straw color to a dark brown or black. The finest is grown in Vuelta de Abajo, which for nearly a century has been celebrated as a fine tobacco producing.. district. The Havana tobacco ripens in from eight to ten weeks after being transplanted. to a six Th -ee~stalk u and leav e f ti e es are t ri n l ot v r as larg e the as Connectic ut 30 Catting .;plant. the .Placn:t.-Figure 14 represents harvesting the FIGURE 14. -whole There are two methods of harvesting, cutting down the plant or gathering the leaves singly. The former is the one that has been practiced for a long time by to- bacco planters; the latter, which is of recent origin, is re.garded~by many as the most scientific method. Both these plans of gathering have their advantages. The is the easiest and permits of quicker handling, but the leaves have to be assorted afterwards,- while the first latter permits the sorting of the leaves in the first toand the development of a greater number of mature opera- leaves. For cutting, a heavy knife is used, and the method is -. similar to cutting sugar cane, the plant being held with the left hand and cut close to the ground. The plants should be removed to a shady place to prevent their becoming sunbum~t. 31 Ratting on the Stic.--This is shown by figure 15. - -~ FIGURE 15. good condition After the plant is wilted and becomes pliant and in to handle without breaking, it should be the placed on the stick. Some tobacco growers hold tbe opinion that the plants should be harvested without wilting at all, stringing on the stick. as soon as cut, and carrying them immediately to the tobacco barn. The reasoni for this is, that often at time of cutting the plant the ground is hot, and the plant becomes very warm and quickly sunburned. When hung on the stick, which is four and a half feet in length, six to eight large plants are tile usual number. Carrying to the Barn.-This figure shows how tle FIGURE 16. sticks 32 are placed on a frame in the field and loaded on the wagon for taking to the tobacco barn. XI. MODERN VIRGINIA TOBACCO BARN. FIGURE 1i. The process of curing now commences, and on the suc- cess of tbis operation depends in a great measure the nihmate value of the crop. No matter bow line fh plants may be, or how large the production, an error in curing issufficient to destroy, in a great degree, the work of season. The tobacco barn should be built with windowsand doors sufficient to insure a free current of air. + The the barn should be high enough to permit three rows of plantsAir being hung one above the other, say 16 to 18 feet from- floor to roof. sun cuing, Air Tihere are several methods of curing, viz: curing is the process of curing the plant in firing with open fires, and curing by flues. curing, shade or barn, as seen in figure 18. 33 _ ____- ________________ G-- ( .. .......... .. . _ 7-- · " -IS FIGURE 18. Sun curing is the method of curing in the open air, while firing is the process of curing as above stated, either by open fires or flues in the tobacco barn. The latter method is the one generally practiced in the tobacco sections in Virginia, North Carolina, and to some extent in the west, and is considered the best way of curing cutting leaf. M1Iethod of Ouring.-There are two common methods practiced of handling tobacco for curing,-the older and long favored method of cutting and hanging the whole stalk with the leaves attached, and the method of detaching the leaves from the stalk before hanging,-a method which is comparatively new in this country, but is employed to considerable extent in Germany and France. These methods are too long to be discussed fully in this bulletin for the purpose of passing on the merits of either. A recent experiment conducted at the North Carolina Experiment Station, with a view to settling the matter, indicates that a comparison between the weight of onehalf a crop of tobacco cured on the stalk and the other half cured separate from the stalk shows a difference of 34 weight of 128 pounds per half acre in favor of the latter. Major R. L. Ragland, a large and successful grower of tobacco in Virginia, states that he has for years employed both methods with success, and there is no doubt that in parts of Virginia and North Carolina the method of stripping the leaves has recently come into decided favor. A contrary view is held by Prof. Wagner, of Darmstadt, Germany, a most reliable authority, and one in whom the Germans have great faith. He says: If the leaf is picked before it is ripe, it needs a process of subsequent ripening to give it a good quality. This is impossible if the leaf is separated from the stalk. With this view another German writer, W. Tscherbatscheff, also agrees. An experiment conducted by Nessler shows that the dried constituents of tobacco cured on the stalk, and separate from it, show no appreciable difference in weight.* These opinions are conflicting and irreconcilable at present, and further investigation will have to be made to settle the question. XII. SNow's MODERN TOBACCO BARN. This new process of harvesting and curing tobacco was introduced by W. H. Snow, of Highpoint, North Carolina. Figure 19 shows the view of this modern barn. f Tsckerbatscheff W. Der Tabak und Seine Kulur in den Nordamerikaniscken Staaten, Laudwirth SchaftlicheJarbucher,1875, p. 102. *Wagner, I. C., p. 38. 35 " !Ii nl " ------- ... -... 11111 1111111 IIIIIIIIII I 1111 --- _-.--- - - ._ "~ I FIGURE 19. It is not necessary at present to give details for the construction of this barn and apparatus. It is claimed that this system of curing tobacco in the Snow Modern Barn has important advantages. The leaves are stripped from the stalks in the and brought to the barn in baskets, and strung about the width of a apart on pointed wires which project at right angles fruom a wooden stick. As the sticks are they are placed in movable racks in the barn, and as fast as a rack is filled it is raised by a simple device to the top of building. This is continued until the barn is leaving only as much space between racks as is required for the hanging leaves., Plan of Housing.-.The plan of housing in this barn is illustrated by Figure 20. field finger filled filled, the FIGURE 20. Advantages of the Method.-The following are some of the important advantages claimed for the Snow process over the old.-I. The planter can begin to house his crop from two to four weeks earlier, as the bottom leaves which ripen first can be taken off and cured as soon as they are ripe. II. As the lower leaves are pulled off those left on the stalk ripen up more rapidly, which enables the planter to get in his crop earlier in the season. III. The tobacco can be stored in a much smaller space and with no risk of losing color or molding when bulked down. IV. Tobacco can be cured with a more uniform color. V. Less fuel will be required, and the risk of setting fire to the barn will be greatly lessened. 87 Many other advantages are claimed for this new system over the old, which I will not now enumerate. Flues and Flue Curing.--The cut 21 represents the furnace and pipe which is extensively used in flue curing. FIGURE 21. Flues have almost entirely superseded open fires for curing yellow tobacco as being cheaper and better every way. The heat is more readily controlled by the use of flues, and the tobacco cured by this process is cleaner, brighter and sweeter. The flue is regarded as the best mode for applying heat in the curing process for any type of tobacco requiring the application of artificial heat, and is fast superseding the open wood fire. 38 The Stove.-The stove as represented infigure 22 is . ing two feet beyond the rear ends of the stoves. ing two feet beyond the rear ends of the stoves. 39 XIII. STRIPPING. This process is represented by Figure 23. I - - FIGURE 23. After the tobacco is thoroughly it has to be stripped. The leaves become soft and pliant in damp weather and can be readily taken down out of the barn for stripping. After taking down, the plants should be packed, in order to be kept moist until stripping. cured This operation consists in taking the leaves from the stalk and tying them in bundles after assorting the various qualities and keeping them separate. Each hand or'bundle of the best grades should contain at least twelve leaves. In the old tobacco States the plant is -usually made into three grades-og short, and In. Cuba the leaves are divided into four classes;' the leaves at the top of the plant, which constitute the best quality, from the fact that they get more equally the benefit of the sun's rays by day and the dew at night; second, the leaves which are next to the above; third, the inferior or smnall lugs, or worm eaten leaves. first, leaves; fourth, the lug leaves, or those nearest the ground. The assorting of the plant previous to putting in hands or bundles is an operation that requires judgment and a 40 practiced eye. This mode of assorting colors in stripping is similar to that of shading cigars, in which the utmost care is taken to keep the various colors and shades by themselves. Assorting the plant does not imply that it is carried to its fullest extent in point of color, as in shading cigars, but simply keeping those general colors by themselves, like light and dark brown leaves. Figure 24 shows the bundle after it has been stripped, assorted and tied. FIGURE 24. Packing.--This is shown by figure 25. After the process of stripping is completed the hands should be packed to keep them moist or Sas near possible in the same condition as when stripped. Select a - cool, dry the center place in of the floor of the tobacco barn. It FIGURE 25. should loosely be packed or compact according as the hands are moist and dry. 41 Hand the tobacco to the packer, who presses the hands firmly with his knees and hands, laying the tobacco in two rows-keeping the pile about the same height, filling in occasionally with a middle row until all is packed. The different qualities should be packed separately. They can be packed any height or length desired, but usually from three to five feet high will be found convenient height, while the length may be proportioned to the height or not. After the tobacco is packed, it should be covered with boards and gently weighted with stone or pieces of timber. If the tobacco is packed down in a good case, or keeping condition, which requires experience to determine, it can remain packed until ready for prizing. Prizing, Casing and Baling.-This is shown by figure 26. FIGURE 26. The term prizing originated in Virginia. In the sense in which it is to be taken here is a local word, which the Virginians claim the credit of creating. It is the act of pressing or squeezing the article which is to be packed into any package by means of certain levers, screws, or 42 other mechanical force,-this requires the combination of judgment and experience, btherwise the tobacco may become bruised. All leaf used for cutting purposes and export in America is prized in hogsheads; cigar leaf is usually cased or baled. In some tobacco sections about 800 pounds net is packed in one parcel, while in others from 1000 to 1800 pounds. Tobacco in good condition to prize must be damp enough to bear the pressure without breaking and crumbling, while it must not be too moist or it will rot in the case. The hands or bundles are packed in the hogshead, or the case in two tiers when nearly filled, it is subjected to a strong pressure as isshown in figure 27. FIGURE 27. The tobacco should be cased hard so that the mass will rise but little when the pressure is removed. When tobacco is prized or cased in the spring, it will commence to "warm up" as the summer comes, and will go through a sweat. After "going through a sweat" the leaves take on a darker color, and lose the rank flavor which they had before. * After much correspondence and delay, the plates for this Rulletin were procured from The American Publishing Company, Hartford, Connecticut, Historical Publishing Company, Philadelphia, Penn., and Orange Judd Company, New York-and the issuing of the Bulletin has been delayed from this cause. Bulleti : No. 45, o : : June,1893. Agricultura1 Experiment Station -OF TH~E AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE, T AJI3L RN, ALABAMA. INJURIOUS AND BENEFICIAL INSECTS. Some Ibisect Pests of tine Fa m and (ardei. J. 1S_ TS r)J 4A2&F_ CONTENTS. I. II. PAGE. Introduction and General Insecticides..................................7-ti III. Machines for Applying Poisons................12-21 IV. Colorado Potato Beetle.......................22-23 V. Cabbage Butterfly..............................24-27 VI. Harlequin Cabbage Bug.......................289 VII. Remarks..............,3-7 VIII. IX. Cotton-Worm or Cotton-Leaf Worm .............. Cut-Worms (Cabbage).................... ..... 29-30 30-32 X. XI. XII. Corn-Worm Boll-Worm .................................. Aphids or Line on Cotton....................... Cut-Worms (Corn).................... ......... or 32-34 34 34 35 Bol-Worm...... ................ The Bulletins of this Station will be sent free to any citizen of the State on application to the Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn, Ala. All communications should be addressed to EXPERIMENT STATION, AUBURN, ALA. Published by order of the Board of Direction. THE BROWN PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS, MONTGOMERY, ALWA. BOARD OF VISITORS COMMITTEE OF TRUSTEES ON EXPEIIIMENT STATION. .... .......................... I. F. CULVER HON. J. G. GILOHRIST. ...................... .... ...... .... .... ....... HON. H. CLAY ARMSTRONG. Union Springs. Hope Hull. Auburn. BO3AEJD Wk. LEROY BROUN A. J. BONDURANT ........... P. H. MELL J. M. STEDMAN.. .... 0OF DIEREJCTIO0MiT ............................ President .Agriculturist. ............. ....................... ....................... ......................... ...... Chemnist. Botanist and Meteorologist. Biologist. Veterinarian. Assistant Horticulturist. Assistant Agriculturist. C. A. CARY, D. V. M .... .... ... ............ ASSISTANTS: ...... ............. JAMES CLAYTON ......... A. F. CORYt... ...... ...... ................ ......... J. T. ANDERSON, Ph. D........ *~~~ -,....Second First Assistant Chemist. Assistant Chemist. F. A. LUPTON, M. Sc. ... .......... F. J. BIVINS......... ........ * Third Assistant Chemist Clerk, and Assistant Botanist. t- charge In To be filled. of Soil Tests, INJURIOUS AND BENEFICIAL INSECTS. SOME INSECT PESTS OF THE FARM AND GARDEN. J. M. STEDMAN. It is the intention of this bulletin not to discuss in a scientific way original or other observations on insects, but to put into popular language the facts already known to Entomologists, in regard to some of the insects effecting the farm and garden crops, and to do so in such a way as to be of service to the busy farmer, who has little or no time, and less inclination, to procure the necessary literature, and study out for himself the life histories and methods of attack of these insects, and of the means of destroying them or of preventing their ravages. Hence this bulletin has no claim to originality other than the form of expression. It is written expressly for the farmers of Alabama. The discussion of the life histories of the insect is given only in so far as is is important that the farmer should know it, while the methods of destroying the pests receive prominent attention. It is our purpose to issue several small bulletins on injurious insects, taking them up in the order of their food plants, instead of grouping them together in one large bulletin that will take so much of the farmers time to read that it will be laid on the shelf, whereas a small one now and then would be read. Persons wishing these or any or all bulletins can get them free by simply sending a postal card requesting the same and giving their address to President W. L. Broun, Auburn, Ala., or simply Experiment Station, Auburn, Ala. Bulletins on Fungus and other diseases of plants will also be issued. GENERAL REMARKS. In order to arrive at the best results in combatting insects, it is important that we should understand at least the general life history of the insects in question, that we may thus know at what stage in its development means can best be taken to destroy it. Some insects can best be fought in the egg stage, others in the larva or worm stage, a few in the pupa stage, and still others in the adult stage; while many can be controlled in two or more stages. To arrive at this in a scientific way forms one of the great problems of the economic entomologist. The larger number of our insects have four well defined stages of growth. The first is known as the egg state and of course in itself can do no harm. In a few cases these eggs are deposited in clusters or groups and in such a way that we can gather and destroy them, or when this is not practicable, they can be killed by spraying them with kerosene emulsion or soda and caustic soap. Many insects winter in this egg stage as well as in the pupa or in the adult state, and since they frequent sheltered places, as leaves, rubbish and brush along fences and ditches, etc., it becomes important that all such useless material be gathered and burned every Fall, thereby destroying many insects that otherwise would appear the following Spring. Hence clean farming is one sure road to success. The second, or larva or worm state is the one in which most insects do their greatest amount of injury, since it is here that most of the growth and feeding takes place. Many insects are injurious only in this larvaatage, as our cotton-worm, cabbage worm, cut-worm, etc, and all other moths and butterflies. Some exceptions to this rule are to be found, as in our grasshoppers and most beetles, that do as much damage in the adult as in the larva stage in many instances. While again, the Rosechafer that does little or no damage in the larva stage, as an adult, does much injury to our vineyards. The larva or worm does not resemble in the least the adult insect in most cases, and hence unless one be familiar with the subject, he cannot tell the adult insect by the larva. The caterpillar or worm changes to a butterfly or moth, the maggot to a fly, and the grub to a beetle. It is in this second stage that most insects are to be controlled. The third, or pupa state is usually a quiet, inactive and perfectly harmless stage. Since many insects winter in this condition we can take advantage of it, and resort in the Fall to a general cleaning up and burning of all rubbish, leaves, etc., and to the burning over of stubble and to late plowing. The fourth, or adult or imago stage is the perfect insect, such as a butterfly, moth, beetle, fly, etc., and it is in this state only that the eggs are deposited from which a new brood developes. As stated under the second or larva state, most adult insects except grasshoppers and beetles are in themselves harmless to the farm and garden crops; they deposit the eggs, however, on the respective plants on which the larvae feed, and in view of this we can take means to prevent such a deposit and hence protect the plant. This is especially true and important in those cases where the larva is a borer and hence cannot readily be gotten at in that stage. Hence the necessity of covering up the base of peach trees with straw, cotton seed, ash, etc., to keep the adult from getting at the proper place to deposit her eggs, or of spraying apple trees with Paris green or London purple to prevent the coddling moth from getting into the apple, or of covering the trunks of trees with a sticky or poisonous wash to prevent the borer from entering. All preventive applications must be made just before the adult insect appears, and must be kept up at frequent intervals as long as the adult is in a condition to lay eggs. So far as the farmer is concerned vegetable feeding insects can be divided into three groups. I. Those insects that live, either in the young or adult stages or both, within the tissues of the plant. These are called borers. They feed upon the juices and tissues inside the plant. II. Those that suck the juices of plants, in which case one finds no parts of the plants eaten away, but the leaves shrivel up and dry or turn another color. These are called sucking insects. They pierce the plant with their mouth-parts and simply suck the juices. III. Those that eat the parts of plants, in which case we find places eaten away, or parts eaten or cut off, as we say. These are called biting insects. They feed upon at least the outer parts of plants and in most cases the inner tissues at the same time. REMEDIES.-From the nature of the case, it is evident that each of the three groups of insects as above described will require a different mode of treatment. In general (special and exceptional cases will be noted under their respective heads) the best if not the only way to get rid of the borers is either to dig them out or, as has lately been successfully done in the case of the peach tree borer, pour hot water on that part of the tree that is infected. The application of chemicals after the insect is once inside the plant is of little or no use, since the plant would be killed before the insect could be reached. The application of chemicals to prevent their entering has succeeded in some cases. Paris green or London purple mixed with water (see formula under insecticides) and thrown in the form of a spray (apparatus for spraying will be explained later) on to the plant or parts of the plant liable to be infected, has resulted in lessening the attack in a number of cases where the insect or its young eat their way in through the outer tissue, but where the adult deposits its eggs inside the tissue beneath the outer layer, this method is of little value. The application of certain substances like coal tar, tobacco, etc., is sometimes used as a repellant. Methods and contrivances to keep the insect away will be noted under the special insect. The sucking insects cannot be destroyed by putting poison like Paris green on the plant, since these insects do not eat the outside of the plant and hence not the poison. They can insert their mouth-parts through the surface of a leaf covered with Paris green, for instance, and not eat it, but suck the pure juice from the part beneath. They must be killed by simple contact with some chemicals, and a substance like Paris green, which is very poisonous to insects if it be eaten, may not affect the insect in the least to have it covered with the poison. Perhaps the most effectual substance with which to kill sucking insects is what is known as Kerosene Emulsion. (See formula under Insecticides.) This must be thrown on the plant in the form of a spray by means of some kind of a force pump. (See spraying apparatus.) Pyrethrum is an active substance in killing by contact nearly all kinds of insects, but unfortunately it is of late years so adulterated that it is almost useless for the farmer. It comes in the form of a powder and can be dusted on the plants by means of a bellows or mixed with water and thrown on in the form of a spray. (See Insecticides.) The biting insects can be destroyed by poisoning the parts of the plants effected. To accomplish this we can resort to a large number of chemicals, compounds and patent insecticides. Some of the mc:st useful being Paris green, London purple, White Hellebore, etc. A number of the patent insecticides (so called) that are advertised to kill all kinds of insect enemies are of no value to the practical farmer. The mode of applying the different poisons to kill biting insects varies with the kind of plant infested and also with the insect. Some are simply dusted on to the plant as a powder, others sprayed on with a force pump. The methods of applying each substance will be given under their respective heads. (See Insecticides.) INSECTICIDES. The various substances, compounds and mixtures used to destroy or drive away insects can be divided into three groups. First, internal poison, that kill by being eaten with the natural food of the insect. Second, external remedies, that kill the insect by contact, either by irritating the skin, or by stopping up the breathing pores. Third, repellants, including substances that keep the insects away by offensive odors or by mechanical barriers. INTERNAL POISONS. Paris green is the most important insecticide of its class. It kills by virtue of the arsenic that is here in chemical combination with copper. It comes in the form of a fine powder and can be purchased at about thirty cents per pound. It can be used either as a powder to be dusted, or as a liquid to be sprayed on the plants. As a powder it is to be well mixed with from twenty to forty, and even eighty, times its bulk of flour, Plaster of Paris or air slacked lime; and can then be evenly and thoroughly dusted on to all parts of the plant by means of some kind of bellows or other powder dusting machine. (See machines for applying Insecticides.) One pound of Paris green to the acre is usually sufficient provided the dusting be done evenly and thoroughly. Paris green is sometimes used undiluted, or very slightly so (one part of Paris green to three parts of flour) as is the usual case with cotton, when the poison is placed in two heavy sacks made of some strong cloth, as 8 oz. osnaburg, and fastened to each end of a five foot pole. It is the thoroughness with which this poison is applied and not the strength that secures success. As a liquid Paris green is to be mixed with water in the proportion of one pound poison to from 150 to 200 gallons water. Paris green does not dissolve in water, and since it is very heavy and tends to settle quickly, it is very essential that the liquid be often and thoroughly stirred. It is to be sprayed on the fruit trees and other plants by means of some kind of force-pump and hose with a spraying nozzle. (See machines for applying Insecticides.) One should be exceedingly careful in spraying peach trees not to get the mixture too strong, since the leaves of this plant are very tender and easily "burned" by Paris green or London purple. A mixture of one pound Paris green to 250 gallons of water should be used on peach trees, and that only when the leaves are young. Apple trees should be sprayed just after the flowers have fallen. Small fruits and vegetables are not easily injured, if at all, by Paris green. London Purple is about as good as Paris green as an insecticide in many cases, and has this advantage, that it is much cheaper, costing about fifteen cents per pound, and is also a much finer powder and hence remains suspended in water much longer. It is to be used in the same way and in the same proportions as Paris green. Hellebore (white) is a powder poison made from a plant. It kills both by being eaten and by contact. It can be used as a powder to be dusted on to the plant either full strength or diluted with flour, or as a liquid, one pound Hellebore to 40 gallons of water, to be sprayed on the plant. It costs about twenty-five cents per pound. It is used less extensively than Paris green or London purple, but is especially excellent in destroying the currant worm. While Arsenic is not to be used when Paris green or London purple can be had, since it is dangerous to have about and is apt to burn the leaves. EXTERNAL POISONS. Pyrethrum is a powder made from the flowers of a plant and is very poisonous to insects, but is perfectly harmless to man and domestic animals. It kills insects by contact, and can be most successfully used as a powder to be dusted by means of a bellows or other powder dusting machine. Pyrethrum is hard to obtain pure or at least in a fresh condition. It loses its strength by standing, and should be kept well corked. It may be used as a spray in the proportion of one pound of Pyrethrum to 40 gallons 10 of water. Pyrethrum is very useful for killing the cabbage worm, or insects destroying parts of plants that are ready to be eaten by man. It is also of great use in clearing rooms of flies, musquitoes, &c., and fleas and lice on domestic animals. Kerosene Emulsion is perhaps the best substance to be used for sucking insects. It is made as follows: "Dissolve one half pound of hard soap in one gallon of boiling water, and while the liquid is still hot, but not near a fire, add two gallons of Kerosene. The whole is then violently churned until it forms a creamy mass, which will thicken into a uniform jelly-like mass on cooling, and the oil remains incorporated in the mass, and will not separate or rise to the top. The churning can best be done by means of a force pump with a small nozzle, pump the liquid back into the vessel containing the liquid. The emulsion thus obtained will keep indefinitely." When ready to use, thoroughly mix one part of the emulsion with nine parts cold water. This is to be thrown in the form of a spray on the plants by means of some kind of a force pump and spraying nozzle. (See machines.) The kerosene emulsion will injure no foliage, and since it kills insects by contact, it is the most effectual remedy against the chinch bug, plant lice, bark lice, melon bug and other sucking insects, and also for the cabbage worm, and white grub, and will even kill eggs in some cases. It is of the greatest importance that the emulsion be forcibly, thoroughly, and evenly applied, as can be done only by the use of some force pump arrangement. Carbolic Acid Emulsion is made by adding Carbolic Acid (the crude material, dry to get a good strength) one part to 5 or 7 parts of the soap solution similar to that used in making the Kerosine Emulsion. The liquid is to be churned in the same manner as the Kerosine Emulsion, to form an Emulsion. 11 This Carbolic Acid Emulsion is one of the best preparations to protect plants against lice and fruit trees against borers. It can be sprayed upon the trunks of fruit trees or rubbed on by means of a cloth. Every fruit tree should be treated in this way, especially the young trees, about two weeks after the trees blossom. Tobacco Decoction is made by adding refuse tobacco, which can be obtained at small cost from tobacco factories, to boiling water, in the proportion of one pound of tobacco to two or three gallons of boiling water. As soon as the water has cooled, strain out the tobacco, and the decoction is then ready to use. It is to be sprayed upon the leaves, and is an effectual remedy against the striped flea beetle, and the cucumber, watermelon and squash flea beetles. It will also drive away some bugs from similar plants. It is also valuable as an insecticide against lice and ticks upon domestic animals, and has the advantage over Kerosene Emulsion in that it leaves the hair in a better condition. Bisulphide of Carbon is a liquid that is of great use in destroying the Phylloxera of grape, ants, insects in stored grain, and other insects which can be reached by means of a vapor. For Phylloxera and ants it is to be poured upon the top of the ground above them. For grain insects and insects affecting clothing, it is placed in shallow dishes and kept in the closed room. The vapor from this liquid is extremely explosive, and must not be used in a room or near the least trace of fire, even a lighted cigarette may cause a great explosion. Bisulphide of Carbon can be had from the manufacturer for from 10 to 12 cents per pound in 50 pound cans. MECHANICAL ARRANGEMENTS. These are intended to act as barriers to keep away insects, or as traps to capture them. They will be described under the special insect which can thus be best treated. 12 MACHINES FOR APPLYING POISONS. There are a great many kinds of machines and devices manufactured and sold by dealers for applying insecticides and fungicides, some of which are very good, and every farmer, fruit grower and gardener should have at least one. In order to save the purchaser time and trouble in making a selection, a few of the more important machines are here figured, together with the price and manufacturers address. It is of course important, whenever possible, that one provide himself with two machines, one for using a powder, the other for spraying a liquid; but in case only one can be purchased, a force pump and spraying nozzle should be selected, since one can often mix the powder with the water and apply it in this way. 13 ..~ tntb Cotton F'feldw Pt & LEGGETT BROS. POWDER-GUN. 14 One of the best machines for dusting a powder on plants is Leggett's Powder-gun. It works by turning a crank, and throws the powder in a fine dust constantly and evenly, and the supply can be easily regulated so that one or one half pound of Paris green or London purple can be evenly distributed over an acre. This instrument has been highly recommended by all who have tried it. The price of this gun delivered complete with four extra tubes, shoulder strap and oil can is six dollars. This machine can be purchased from the makers, Leggett & Bros., 301 Pearl St., New York. Another very simple and effective machine is Woodason's Liquid and Powder Spraying Bellows, of which four styles are made. The Double Cone Bellows for dusting Paris green, London purple or Pyrethrum, can be purchased for $3.00, and will be found a very simple and economic machine. The ,liquid spraying bellows can be had for two dollars. 15 These machines will be found very useful, and are highly recommended. They are manufactured by Thomas Woodason, 2900 D. St., Philadelphia, Penn., or they can be purchased of H. A. Kuhus, Atlanta, Ga. In the purchasing of machines for spraying liquids, three things should be taken into account. The pump should be made of such materials as will not be easily affected by the chemicals used, there should be some automatic device for keeping the liquid constantly stirred, and the spraying nozzle should be one that is not easily clogged and one that will throw a fine and uniform spray. There are many nozzles manufactured for this purpose, almost any of which can be purchased from a dealer in force pumps. The names of some of the different spraying nozzles are "Masson," "Cyclone," "Vermorel," "Boss," "Graduating," and "Climax." Some of these nozzles, such as the "Boss" and the "Graduating," can be made to throw a fine or coarse spray, or a solid stream. They are all of value and range in price from a dollar to a dollar and a quarter. CLIMAX NOZZLE 16 GRADUATING NOZZLE. CYCLONE NOZZLE. MASON NOZZLE. VERMOREL NOZZLE. 17 CLIMAX AUTOMATIC AGITATOR PUMP. The "Climax Automatic Agitator Pump," manufactured by the Nixon Nozzle and Machine Co., Dayton, O., is an excellent machine for spraying Paris green or London purple in water, since it has an automatic device for keeping the liquid constantly stirred. The price of the pump, however, is a little high, being $15.00. Allil-L FIELD FORCE PUMP Co. 18 The Field Force Pump Company, Lockport, New York, manufacture a pump that can be°mounted on a barrel, and has a second hose reaching to the bottom of the barrel, which keeps the liquid constantly stirred by forcing part of it back into the barrel. These pumps are comparatively cheap, and can be had for $10.00. The same company also manufacture a knapsack sprayer, known as the Garfield. This machine is to be carried upon the back, while the person pumps with one hand and holds the nozzle with the other. and costs but $12.00. This pump is very convenient, 19 / I /A 20 EXCELSIOR No. 8 William Stahl, Quincy, Ill., also manufactures a number of different styles of pumps, including a knapsack pump. The Excelsior Spraying Outfit No. 8, which costs but $2.50, consists of a pump and hose that can be used in a pail; they also manufacture more durable and more costly machines for use in a similar way. They manufacture an Excelsior Clock Pump that is extremely useful, since it can be mounted upon a barrel and has a second hose extending down to the bottom, which keeps the liquid well stirred, while the lever handle can be used at any angle. The price of this pump is $13.00. 1 21 The Goulds M'f'g., Co., Senaca Falls, New York, are the manufacturers of a large .number of pumps similar to the above, including the Knapsack Sprayer. The method of using some of their pumps for orchard and field work is shown in the above cuts. Adam Weaber & Son, Vineland, N. J., are also the makers of some excellent spraying machines. One of their nozzles that will be found convenient to use in connection with a number of machines of various makers, is shown in the above cut. I wish to acknowledge the kindness of the various firms above mentioned, in loaning us the cuts here used to illustrate machines. 22 INSECTS. THE POTATO PLANT. COLORADO POTATO BEETLE. The Colorado Potato-Beetle has appeared in Alabama this year for the first time. This insect has occurred in immense numbers throughout the northern and eastern parts of the United States, having originally come from the west. It has done immense damage to the potato crop, and when not kept in check it will strip the plants completely of their leaves. COLORADO POTATO BEETLE.-a, eggs; b, larv ; c, pupa: d, d, adult beetles; e, enlarged wing cover of beetle. The adult insect is a beetle nearly one-half inch in length, of a yellow color, with dark longitudinal stripes and orange legs and belly. It deposits its eggs in clusters, usually on the underside of the leaf; these hatch in about a week into small grub like larvae, at first of a light yellow color, but changing to orange or red with a few black spots along the side, as they grow larger. They eat almost continually and with great rapidity, and keep their bodies distended with 23 food. In a few weeks they become full grown and descend just beneath the surface of the ground, where they transform to the pupa stage. They remain in the pupa stage about ten days, and then come forth as a perfect insect. These then pair and the female soon deposits her eggs, and another brood follows with the work of destruction. There are about four broods in a season, and unless they are held in check, it is easy to see that they increase in numbers with great rapidity. The adult beetle, only, lives through the winter, secluded under rubbish, leaves, etc., and comes out in the Spring to deposit eggs. REMEDIES.-Fortunately this insect can be readily held in check by sprinkling or dusting the plants with Paris green or London Purple, used either as a powder or in a liquid state. In using these remedies as a powder, the poison can be diluted by mixing with four times its bulk of flour. This can then be applied by means of a dusting machine or powder gun, or it can be sifted on by means of a tin can with a few small holes in the bottom. It is better to dust the plants early in the morning when the dew is on them. In using the poisons as a liquid, l pound of the poison to 50 gallons of water, can be sprayed upon the plants by means of some spraying machine, or the liquid can be carried in a pail and sprinkled on the plants by means of a brush-broom. It is important that the liquid be frequently stirred, otherwise the poisofi will settle to the bottom, especially Paris green. Fortunately the larve as well as the adults are destroyed by these remedies. It is important that the application be made as soon as the insects appear, and should be kept up as often as they appear in damaging numbers. This is especially true with the young potato plants, since they will eat every leaf in a remarkably short time. CABBAGE PLANT. CABBAGE BUTTERFLY. There are two species'of the common cabbage butterfly il Alabama. One known as the southern cabbage worm is a native of this country. The other known as the imported cabbage worm was introduced from Europe about 1857, and has since spread nearly all over the United States and Canada, and has almost exterminated the native species. The life histories and habits of these two insects are so nearly alike that, for our present purposes, a description of those of the imported cabbage worm will answer for both. 40"1\ a fl SOUTHERN CABBAGE BUTTERFLY :-Adult a, larva ; b, pupa. male and female. 25 The adult butterfly is so common and well known to every gardener and farmer, that a description of it is unnecessary, suffice to say it is a small white butterfly, with a few black spots near the margin of the wings, which measure about two inches in expanse. The female butterfly deposits her small yellowish eggs upon the leaves of the cabbage plant. In a few days the little green larve hatch and immediately begin to feed upon the foliage. They eat with considerable rapidity, and become full grown in about two weeks. As a rule the larve then leave the cabbage plants and seek some sheltered place, and change to pupe, which are naked and without a cocoon. Occasionally the pups will be found on the cabbage plants. They remain in the pupa state about ten days, and then the adult butterfly comes forth ready to deposit eggs, which soon hatch into another brood of worms. There are several generations each year, and it can be readily seen that if left to themselves, they will increase in number with great rapidity. This insect passes the winter in the pupa state. Fortunately these insects have a number of natural enemies that tend to keep them in check. The adult butterflies fall a prey to birds, and a bug that catches them and sucks their juices. The larve and pupse fall a prey to birds, and are greatly subject to the attack of certain insects both predaceous and parasitic. The larvae are also sometimes killed in great numbers by a certain disease. REMEDIES.-The cabbage worms are readily killed by a number of easily applied remedies. When the plants are very young Paris green or London purple can be applied without danger. It may be used either as a powder or mixed with water. When the plants are of any considerable size Pyrethrum either mixed with five times its bulk of flour and, dusted on the plants, or mixed with water and sprayed upon them, will prove an excellent remedy, provided the Pyrethlum is good. Kerosene emulsion will kill them, but when the plants are nearly headed, it may taint the leaves, 263 Dr. C.. V.Riley says that the cabbage worm can be killed by the use of hot water sprinkled upon the plant by means of an ordinary sprinkling pot. It the water be boiling in the pot, it will kill the worms and yet not be too hot to kill the leaves by the time it reaches them. It is essential whatever remedy you use, that it be applied at frequent intervals, as new broods come on every few days. There need be no fear about the use of Pyrethrum, since it is not poisonous to man. As regards the use of Paris green, there need be little or no fear if it be used properly, that is, reduced to the proper strength and put upon the plants evenly. The worms will be killed by a very small amount that would not affect man, and the first rain will wash the most of it off. OTIHER CABBAGE WORMS. CABBAGE WORM.-a, larva; b, pupa; c, adult. 2f CABBAGE WORM.-a, b, larva; c, pupa; k, adult. 6 "I ZEBRA CABBAGE WORM.-a, larva; b, adult. 28 CABBAGE WORM.--larva and adult. HARLEQUIN CABBAGE BUG. This is a small sucking insect of a dark color with orange yellow markings. It is not confined to the cabbage plant alone, but feeds upon a number of cruciferous plants. The adult lives through the winter, and deposits its eggs upon the HARLEQUIN CABBAGE BUG,-G, b, young: c, d, e, eggs; f, g, adult natural size. young plants as soon as they are set out. The eggs hatch in about a week or less into a minute insect resembling very much the adult, except that it is smaller and has no wings. The insect pierces the plants by means of its mouth parts and sucks the juices. It develops in a little less than two weeks into an adult insect. This insect does not pass through the inactive pupa stage of most insects, but feeds continu-.. 29 ally from the time it hatches, and is extremely destructive to the cabbage plant. A few of these insects will kill a plant in a single day. There are several broods each season. REMEDIE.-It is of the greatest importance that this in- sect be fought as soon as it appears in the Spring, otherwise they will increase beyond our control. The same substances which are used to combat the cabbage worm, with the exception of Paris green, viz : Kerosine Emulsion, Pyrethrum and hot water, are used to kill these insects. CUT WORMS. There are about ten different species of cut-worms that attack the cabbage. The habits and life histories are so nearly alike that for our purposes we can treat of them in general. CUT WoRM.--a, larva ; f, pupa; h, adult. CuT WORM.--a, larva; b, adult. 30 The adult is a small nocturnal moth, with an expanse of wings of about 1 inches. The female deposits her eggs usually upon the branches of bushes. As soon as the eggs hatch, the larvae descend to the ground and feed while young upon various plants, usually grass. They are about halfgrown when winter comes, and they then seek shelter by crawling under some object or burrowing in the ground. They pass the winter in this condition and come forth in the Spring in search of food. They now attack a large variety of plants. Nearly all garden vegetables are attacked by them. They soon become full grown, and in early Spring enter the ground, and just below the surface turn to the pupa stage. In three to four weeks they turn to the adult and emerge as a moth, the female then depositing eggs for another brood. Some species of cut worms have more than one brood in a year. REMEDIES. -One of the best methods to kill the cut worms is to place clover, cabbage or other leaves upon the soil before the garden is planted; these leaves to be poisoned with Paris green or London purple, either by dusting with the powder or dipping them in a solution of the poison. The worms crawl about in search of food, eat the leaves, and are killed before the cabbage or other plants are up. The cut worms are easily trapped by placing boards on the ground between the rows of vgetables, and killing in the morning the worms that get beneath them during the night. Occasionally the worms can be successfully fought by digging them out of the ground. COTTON PLANT. COTTON WORM OR COTTON LEAF WORM. This insect is too well known throughout the cotton growing States to need any description, either of the adult, its habits or its life history. 31 REMEDIES.-The cotton insect is easily destroyed and its ravages prevented by the use of Paris green or London purple. The larva or worm stage is the best one in which to fight this insect. We simply have to poison the leaves on which they feed, in order to kill them, and it is surprising what a small amount of either of the above poisons is necessary. The amount of poison used is of little value provided it is so distributed as to cover every leaf. The application of the poison should be made just as soon as the worms appear, and if well done there need be no damage resulting from these worms. One pound of Paris green or London purple to the acre is sufficient.- It is sometimes used undiluted, but more often it is mixed with from three to five times its bulk of flour. The cheapest method of application is as follows: Make two sacks of some heavy cloth, 8 oz. osnaburg if the undiluted poison is to be used, but thinner cloth if diluted; these sacks should be about one foot long and four or five inches in diameter; leave it open along the whole length of one side; sew up both ends firmly. Get a hard wood stick five feet long and about 1 inches thick and 2 inches wide, and bore an inch hole near each end. Firmly tack a bag to each end of this stick in such a way that the stick will form the upper portion of the bag; the bag will have its length in the direction of the stick, and there will be but one opening into the bag, viz: the hole in the stick. The bags can now be filled, by means of a funnel, with pure Paris green or London purple, or that thoroughly mixed with about three 'times its bulk of flour. The pole is to be carried by the man on horseback, who rides between the rows, holding the pole across the horse, and shakes or taps the pole with a stick, thus causing the powder to sift through the sacks on the plants. It is essential that the sacks do not touch the leaves or become wet in any way, otherwise the powder will not sift through. The 32 workman should keep out of the dust as much as possible, and should dust his clothes and take a bath at the close of his work; it is well also to brush or wash the mule. The above apparatus can be made in a short time by any farmer, and the poison and flur will cost him no more than 50 cents per acre, and money can be made by having these ready for use at a moment's notice before the cotton is up. It is of the greatest importance that the poison be applied just as soon as the worms first make their appearance, since every day that is neglected may cost a great many dollars. A single application of the poison, if not followed by a heavy rain, is usually all that is necessary to protect the crop. With the above precautions, and especially that of promptness and thoroughness in the application of the remedy, no farmer need fear trouble from the cotton worm. The Paris green or London purple may also be applied by mixing it with water in the proportion of one pound oE poison to a barrel of water, and spraying it upon the plants by means of a force pump and spraying nozzle. There are (See machines for applymany machines for this purpose. ing insecticides.) Where a farmer has a large crop of cotton every year, it will be to his advantage to purchase a spraying machine that can be used with a mule. The adult moth of the cotton-leaf-worm can be trapped by placing a shallow basin of kerosine, molasses, or even water upon poles at intervals about the cotton-field, and putting a lantern just above or in the basin. The moths are attracted at night by the light and fall into the oil or molasses from which they cannot escape. This method has proved very successful in many localities. BOLL WORM. The boll-worm like the cotton-worm needs no description to a farmer living in the Southern States. (For figure of boll-worm see corn-worm under corn-plant.) 33 As is no doubt generally known, the boll-worm is the same thing as the corn-worm. It often migrates from the cornfield to the cotton field, as soon as the ears of corn begin to harden, and then eats its way into the cotton boll. In migrating it frequently also eats the leaves of the cotton to a slight extent. The adult moth deposits her eggs upon the leaves of the cotton plant, and the young crawl to the bolls into which they eat their way, but frequently in doing so, they eat of the leaves. It has often been said that the boll-worm feeding upon the inside of the boll, as it principally does, cannot be poisoned by ordinary means. However, from what has been said, one can easily see that if there be poison upon the leaves of the cotton-plant when the boll-worm migrates to it from the corn, or when the young are hatched from the eggs laid upon the cotton leaf, that those worms that do eat of the leaf, will be poisoned. Hence the poisoning of the leaves for the cotton-leaf-worm will also greatly lessen the number of boll worms; and an application of the poison at a time just before or as soon as the boll-worm begins to migrate from the corn, will save much money. The poisoning for the third brood of the cotton worm and of the boll worm may be done simultaneously. The application of the poison for the boll-worm is accomplished in the same way as given for the cotton-worm. Perhaps the most widely used method of destroying the boll-worm is to trap the adult moth. The moth is not only attracted by light, but is also attracted by sweets. Hence the placing of lanters in basins of some liquid about the the field, or'the placing of simply basins containing molasses and vinegar in the proportion of 4 parts of vinegar to 1 part of molasses, will catch large numbers of the moths. They are attracted by the odor of the mixture, and in trying to sip it, they fall into the liquid and cannot escape. Since the moths fly only at night, the basin should be visited every evening, the moths taken out and the liquid replenished. From what has been said in regard to the cotton-worm and boll-worm, it will be seen that we can fight both worms by the same remedies and at the same time. APHIDS ON COTTON. Aphids, or plant lice, as they are commonly called, are small, usually wingless insects, frequently of a green color. They pierce the leaves of the cotton-plant and suck its juices. Since they are not biting insects and do not eat the tissues, they cannot be killed by the use of the poisons applied to destroy the cotton worm or boll worm. PLANT LICE OR APHIDS.--a, male; b, female. The cotton-plant louse is not as common or destructive an insect except in extreme cases, as the boll worm and cottonworm. Whenever the plant louse does occur to a threatening extent it is easily destroyed by the use of Kerosine Emulsion. (See Insecticides.) THE CORN PLANT. CUT WORMS. The cut-worm has been already described as affecting cabbage. They are also very destructive to corn, often necessitating re-planting. It is not necessary to describe them 35 again. The remedies to bD used in the case of their attacking corn are the same as those to be used in the case of cotton. (See cut worms under the cabbage plant.) CORN-WORM OR BOLL-WORM. This is perhaps the most destructive insect affecting corn, especially the roasting ears. The worm is the same that attacks the cotton bolls, but prefers the corn while it is soft to cotton, and only migrates to the latter when the corn becomes too hard. CoR0N-WORM OR BOLL-WORM.--a, b, eggs greatly enlarged; c, larva; d, pupa; e, f, adulta. The female moth deposits her eggs among the silks of the young ears. As soon as the larvae hatch they eat their way into the ear, and feed upon the young kernels of the corn. They remain here eating the corn for several weeks, and sometimes eat the entire length of the ear, although they usually confine their depredations to the extremity. If the corn becomes too hard before the worms are full grown, they migrate to the cotton plant and enter the boll; otherwise they simply leave the corn, and burrow just beneath the ground, where they make a frail cocoon of silk and sand, within 36 which they change to a pupa. In about two weeks they come forth as adult moths. There are four or five broods during the summer. The first broods attack the corn, as a rule, the latter broods attacking the cotton bolls, the corn at this season of the year being too hard for them to eat. The cotton or boll worm winters in the pupa stage. REMEDIEs.-Owing to the peculiar habits of the corn worm, no successful means has yet been devised to control them on a large scale against attacking corn. The only The ends of the ears can be remedy is hand picking. opened and the worms picked out and destroyed. Their presence can usually be told by a premature ripening of the silk. Trapping the moths as suggested under the cotton plant can be used to a good advantage. I wish to acknowledge the kindness of Dr. C. V. Riley, and also of the U. S. Department of Agriculture through Dr. Riley, for the cuts of the insects used to illustrate this Bulletin. It is hoped that whenever a fungus or other disease, or an insect attacks a plant in sufficient quantities to attract attention, that the person will send a note and a sample or specimen of the same to J. M. Stedman, Biologist, A. & M. College, Auburn, Ala. Bulletin Ao.16,: : : June, 1593. Agricultural Experiment Station -OF TL-E AGRICULTURAL, AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE, AUBUTRN, ALABAMA. ALEX. J. BONPURANT, AGRICULTURIST. A. F. GORY, ASSISTANT AGRICULTURIST. ~'The Bulletins of this Station will be sent free to any citizen of the State on application to the Agricultural Experiment Station, All communications should be addressed to Auburn, Ala. EXPERIMENT STATION, AUBURN, ALA. Published by order of the Board of Direction. THE BROWN PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS, MONTGOMERY, ALA. BOARD OF VISITORS COMMITTEE OF TRUSTEES ON EXPERIMENT STATION. Hull. HON. J. G. GILcHRIST..................................Hope Montgomery. F. LIGON ..................................... HON. HON. H. CLAY ARMSTRONG.............................Auburn. R. 3BOAE? WM. LEROY D OF 7DIE? JOTIONT_ BROUN............................. .......... President' Agriculturist. ..... ...... ..... A. J. BONDURANT Chemist. N. T. LUPTON..................................... Botanist and Meteorologist. P. H. MELL................................ Biologist. ............................ J. M. STEDMAN................... ...... C. A. CARY, D. V. M ..... JAMES CLAYTON ........... .................. ASSISTANTS: ............... ..... ............ ................. Veterinarian. A. F. J. T. ANDERSON, CoRY*_......... Ph. D .. .... Assistant Horticulturist. Assistant Agriculturist. . . First Assistant Chemist. Second Assistant Third Assistant Fourth Assistant Clerk, and Assistant Chemist. Chemist. Chemist. Botanist. L. W. WILKINSON, M. Sc ................ F. A. LUPTON, M. Sc...... .......... R. F. HARE, B. Sc ..................... .......... G. S. CLARK ........ *In charge of Soil-Test Experiments. THE EFFECT OF RYE AND ENSILAGE ON THE YIELD OF MILK. The ensilage question is one of some interest to all of the farmers of Alabama, it is of especial interest to those few who are thinking of building silos. That ensilage is a good feed is beyond all question; whether or not it pays even in cold climates seems from the best evidence to depend on "Local circumstances and seasonal peculiarities." In Bulletin number 5, second series, volume 3, of the Ohio Experiment Station, after reviewing the work of nine other stations, the following conclusions are drawn: "While the results of these experiments are somewhat contradictory, those which bear evidence of the greatest thoroughness agree in indicating that there is practically no difference between the feeding values of a given quantity of corn, cured as ensilage, and an equivalent quantity cured as dry fodder, provided equally good husbandry has been used in both cases. Whether corn may be cured and preserved more economically by one process or the other depends largely upon local circumstances and seasonal peculiarities." The above quotation gives the standing of the silo question in the northern States where ensilage is most used; what the standing may be in Alabama and other States of the same latitude where green feed can be had the whole year round without silos, remains to be settled by experiment. GREEN RYE AS OPPOSED TO ENSILAGE. Last winter some simple experiments on Rye and Ensilage were conducted on this station, the object being to compare the effect of these two feeds on the yield of milk. Four thoroughbred Jersey cows were used in the experiment. Before beginning the test the milk from each cow was carefully weighed for four days. The cows were then divided into two lots of as nearly equal milk producing capacity as possible. Kate Hazen 1st and Ransom's Pride were called for convenience lot 1, Hattie Signal 2d, and Miss Hattie Pogis were called lot 2. Up to the beginning of the experiment all of these cows had received the same feed. During the experiments both lots were given the same quantity of grain and fodder, the only difference in the feed being in the Rye and Ensilage. The regular grain feed per day was four quarts of corn and cob meal and two quarts of cotton seed meal, oat straw and shucks and during the latter part of the experiment pea hulls were used as dry fodder. The grain feed was made small in order to more clearly show the effect of rye and ensilage. The low yield of milk is due partly to the small grain feed and partly to the cold and rainy weather. The experiment was begun on the morning of February 3d, and continued until the night of March 2d, making 28 days. It is divided into two periods of fourteen days each. Duthe first period lot 1 was fed rye, and lot 2 ensilage. During the second period lot 1 was fed ensilage and lot 2 rye. At the beginning of the test, the quantity of rye fed per day to each cow was 30 pounds. This was increased to 40 and on the fifth day of the test to 50 pounds. Kate Hazen 1st, failed to eat all of her rye and for the remainder of the experiment only 40 pounds of rye per day was fed to each cow. At the beginning of the 2d period the rye given to Both lot 2 was raised in the same way to 50 pounds. cows in this lot failed to eat all of the 50 pounds, and the quantity given per day for the remainder of this period was 5 40 pounds. The ensilage was measured, but several times it was weighed and the weight fed per day found to be about 25 pounds None of the cows ate all of the ensilage given. The ensilage used was a fairly good quality of sour ensilage made of corn cut just after the grains had glazed. The rye used was cut every evening. It was sown thickly in drills two feet apart on well manured land and was ready for the first cutting in November. The following tables give the daily yield of milk from each cow FIRST PERIOD. LOOTI, RYE. LOT 1[, ENSILAGE, bJJ*q 0 O 015 12202 o2 .C V4-4 P MO f2 " O O S i I i t i t f 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 1:? 13 14 15 16 11%4 12%2 9%4 11%2 14/ 134 13%2 13%4 11%4 12'4 14%4 14 1414 12 1214, 13?/ 12%2 13%4 1212 201/ 23%4 244 26 26 26%4 2424 252 8%4 9 9 912 912 912 13%4 15 13%4 14 4 13'2 13%4 14'2 22 24 22%4 23~ 23 23%4 24 2312 13%4 12%4 12j2 24%4 28 40 91014 0l 1 L 14 13%4 23? 22%4 23j 74 14% 1W54 12%4 1212 1712 26% 27 26'2 357%4 93 934 10O2 133'% 13'2 13%2 14%4 14%4 23 3/ 23%4 2412 24%4 328 Total yield of Lot I Total yield of Lot II Balance in ..... ....... .. favor of Rye 194%4 357%4 pounds. 328 " 29% " SECOND PERIOD.. LOT I, ENSILAGE. LOT II, RYE. O O~ V4 A-4 *l cO.O a C 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Mch. 1 2 13'2 12 12 12 11%4 1M~ 12%4 1314 12%4 1212 12%4 1 i%1 10%4 912 26%4 2214 21%2 211/ 23%2 134 1% i112 934 2414 1214 1 1%3 12?-/ 1312 17514 11 1!%' 11 11%4 11%4 10j4 24%4 23%4 24 2414 23 2414 10%4 10 10 2 11 l0 4 11~4 12 11~4 1214 14%4 1532 16 25 25% 2(12 1634 1634 1714 274 27 29 29'2 12 12 11 4 12Y2 12 ](1/'2 17%~ 1834 18 18'2 1734 1712 30 3014 30%2 29~ 2914 31%2 19 1834 2414 30%4 40214_ 1.54%4 330 Total yield of Lot I Total yield of Lot II Balance in favor of Rye 330 pounds. ... 402%4 7214% The following is a summary of the important points in the above tables : DURING THE FIRST PERIOD. Lot 1, fed on rye yielded 3574 lbs. milk. Lot 2, fed on ensilage yielded 328 lbs. milk. Balance in favor of rye 294 lbs. milk. DURING THE SECOND PERIOD. Lot 1, fed on ensilage yielded 330 lbs. milk. Lot 2, fed on rye yielded 4 0 294 Balance in favor of rye 724 4 6 Lot 1, fed on rye, first period yielded 357[ lbs. milk. Lot 1, fed on ensilage 2d period yielded 330" Balance in favor of rye 27 bs. milk. Lot 2, fed on ensilage, first period yielded 328 lbs. milk. Lot 2, fed on rye second period yielded 402Balance in favor of rye 744. The above experiments simply show the effect of rye and ensilage on the flow of milk. The effect of these feeds on the yield and quality of butter remain to be determined by future experiments. Those farmers who are thinking of building silos had best bear in mind the following points: 1st. Corn cured as ensilage has no more feeding value, than an equivalent quantity cured as dry fodder. 2d. In order to make good ensilage it is necessary to have a good silo, a good ensilage cutter, and steam power. 3d. Green rye can be raised at the rate of ten tons per acre. In the winter of 1889-'90 rye sown in drills two feet apart on this station was cut four times between October 30th and February 27th, and yielded 21,392.50 per acre. The yield will of course vary some with the severity of the winters. In order to make good ensilage some capital is necessary. Rye for winter use requires only time, a liberal use of manure, and some labor. Yery few farmers can even think of making ensilage; but every man can afford to have a rye patch. It is expected to continue the experiment on rye and ensilage next winter. Bulletin No. 17, : : : July, 1S93. Agricultura1 Experiment Station -OF THE- AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE, AUBUTRN, ALABAMA. ALEX. J. BONDURANT, JAMES CL A.YTON, ASSISTANT AGRICULTURIST. HORTICULTURIST. CONTENTS. I. Grapes.................................... II. Apples.................................... III. Pears....................................... IV. Peaches PAGE. V. VI.* ................................ Plums ......Cherries............. ...... Quinces, .................................... .......... 3 5 8 9 11 11 VII. Mul berries................................. VIII. Raspberries, S tawberries ........................ IX. Watermelons, Cantaloupes ....................... 12 112 13 'The Bulletins of this Station will be sent free to any citizen of the State on. application to the Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn, Ala. All communications should be addressed to EXPERIMENT STATION, AUBURN, ALA. Published by order of the Board of Direction. THLE BROWN PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS, MONTGOMERY, ALA. BOARD OF VISITORS COMMITTEE OF TRUSTEES ON EXPERIMENT STATION. Union Springs. I. F. CULVER....................................... Hull. HON. J. G. GILCHRIST.................................Hope HON. H. CLAY ARMSTRONG.............................Auburn. BOA2 D ofW 1IIEOTIOJ ................. ........ . ROUN........................................President. WM. LEROY Agriculturist. A. J. BONDURANT ...................................... ,. . ...................... .... Chemist. P. H. MELL............................. J. M. STEDMAN................ Botanist and Meteorologist. Biologist. C. A. CARY, D. V. M ................... ASSISTANTS: ........... Veterinarian. JAMES CLAYTON............................. Assistant Horticulturist. Assistant Agriculturist. .................... A. F. CORY't........ First Assistant Chemist. J. T. ANDERSON, Ph. DP ................... ---............ Second Assistant Chemist. F. A. LUPTON, M. Sc..... F. J. BIVINS....... ..... .... ........... * ...... Third Assistant Chemist. To be ±In charge filled. Clerk, and Assistant Botanist. of Soil Tests. A RECORD OF- Experiments in Fruit Culture. BY JAMES CLAYTON, Assistant in Horticulture. After eight years experiments in comparing the different varieties of fruits on the Experiment Station, detailed accounts of which have been published in our Bulletins from time to time, it is deemed advisable to give a final summary of the results. This is done in as plain and simple form as possible, in order that persons who contemplate planting fruit, may select that which has proved successful, and avoid the failures. The soils of this Station are of gray sandy, and light clay nature, and therefore the conclusions drawn are sufficiently accurate and definite to render them valuable to all those who live on similar formations. GRAPES. In 1886 a vineyard with northern exposure was planted in 48 varieties of grapes, six of each kind, excepting a few varieties of which more than six were planted, as shown in Bulletin No. 29, pages 11 and 12. In the Spring of 1892 all of the varieties were found dead except the Concord, Delaware, Ives and Perkins, the original of which was as follows : Concord 110 vines, Delaware 106 " Ives 109 " Perkins 107 " In removing the posts and the debris of the dead vines six each of the above four were taken up, though living and vigorous-which reduces the original number, not counting a few that had previously died, to: Concord 104 vines. Delaware 100 " Ives 103 " " Perkins 101 On careful investigation July 1, 1893, we find we have Concord, dead, 60, living 44. Delaware, Ives, Perkins, " " " 7, 11, 29, " " " 93. 92. 72. It will be seen from these figures that the Delaware and Ives are the most hardy, while the Concord and Perkins are reasonably so. These four make an admirable succession of fruit, the Perkins ripening early in July-then the Delaware and Concord, and last of all, the Ives, holding on until the Memory comes in. In the New Vineyard, with Southern exposure, planted in 1889 (See Bulletin No. 29, page 15), the results are almost identical. Out of 78 varieties planted only 17 are alive July 1, 1893, and of these, the four which stood the test in the Old Vineyard, with the addition of the Martha, Norton's Virginia, Empire State, Warren and Cynthiana, are the only ones of any value. However, it would be unjust to place the Green Mountain, Northern Muscat and Moore's Diamond, in the list of failures, as at present they are vigorous and promising, but further trial is necessary to show what they will do. Not one of the Concord, Delaware, Ives, or Perkins planted in the New Vineyard, has died. These facts are conclusive testimony to the value of these four which we call standards, and we advise our people not to spend money for fancy varieties, when they can so easily 5' propagate these which furnish all the requisites for market, table and wine, and should satisfy the most exacting taste. THE SCUPPERNONG. Of the eight varieties of the Rotundifolia or Muscadine type, planted in 1886, (see Bulletin No. 29, page 18,) all are giving perfect satisfaction, and we call attention to some of the different varieties of this most excellent grape. By planting the ordinary Scuppernong, the Memory, the Mish, and .'lowers, one can have a constant supply of this fruit until frost. The Memory and Mish are especially desirable, combining superior quality with vigorous growth and great productiveness. The Flowers has not the fine quality of the Memory and Mish, but being the latest to ripen is very valuable, and is unsurpassed by any grape for wine making. The James has been highly recommended by some who claim that it will bear fruit longer than any other variety, but our experiment has not verified this claim. While we have nothing but praise for it as a grape, the season is no longer than that of the scuppernong, and by the average taste would be classed as a "very good Muscadine." APPLES. Of the 45 varieties planted in the Spring of 1886, only the following 17 have given satisfaction, and are considered worthy of being recommended for general planting. A. brief description of these varieties may not be out of place. SUMMER VARIETIES. RED JUNE.-Dark red, conical, flesh white and crisp, very good in quality. Tree a vigorous grower and profuse bearer, entirely free from blight. Ripe June 15. ASTRAKAN RED.-Light red with stripes, flesh white and 6 crisp, good in quality. Tree vigorous and prolific, slightly attacked by blight. Ripe June 15th. EARLY HARVET.--Bright yellow, fine flavor. Tree medium as to growth, prolific, slightly attacked by blight. Ripe June 25th. CAROLINA WATON.--Red with stripes, flesh white and crisp, delightful perfume, a large, beautiful apple. Tree vigorous and prolific, slightly attacked by blight. Ripe July 1. HORsE.--An old standard, of good quality. Tree vigorous and prolific. Ripe July 25. FALL VARIETIES. ELGIN PIPPIN.-Bright yellow, conical, flesh white and crisp, medium to large. Tree large and vigorous, almost free from blight. Ripe August 10. SIMMONS RED.-Yellow skin, nearly covered with red, flesh yellow, quality very good, medium to large. Tree vigorous, profuse bearer, almost free from blight. Ripe August 20, and continues into September. CARTER'S BLUE.-Dull, greenish red, crisp and sugarylarge, flat. Tree vigorous, not prolific, almost free from blight. Ripe September 10. KITTAGESKEE.-Yellow, flesh yellow and firm, small to medium. Tree vigorous and very prolific--almost free from blight. Ripe Sept. 25. TuscALoosA SEEDLING.-Yellow skin, nearly covered with dark red, flesh yellow, a good keeper, and very good quality, medium to large. Very little blight. Ripe Sept. 25. ROMANITE.-Green, with red cheek, flesh firm and crisp, subject to bitter rot. Tree vigorous and very prolific, slightly attacked by blight. Ripe October 1. HORN.--Green, with dark, red cheek, firm and crisp, a good keeper, small to medium. Tree small but vigorous, very little blight. Ripe October 1. WINTER VARIETIES. HEWES' VIRGINIA.--Dark red, small, profuse bearer, tree small but vigorous, very little blight. Ripens in October. LIMBER TWIG.-Dull, rusty red, medium size, flesh firm and crisp, a good keeper, tree vigorous and prolific, almost free from blight. Ripe in October. STEVENSON'S WINTER.--Green with dark red, flesh firm, a good keeper, vigorous and prolific, very little blight. Ripe in October. BEN DAVIS, OR N. Y. PIPPIN.--Greenish yellow, covered with red, flesh firm, a good keeper, medium to large. Tree vigorous but not very prolific, very little blight. Ripens in October. WINE SAP.--Dark red, small to medium, very good, vinous, good keeper, tree vigorous and a profuse bearer, very little blight. Ripe in October. The following varieties have a good growth of tree, but do not fruit well: Hames, Habersham Late, American Golden Russet, Rawl's Jennet, May, Cannon Pearmain, Yopp's Favorite, Hiley's Eureka. The following have been badly attacked by blight, and are not satisfactory. Summer Queen, Yellow English. Cook's Seedling, Shockley, Shannon Pippin, Thornton Seedlihg, Terry's Winter, Southern GoQd1e Pippin, The following varieties are proved to be entire failures here: Family, Rhodes' Orange, Chattahoochee Greening, Equinettilee, Buncombe, Laurens Greening, Oconee Greening, Palmer, Pryor's Red; Bradford's Best, Taunton, Junaluskee. PEARS. In 1885 forty varieties of pears were planted, a description of which can be found in Bulletin No. 30, page 9-all of which have succumbed to the blight, excepting the Keiffer, Garber's Hybrid, Duchesse d' Angouleme, Mount Vernon, and Winter Nelis. While the Large Duchesse and Smith's Hybrid, and LeConte are not entirely dead, they are so badly affected that very little hopes are entertained of their recovery. When the blight first attacked these trees, the most vigorous efforts were made to eradicate it, by pruning and burning the diseased portions, but with no avail. So many enquiries are made about this blight, that the following quotation is made from Bulletin No. 8, 1889. U. S. Dept. Agriculture by Dr. Geo. Vasey, and Prof. B. T. Galloway, in reply to a letter from C. H. Franklin, Union Springs, Ala. "This malady is caused by one of the most minute They are freof living organisms, a species of bacteria. germs, and the malquently spoken of, as disease producing ady they occasion belongs to the same category of germ diseases now definitely proven to occur among animals and plants. These germs are of extreme tenacity, and are borne from place to place, and from tree to tree, by the atmosphere which is never so quiet but that its movements are sufficient to keep such minute bodies afloat. At present we know of no certain means for rendering the trees insusceptible to the disease. Fumigation, spraying, or washing the tree with various known fungicides, notably sulphur and lime, have given no positive results. As the disease is local and spreads slowly, it is possible, as has long been known, to effectually check its progress by amputation. The smaller limbs should be cut off a foot or two below the lowest manifestation of the disease, and the spots on the trunk and larger limbs shaved out, cutting deep enough to remove all discolorations. The instrument used should be kept disinfected with carbolic acid or otherwise, to guard against conveying the disease to freshly cut surfaces, and the newly cut surfaces ought to be painted over, to exclude the germs that might reach them through the atmosphere." It is to be hoped that our scientists may soon discover some remedy for this dreadful scourge, and we are glad to note that the Biologist of this Experiment tation is now making investigations in this line. PEACHES. In 1885 an orchard of 37 varieties of budded trees, 2 of each kind, and 50* seedlings, were planted; a few died in transplanting and three of the budded trees have since died. At the present writing, July 1, 1893, they are all in a healthy, vigorous condition, and, last year especially, bore an abundant crop of delicious fruit. The following list gives a complete succession from June to November, in the order of ripening, with a brief description : ALEXANDER.-Of all early peaches tried this is the one preferred; fine color, semi cling, quality good, medium size and prolific. Ripe May 25 to June 10. * One row of the seedlings was not counted in the report given in Bulletin No. 11, which explains the difference in this number. 10 HALE'S EARLY.--Above medium size, prolific, white nearly covered with red, very juicy, high flavor, quality good semicling. Ripe June 20 to July 1. EARLY TILLOTSON.-Small to medium, very prolific, white covered with red, very good quality, freestone. Ripe June 25 to July 10. AMELIA.--Large and prolific, conical, white nearly covered with red, juicy, high flavor, sweet, quality best for home use; freestone. Ripe July 5 to 15. CRAWFORD's EARLY.--Large and productive, yellow with red, flesh yellow, juicy and rich, freestone. Ripe July 15 to 25. CRAWFORD'S LATE.--Resembles Crawford's Early, but larger, and about two weeks later. STUMP THE WoRLD.-Very large, white with bright red cheek, quality very good, freestone. July 15 to 30. THURBER.-Large, very prolific, white covered with greenish red, very juicy, high flavor, freestone. Bears some fruit every year, and in good crop years abundantly. Ripe July 15 to 30. ELBERTA.-Large, yellow with red cheek, flesh yellow, juicy, very good quality, prolific, but has not given the satisfaction here that it has met in Georgia; freestone. Ripe July 20 to August 5. DUGGARS' GoLDEN.-Medium to large, light yellow, firm and juicy; best quality. Ripe July 25. GEN. LEE; and STONEWALL JACKSON, seedlings of Chinese Cling, which they resemble, but are improvements on the parent stock, both clings. Ripe July 25 to August 10. EATON's GoLDEN.-Medium size, prolific, golden yellow, red cheek, juicy, sweet, quality very good, cling. gust 20 to Sept. 1. DENNING'S SEPTEMBER. Large, Ripe Au- yellow, quality good, cling. Ripe August 25 to September 10. 11 STINSON'S OCTOBER.-Medium, white, firm, quality good. Ripe September 10 to October 1. HUDSON'S NOVEMBER.-Medium size, white with red cheek, firm, quality good. Ripe October 20 to November 1. A few new varieties have been added, which only came into bearing last year, (1892) and promise well: Burke, Arietta, Parnell's No. 1, and Parnell's No. 2. The BUJRKE, cling, is a delicious peach, resembles the Chinese Cling. Ripe July 14. ARIETTA, freestone, resembles Stu np the World; ripens July 25. PARNELL'S No. 1 and No. 2, freestones, large white and medium red; ripen June 25 to July 1. PLUMS. In 1885, the following varieties of plums were planted: Weaver, Brill, Hendrix, Missouri, Cumberland, Indian Chief, Hughes, Southern Golden, Bassett's American, Hattie, Newman, Mariana, and 36 Wild Goose planted on different stocks. Of all these, at this date July 1, 1893, only the Weaver, Southern Golden, Hattie and the Wild Goose grafted on peach stock, are now living and can be recommended. Nine new varieties of the Japan type, were presented by G. H. Miller & Sons, Rome, Ga., in the Spring of 1889. The following bore their first crop in 1892. Magnificent fruit, ripening from June 6 to 30. Botan, Botankio, Chabot, Maru and Ogon. The other four are vigorous trees, but have not yet borne any fruit. QUINCES. Five varieties of quinces were planted in 1885, but only the Champion, and the Chinese or Quincedonia, have ever borne any fruit. 12 CHERRIES. Eight varieties of cherries planted have all proved entire failures. MULBERRIES. Of the six varieties of mulberries planted, only two can be recommended, the Hicks and the Claude. They are rapid growers, of equal merit, and bear fruit for about three months. NUT BEARING TREES. Pecans, English and Black Walnuts have been planted, and are growing finely on the Station grounds. We advise the planting of these nuts on every farm in the State. The Pecan will bear at eight years old, and Walnuts from five to six years. RASPBERRIES. The difficulty in propagating the Black Cap raspberry, and the shortness of its bearing season, will prevent its ever becoming popular for open culture, but in shaded places, near walls and fences, it will do fairly well. Of the 16 varieties of the red cap raspberries tested here, the preference is given to the Turner and the Cuthbert. They put up a great many shoots which must be treated as weeds, and kept down, reserving only enough to make the next year's crop, but the length of their fruiting season, their excellent quality, and great productiveness, make them the most valuable of any variety. STRAWBERRIES. From the long list of different varieties of strawberries tested on the Experiment grounds, (See Bulletins No. 2, 13 1887, and No. 2, 1888 old Series, and Bulletins Nos. 1, 20, and 29, new series,) the following six have proved most successful and desirable. They are given in the order in which they stand as to excellence. 1st Sharpless, 2d Wilson, 3d Belmont, 4th Bubach, 5th Eureka or 1001, 6th Haverland. The Everbearing all died during the Summer of 1891. The Banquet, Smeltzers, Early No. 2, and Waller's Seedling, are new varieties and promise well. MELONS. For several years experiments have been conducted with watermelons and cantaloupes, in order to ascertain which of the many varieties offered by the seedsmen, are worthy of being recommended to our people. Of the 28 varieties of time, preference is watermelons tested up to the present given to the following: 1st Cuba, 2d Sugar Loaf, 3d Jones, 4th Pride of Georgia, 5 Cuban Queen, 6th Jordan's Gray Monarch. We advise to plant Kolb Gem only for shipping. In cantaloupes 30 varieties have been tested, and we recom- mend the following, any of which will give perfect satisfaction if properly planted: 1st Improved Pine Apple, 2d Nutmeg, 3d Netted Gem, 4th Extra Early Hackensack, 5th Baltimore or Acme, 6th Atlantic City, and 7 Nixon. NOTE.-For preparation of land, planting, cultivation, pruning, &c., see Bulletins Nos. 4, 10, 11, 28, 29 and 30, new series. So many applications have been made recently for information about nursery stock, that it is thought well to give the following suggestions-not with a view to advertise any one, but simply to be of use to our people, by giving them the address of reliable parties with whom we have dealt. Buy nursery stock direct from the nursery, if possible never from second hands. Always buy one year old plantsthey give much better satisfaction than two year old. 14 Application by postal card to the following nurseries will procure a Catalogue. Langdon Nurseries, Mobile, Ala. Huntsville Nurseries, Huntsville, Ala. P. J. Berckmans, Augusta, Ga. G. H. Miller & Sons, Rome, Ga. E. J. Yan Lindsay, Pomona, N. C. Bulletin No.# 48.4uy AGRICULTURAL July, 83 18 93 EXPIERhiiENT STATION of the AGRICULTURAL AND MCHANI AL COLIE ALA .M. AUBURN, IBSI=hD T3 THf Lane, Comnissioner, Smith, Chief Clerk. DEARTMENT Of AGRICULTURE, MONTGOMERY, ALA.. H. D. L. 1. 2. . $he effect of organic Phosphates. Matter on Natural Commercial Fertilizers. N.T.Lupton, State Chemist. The Bulletins of 6 this any citizen of the Commilssioner of Agriculture, Montgomery, Alabara, or Agricultural Experiment State Station *11be sn on application to ret the T~s Brown Statln, Auburn, Ala. Printing Company, Montgomery, Ala. No. 48, T~he above is a copy of the title page of Bulletin which contains 80 pages composed almost entire of analyses of fertilizers made b y N. T. Lupton, Auburn, Alabama . Bulletin No. 19, : : October, 1S93. Agricultura1 Experiment Station -OF " THE- AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE, AUBUTRN, ALABAMA. YAIEIIES OF WHEA ANDgRASSESI ALEX. JAMES J. BONDURANT, ASSISTANT AGRICULTURIST. HORTICULTURIST. CLAYTON, The Bulletins of this Station will be sent free to any citizen of the State on application to the Commissioner of Agriculture, Montgomery, Alabama, or Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn, Alabama. All communications should be addressed to EXPERIMENT STATION, AUBURN, ALA. Published by order of the Board of Direction. BROWN PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS, MONTGOMERY, ALA. BOARD OF VISITORS COMMITTEE OF TRUSTEES ON EXPERIMENT STATION. Springs. I. F. CULVER..........................................Union Hull. HON. J. G. GILCURIST.................................Hope HON. H. CLAY ARMSTRONG...........................Auhurn. BO & E D off' DI~rJO'rI~OMF .. ....... .. WM. LEROY BROUN A. J. BONDURANT..................... ............. President . Agriculturist. Chemist. ...... B. B. Ross.................................... P. H. MELL,.............................., Botanist and Meteorologist. ............................. J. M STDA.............. Veterinarian. C. A. CARY, D. V. M.................... ........... ASSISTANTS : Biologist. Assistant Horticulturist. ................. CLAYTON ............ Assistant Agriculturist. ........... A. F. CoRY*........... J. T. ANDERSON...............................First Assistant Chemist. Second Assistant Chemist. IR.E. NOBLE. ............... JAMES C. L. HARE......................... Third Assistant Chemist. F. J. BIzNs ........................ *In Clerk, and Assistant Botanist. charge of Soil Tests. EXPERIMENTS IN WHEAT AND GRASSES. BY JAMES CLAYTON, ASSISTANT IN HORTICULTURE. These experiments in varieties of wheat were begun in 1890, the results of which were published in bulletins 32 and 39, but as further investigation was necessary before definite conclusions could be drawn, the experiments were continued in 1892. The land used had been planted in vegetables for a succession of years, had been highly fertilized and was in a good state of cultivation. On the 16th November, 1892, the ground was broken flush, plots each 1-100 of an acre were measured, rows laid off with a scooter and a mixture of 600 lbs. cotton seed meal and acid phosphate, equal parts of each, applied at the rate of 400 lbs. of mixture per acre broad-cast, and 200 lbs. in the drill. A scooter was run in the open furrow after the fertilizers were distributed, to mix them with the soil, and wheat at the rate of 1* bushels per acre was planted in the drill and covered with a harrow. The following is the analysis of the acid phosphate and cotton seed meal, as furnished by Dr. N. T. Lupton, State Chemist, Jan. 21, 1893, ANALYSIS. Edisto Acid Phosphate: Water Soluble 9.73, Citrate Soluble 4.83, Acid Soluble 1.41. Total 15.74. Cotton seed meal, Acid soluble'2.73, Nitrogen 6.58, Potash 1.43. The names of the varieties sown with results, and a brief description, are given below. The Large Red and Large White Wheat were furnished by the U. S. Department of Agriculture, and were first sown on the station in 1890. The Purple Straw was obtained in the neighborhood of Auburn, and the twelve other varieties were presented by James Carter & Co., High Holborn, London, England. 1. Large White, ripe June 6. Four feet high, some rust; heads from four to seven inches long-not bearded; one to two grains to the mesh; white, plump grains; yield 21 bushels per acre; quality very good. 2. Stand up. Ripe June 12. Three and a half feet high, rusted very badly ; heads smooth two to four inches long; from none to two grains to the mesh; amber color, yield 7 3-10 bushels per acre; grains imperfect; quality very poor. 3. Bird Proof. Ripe June 12. 4 j feet high; rusted badly; heads smooth, two to three inches long, one to twq grains to mesh; color, white; yield 8.16 bushels per acre; grains imperfect; quality very poor. 4. Anglo Canadian. Ripe June 8. 41 feet high; some rust; heads bearded, three to six inches long; one to three grains to the mesh; color, amber; yield 29 bushels per acre; grains medium in size and perfect; quality best. 5. Holborn's Wonder. Ripe June 15. 3 feet high; rusted very badly; heads smooth; 3 to 4 inches long; from none to two grains to mesh; color red, grain very small and imperfect. Yield 5.33 bushels per acre; quality poor. 6. Earliest oJ All. Ripe June 6. 4 ft. high; rusted badly; heads smooth 5 to 8 inches long; one to two grains to mesh; color white; grains large, but imperfect; yield 23 bushels per acre; quality very good. 7. Large Red. Ripe June 6. 31 feet high, rusted badly, heads bearded, 3 to 6 inches long, one to two grains to mesh; color red; grains medium size and not perfect; yield 19.3 bushels per acre; quality good. 8. Pride ofthe Market. Ripe June 10. 3 feet high; Rusted very badly; heads smooth; from none to two grains to mesh; color red; grains small and imperfect; yield 7.33 bushels per acre; quality poor. 9. Queen Ripe June 10. 32 feet high; rusted badly; heads smooth, 2 to 3 inches long; one to two grains to mesh; color white; grains small and imperfect; quality poor. 10. Purple Straw. An old standard. Ripe May 23. 3j feet high. Almost free from rust; heads smooth. 21 to 31 inches long; two to three grains to mesh; color red; grains small and plump; yield 30.5 bushels per acre quality best. 11. Flour Ball. Ripe June 15. 3- feet high; badly affected with rust; heads two to three inches long, one to two grains to mesh; color white; grains small and imperfect; yield 7.83 bushels per acre, quality poor. 12. Prince of Wales. Ripe June 12 ; 3 feet high; rusted very badly; heads smooth, 3 to 5 inches long; from none to two grains to mesh; color red; grains very small and imperfect; yield 6.16 bushels per acre; quality very poor. 13. Hundred Day. Ripe June 10. 4 feet high; rusted badly. Heads smooth, 2 to 3 inches long; from none to two grains to mesh; color white; grains small and imperfect; yield 10.66 bushels per acre, quality poor. 14. Miller's Delight. Ripe June 10. 4 feet high; rusted badly; heads smooth and from 2 to 3 inches long; from none to two grains to mesh; color white; grains small and imperfect; yield 11.66 bushels per acre; quality poor. some 15. While Chaff. Ripe June 5. 4 feet high; rast; heads beardless; 3 to 5 inches long; one to two grains to mesh;. color white; grains medium size, plump; yield 30 bushels per acre; quality best. Only six of the above fifteen varieties can be recommended to the farmers of this State for cultivation, which are given below in the order of their excellence. The other varieties are quite worthless here. 1. Purple straw. 2. White Chaff. 3. Anglo Canadian. 4. Large White. 5. Large Red. 6. Earliest of All. SPURRY. This plant was grown here for the first time in 1886, but as no record was kept of the results obtained, it was thought advisable to try it again this year. It is a new plant in Alabama, and not generally known in the United States, but in some parts of Europe it is highly esteemed as a forage plant for hay and pasturage, and for renovating the soil. It is a vine like, jointed plant, branching out near the ground, and at some of the joints, and at the top; and forming from 25 to 250 seed vessels, according to vigor of plant, each seed vessel containing from 6 to 26 small seeds resembling those of an onion. The average growth of the plant here on our thin sandy land, is from 8 to 12 inches in height. Further trial is necessary before positive conclusions can be drawn, but from one year's experiment the indications are that it is inferior to either Bermuda or Crab grass, for hay and pasturage, and its meager growth will keep it from competing in the South with clay peas as a renovator of poor soils. ANALYSIS OF SPURRY, (AIR DRIED.) Furnished by Dr. James T. Anderson in charge of Chemical Department (August 24th, 1893) of the State Agricultural and Mechanical College ....... 11.05 Moisture............................... 6.31 ............. Ether Extract................. 16.58 Crude Fiber .................................. 7.59 ....................... Ash...................... Crude Protein.................................10.28 N. free Extract................................48.19 100 00 0.90 ......... 1.88 Phosphoric Acid........................ Potash ............... ....................... Nitrogen......................................1.64 The above sample was gathered on June 28th, 1893, sixty days from time of planting. While this plant does not ripen like wheat, the seed maturing all at the same time, yet at the time of gathering it was sufficiently matured and in a suitable condition for analysis. The following is a list Station March 20th, BOTANICAL NAME. 1893: of Grasses planted on Experiment COMMON NAME. SEEDS FROM WHERE. 1 Cynodon Dactylon 3 Lolium Italicum 4 Poa Pratensis. Bermuda........... English Rye......... U. S. Dept. Agr'l Italian Rye. Kentucky Blue 6 Dactylis Glomerata 7 Agrostis Vulgaris 8 Poa Arachnifera 9 Arundo Festuciodes. 10 Bromus Adoensis ... 11 Bromus Mollis Soft Brome.......... 12 Bromus Unioloides Rescue Grass........ .. . . . . 13 Festuca Heterrophylla 14. ........... Festuca 1......... Lawn Mixture ....... Orchard Grass...... Red Top .... Texas Blue Grass.. Grass... Miss. Expt. Station. Ala. Miss. " Jas. B. Olcott, Manchester, Conn. Miss. Expt. Station. 'C W-escue No. Forest Fescue. 15 Festuca Sylvatica 16 Poa Compressa. 17 Poa Triviaus.. Wire Grass......... 20 Desmodium Molle 2+ 4ainfoin 22 Trisetum Pubescens 23 Aira Flexuosa 24 Eragrostis Oxylepis 25 Stipa Tenacissima 26 Halens MOls 27 Tetrapoyon Tetrastachys. . 2k Panicum Teneriffe 29 Diplachne Imbricata.. 30 Chlotis Virgata. 31 Glyceria Fluitans. . 32 Eragrostis Pilosa..... 33 Vlelica Altissima 31 Vlelica Ciliata ..35 Calamagrostis Avenaria. . 86 Elymus Canadensis.. 37 Cynosurus Cristatus 3?- Millium Effusum. Rough-Stalked Meadow 18 Paspalum Platycaule.. Rough Meadow.. . 19 Phalaris Coerulencens Blue Canary ......... It Downy Oat Grass. Wood Hair Grass ... Tough Feather Grass Creeping Soft Grass... gh MedowC' !Oanar .,CC 'C 'C ~cissma..I ~.. Floating Meadow Grass Slender eadow. t y .. ... . . . . . . . . ~ny ~rCC ~h ~l~f ~ OatGrraC' i'd Nair rC' Feaher !Pil~ it CC it 'C C' 'C 'C Wild Rye.... ........ Crested Dog-tail. CC 39 Cenchrus Montannus 40 rhemnea Membrenacea 41 Aira Coespitosa. Tufted Hair Grass 42 Phalaris Paradoxo Bristled Spiked Canary. 4:1 Elolcus Lanatus.. Velvet Grass......... 44 Elymus Arenarius Upright Sea Lyme Grass 45 Avena Sterilis ... 46 Panicum Frumen47 Vicia Villosa. ..... 48 [Vedicago Sativa Millet Grass.... .... Panic Grass. or Tare...... . Alfalfa or Lucerne. 49 Trifolium Hybridum..l Alsike or Sweetish Clover: 50 Trifolium Incarnatumn. Crimson Clover....... 51 LathyruR -Silvestris.. Flat Pea .......... TTI ~ . taceum Vetch Bromus unioloides (Rescue Grass) related to chess or cheat, seed furnished by U. S. Department of Agriculture, and planted on the Experiment Station, 1889. This grass is said to have been named Rescue Grass by Gen. Iverson of Columbus, Ga., who first brought it to the attention of the planters in 1853. It has been extensively advertised in our State, under the name of "Arctic Grass," seeds of which were procured by the director of this station in 1891, and when compared with the Rescue Grass, were found to be one and the same. In the winter of 1889, a plot of ground was planted in Rescue Grass, which ripened in May. All the seed that could be saved were gathered by hand, although many were shattered-out and thought to be lost. Immediately after harvesting the seed the plot of ground was sown in peas and the same plowed under, and in September following a perfect stand of grass came up. From the time of the first planting of the seed until now, a perfect stand appears annually in September, which is secured by sowing the ground in peas, and thereby turning under the seeds that fall, as was done in the first instance. While it has been used only as a soiling crop, yielding two good cuttings in late winter and early Spring, it is also said to be fine for grazing. Poa arachni (Texas Blue Grass) can be grown from sets or seeds. A plot of land was planted on this station in February, 1889 with sets, 18 by 18 inches apart, requiring careful cultivation the first year. A perfect sod was secured in about two years. It is now growing vigorously and is a valuable winter grass, the greatest objection to it being the amount of cultivation required before the sod is obtained. Festuca No. 1. Mr. James B. Olcott of New Manchester, Conn., presented this station with some sod of the above named grass in 1890. It is a beautiful and attractive winter grass for yards and lawns, but sun-scalds and dies-out badly during the summer months on our sandy soils. Some of the grasses mentioned in the foregoing list are promisinv, viz: Chloris virgata, Panicum teneriffe and Lathyrus silvestris and others, but further trial will be necessary before conclusions can be drawn. Our experience to date is that nothing better has been found for our soil and climate, than rye for winter and Bermuda for summer, Bulletin No. 50, -OF : November, 193. Agricultural Experiment Station THE- AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE, AUBLTRN, ALABAMA. Fruit=Tree Blight in General. J5. M_ ST DMA2 T CONTENTS. PAGE. I. II. III. Introduction..................................... Nature and Cause of Blight....... ............... Remedies........................................101 3-6 6-10 State on application to the Commissioner of Agriculture, Montgomery, AV'The Bulletins of this Station will be sent free to any citizen of the bama, or Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn, Alabama. All communications should be addressed to Ala-, EXPERIMENT STATION, AUBURN, ALA. Published by order of the Board of Direction. BROWN PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS, MONTGOMERY, ALA. BOARD OF VISITORS COMMITTEE OF TRUSTEES ON EXPERIMENT STATION. I. F. CULVER Union Springs. ..................................... HON. J. G. GILOHRIST.............................Hope Hull. . .Auburn. HON. H. CLAY ARMSTRONG............... :BO-A2E D OF -IOVION1' WM. 'LEROY BROUN...................................President. A. J. BONDURANT..................................Agriculturist. ...... Chemist. B. B. Ross ...................................... Botanist and Meteorologist. P. H. MELL ........................... Biologist. ........ ................. J. M. STEDMAN .............. C. A. CARY, D. V. M.................... ........... ASSISTANTS : JAMES CLAYTON... ........................... 5. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. F. CORY ANDERSON................................. J. T. . . . Veterinarian. Assistant Horticulturist. Assistant Agriculturist. First Assistant Chemist. Second Assistant Chemist. R. E. NOBLE.......................... Assistant Chemist. .. ,..............Third C. L. HARE .......... F. J. BWN s................ .............. *In Clerk, and Assistant Botanist. charge of Soil Tests. FRUIT-TREE BLIGHT IN J". 1 . STED IVA GENERAL. T. INTRODUCTION. Blight is a disease of plants that has of recent years attracted considerable attention, especially to the fruit grower, due to the fact that certain kinds of fruit trees have become affected with this disease, which has spread each year doing increasing harm. With the rapid yearly increase in the number of fruit trees affected, together with the equally rapid increase in the geographical area of distribution of the disease, has come a wide spread interest in this subject throughout the whole country. And this subject is attracting attention more and more; and it has so increased that it is now not confined to the fruit grower, but the farmer and even the general public have come to recognize this disease as a most serious one. The fact that its exact nature is not generally known, and the remedy perhaps even less, has helped to increase the dread of it, and to allow many to neglect their trees and permit them to die in consequence. Hundreds of instances have come under my observation in this state where village people with a few fruit trees, as well as farmers and even fruit growers, allow their trees to go unattended to when the disease appears, and the disease to increase and kill the trees and spread to others unaffected. So great has been this sad neglect of trying to check this disease, due no doubt to a want of information, together with the great yearly financial loss due to it, that this bulletin has been written with the sole purpose of giving to the public, and to the fruit growers and farmers of this state in particular, a general knowledge of what is at the present time known to biologists in regard to the nature and cause of the disease, and of the remedies to be used to combat it and to prevent its spreading to unaffected trees and areas. Theblight is at present more common in the northern part of the State. A fruit grower from that locality who depends almost exclusively upon his fruit trees for a living, states that his apple trees are so badly affected with blight that he has lost nearly his entire crop and a large percentage of the trees. One can readily see what the disease blight means to such a citizen. While attending farmers' institutes in various parts of the state this past summer, I had a good opportunity to observe the effect and extent of this blight; and it was sickening to note the great amount of damage and loss by it, not only of this years' crop, but of the trees themselves; and what is still more, to note the neglect, which must result in the great increase and spread of the disease next year. It is to be hoped that all who read this bulletin will take every precaution themselves and inform their neighbors on this subject; and let all work together to greatly lessen, if not annihilate this, the worst of all plant diseases. The different kinds of plants that are subject to the attack of the disease--blight--is very great; and it is by no means confined to fruit trees, but even shade and forest trees are subject to it. In some localities in the northern part of this state, I have observed the oak trees affected to such an extent, that with certain species, it was almost impossible to find one perfectly healthy, and as a rule the entire tree was more or less diseased. Fortunately this seems at present to be confined to a few localities only, but one of these is at least five miles in diameter. Should this blight increase as it seems certain to do, we may in a few years have an even greater problem to contend with than that of our fruit trees. The blight appears in many cases soon after the trees are leaved out, but more often later, and may appear at any time during the summer. Its growth ceases in the Fall at about the time the leaves begin to dry and turn preparatory to shedding, or at the approach of cool weather. The blight makes itself manifest by causing the affected parts, both leaves and stems, and it may be also the fruit, to turn a brown color, which varies from a light brown to a dark tobacco brown, or in some cases an almost black appearance. This coloration of the leaves due to the blight is readily distinguished from the coloration of the leaves due to any other cause, as the partial or total breaking of a stem, or the girdling of the trunk or stems, or an injury of the roots. In the case of coloration by blight the leaves do not appear dried or shriveled as a rule, except in the case of the water oak, but preserve their proper shape; whereas in the coloration due to other causes the leaves appear dried and shriveled and have a lighter brown color. Moreover, the coloration due to blight may not at the time being affect the entire leaf, but may appear on any portion of the leaf or in several places, and cause it to be spotted. Ultimately, however, the entire leaf will become affected unless the growth of the disease be checked by some cause. The disease appears first as a rule at the buds or growing tips of stems or young leaves where the tissues are tender; and from these places it spreads down the stem, involving ultimately all the branches and leaves of the affected limb together with its fruit. As a rule a tree is attacked in several places at once; it may be on many different limbs or on several twigs of the same limb or both; and when a tree is attacked in a great many localities involving a large number of limbs, and this early in the season, the disease will often so increase as to involve the entire tree above the roots and kill it in one summer, if unattended to. It is not an uncommon occurrence when such a tree has been cut down close to the ground soon 6 after it died, to have new shoots appear from the old roots and grow to be good bearing trees. (Pear.) Blight always kills the parts of the plant affected. Although the term blight is restricted in its true sense to this particular disease of the leaves and stems with their fruit which is often itself affected, due to a spreading of the disease to it from the stem, nevertheless, there are diseases of the fruit itself that do not involve other parts of the tree, which diseases are the result of a cause, the nature of which is like the cause of true blight. When the fruit alone is effected with a blight that does not spread to other parts of the plant, we call this disease Rot as a rule, although the term rot is also applied to diseases of the fruit, the cause of which is entirely different from that of true blight. There are cases, however, where true blight may begin in the fruit or even blossom before the fruit is formed, and from it spread to the stem and leaves. In this case Waite has demonstrated that insects are the active agents in carrying the disease from one place to another; and that they inoculate the flowers which may have produced minute fruit before the disease increased so as to kill it and spread to the twig, or the disease may have increased so as to prevent the least formation of fruit. THE NATURE AND CAUSE OF BLIGHT. The disease known as blight is caused by bacteria. Bacteria are plants that are so small that in some cases twentyfive thousand (25,000) of them placed side by side would extend but one inch. Most bacteria, however, are a little larger than this, while many are smaller. They are as a group the smallest of living things, but what they lack in size they make up in numbers. Their power of multiplication is so great that in many cases, when every thing is favorable as regards food and temperature, the result of the growth and multiplication of a single individual plant would be many thousand in one day. Each plant or bacterium consists of nothing more than a single cell, or to make it more plain to the cultivator, of a single minute sack or mass of living matter. The rapid multiplication of these organisms takes place by a simple division of this single cell into two usually equal parts, each one now constituting a new and independent plant, which repeats the same process of division after a little growth. Bacteria also have another mode of reproduction by what are called spores. These spores are as a rule much smaller than the adult bacteria, and are capable of withstanding greater hardships and live. The adult bacteria themselves can withstand in many cases prolonged drying and a very high or low temperature, but the spores can withstand much The spores of many species or kinds of bacteria more. will withstand boiling for an hour or even more, and some at an even higher temperature, while the spores of Bacterium anthracis are stated by Pasteur to remain alive in absolute alcohol.* The spores will also withstand the action of many fungicides and insecticides. This will give the reader some idea of the great vitality of these micro-organisms, and enable one to understand why these creatures can live in the soil, not only during the dry and hot summer weather, but also during the cold of winter. Their minute size will also enable one to readily see how it is that they can float about in the air in great numbers, and be carried from one place to another. Many bacteria are harmless, since they feed upon only dead or not living tissues or organic substances, and some are even beneficial; but many are injurious since they feed upon and live within other living organisms, both plant and animal, and in this case may produce disease and death. This death or disease may be the result of the direct action *Charbon et Septicemie, Compt. Rend. lxxxv. p. 99. of the bacteria in consuming the tissues, or it may be as a result of the chemical action of the waste products (ptomaines) thrown off during the growth and metabolism of the bacteria. Hence it is observed that there are many species or kinds of bacteria; and they not only act differently and produce different results and diseases, but each species as a rule has its particular animal or plant or substance in which it will grow and multiply and will not do so in any other. The bacteria that cause the disease in fruit trees known as blight are carried by the wind, or by insects in some cases, from the soil to the buds or leaves of the trees. Here they gain access to the interior of the leaves by means of the stomata or minute openings in the epidermis of the leaf, of which there are in some cases many thousand to a square inch. Once on the tender buds or inside the leaves the bacteria find suitable food and conditions for their growth and multiplication. They feed upon the tissues of the host plant and destroy it, and as they increase in number, they gradually come to infest the entire leaf, and finally the petiole and the twig to the stem and other healthy parts. In this way the disease once started in a single place in the tree, will spread so as to include in time the entire limb or even the entire tree. The disease works down towards the trunk of the tree as well as in all other directions, and since the tissues affected soon die, it follows that if the blight start low down on a branch, it will necessarily kill the entire branch beyond the diseased portion. The peculiar coloration of the blighted portion does not in reality indicate the entire area affected, since the bacteria are in many cases, especially in the stem, far below or down the branch before the coloration appears there, the coloration not being produced immediately upon the appearance of a few bacteria. Hence in cutting off of a diseased limb it is not sufficient to cut off the portion showing the coloration, since 9 we would leave the stump affected with the bacteria for a considerable distance; and these would continue to multiply and spread, and shortly the disease would again make itself maniEest. It is essential then in cutting off the blighted portion of a tree, to cut far below the portion that looks diseased, say from one to three feet according to the size of the limb. It is also safer to cut off the dieased portion just as soon as it appears, and before it has had time to spread to any considerable extent. In the Fall the leaves that are diseased, as well as the unaffected ones, fall to the ground. Here they decompose and the bacteria are set free, for they do not decay, and are again carried to other localities. In this manner the disease is spread from one tree to another and from one field or locality to another, and thus it is that the blight has and is spreading all over our country. It is then readily understood why it is that, if one neglect to attend to his fruit trees, the blight will ultimately reach those of his neighbors. During the past summer I made pure cultures of the bacteria causing the blight in the pear, quince, apple, and a coniferous tree. These were made in nutrient gelatine by the usual method of plate and tube culture. In this way the bacteria from each kind of diseased tree were grown in separate tubes of gelatine in which they fed and multiplied, and thus were obtained a large number of individuals of each special kind of bacteria, each tube containing but one kind or species. Some of the bacteria from the tube containing the ones obtained from the pear tree blight were then inoculated into the healthy leaves of a pear tree by the use of a sterilized needle dipped into the culture, and then pricked through the epidermis of the leaf. Many leaves were thus inoculated in different localities and on different trees, and each inoculated part labeled. In five days every leaf thus inoculated had taken the disease blight, thus proving that these special bacteria were the cause of the disease. 10 The same method was also followed in regard to the blight of quince and apple trees, and also with the conifera, and in all cases the inoculated leaves took the disease. I then tried to determine, if possible, whether or not the bacteria causing the blight in the pear tree would, if inoculated into the quince or apple tree, give the blight to those trees; and whether or not the bacterium of the quince tree blight would cause the blight in the pear or apple tree; and also the bacteria of the apple tree blight cause the disease in the pear or quince trees. To determine this I cross inoculated many leaves of the different fruit trees with the blight bacteria from the other kinds of fruit trees, and in no case was I able to produce the blight, except by the inoculation of the bacteria obtained from the blight of the particular kind of tree inoculated. It thus appears that each kind of fruit tree, at least so far as pear, quince and apple are concerned, has its special species of bacteria that produce the blight in that tree, and that this species of bacteria will not produce blight in the other kinds of fruit trees. It should be mentioned, here, however, that I was able to produce blight in three different species of conifereus trees by the inoculation of the blight bacteria obtained from but one species of tree. REMEDIES. From the above it is readily seen that, since the cause of the blight is a minute plant-bacterium-that feeds upon and lives, grows and multiplies within the tissues of its host plant, that we can not reach the micro-organisms that are thus internal parasites, and kill them by the application of any substances to the tree in the form of a spray, as we can do for many fungoid diseases. We would kill the tree before the bacteria could be reached and affected. Hence the only means of combatting this disease blight at present known, is the cutting off of the affected portion far below the external 11 signs of the disease. And since we have seen how the germs of this disease remain in the affected parts, as the leaves, that fall to the ground, and how they are eliberated and carried to infest other trees, it is plainly seen that if we cut off the diseased branches and leave them upon the ground, that we are doing no good whatever, for we have killed nothing, but are simply allowing the disease to multiply and spread so much the more, and next year the disease will appear with increased damage. The diseased portion of the trees that are cut off are to be gathered and burned, and especially the leaves, and thus the cause of disease will be destroyed and its spreading prevented. The simple remedy is then to cut off all blighted portions of the trees jar below the parts that appear diseased, and to burn all these cuttings, especially the leaves. The sooner this is done after one discovers the blight in a tree the better. It is not enough that-one thus guard his trees while his neighbors neglect theirs. We must all fight this blight, which is doing more harm already than any other single disease. If every person will thus attend to his fruit trees, we can almost exterminate the disease in a very few years. I am now experimenting on the application of chemicals to the soilto be taken up with the sap in the Spring to kill or prevent blight, but as yet no definite results have been reached. Little has as yet been done in this line of preventing or curing bacterial diseases of plants, although the field looks promising, since we can in many cases cure bacterial diseases of animals by the internal application of chemicals. Bulletin No. 51, : Oetober, 1S93. Agricultural Experiment Station -OF THE- AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE, AUBLTRN, ALABAMA. ALEX. J. BONDIJRANT, AGRICULTURIST. JAMES CL AYTON, ASSISTANT HORTICULTURIST. 'The Bulletins of this Station will be sent free to any citizen of the State on application to the Commissioner of Agriculture, Montgomery, Alabama, or Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn, Alabama. All communications should be addressed to EXPERIMENT STATION, AUBURN, ALA. Published by order of the Board of Direction. BROWN PRINTING CO., 5TATE PRINTERS, MONTGOMERY, ALA. BOARD OF VISITORS COMMITTEE OF TRUSTEES ON EXPERIMENT STATION. I. F. CULVER ........... Union Springs. J. G. GILCIRIST....................................Hope Hull. H. CLAY ARMSTRONG..................................Auburn. BOALRD OF oiRC'ioNw WM. LEROY BROUN ............. President A. J. BONDURANT......................................Agriculturist. B. B. Ross.......................................... ...... Chemist. P. H. MELL .............................. J. Botanist and Meteorologist. C. M. STEDMAN............................. A. CARY, D. V. M... ................ Biologist.. Veterinarian. ASSISTANTS : JAMES CLAYTON .............................. A. F. CORY....... ............. ............ Assistant Horticulturist. Assistant Agriculturist. J. T. ANDBRSON............................... First Assistant Chemist. IR. E. NOBLE .............................. Second Assistant Chemist. C. L. HARE .................... Assistant Chemist. R. L. BIVINS............. ............. Clerk, and Assistant Botanist. ....... Third * In charge of Soil Tests. EXPERIMENTS IN VEGETABLES. BY JAMES CLAYTON, ASSISTANT HORTICULTURIST. The following results of experiments with a few leading varieties of vegetables on the A. & M. College Experiment Station for 1893, are given in a brief and simple form, hoping that they may be of some practical use to our people. Where conclusions have been drawn, they are based upon the painstaking and careful observation of several year's experiments. TOMATOES. Seeds of the varieties named below were mostly furnished by the U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C., and only a few packages were purchased from seedsmen. The seeds were planted on an open bed March 15th and on April 27th, the plants were set in rows 32 feet apart each way. On August the 10th cuttings about 10 inches in length were made from the "Matchless" and planted, just as plants grown from seed, all of which lived and grew vigorously. At this writing, October 20th, the vines are fruiting heavily and the tomatoes are beginning to ripen. Especial attention is called to the above method of planting for a fall crop, as much difficulty is experienced in growing plants in the summer months. It is suggested however that the cuttings he planted about the middle of July, instead of in August. The following is a brief description of the different varieties: Atlantic Prize-Landreth. Light red, medium size, very wrinkled and flat. Prolific. Ripe July 10th. Baltimore Prize Taker--Landreth. Light pink, medium to large size, wrinkled and round. Not prolific. Ripe July 12th. Baclkeye Dreer. Dark pink, medium to large size, smooth and roundish fiat. Not prolific. Ripe July 12th. Early Berncla-Landreth. Light red, medium size, very wrinkled and Very prolific. Ripe July 14th. Extra Early Claster Lacreth. Light red, medium size, very wrinkled and flat. Prolific. July 12th. Extra Early Jersey Landreth. Light red, medium size, very wrinkled and flat. Prolific. Ripe July 10th. Riclnond Landreth. Dark red, medium to large, wrinkled and fiat. Not prolific. Ripe July 6th. Early Ruby U. S. Department of Agriculture. Yellowish red, small to medium in size, smooth and round. Prolific. Ripe July 8th. Ignotarn1U. S. Department of Agriculture. Pinkish red, medium size, smooth and roundish flat. Prolific. Ripe July 6th. Livingjston's Beaaty U. S. Department of Agriculture. Yellowish red, medium size to large, smooth and roundish flat. Prolific. Ripe July 8th. Livingston'S Favorite U. S. Department of Agriculture. Yellowish, medium size, smooth roundish Prolific. Ripe July 10th. Long Keeper U. S. Department of Agriculture. Red, State flat. Early flat. medium size, smooth and roundish flat. Prolific. Ripe July 10th. Matchless W. H. Maule. Light red, medium to very large, smooth and roundish flat. Very prolific. Ripe July 20th. This is one of the handsomest tested. Paragon--U. S. Department of Agriculture. Yellowish red, medium size, perfectly smooth. Very prolific. Ripe July 12th. Pefection U. S. Department of Agriculture. Yellowish red, medium to large size, smooth and roundish Prolific. Ripe July 12th. Ponderosa Henderson. Light- pink, large to very large size, wrinkled and flat. Not prolific. Ripe July 16th. Royal Red-Dreer. Red, medium size, wrinkled and roundish flat. Prolific. Ripe July 16th. flat., Telegraph-U. S. Department of Agriculture. Light red, medium size, wrinkled and flat. Very prolific. Ripe July 14th. Money Maker-Landreth. Medium size, wrinkled and flat. Very prolific. Ripe July 14th. Ten Ton-U. S. Department of Agriculture. Yellowish red, small to medium size, smooth and round. Prolific. Ripe July 16th. The Stone-U. S. Department of Agriculture. Light red, medium to large, smooth and round. Ripe July 14th. This variety is of recent origin, is a vigorous grower, dark green foliage and the fruit of very good quality. Turner's Hybrid-U. S. Department of Agriculture. Pink, large to very large, smooth and round. Not prolific. Ripe July 16th. Peculiarly shaped leaves, resembling those of the potato. Trucker's Favorite-W.H. Maule. Pink, small to medium, smooth and round. Prolific. Ripe July 20th. Of Livingston's varieties, the following have been grown on this station for several years as a standard of comparison with those of more recent origin, and nothing has been found superior to them, both as to quality and productiveness: Ignotum, Livingston's Beauty, Livingston's Favorite, Matchless, Paragon and Perfection. IRISH POTATOES. The varieties named below were purchased of Henry A. Dreer, Philadelphia, and planted March 16th, 1893. The land having been thoroughly prepared, was fertilized with compost such as we use for corn, and after the potatoes were planted the plot was covered with pine straw about four inches deep. This was done immediately after the planting was finished. As soon as the vines becjgan to turn yel- low, the potatoes were harvested, which was from the latter part of June to the first of July, and they were then placed in a cool room, spread out on the floor and sprinkled with slaked lime. It will be noticed, that, while the Freeman is not so productive as the Early Rose, it is about six days earlier, and being of an excellent quality, is therefore a very desirable variety. The following brief description is given of the varieties planted : Burbank Seedling.-An old standard which needs no introduction. Long, white skin, free from scab and a good keeper. Prolific. Yield per acre 368 bushels. Early Essex.-Large and roundish with pink skin, free from scab and knots. Yield per acre 355 bushels. Early Puritan.-A long roundish variety, very light pink skin, free from scab and knots. Very prolific. Yield per acre 416 bushels. Early Rose.--Too well known to need comment. A long variety, pink skin, free from scab,-some knots. Prolific. Yield per acre 388 bushels. King of Roses.-Roundish, pink skin, some scab and knots. Yield per acre 342 bushels. Richmond Bell.-Roundish flat, straw colored skin, free from scab and knots. Very prolific. Yield per acre 424 bushels. Freeman.-A new and beautiful straw colored variety, very early, roundish flat, free from scab and knots. Not very prolific, but about six days earlier than Early Rose. Yield per acre 304 bushels. CABBAGE. The following varieties of cabbage seed were sown in open beds March 15th, and transplanted on April 27th to thorougly prepared land in rows 22 by 22 feet: All Seasons, American Drumhead, Early Summer, Express, Large Late Drumhead, Succession and Surehead. Preference is given in the order named to Early Summer, Succession and All Seasons, and for later kinds to Large Late Drumhead, and American Drumhead. EGG PLANT. A comparison of home raised and bought seed of the New York Improved Purple variety, resulted in no perceptible difference, both being satisfactory. To germinate the seed, place some fresh cbmpost, or any other kind of manure, that will heat easily in a box, filling it from one-half to twothirds full. Cover this with earth from 4 to 6 inches deep, sow the seed and cover the box with cheese-cloth or muslin, usingtacks to confine the edges. The cheesecloth or muslin is sufficiently thin to admit the warmth of the sun necessary for germinating the seed, and also protects the plants from the ravages of bugs which are very destructive to them while young. It is best to place the box on the southside of a wall, or at some protected place. Keep the soil well watered. Ourbest results have been obtained from thin or poor land highly fertilized; and a few plants transplanted and carefully cultivated will supply a family with an abundance of this excellent vegetable. ONIONS. To grow onions from seed, sow the seed in open beds in February, and transplant as early as the weather will permit to rows 12 to 15 inches apart, taking pains to have the ground highly fertilized. Of the fifteen kinds tested on this station, preference is given to the following: Large Tripoli, Silver King, New Pearl, New Queen, White Barletta, White Maggiajola, Red Wethersfield, which have all produced fair sized onions the first season from pursuing the plan above mentioned. BUSH LIMA BEANS. Seeds of Burpee's Bush Lima, Dreer's Bush Lima and Henderson's New Bush Lima, were purchased of Peter Henderson and planted this past season, and in so far, as one year's trial goes, Henderson's New Bush Lima is de- 8 cidedly in the lead. It is earlier and more prolific than either of the other two. Beets, Lettuce, Carrots, Salsify and Radishes, all grew to perfection on the station grounds the past season. CONOVER'S COLOSSAL ASPARAGUS. Seeds furnished by the U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C., were planted, and the plants are now growing vigorously. A limited supply of these plants, and the following in limited quantities, will be sent free (except postage) to residents of the State making application., White Velvet Okra Seed, Jones and Sugar Loaf Watermelon, Pine Apple and Nixon Canteloupe seed, and Grape roots of the standard varieties. Bulletin Xo. 52, : January, 1891. Agricultural Experiment Station -OF THE- AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLEGE, AUBURN, ALABAMA. OOIRNI T AJTJD COT TOJ T. ALEX. J. BONDURA NT, AGRICULTURIST. I. II. Varieties of Corn..................................3 Object of Experiment............................... 3 HII. TV. Intercultural Experiments with Fertilizers on Cotton. A Comparison of Varieties of Cotton................. 4 5 State on application to the Commissioner of Agric olture, Montgomery, Alabarna, or Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn) Alabama. All communications should be addressed to EXPERIMENT STATION, AUBURN, ALA. X OThe Bulletins of this Station will be sent free to any citizen of the Published by order of the Board of Direction. B3ROWN PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS, MiONTGOMERY, ALA. BOARD OF VISITORS, COMMITTEE OF TRUSTEES ON EXPERIMENT STATION. I. F. CULVER.............................. J. G. GILCHRI5T........... ............. H. CLAY ........... ...... Union Springs. ..... Hope Auburn. Hull. ARMSTRONG............. .............. BOA E D OF EICWr-IOT_ .... ......... President. Agriculturist. ............. A. J. BONDURANT .......................... B. B. Ross......................................... Chemist. Botanist and Meteorologist. P. H. MELL .............................. WM. LEROY BP.OUN............. ........... J. M. STEDMAN ................................. C. A. CARY, D. V. M.................... Biologist. .... ...... Veterinarian. ASSISTANTS: J. T. ANDERSON....................... R. E. NOBLE ... ....................... C. L. HARE................... .... ... .... ..... First Assistant Chemist. Second Assistant Chemist. Third Assistant Chemist. Superintendent of Farm. R. L. BIVINs.......... ............. T U. CULVEE. Clerk, and Assistant Botanist. .. .............. VARIETIES OF CORN. OBJECT OF EXPERIMENT. (a) To ascertain the best yielding variety. (b) To find a good early variety. The corn was planted on plots 1-40 of an acre large, and in checks 3x5 feet. A fertilizer, composed of 200 lbs. acid phosphate, 66 lbs. muriate potash and 66 lbs. sulphate of ammonia, was applied in the drill before planting, at the rate of 300 lbs. per acre. Four plots were planted in Experiment Station Yellow. Any difference in the fertility of the soil would be shown by the difference in the yield of those plots. A perfect stand was not secured and this with some inequality of the soil prevents drawing any reliable conclusions as to the best variety. Cocke's Prolific, Blount's Prolific, Experiment Station Yellow and Pride of America gave best yields in the order named. Cocke's Prolific and Blount's Prolific bear from 2 to 3 small ears to the stalk. With the other varieties named the ears are larger, and two to the stalk an exception. The best varieties of early corn were Clarke's Early Mastadon (yellow), Early Eclipse (yellow), Gentry's Early Market (white) and Improved Golden Dent. All varieties were planted April 8th. The shuck on these four was dry August 7th. To the farmer whose corn crib is low ih the Spring, it will be quite a saving to plant one of these early varieties. By planting early, any one of these would be dry by the first of August. 4 ~6 Names of Varieties. o v. Z "° 2 ~ °first fl - .h Date of tassel. 17.IJune 17.3" 14.1 8" 24th 18th 24th 23rd 14th 1lExperiment Station Yellow... 2 Blount's Prolific.............. 3 Clayton Bread Corn..... .... 4 ocke's Prolific............... 5 Clarke's Early Mastadon..... 6 Fxperiment Station Yellow... 7 Early Eclipse (Y)............. . 8 Gentry's Early Market.... 9 Giant Broad Grain........... 10 Hickory 11 Experiment Station Yellow 1.2lmproved Golden Dent....... 13 Pride of America............. 14 Piasa King... ..... King.................1. .. 30.7 30.9 28.3 41 6 24.7 30 23. 23.4 26.6 22.6 22.6 21 8 24.1 217 24. 24.3 20.5 32. 19. 21.6 18.6 .S 1 20.1 17.8 218 213 31 231 23 28 191 217 206 216 22 13.5 12.7 15 4 13.2June 9th 16th 12.9 " 14.3 20th 12 6 17.7 17.7 19.9 16.9 216 15 Experiment Station Yellow... l6ORoss Improved ............... 17Shoe Peg White............ 18 irginia Gourd Seed........... 22.6 24.7 21.8 24 2 17 19.5 18 186 188 174 221 247 21 174 21 12.6 20th 26th 14 2 23rd 12. 12 1 13.9 July 1st 12.8June 24th 32 VINTERCULTURAL EXPERIMENTS WITH FERTILIZERS ON COTTO . The object of this experiment was to ascertain whether it would pay to apply nitrogenons fertilizers interculturally. Six rows 210 feet long by 31 feet wide, equal to 1-C of an acre, were used. Just before planting, the following mixture of fertilizers was applied to each plot, at the rate of 200 pounds per acre: Muriate 663 pounds Sulphate Ammonia. As soon as the cotton was up, it was chopped and sided with a heel scrape. About June 1st the stalks of cotton in each row were counted, and then all rows but one thinned to 90 stalks. The 5th row of plot 6 had only 76 stalks. The several numbers of stalks in this row probably accounts for the small yield of that plot. Potash; 200 pounds Acid Phosphate; 66( pounds On June 22nd and July 7th the cotton seed meal and nitrate soda were scattered broadcast and the cotton plowed with a large heel scrape. All the plots were the samve size and color up to July 7th and after that date the plots ferti- lized interculturally became much larger and had better color than the plots which were not fertilized after planting. CONCLUSIONS. 1st. It pays to apply nitrogenous fertilizers to cotton on sandy land, provided there are good rains following their applications. 2nd. 200 pounds applied in June will be as profitable as 100 pounds in June and 100 pounds in July. The following table shows the yield per plot and the profit from each plot fertilized after planting. In calculating profit, the cost of nitrate of soda laid down in Auburn is used, and cotton seed meal is valued at $22 per ton. The seed cotton is valued at .02 cents per pound. The following table shows the results of this experiment : June 22nd Name and quantity of fertilizers o applied interculo p turally. Name and quanti- July 7th U _ o ty of fertilizers applied interculturally. .v . 4P..> 1100 lbs cotton 100 lbs cotton seed meal.. seed meal 2200 ." " 59.9 70.1 898.5 1051.5 2.20 4.40 2.33 3.95 200 " " " 3Check ........... .. ........ . 450 lbs nitrate soda.50 lbs nitrate soda 5100 " " " 50.1 67.6 63.6 751.5 10t4. 954 2.82 5.64 4.60 .28 100 " ". . 6Check ............................. 7200 lbs cotton seed............... meal.................... 45.5 60.9 682.5 913.5 . ..... 2.20 2.71 EXPERIMENTS WITH COTTON, 1893. A COMPARISON OF VARIETIES. This experiment consists of a comparison of twenty varieties of cotton. In preparing the land for planting, all the plots were fertilized alike. The rows were laid-off 31 feet wide, and the cotton planted in checks 3. feet apart. The culture of every plot, 1-20 of an acre, was the same. The cotton was carefully picked and weighed, and the following tabulated statement shows not only the total yield per acre, but the yield per acre of each variety at every picking, and the date of same. Each variety was kept to itself until the time of ginning, when it was re-weighed and ginned separately. The following is the table, showing list of varieties : Yield per acre at different pickings. I cCr'J I 2o U - 2o&c O o y -U U.- C 0 Names of Varieties. tI m -HU 90 190 210 230 100 80 170 220 50 70 1-O 90 260 130 110 190 190 50 130 70 II 0 1220 1375 1300 1260 1305 1230 1335 1320 1235 1245 1000 1455 1190 1430 1240 1620 1015 1390 1230 1435 1194 1346 1264 1236 1278 1224 1338 1256 1196 1172 968 1492 1140 1440 1554 1554 1388 1208 1410 388 416 402 386 404 424 414 384 392 378 Z 130 130 130 130 130 106 130 130 130 124 1 Peerless (seed from C. M. Cory).. 2Coltharps Eureka .......... 3 Coltharps Pride.... 4 Dalkeiths Eureka......... . 5 Herlong... ...... 6 Hawkins....................... 7 Jones' Long Staple............ 8 Mathews Long Staple 9Okra.. .. 10 Peerless (seed. from C. M. 11 Peterkin (M. W. JOhnson Seed Co . 12 Peerless (old seed).......... 13 Peeler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Petit Gulf............ 15 Cory)-. T ruitt. .... . . . .. .. .. . . . 16 W onderful ...... ..... 17 W. A. Cook .. .............. 18 Welborn's Pet ........... 19 Whatley's Improved ............ 20 Peerless (seed from C. M. Cory) .. =I ~ i~l. 140 135 140 85 75 90 140 110 275 130 60 190 90 160 100 200 205 340 230 205 650f 340 600 535 580 615 590 620 700 420 860 450 710 620 840 830 730 520 810 11I 390 340 410 535 480 410 400 290 345 400 415 390 430 410 390 370 270 350 350 I ill 39.5 30.0 31.8 31.2 31..6 34.6 30.9 30.5 32.8 32.2 9600 2600 2600 2600 2600 2120 2600 2600 2600 2480 338 474 340 456 380 460 460 446 388 456 34.8 31.7 29.8 31.6 32.04 29.6 29.6 32.1 32.1 32.3 1160 2600 1840 2460 1600 2600 2600 2600 2600 2600 58 130 92 123 80 130 130 130 130 130 The following table shows the classification and grade of each kind of the twenty varieties of cotton as furnished by Mr. C. E. Porter, cotton broker of Opelika, Ala., whose long experience and good judgment guaranteed a correct report. A sample of the lint of each variety was taken and numbered so as to compare with the numbers on our record, sent to Mr. Porter and his report which follows, it is hoped will prove of interest to cotton prodncers : z CLASSIFICATION. Length of staple.. GRADE. .. . inch Very weak Strict Low Middling .. " ..... 15416 to 14 Irregular, but strong 2 " . .. linch ... 1 . lint..... Regular and 3 4 Good Middling ......... 1 3-16 to [4. Irregular, moderate strength.. 5 Strict Middling.........34 to ?~ Very irregular....... inch Very weak, poor staple. . . .... . Low 6 Moderate strength.......... I inch .... 7 Strict Middling ....... ....... 11-16 Strong and regular....... S lint .... Regular and 9 Middling.............. 1 inch ... Weak lint................ 10 Strict Middling........ 14 to 1%. lint. Irregular and 11 ...... 12 Good Middling ........ 1.14 inch .... Regular and strong 13 Middling............. 15-16 to 1 in Fine lint and irregular... lint.. 14 Strict Middling 8 to 1 inch. Irregular, very 15 % tol1inch. Irregular, fair strength ... ........ 16 Middling............. .1'4 inch .. . Regular and strong......... 17 !;ood Middling.........11 1-16 to l1%Very irregular, hut strong .... inch. Very weak staple ............ 18 Middling...............34 19Strict Low Middling. .. . 1 3-16 inch.. Very weak staple........ . 20 Strict Middling ..... %, inch. IVery and regular staple. . 94 fine " inch.. fine fine ......... fine fine Bulletin No. 53, : January, 1S94. Agricultural Experiment Station -OF THE- AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE, AUBURN, : : ALABAMA. A New Milk or Water Sterilizer. C. A. CARY, VETERINARIAN. Bulletins of this Station will be sent free to any citizen of the 'The State on application to the Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn, Ala. All communications should be addressed to EXPERIMENT STATION, AUBURN, ALA. Published by order of the Board of Direction. ALA. BROWN PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS, MONIGOMERY, BOARD OF VISITORS, COMMITTEE OF TRUSTEES ON EXPERIMENT STATION. I. F. CULVER................... ......... ........... Union ..... ..... ..... Springs. ....................... J. G. QILOHRIST .......... H. CLAY ARMSTRONG.................. .... Hope Hull. Auburn. BOAR, D 0B' DIRECTIO-ZL WM. LEROY BROUN............. A. J. BONDURANT.......... .............. B. B. Ross.......................................... P. H. MELL............................... J. M. STEDMAN .............. ... ........... .... ......... President. ............. Agriculturist. ..... Chemist. Botanist and Meteorologist. ................... Biologist. C. A. CARY, D. Y. M...... .............. ASSISTANTS: Veterinarian. J. T. ANDERSON.................... R. E. NOBLE .............................. C. L. HARE ........................ IR. BIVINS............. ............ T U. CULVER.......................... ... ..... First Aszistant Chemist. Second Assistant Chemist. L. Third Assistant Chemist. Clerk, and Assistant Botanist. .... Superintendent of Farm. A NEW MILK OR WATER STERILIZER. BY C. A. CARY. A cheap and practical milk sterilizer, that will destroy all the disease-producing germs which may be present in milk, has been sought as a means of preserving milk and of protecting the health of little children, and others who use milk as a chief food. Scientists and medical authorities almost universally agree that tuberculosis (consumption) in animals and in man is caused by the same microbe; that milk from a tuberculous cow is many times infected with living tubercle baccili; that when children or grown persons consume such infected milk they may, or do in many instances, contract tuberculosis. Besides this most dreaded germ, there are occasionally other disease-producing microbes in milk, and nearly always numerous septic (decomposition) germs which hasten the process of fermentation (souring) and also interfere with the taste, digestibility and nutritive value of milk. Milk has been sterilized by heat, by freezing and by passing electrical currents through it. The first of these three methods is the most effectual, practical and the cheapest. The sterilization of water has been attempted by filtration, by heat, by freezing, by electricity and by the addition of drugs. The filtration method can be relied upon only when every detail is most scrupulously attended to. The value of electricity in sterilizing water has not been sufficiently tested to justify its general use; furthermore, it is not within reach of people outside of the larger cities. The employment of drugs (antiseptics, etc.,) ruin the taste of water, and in most cases would prevent its use as a food. Also, water sterilization by heat has hitherto caused the wa- ter to taste "flat" or insipid, a result of the loss of the absorbed air, oxygen and nitrogen and possibly a little carbonic acid gas, which is usually found in well water. The sterilization of drinking water is a most valuable aid in preventing typhoid fever, cholera, yellow fever, malarial fever and indigestion.- The infected water supply was the source of the cholera outbreak at Hamburg in 1892. Infected wells have been the cause of many cases of typhoid fever. It is also very probable that impure water plays an important part in the production of malarial fevers. Moreover, it is almost certain that impure water and non-sterilized milk are the primary cause of "summer complaint" in children, and infectious diarrhea and dysentery in older persons. It matters not how scrupulously clean and careful the milkmen may be, the milk will become contaminated, more or less, by germs from the air and other sources. Consequently, were the cow perfectly healthy, and the milk to flow from the udder free from microbes, before it reaches the consumer, especially in the cities, it is sufficiently infected with bacteria to interfere with itstaste, its digestive and nutritive value. At present it is an open question as to which is the more healthful for the infant, mother's milk or properly sterilized cow's milk. Recently, in European countries extensive examinations of mother's milk have been made and in the majority of instances women's milk was found to contain microbes. This was more especially true when the mother was not perfectly healthy. Some investigators are inclined to believe that the germs entered the milk from the blood, while others are of the opinion that the microbes came from the skin over the nipple. This question, however, requires further investigation before any relatively true conclusions can be drawn. DESCRIPTION OF STERILIZER. Figure C represents the sterilizing vessel, made of tin, copper or galvanized iron, with the milk or water bottles in position. This vessel, for 4 to 6 bottles, is 9 inches in diam- eter, and 9 to 12 inches high. The lid has 4 to 6 openings (according to the number of bottles) which are 1 to 2 inches in diameter. Resting on the flat, true bottom is a false, loose bottom that is raised 1 inch above the true bottom by.two strips standing on their edges, running at right angles to each other, and firmly soldered to the inferior surface of the false bottom. This bottom (see figure D) is perforated by several openings, one-half inch in diameter. It, also, has its upper surface divided into as many parts as there are bottles, by pieces that are two to three inches high at the center with their free borders gradually curving towards the circumferance of the false bottom. The bottles, C and D, with a capacity of i pint to 1 pint, are made of heavy thick glass, and are hermetically (air tight ) sealed by a rubber stopper, held in position by wires. This stopper is called the "lightning stopper" and is patented. Cork stoppers may be used, but must be held in place by wires or strong cords. The cork should fit tightly and be well secured. After thoroughly cleansing the bottles, they are filled with milk, not higher than x, figure B. They are now closed and placed in the sterilizing vessel; cold water is poured into the vessel until it rises one-fourth of an inch above the false bottom. The sterilizer is then placed on an oil, a gasoline or a cook stove, and heated until the water in the vessel boils eight to fifteen minutes. As a rule, 11 minutes boiling is sufficient. But should the water in the vessel be heated very rapidly, let it boil 15 minutes. If, however, the water comes to a boil slowly, say 30 minutes after being put upon the stove, allow it to boil 8 to 10 minutes. The vessel must then be taken from the stove, covered with dry cloths, and allowed to stand thus for 30 to 40 minutes. After cooling, the bottles may be put on ice or kept in cool water, and the milk will remain sweet for 24 hours or longer. The temperature of the milk, under the above conditions, rises to not lower than 150 degrees or higher than 167 degrees, F. According to the best bacteriologists, nearly all growing and adult microbes are killed if heated to 140 de- A C B D grees, F. But 'physiologists claim that when milk is heated 167 degrees, F., it undergoes a chemical change that impairs its digestibility and nutritive value. By heating milk higher than 167 degrees, F., its starch dissolving ferment is destroyed; apart of the albumin is coagulated, and the caseine will not readily coagulate in the presence of rennet. By prolonged heating of milk at a high temperature, the fat globules separate from the milk and this is said to interfere with the assimilation of the fat. Prolonged heating at a high temperature is said to destroy the milk sugar. But according to the bacteriologists and physiologists, heating milk to 140--167 degrees, F., will kill the adult forms of all kinds of germs, preserve the milk and render it more healthful, without impairing its value, in any way as a food. These comparatively low temperatures will not destroy the spores of many decomposition (septic) germs; consequently the milk "sours" in the course of 24 hours, or as soon as the spores develop into adult microbes. According to Fraenkel, heating cholera bacilli to 122 degrees, typhoid bacilli to 140 degrees, or tubercle bacilli to 158 degrees, F., will destroy them in a short time; this is especially true if the bacilli are in such liquids as milk or water when heated. Furthermore, it is almost absolutely certain that none of these three germs form spores. If one should desire to keep the milk indefinitely, it must be heated as above directed for three consecutive days. To raise the temperature of the milk to 185 degrees, varying from that up to 205 degrees, F., fill the vessel, C, with cold water, one-third to one-half as high as the level of the milk in the bottles; then boil the water in the vessel 20 to 40 minutes, usually 30 minutes is sufficient to preserve the milk 2 to 4 days, Repeat the process the next day and the milk may be preserved indefinitely. I prefer this method to the preceeding for sterilizing milk in the summer. To raise the milk or water in the bottles to 206 or 212 degrees, F., fill the sterilizing vessel with cold water as high as the level of the milk or water in the bottles, cover the vessel with a non-perforated lid, or cover the perforated lid with cloths; then allow the water in the vessel to boil 30 to 60 minutes. This will usually keep the milk sweet as long as the bottles are kept closed. During the hot part of last summer I kept milk that had been so sterilized for 6 weeks, and the bottles stood in a window where the sun could shine on them part of the day. As a rule, on account of reasons previously stated, it is not good to sterilize milk at such a high temperature. But drinking water should always be sterilized by this method. If milk is acid in reaction ( slightly sour) before sterilization it will coagulate after sterilization, although it may be free of germs. Sometimes the milk is acid when it comes from the udder and this is said to be due to improper feeding of the cow. In order to determine if the milk is appreciably acid before sterilization, put a small strip of blue litmus paper into the milk; if it turns red the milk is acid, but if this produces no change in the blue paper the milk is neutral, or alkaline. If the milk is slightly acid it may be made neutral or slightly alkaline by the addition of a sufficient quantity of a saturated solution of bicarbonate of potassium, or common baking soda, to make the red litmus paper turn blue. This may be done without injuring the milk, if practiced with care. In sterilizing water, always heat it to 212 degrees, F., for 30 to 60 minutes. After the water in the sterilizing vessel has become partially cooled, the bottles may be placed on ice, put in cold water or transferred to a bucket that may be hung in the well. The only practical method of using the thermometer, when sterilizing milk, is the one suggested by the Bureau of Animal Industry. It is adjusted in the lid so that the bulb is immersed in the water of the vessel. The vessel is filled with water as high as the level of the milk in the bottles. When the water reaches the desired temperature (160 to167 degrees, F.,) the vessel is removed from the fire, covered with cloths and allowed to stand 30 to 40 minutes. 9 CAUTIONS. Always scrupulously clean the bottles before using. Coarse sand or a bottle brush will remove the dry milk from the inner surface of the bottle. It is best to fill the bottles with water immediately after using the milk. Never fill the bottles higher than indicated in figure B. Always keep the bottles closed air tight during and after sterilizing. Never pour cold water into the sterilizer after the water in the sterilizer has commenced to boil. Never take the bottles from the vessel when they are hot; because cold air or cold water will break them. Never put cold bottles into boiling water. A MILK DEALER'S STERILIZER. This process of sterilization in closed bottles may be employed by dairymen. A large sterilizing pan could be made after the pattern of a syrup or a sorghum evaporating pan. It may be from 6 to 10 feet long, 2 to 4 feet wide, and 12'to 15 inches deep. The bottom should be made of copper and the sides of plank. The false bottom should be constructed lattice-or slatlike, of wood strips. The bottles should have a capacity of one quart. A tight fitting lid could be constructed of wood, having but one opening, in which a thermometer may be inserted. A heating furnace, something like the one used in evaporating sorghum or cane juice, may be employed, but arranged to suit the different conditions. After filling the bottles as previously directed, and placing them in the sterilizing pan, it may be filled with cold water as high as the level of the milk in the bottles. Now heat the water to 160 degrees, F., or higher if desired; tie temperature will be indicated by the thermometer extending through the lid down into the water. When the water reaches the desired temperature the sterilizing pan, resting on rollers, may be rolled to one side, upon a platform as high as the furnace, and there left undisturbed for 30 to 40 minutes. It is important that the sterilizer remain covered 10 for 30 to 40 minutes after removing it from the fire; because the milk in the bottles will not reach the same temperature as the water in the sterilizing pan, until 5 or 10 minutes after removal from the fire. When the bottles have partially cooled they may be removed to the ice chest, or to cooling pans. Crates, similar to those used by pop and beer venders, may be employed in delivering the milk. I claim to have originated this process of sterilizing milk or water in hermetically sealed bottles. Milk sterilized by this process may be heated to a higher temperature than in open vessels without changing its chemical composition, or interfering with its taste, digestibility or nutritive value. This closed bottle process is not exposed to infection after sterilization. As a water sterilizer it does not change the taste of the water; it leaves the water just as palatable as it was before sterilization. Furthermore, the sterilizer is cheap and may be used by any cook or nurse after a little instruction. I believe it can be successfully and effectually used by dairymen. Bulletin Xo. 54, : February, 1891. Agricultural Experiment Station -OF THE- AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE, AUBURN, : : ALABAMA. K ALEX T0BI A 00. J. BONDUTRANT, 9? AGRICULTURIST. CONTENTS. I. II. Object of Experiment........................... Preparing for Planting ............................ ... 15 III. Classification and Yaluation.. ...................... Facts and Statistics of U. 21 IY. S. Department of Agricul26 ture .......................................... "'The Bulletins of this Station will be sent free to any citizen of the State on application to the Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn, Ala. All communications should he addressed to EXPERIMENT STATION, AUBURN, ALA. Published by order of the Board of Direction. BROWN PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS, MONTGOMERY, ALA. BOARD OF VISITORS, COMMITTEE OF TRUSTEES ON EXPERIMENT STATION. I. F. CULVER ..................... J. G. GILCHRIST............... ...................... .......................... Union Springs. Hope Hull. H. CLAY ARMSTRONG...................................... Auburn. OF DI E EJCTION- President WM. LEROY BROUN............ ......................... A. J. BONDURANT..................................... Agriculturist. B. B. J. -BOALEDJ Ross............................................ ....... Chemist. P. H. MELL................................ M. STEDMAN...................................... GARY, Botanist and Meteorologist. Biologist. C.A. D. V. M.............................. ASSISTANTS : Veterinarian. J. T. ANDERSON.................................. R. E. First Assistant Chemist. Second Assistant Chemist. Chemist. C. L. NOBLE............... ............. HARE.. o....... ... ................... ............. Third Assistant R. L. BIVINS ........... T. U. CULVER .................................. Clerk, and Assistant Botanist. Superintendent of Farm. TOBACCO EXPERIMENT. I. OBJECT OF EXPERIMENT. Experiments in Tobacco, which were commenced on the Station in 1892, and were reported in Bulletin No. 44, were continued the past year with seed from several varieties raised in Virginia, purchased from R. L. Ragland & Co. Hyco, Va., who are raisers of tobacco seed, to supply the agricultural department at Washington, D. C. Seed were also used of the Connecticut Seed Leaf and Havana, furnished by the agricultural department at Washington. Seed furnished by the Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, and seeds procured from Meguiar, Harris & Co., Louisville, Ky., of the Burley tobacco. These experiments were undertaken to ascertain the kinds of tobacco that seemed best adapted to this climate and soil. Experiment Station work, conducted in a general way, was more with reference to the growth of the different varieties planted, their qualities, and methods of curing, than to the particulars of fertilizers suitable to the crop in this climate and on this soil. Methods of raising the plants. These Experiments were commenced on the twenty-sixth of January, and at that time preparation was begun for raising the plants in the Phytopathological, or plant laboratory, in open air beds burnt in the woods and in a hot bed covered with cheese cloth. A brief account of the method followed in each case will be given. [ ] Phytopathological laboratory. Rich wood mould, free 14 from grass seed, was well fertilized with equal parts of nitrate of soda, acid phosphate and kainit. This was placed in boxes to7the depth of six inches, the seed were carefully planted in rows a few inches apart, labeled and the soil kept moist by sprinkling late in the evenings when necessary. Very few ~plants came up from this process. Those that did reach'the surface soon died. There are two rational causes for accounting for the failure of these seeds to germinate and grow. The first is, owing to the extreme heat in the Phytopathological, or plant laboratory, which was covered with glass and not protected with awning at that time, thereby destroying the vitality of the seeds. The second cause is, that the boxes containing the mixture of soil and fertilizer were so small that the proportion of fertilizer may have been too large for the quantity of soil used, and hence in this concentrated or caustic form the germinating power of the small seeds was destroyed. There were two other sowings of the seed in this laboratory, viz : February 28th, and March 29th, with the same results as with the first sowing. [ b ] The woods bed. This bed was prepared on January 27th, after the plan practiced in the old tobacco States, by burning the ground and then getting the bed in a fine pulverized condition with hoes and rakes. The bed was fertilized after the same method as before mentioned, and the seeds were sown and covered with a light covering of pine straw. These did well, and by the first warm days of March there was an abundance of young plants in sight; yet notwithstanding the covering of pine straw, some were killed by freezing weather, but enough left for use. About the twentieth of March it was discovered that the flea beetle, which seems as abundant in Alabama as in the old tobacco States, had commenced to attack the young plants, and then by liberal manuring the plants began to grow rapidly, and soon became sufficiently strong to resist the ravages of this pernicious insect, and although they were later than those raised under canvass, yet many good plants were gotten from this bed for replanting the experimental grounds. From experiments made in raising plants in open beds, we find that they are liable to be destroyed by the flea beetle and other insects; and as a remedy, I would advise spraying the bed with one ounce of Paris Green, mixed with fifteen or twenty gallons of weak soap suds. This same application can also be used after the plants reach the surface. Pyrethum, commonly called insect powder, can be used in the place of Paris Green, either dry or mixed with water, but it is not considered so effective as Paris Green, and besides it is costlier, and more difficult to procure unadulterated. (c) Covered Bed. This bed was prepared on the 4th of February, by making a frame 8 by 16 feet, cased-in with inch plank one and a half feet high on the north side, and one foot high on the south side. The method of fertilizing was the same as that followed with the two before-mentioned beds, seeds being sown in drills a few inches apart. The bed was then covered with cheese cloth sewn together to make a close covering to keep in as much heat as possible and then fastened to the planks with tacks. The bed being near a hydrant, was kept watered with a spraying hose. The plants came up well and grew rapidly, and from this bed most of the plants were gotten for the experiments. II. PREPARING FOR PLANTING. The land upon which these experiments were conducted was bottom branch land, and poor sandy upland. The bottom land, which was in cotton the year before, was the first that was prepared, by breaking it well with a turning plow on April the third, and equal parts of cotton seed meal, kainit and acid phosphate were applied broadcast, at the rate of one thousand pounds per acre, and plowed in with a scooter. 16 Each plot of two rows each contained one-forty-second of an acre. The rows were laid off with a shovel plow, three pounds of nitrate of soda, six pounds of kainit, and six of acid phosphate mixed, were applied in the shovel furrow, then bedded with Dixie plow and the beds harrowed. Rows were then run cross, three and one-half feet wide, and plants set in checks. April the twentieth the planting commenced, using plants from the canvas bed. April twenty-fifth and May second, all missing hills were replanted, and no more replanting was done on this ground after that time. The land on which this experiment was made, was sandy and of moderate fertility. A succession of crops, principally cotton, had been grown on it for many years. The following table shows the results of yield from land known as branch bottom sandy soil. The plants were set in checks 31 feet each way: C III l ilr '1.Y ~Y ~I-l. Z Names of Varieties. Pounds yield per acre green Tobacco. 6888.0 9681.0 5607.0 7014 0 4179.O Pounds yield per acre cured Tobacco. 1029 0 1268 4 852 6 1436 4 814 8 Type. krzow rauI as 1 Comstock Spanish............ 2 Connecticut Seed Leaf........ 4Havana Seed Leaf .......... . Cigar. 8Vuelta de Abajo............... 13 Pure Havana ................. 17 6 Names of Varieties. o ___Tobacco. 3 Conqueror.......... .......... ....... .......... Pounds yield per acre green 5901.0 8366.4 8484.0 6699 0 6913.2 7719.6 5985.0 3746.4 3234.0 Pounds yield per acre cured Tobacco. 1163.4 1192.8 1247.4 1159.2 1310.4 1104.6 1176.0 688.8 575.4 Type. Plug " " , " " 5Hester............ 6 Hyco .......... 7 Long Leaf Gooch.............. 9 Yellow Orinoco............... 10 White Stem Orinoco........... 11Burley.................... 12 Gold Finder............. 14 Yellow Pryor . .............. ..... ...... " The soil on which the second experiment was made, is upland and known as white sandy soil, very poor without the aid of fertilizers. On this the plants were set, three feet apart on rows three feet wide. The first application of manure was in shovel furrows laid off three feet apart, stable manure at the rate of five thousand pounds per acre was applied in the drill, then, in the same furrow, at the rate of five hundred pounds per acre, the following fertilizers in this proportion: sixty-six pounds sulphate of ammonia, sixty-six pounds nitrate of soda and two hundred pounds acid phosphate. A scooter furrow was then run in this fertilized furrow, mixing the fertilizer and soil, it was then bedded with the Dixie plow. The table on next page shows the yield from light sandy soil upland. Rows were three feet apart and plants were set three feet apart: 18 6 Z 0 Names of Varieties. Pounds yield yer acre green Tobacco. . 5382.0 5304.0J Pounds yield per acre cured Tobacco. 1242.8 1505.4 Type. L Comstock Spanish......... Connecticut Seed Leaf. Cigar. Tobcc I Eflavana Seed Leaf....... .. . 3Vuelta de Abajo..... ...... 3Pure Havana................. . 3796.0 1495.0 a; 881.4 439.4 452.4 6 Names of Varieties. Pounds yield per acre green Tobacco. ll~lr 8114.6 7124.0 . 8073.0 6877.0 . 6848.4 7228.0. . 8769.8 4308.2 4630.6 Pounds yield per. acre cured Tobacco. 1645.8 998.4 1591.2 1294.8 1744.6 3Conqueror.................. 5 Hester..................... 6 Hyco...................... 7 Long Leaf Plug Gooch............. 9 Yellow Orinoco ............. 10 White Stem Orinoco .. ..... 11 Burley ............... 12 Gold Finder...... ...... 14 Yellow Pryor................ ...... 1271.4 1235.0 720.2 860.6 I * Green weights of this variety were misplaced and consequently can not be given. (Jultivation. The cultivation was shallow throughout, being done with Terrell heel scrape ; on the bottom land the plowing was done both ways, which reduced the expense, as the hoe was not much used. Harvestingj and (Juring. The gathering of the crop commenced July the seventeenth, and was continued for every ,Type 19 eight or ten days thereafter until the entire crop was gathered, as it required that length of time to make a curing, to bring the tobacco in order, to take it down out of the house and bulk it. The curing was done ina modern tobacco barn, with heating apparatus, as was shown by illustrations in bulletin No. 44, May 1893. The following is the method of curing that was followed CURING TOBACCO. -FOR YELLOWING OR SWEATING Temperature of Barn before firing Stoves, 86 degrees. July 19, 10 o. c., a. m. Fire started and thermometer kept on average of 90 degrees until 12 o. c. that night. From 12 o. c. at night (July 19th) to July 20, 9 o. c. An average heat of 95 degrees. All openings, ventilators, &c. closed, temperature not rising much over the average, Twenty-three hours now since fire begun; tobacco yellowed, which is earlier than the rule, thirty hours being usually required to yellow. SETTING THE COLOR. July 20, 9 o. c., a. m. Opened ventilators over the Stoves, made two openings in conduits next to door on either side, and half of ventilator on top of Barn. Temperature raised to 100 degrees. July 20, 10 a. m. " " " " 105 115 " " " 11 " " .. " . " " " " " 110 " 110 " " 3p.m. " " 6 " .. lowered " " 21 " " 3 a. min. " 6 raised " " " 115 120 " " " " 9 " " " " . " 125 " " " " " " " 3p.m. " 9 ". .. " 130 . 135 ' 20 CURING TOBACCO, JULY 31, 1893. Monday, July 31st. Gathered 4 varieties of tobacco and put in Barn and started fire about 3 o. c., p. m. Thermometer raised to 90 degrees and kept at this heat until Wednesday, Aug. 2nd, 3 o. c., p. in., when temperature was raised to 95 and 100 degrees, using about 4 barrels water in sprinkling floor to prevent drying too rapidly. Thursday, Aug. 3rd, temperature raised to 130 to 140 degrees; tobacco drying as fast as possible. Saturday, Aug. 5th, finished drying and wet basement. Monday, Aug. 7th, took down tobacco and packed away in barn. Bulking. The tobacco was taken down out of the curing barn as soon as it was cured, and bulked down in the new Agricultural Laboratory, so as to have use of the curing house for more tobacco. In curing tobacco by artificial heat, this barn is an economical method. By commencing to take off the leaves, say the middle of July that are ripe, and continuing to gather the leaves as they ripen until all of the crop is gathered, in this climate with frost delayed until November, as much as eight or ten thousand pounds of tobacco can be cured in a tobacco barn sixteen by twenty feet, from the middle of July to the first of November. Another important advantage in curing by this process is, that a larger per cent. of bright tobacco can be obtained than by curing with open fires. The tobacco, as it was taken down from the curing house, was in as dry condition as it could be handled without breaking. Unless the stems were thoroughly cured, it would be unsafe to place tobacco in bulk from the curing house as early as was done in this experiment. As all of the tobacco that was cured by this process was thoroughly cured before it was taken from the curing house for bulking in the Agricultural Laboratory, it went through a moderate sweating 21 process, and was found to be all sound and sweet when the bulks were opened about the first of December for assorting and binding into hands. Assorting. The tobacco was assorted and classified according to the color and quality. In assorting, three grades were made ; first quality, which consisted of the largest and best quality of leaf ; second quality, leaves of smaller size than the first, and third quality, or lugs, which were composed of the lowest grade, usually the leaves grown nearest the ground. After the different qualities were assorted, they were tied in bundles or hands, a thin pliant leaf being used to make the tie. From seven to ten leaves of the best quality were sufficient to make a bundle of a convenient size for handling, from eight to twelve leaves of the second quality were placed in a bundle, and from ten to fourteen of the third quality. II1. CLASSIFICATION AND VALUATION. With the view of ascertaining the quality and value of the tobacco raised on the Station, samples of the different varieties were sent for examination to dealers in New York, Richmond, and Danville, Ya., Florence, S. C. and New Orleans, La. At the time of writing this bulletin, reports have been received from the following. As these reports may be of interest to the farmers of this State, and the South, who are interested in this new industry, the essential part of the different reports are given: REPORT OF H. T. DUFFIELD. The first report received was from Mr. H. T. Duffield, of the Tobacco Leaf Publishing Co., New York, enclosing the classification of Mr. Wallace, an experienced "judge of tobacco." Mr. Duffield wrote, "the samples you sent are very 22 much like the tobacco grown in the celebrated Owensboro district in Kentucky, this is the opinion of Mr. Wallace ; he is a fine judge and never says anything except what he thinks. Mr. Wallace was formerly a member of the firm of Sawyer, Wallace & Co. I have known that house to make one sale of tobacco which amounted to about one million and a half of dollars. I have taken great pleasure in showing the samples, for I am a native of Mississippi, and was reared in Kentucky, and am always glad to do what I can to assist the brethren down South." OPINION OF MR.WALLACE. Yellow Pryor. This perhaps is the most serviceable tobacco of the lot. Sample in good condition, shows a very good leaf indeed. If the leaf were a little longer it would be better. Hester. Brighter than the preceding; better color than it, rather short. Conqueror. A very nice long leaf ; well cured, long enough to be of use to the manufacturers. Gold Finder. Good brown color; some good leaf and some too thin and papery. White Stem Orinoco. Green color, with a few leaves of good color, quality uneven. Long Leaf Gooch. Would never pay to grow, except for the very lowest grades. Too green and slazy. If it cannot be grown of better color and more body, it had better be left alone. Yellow Orinoco. No comparison with the other light colored samples; not nearly so yellow and more green, lifeless. First Quality Brown. Much larger leaf than second quality brown; a little slazy, color comes mare from the growth than from curing. Samples rougher than number two; good body; a good shipping leaf for England; delicious flavor. Second Quality Brown. Some remarkably good leaf in the sample; rather short-too short for stripping purposes. Barley. 23 First Quality Bright. Shows a very good leaf ; well cured; nice small stems. Second Quality Bright. Shows considerable green and too short to do anything with, except for granulating purposes. The samples of plug manufacturing leaf, clearly show that the soil and climate are well adapted to the growing of this class of tobacco profitably. The tobacco, as a rule is too short measuring, that is, the longest sample twenty-one to twenty-two inches, when it should be from twenty-two to twenty-five. The best varieties are Conqueror, Yellow Prior, and First Quality Brown, in the order named. When compared with the rest, Conqueror seems to justify its name. Your bright tobaccos are worth just what a man fancies. Some fancy bright wrappers bring fifty cents per pound, while the very commonest bright will fetch six cents or so, on the market now. REPORT OF MR. FRANK M. ROGERS, FLORENCE, S. C. I feel sure that the development of the culture of bright tobacco in your State will add materially to the prosperity of the farmers when they give it proper and careful attention. The industry in this section has become quite a prominent feature in our agriculture, and to those of our farmers who are industrious and attentive, tobacco has proven one of the best paying crops introduced. There is great prejudice in all the markets of North Carolina and Virginia against all new sections. They tried in every way to discourage and kill-out the business in this State at first, by paying very low prices for our products; the same prejudice still remains. Owing to our soil, climate and length of season, we can far surpass States north of us in quality of leaf, production per acre and cost of production. They fully realize this, and should the industry spread through two or three of our Southern States, they would practically be unable to compete. 24 The following is the valuation of the samples, as far as made by Mr. Rogers; Number one is worth from eight to nine cents per pound. Number two is worth from seven to eight cents per pound. Number three is worth from five to six cents per pound. REPORT OF DIBRELL BROTHERS, DANVILLE, VA. We have examined the samples carefully, and have put the following valuations on them: First Quality Brown, we value at ............ Second " " " " " ..... 4 cents. 4 " First Quality Bright, Second " " " " " " " . . . .. . . . . . . 10 " 8 8...... " White Stem Orinoco, Burley, Gold Finder, " " " " " " " " " .......... " .......... " ..... 4 6 " " " Hester, Hyco, "............ " " ......... 6 8 " " Yellow Orinoco, Yellow Pryor, Conqueror, " " " " " " " " " ............ "............7 "....... 4 " " Long Leaf Gooch, " ............ 5 " We think the Hyco and Conqueror are of better quality and more decided character than any of the others. REPORT OF S. P. CARR, RICHMOND, VA. I have carefully examined the samples of tobacco you sent. You have a fine field for the dark tobaccos and a fighting chance with our North Carolina bright varieties, owing to your soil being of similar quality to the North Carolina best tobacco soils. I think you have at least thirty per cent. advantage in culture-certainly ten per cent. in length of seasons and suishine, and twenty per cent. in the advantage of a curing season, for unless you are forced to cut through an abnormally wet season, there is no reason why you cannot always 25 have a select time for cutting and curing, which rarely happens in our latitude. In short, we have six weeks margin to cut and cure our tobacco, and you have ten weeks certain. There was a time in our tobacco industry, dating only a few years back, that no part of our country could raise tobacco worth anything, but North Carolina and Virginia, the home of its first commercial culture; but it has been fully demonstrated that this is a mistake. It is in your power to make the very best type of cigar filler, binder and wrapper, and in these grades you will have a world-wide outlet. Below find description and comments on your types. twelve cents Gold Finder. Coarse leaf, worth eleven per pound. Conqueror. Very good quality, worth twelve to fourteen cents per pound. Comstock Spanish. A fair cigar filler, not large enough for wrappers; some of it large enough for binders. Havana Seed Leaf. Very good binder and common filler, but the laterals or veins too coarse for perfect combustion. Connecticut Seed Leaf. Too heavy for wrapper, will make fair filler and possibly a binder. Vuelta de Abajo. A very good filler, but a fraction too rich in body for a mild smoke. Pure Havana. The best of all the cigar types, only needs a little to make it perfect for wrapper, binder and filler. This is the kind to direct your energies to; you can supplant the genuine Havana in this country, if you will direct your attention to this kind. Hester. Leaf and texture all right. Yellow Pryor. Good body, and texture all right. White Stem Orinoco. Yery fair goods. Long Leaf Gooch. Fair stemmer for the English market. Yellow Orinoco. A good stemmer for English export, but rather coarse. Burley. Fair quality, worth from eight to ten cents per pound. "to 26 IV. FACTS FROM STATISTICS OF THE U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. From the report of the U. S. Department of Agriculture on the crops for the year 1893, the estimate placed on the crop of tobacco raised in sixteen States, all that are reported as having raised tobacco, is 483,023,963 pounds from 702.952 acres, and valued at $39,155.442. This will give an average of $ 55.70.1 per acre for the sixteen States that cultivated tobacco in 1893. The last estimate made by the Department of, Agriculture of the acreage, production and valuation of tobacco, prior to those given above, appeared in the annual report of the Department for 1889, being the estimate of the crop for 1888. The acreage as estimated for 1888 was 747,326, producing 565,795,000 pounds of tobacco, at a total value of $13,666.665. The crop the following year, 1889, was returned by the U. S. Census at 488,255,896 pounds, the product of 692,990 acres, with a total valuation of $34, 844.449. From a comparison of the estimates of 1888 with the Census figures of 1889, it would seem that the former were considerably too high. These discrepancies have been eliminated in thenDepartment Report for the year 1893. The figures of acreage for the whole, vary little from year to year, there being an increase of about 10,000 acres over the Census figures. The yield, on the contrary, varies greatly; and for 1893 was below the average. This is shown by the total production being 5,000,000 pounds less than for the Census year, despite the increased acreage. The average yield of tobacco for the year 1893 in the sixteen tobacco States amounted to 687 pounds per acre. The final estimates of the average farm price of tobacco, December 1st, 1893, for the sixteen States that produced. tobacco, are as follows: 27 Massachusetts, .................... 16.0 cents per pound, Connecticut, ........... ........ 14.0 " " " ........ ......... New York, Pennsylvania,..................... M aryland, .......... .. ...... 15.2 13.5 7.6 " " Virginia, ......................... North Carolina, ................... Arkansas, ....................... Tennessee,...................... W est Virginia,................... Kentucky,........................ ................ ........ Ohio, Indiana,................ ........ Illinois, .......................... .......... Wisconsin,......... M issouri,.........................7.6 6.2 8.0 10.0 8.8 10.2 7.6 6.5 7.3 7.0 6.3 " " " " " " " " " " " " " This report makes no allusion to tobacco raised in the Southern States. It is well known that Florida and Southern Georgia produce good cigar tobacco, and South Carolina good plug and smoking, and all of these States have tobacco manufactories for cigars, plug and smoking tobacco. The report of the government for cotton for the year 1893 for acreage and yield is not at hand, only the prices of the staple from eleven States that cultivated cotton are given. From the report of 1888, which gave the essential features of the cotton crop for that year, it appears that the average yield per acre for cotton that year, for all the cotton States, was one hundred and eighty pounds, and the average price at that time was eight and one half cents per pound, which would amount to fifteen dollars and thirty cents per acre. Since that time the average production may not have decreased, but it is certain that the price of the staple has declined, and it is reasonable to conclude from the following table that the farmers in the cotton States did not average gross, over $12.61 per acre for their cotton, for the year 1893. The average farm price for cotton for 1893, in the eleven States that raised cotton, is as follows: 28 Virginia, ........... ............ 7.1 cents per pound. North Carolina,...................7.2 " " " South Carolina,..................7.1 " " Georgia, .......... ........... 7.3 Florida, ........... ......... 7.3 " " " 7.0 ......... Alabama,.............. Mississippi, ...................... 7.0 " " 7.0 " Louisiana,....................... 6.9 Texas, ........................... " " " 6.8 Arkansas, ........................ Tennessee,.......................6.5 As far as Experiments have progressed on the Station, the indications are that tobacco, of good quality, particularly for manufacturing plug, for pipe smoking and cigarettes, and possibly for cigars, can be raised in this part of AlabLna at a profit. From samples sent to the Station for examination, from different parts of the State, it is fair to conclude that in that portion of the State bordering on the Gulf coast, that tobacco of good quality, fine flavor for wrappers, binders and fillers for cigars, can be produced. Some of this kind was received this season from Dr. John Gordon, Healing Springs, Washington county, which apparently possessed all the requisite qualities for making cigars of excellent quality, after being put through the proper process. Samples of tobacco were also received from Mr. Z. T. Stroud, Aberfoil, Bullock county. These samples were in a badly damaged condition, owing to the fact that they were very wet. After the samples were dried-out, they were examined and found to be a leaf of good size and color-good flavor in smoking, free from pungency, a decided cigar flavor, burning well and leaving a pearl ash. Some good samples were received from Mr. R. D. Martin, Florence, Ala., suitable for making plug and smoking. The variety which Mr. Martin calls the Brazil Gold Leaf, has been grown by him for several years, and he writes that he has sold all he has for sale at thirty cents per pound. He reports that he has gotten three crops a year from this variety on the same ground, by planting early. 29 One of the most important things to be done to make the tobacco industry a success in this State, is the establishment of home manufactories. The freight charges on tobacco from Auburn to Florence, S. C., or Danville, Va., are $1.05 per 100 pounds, which reduces the profit too much in this age of sharp competition. The cotton crop of this State brings annually $30,000,000 to $35,000,000, and from the best information that has been gotten, as much as one-fourth or one-fifth of the amount that the cotton crop sells for is spent in tobacco raised in other States. If our own people raised and manufactured enough tobacco for their own consumption, a large amount of money that is now sent out of our State annually for an article that we could produce at home, would be kept in our own State. The Station saved seed from last years crop of all of the varieties planted, and will distribute a limited quantity to the farmers of the State on application. Bulletin No. 55, : April, 1891. Agricultural Experiment Station -OF THE- AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE, AUBURN, ALABAMA. A NEW DISEASE OF COTTON. COTTON BOLL-ROT. J. M. STEDMAN, BIOLOGIST. CONTENTS: I. II. III. IV. Introduction........ .... ............... ......... 3 5 6 Insects and Fungi in Diseased Bolls.................3 Experimental work with the Disease................ ... Description of Bacillus gossypina .............. V. VIi. Description and Nature of Cotton-Boll Precautions andReeis.............1 Rot........... 7 gThe Bulletins of this Station will be sent free to any citizen of the. State on application to the Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn, Ala. All communications should be addressed to EXPERIMENT STATION, AUJBURN, ALA. Published by order of the Board of Direction. BROWN PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS, MONTGOMERY, ALA. BOARD OF VISITORS, COMMITTEE OF TRUSTEES ON EXPERIMENT STATION. I. F. CULVER .......................................... J. G. GILCURIST.... ..... ............................. H. CLAY ARMSTRONG.................................. Union Springs. Hope Hull. Auburn.. BOAELD Off' DIO'TIOMT_ .... .......... .. President. WM. LEPOY BROUN......................... ..... . A. J. BONBURANT...... ............ B. B. IRoss........................................... P. H. MELL .............................. J. M. STEDMAN.................... ................. Agriculturist. Chemist. Biologi st. Botanist and Meteorologist. .......... C. A. CARY, D. Y. M.................... ........... ASSISTANTS : Veterinarian. Chemist. Chemist. First Assistant J. T. ANDERSON. ................ Second Assistant IR. E. NOBLE................................ Third Assistant ..... C. L. HARE.............. .... Clerk, and Assistant IR.L. BIVINS ...... ........... T. Chemist. Botanist. U. CULVER ................................ Superintendent of Farm. COTTON-BOLL ROT. A NEW BACTERIAL DISEASE OF COTTON AFFECTING THE SEEDS, LINT AND BOLLS. BY J. M. STEDMAN. During the middle of August, 1893, I received from the Department of Agriculture, Montgomery, Ala., some samples of cotton-bolls supposed to be suffering from the attack of insects. The cotton-bolls were accompanied by a note stating that they had been received from Mr. A. W. Bryant, Stockton, Baldwin county, Alabama, and asked for the name and habits of the insect affecting them, and for the remedies to be used to combat or destroy the same. On the 13th of September, I received a box of diseased cotton-bolls from Mr. W. A. Bryant himself. A short examination of the bolls and of the numerous insects in them was sufficient to convince me of the fact that the insects were not the direct cause of the disease, but that on the contrary, they were present in order to eat of the already dead and decaying vegetable matter. The insects were Coleoptera (beetles) of the family Nitidulide (Sapsuckers), and were present in all stages of development. The larvae, one of which is represented in figure 7, and the adult beetles, represented in figure 5 and 6, were very numerous, while their pupae were not uncommon. The larve are about one-fourth of an inch in length and are nearly white in color. Figure 7 represents one magnified about five diameters. A closer examination revealed the presence of two species of adult beetles both of which are about one-eighth of an inch long. Figure 5 represents one of these sap-beetles, Epurcea cestiva, magnified six diameters, while figure 6 shows 4 the other species, Carpophilus mutilatus, equally magnified. Both of these beetles are well known among fruit growers in the Southern States, Mexico, and Central and South America. They are widely distributed throughout the south, feeding both in the larval and adult condition upon decaying or injured fruit of all kinds, and are sometimes found sucking the sap from wounded portions of trees. They are common in cotton-bolls that have been injured by the bollworm, and in decaying heaps of cotton seed. Neither the adult beetles nor the larve are known to eat or attack healthy fruit or living vegetable tissue. The presence of these insects, then, in the diseased and decaying cotton-bolls is not surprising, and their presence can have at least only a secondary connection with the true disease in that they may, by their burrows cause, perhaps, a more rapid spreading of the disease, Neither the beetles nor their larvae were to be found in all the disease cotton-bolls, but only in such as were greatly damaged by the disease having spread so as to involve nearly the entire contents of the boll and to have caused the tips of the corpels to open slightly. In such bolls I also observed several species of ordinary saprophytic fungi, and in a few cases the fungus, Colletotrichum Gossypii, Southworth, that produces the disease in cotton-bolls known as anthracnose.* But no fungi were observed in the bolls that were only slightly diseased or decayed inside. The presence of fungi and insects in those cotton-bolls only that were greatly diseased and decayed inside, and that had either the tips of the carpels opened or the disease had spread so as to involve a portion of the outer surface of the bolls, together with the entire absence of insects and fungi in all cases where the disease was confined to the contents of the boll, led me to suspect the bacterial nature of the disease in question. Accordingly, pure cultures of the bacteria from the disease inside the closed cotton-bolls were then made by the usual plate culture method, and the inoculations made in both tubes of nutrient gelatine and of agar*See Bull. No. 41, On Some Diseases of Cotton, by G. F. Atkinson, p. 40. agar by means of a sterilized platinum needle. In four days the growth of the bacteria in the gelatine tubes had become very profuse, and had clouded the entire mass of gelatine, giving it a slight greenish hue. The growth of the bacteria in the agar-agar tubes was different. Here the bacteria spread out as a milky cloud around the entire length of the path of the inoculating needle through the agar, and also over the surface of the agar as a more or less white, semitransparent and glossy growth. See figure 3, which represents the growth as it appears in agar-agar tubes. That this difference in the growth of the bacteria in the agar-agar and gelatine tubes was not due to a difference in the kind of bacteria in each was proven by the numerous cross inoculations that were made. Fresh agar-agar tubes were inoculated with the bacteria from a gelatine tube culture, and fresh gelatine tubes inoculated with the bacteria from an agar-agar tube ,culture, in all cases by means of a sterilized platinum needle; and in no case was there any signs of a deviation in the method of growth or apperance of the cultures peculiar to either the agar or to the gelatine as above stated. In order to determine whether or not the bacteria of which I had made pure cultures were the cause of the disease in the cotton-bolls, I selected ten healthy cotton plants, and with a sterilized needle, I made two punctures into four healthy cotton-bolls on each of the plants, numbers 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, and labeled each boll. Then by means of the same needle, sterilized and then infected with the bacteria from the pure tube culture, I made two punctures into four healthy cotton-bolls on each of the plants, numbers 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and labeled each boll. In twelve days all the cottonbolls inoculated with the bacteria from the tube cultures had taken the disease in varying degrees, and in twenty days they were entirely destroyed; the entire contents of the bolls having rotted, and the outer surface to a more or less extent. On the contrary, the four bolls used as a control experiment on each of the other five plants were perfectly healthy and showed no signs of a disease, except one that had been attacked by a fungus at the place where the needle had caused an injury, thus enabling the fungus to develop there; but this boll was not affected with the disease in .question. Hence it is demonstrated that this specific bacterium was and is the cause of the disease in question. From one of the original bolls some diseased tissue including seed was hardened in increasing strengths of alcohol, infiltrated with paraffine in the usual manner, cut into sections which were fastened to the slide by clove-oil-collodion, stained with gentian violet or with carbofuchsin, and mounted in balsam. On examination with a high power (1-24 inch Hom. Imm. Obj. of Winkel) of the microscope, most of the cells in the diseased region of the tissues were found to contain bacteria in abundance. Figure 4 represents a portion of a section of such a tissue as seen under the microscope, and is magnified 800 diameters. Several cover-glass preparations from the pure cultures of bacteria in both agar-agar and gelatine were made and stained with either gentian violet or with carbafuchsin, and examined with the 1-24 inch Hom.Imm. The appearance of these bacteria as seen under such a high power of the microscope is shown in figure 1, which represents them as magnified 1500 diameters. When magnified equally, the bacteria in the sections of diseased tissue will be seen to be identical in appearance with those from the culture tubes. Not being able to identify this species of bacteria with any heretofore described, I have named it BACILLUS gOSSYPINA. Obtained by Stedman (1893) from the inside of diseased cotton-bolls suffering from a rot of the seed and lint. Morphology.-Short, straight bacilli, truncate with slightly rounded corners, 1.5 micron long and 0.75 micron broad; usually solitary, sometimes in pairs, and occasionally in chains of from three to four. Stains readily with the usual aniline colors. Biological characters. An aerobic, non liquefying (slight liquefaction in old gelatine cultures), motile bacillus. Forms spores. Grows at the room temperature in the usual culture media, "but more rapidly at 250 to 35 ° C. In gelatine tube cultures, the growth in three days gives a milky appearance, which spreads from the line of puncture of the inoculating needle, until in five days the entire gelatine becomes milky and assumes a slight greenish color. In agar-agar the growth on the surface appears as a smooth, semi-transparent, milky layer; while the development along the line of the puncture of the inoculating needle through the agar takes place as a cloudy, more or less even growth, gradually becoming thinner at the periphery. Pathogenic.-Inoculated into healthy cotton-bolls, a disease resulting in a rotting or decaying of the seed and lint is produced in from one to two weeks, which soon involves the carpels, and thus destroyes the entire cotton-boll. This new rot disease of the cotton-boll is readily distinguished from the only disease likely to be confounded with it, namely anthracnose, by the fact that the anthracnose first makes its appearance as small, reddish brown spots on the surface of the boll, which spots enlarge and become dark, gray or pink according to circumstances. Finally, when the spots have attained a considerable size, they will be found to consist of a pink centre surrounded by a dark band, and this in turn surrounded by a dull, reddish brown band. The anthracnose is caused by a fungus, colletotrichum Gossypii, Southworth* which originates on, and is usually confined to, the carpels of the boll, and only occasionally infects the lint. The new rot disease of the cotton-boll, on the contrary, originates within the boll, and does not make itself visible, as a rule, until the entire or nearly entire contents of the boll has become involved and decayed, when the carpels may become affected and show signs of decay in places. The cotton-boll rot is caused by a bacterium, Bacillus gossypina, Stedman, and first appears as a small black or dark brown area on some of the young and developing seed and lint inside the boll near the petiole. This area gradually enlarges and causes the affected parts of the seed and * See Bull. No. 41, On"Some Diseases of Cotton," by G. F. Atkinson p. 40. lint to decay or rot, and ultimately spreads so as to involve all the seed and lint within the boll, and may then even affect portions of the carpels. Figure 2 shows a diseased boll cut open, the seed and lint being affected. If the boll becomes diseased early in its growth, say four weeks before it is ripe, the disease will cause the entire boll to rot before the carpels can open at all. If, however, the disease appears later, when the boll is full size or nearly so, and the seed and lint nearly developed, the carpels may open or separate slightly at the tips, and thus admit the small sap-beetles that will enter and feed upon and breed in the decaying contents of the boll, and thus help to disentegrate it. Saprophytic and other fungi finding here a suitable pabulum may now appear and infest the decaying boll. Of course these diseased bolls can never mature lint or seed. Should the disease appear still later when the boll has partially opened, or is nearly ready to open, the rot may affect only a few seed and a small portion of the lint before the boll opens and dries. In this case the boll would appear nearly normal and a large portion of the lint and seed would be perfect, especially that exposed to view, while that nearest the petiole would be affected. This is really the most serious condition so far as the cotton growers at large are concerned, since it is probably here that the great danger of spreading the disease to unaffected areas is to be found. In the other cases the contents of the boll is either wholly or more or less destroyed, and the boll fails to mature or develop lint; and if it opens it is but slight, and the boll is known to be diseased or imperfect and is never picked. But when the disease is so slight as to allow picking, the effected seed and lint is mixed unconsciously and taken to the gin, where the seed becomes mixed with seed from unaffected district; and thus all the seed that passes through the gin is liable to be infested with the germs of the rot disease, and finally to become distributed to distant parts of the country. Too great a precaution in regard to this method of spreading the disease can not be taken. The cause of the disease has been shown to be a micro-organism (bacteria) of extreme minuteness, and one that is found in innum- erable numbers in the diseased tissues; and since the presence of a single one of these bacteria may cause the disease, we should guard against dangers of contamination. Although it has never been demonstrated, yet it seems probable that the bacteria present in the diseased seed, lint and carpels, after they fall to the ground and become disentegrated, are eliberated and find their way to the roots of the cotton plant which they enter, and pass up through the plant to the bolls, inside of which they find conditions suita.ble for their development. Or the seed may be unaffected but the lint left attached to it may contain the bacteria which would thus be in close connection with the young cotton plant when it germinates, and then could find its way into the roots. And it also seems very probable that those .seed which are affected with the bacteria, but not in sufficient quantities to prevent their germination, may produce young plants with the rot bacteria already within their tissues (seed leaves), and thus these bacteria may then easily find their way into the bolls when they appear. But it seems to me even more probable that the bacteria are carried by the wind or insects from the soil to the flowers, where they remain attached to the moist and viscid stigma or in the nectar; and that they not only thus readily find their way into the young and developing bolls, but that they even multiply in the nectar or on the stigma; and that the insects which visit the flowers are thus contaminated and inoculate other flowers. This seems even more probable since we know of certain other bacterial diseases of plants, as pear blight, that is thus carried from one tree to another, and from one flower to another on the same tree. This explanation of the spread of the disease helps us over one difficulty, namely, the fact that the disease is principally confined to the middle and top crop. For if the bacteria are in the young cotton plant before the bolls are formed, one would expect the first or lower crop to be equally affected. If the bacteria enter by way of the flowers, we could explain the scarcity of the disease in the lower or first crop of bolls by the supposition, that the insect which carries the disease from one flower to another does not appear until 10 the flowers of the middle crop are beginning to open. The lower crop would have simply the wind to introduce the disease, while the middle and top crop would have in addition the greater agency, insects. An effort will be made this summer to determine whether or not the bacteria do normally enter the bolls through the flower, and also to determine the insects which carry the disease from one flower to another. Experiments are now being conducted to determine the truth of the other four supposed methods of the distribution and entrance of the bacteria into the interior of the cotton-bolls. So far as my observations and experiments are concerned, I have never been able to induce the rot bacteria to develop the disease or cause pathological disturbances in any part of the cotton plant other than the interior of the bolls, although they will live and even multiply to a slight extent within the tissues of the other parts of the plant. All the facts in the case go to show that the cotton plants naturally become affected either by the rot bacteria entering the roots from the soil, or that the plants begin their existence as affected ones by the bacteria having entered the cotyledons (seed leaves) of the seed while still within the boll, or that the bacteria are carried by the wind or insects from the soil to the flowers, and from one flower to another, and enter the bolls in this way. It hardly seems probable that the bacteria could be blown by the wind or carried by other agencies upon the surface of the cotton-bolls and enter by that route, since the rot disease always makes its first appearance as a small diseased area of the seed and lint inside the boll near the petiole, and only later involves the carpels, and makes itself apparent on the exterior. Nevertheless, the bacteria may enter in this way and migrate to the seeds, for we have no definite proof to the contrary. The rot disease seems to be principally confined to the middle and top crop, and makes itself manifest to the ordinary observer about the first of August. It is usually pretty evenly distributed over afield, and as yet is not as troublesome to river plantations as to high lands. That this rot disease is a very important one can be seen from the fact 11 that it is damaging the cotton crop to the extent of 35% in certain parts of the State, and is on the increase and spreading. Mr. A. W. Bryant writes me that he has counted as many as nineteen diseased bolls on one stalk, and there were no doubt many more that were not diseased enough to appear on the exterior. As regards the remedies and precautions to be taken in fighting this disease, it will be readily understood from the nature of the disease as above described, that the remedy must be a preventive one; and that we can not resort to any thing like spraying the plants with a fungicide or other chemicals, since we would kill the plants before the seat of the disease could be reached. We can then do nothing towards curing a boll once diseased, but we may help the cotton plant as a whole, and lessen the chances of having other bolls diseased, if we will remove the diseased bolls. But since the bacteria in the diseased tissues are not readily killed by such natural means as cold of winter or heat of summer, drying or becoming wet, nor by the decaying of the tissues in which they are found, but are simply eliberated and thus allowed to work through the soil to infest other cotton plants, we must, therefore, carefully preserve the diseased bolls and burn them, and not allow one to fall' to the ground and remain there. If the diseased bolls are not picked and burned, but are simply allowed to remain on the cotton plant, they will sooner or later fall to the ground, and thus distribute millions of new bacteria in the soil, and rapidly increase the chances of having diseased bolls next season. It will not answer to leave the diseased bolls on the stalk after the cotton is picked, since the .rain will wash the decayed and affected interior of the bolls out, and distribute it upon the soil. The diseased cottonbolls should all be picked off and burned just as soon as discovered, or at least during the first picking of the lint, and ever afterwards as discovered. It is a simple matter to carry a second bag in connection with the one used in picking lint, and to place in the second bag all diseased bolls as discovered, and to put them into small heaps and burn them. By this means the rot disease 12' can be greatly lessened. Of course all cotton that appears to be imperfect in the boll should be glanced at, to see that it is not diseased farther in the boll, before it is placed with the good lint, otherwise diseased seeds will find their' way to the gin and be distributed and planted. When the cotton field is badly affected with the cottonboll rot disease, it would be advisable to plant some other' crop there for two years,. and to use other fields previously occupied by a different crop for the raising of cotton. In this way the bacteria in question might be gotton rid of. We may sum up briefly as follows a. The cotton-boll rot disease is caused by a bacterium (Bacillus gossypina, Stedman) which works within the boll, causing its contents. (seed and lint) to decay And since the bacteria are inside the tissues, it would be unless to spray the plant with any chemicals at present known, since we would kill the plant before the diseased region could be reached. b. The disease is multiplied in and carried from one crop of cotton to another, and also to unaffected areas, by means of the diseased tissues, with probably the help of the wind and insects. c. The bacteria may possibly enter the cotton plant from the soil, through the roots, although it is possible they may enter through the epidermis of the boll; but more probably they were already in the seed-leaves of the seed, or enter the bolls from the flower. d. All diseased cotton-bolls should be picked off and burned just as soon as discovered, or at least while the lint is being gathered, and the field gone over again immediately after the last picking of the lint. e. Cotton seed coming from a gin known to have ginned cotton from an affected district should not be planted in unaffected districts. >. i. N _ ( ( - - M~~- .. ° - 'r 1- Z Bulletin No. 56,, : :e May, 1891. Agricultura Experiment Station -OF THE- AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE, AUBURN, ALABAMA. Experiiuents inCrossing for the Purpose of Iffiproviug the Cotton Fiber. P. H. MELL, BOTANIST. 'The Bulletins of this Station will be sent free to any citizen of the State on, application to the Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn, Ala. All communications should be addressed to EXPERIMENT STATION, AUBURN,' ALA. Published by order of the Board of Direction. BROWN PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS, MONTGOMERY, ALA. BOARD OF VISITORS COMMITTEE OF TRUSTEES ON EXPERIMENT STATION. I. F. CULVER .......................................... J. G. GILcHRIsT....... ............................. H. CLAY ARMSTRONG............................ Union Springs. Hope Hull. Auburn. :B0A2I WM. LEROY BROUN................ 1D Off' ............ DIIECTIO3MT. .... .......... ............. President. A. J. BONDURANT.......... .Agriculturist. B. B. Ross.................................... P. H. MELL. . .............. J. M. STEDMAN ........ ..... Chemist. ...... Botanist and Meteorologist. .... .............. Biologi st. ........... C. A. CARY, D. V. M ..................... ASSISTANTS: Veterinarian. J. T.ANDI*RSON..................... R. E. ........ ... ,.... First Assistant Chemist. Second Assistant Chemist. Third Assistant Chemist. INOBLE... .. .... HARE.................... ... ..... C. L. R. L. BIVINs........ T U.CULVER................. Clerk, and Assistant Botanist. Superintendent of Farm. ............. INTRODUCTION. In as much as this bulletin is prepared largely for the benefit of the farmer, who is but little versed in botanical literature, scientific terms have been carefully avoided where simple language will intelligibly convey the information desired without destroying scientific accuracy. There are also some remarks presented on the subject of plant growth, with which all botanists are familiar; but it is deemed best to submit them in this connection in order to make the topic under discussion more clear to the farmer, and, therefore, no other apology is necessary for reprinting these well known principles of botanical knowledge. The author of this bulletin makes no claim to new discoveries; and, although problems have been presented for solution, little more than an introduction to future investigations on the subject under consideration, has been attempted. The effort has been made o give an intelligent account of how the cotton plant might be developed so as to force it to yield the planter the greatest remuneration for his labor. Nature has been carefully followed, as far as her works have been understood, and all theories have been eliminated. The bulletin is intended to be one of facts and not of theories. The conclusions submitted are based on the results of investigations extending over a period of three years. Several hundred crosses were successfully made, and the developments from year to year carefully watched and studied. A large amount of microscopic work was required to determine the transformation of the fiber. The following represent the so-called varieties used in the experiments : Allen's long staple, Bailey, Barnett, Cherry's cluster, W. A. Cook, J. C. Cook, Dixon, Gold Dust, Hawkins' improved, 4 Herlong, Hunnicutt, Jones' improved, Jones' long staple, Keith, T. J. King, Okra leaf, Peeler, Peerless, Peterkin, Petit Gulf, Rameses, Rust proof, Storm proof, Southern Hope, Truitt, Welborn's Pet, Wonderful, Zellner. The following species, included in the table of results, were also planted the past season to acclimate them for future experiments : Two Egyptian types, "Mit-Afifi," and "Bamieh;" Nankin; Sea Island. The name, "Mit-Afifi," is derived from a village in Egypt, near which place a Greek merchant first discovered this variety of cotton. The form closely resembles the Sea Island in many particulars, although it is distinct enough to be determined a separate species. This cotton is very highly thought of by the Egyptian planters and is extensively cultivated by them. The staple has a light brown tinge and is long and moderately strong. The seed are black, and, with the exception of a bluish tuft at the extremity, they are smooth. The plants grew on the college farm at Auburn, Alabama, to the height of twelve feet. The leaves are large, three to five lobed and dark green in color. The stem is more or less branched with three or four bolls at each joint of the branch. The bolls are small, slender and pointed, and divided into three cells or carpels. The flowers are bright yellow with a red spot at the base of each of the five petals. This plant seems to be a variety of Gossypium Braziliense. The "Bamieh" is about as valuable as the Afifi in the development and strength of the fiber. The plant is tall, reaching a height of ten feet. The leaves are dark green with red veins, very large and five lobed. The bolls grow on slender stalks, six inches in length, attached to the main stem. There are no limbs. The divisions of the bolls are three, and, in some cases, four in number. The involucre is very prominent, almost covering the boll. The flowers are bright yellow with a red spot at the base of each of the five petals. Cotton caterpillars refuse to attack these plants, although all the ordinary plants around them were stripped of their leaves. THE PLAN OF THE COTTON FLOWER AND THE METHOD ADOPTED BY NATURE FOR MATURING THE SEEI). In entering upon the prosecution of any work we must first have an adequate conception of the nature of the object upon which we propose to experiment. Few people, who cultivate the cotton, can give an intelligent description of the plant and the rmethods used by it for maturing its seeds. Not many persons understand that the fiber consists of elongated cells growing from the outer surface of the seed-coat. Yet these very parties are amazed when they fail to make the plant accomplish what is so readily secured under the management of a more intelligent and careful agriculturist-the farmer who studies all the peculiarities of the plant, watching each development as it is unfolded under the guidance of natural laws. To the observant man it may be unnecessary to say that the best developed flower on the healthiest plant will produce the best staple. It is not the fast growing plant, greatly multiplied in leaf and wood surface, that is apt to produce the best matured flowers and bolls. The food necessary for all the demands of a healthy flower must come to it unstinted. If it is diverted from its flow by the demands of rapidly growing leaves and wood the generative organs must suffer, and this deficiency of food may cause the flower to wither and fall off-at least it will dwarf the organs and result in immature bolls. Before proceeding to discuss the results of the experiments secured in the cross-fertilization of the cotton it may be best to describe the construction of the flower for the benefit of some of my readers who are not well acquainted with the working of this 1 organ. This knowledge is necessary to a correct understanding of the ex/ 4periments,the results of which are given in this bulletin. The flower consists of five separate sets of organs. 1. An outside green circle of /three leaves, called involucre (see a fig. 1), the leaflets of which are united and heartshaped at the base, deeply incised, and remain in contact with the boll Sduringits entire growth. The peculiar shape of, these forms gives the name "square" to the young buds. 2. An inner circle of cup shaped leaves, obtusely five toothed, called calyx, the divisions of which are termed sepals. These forms are not visible in the fig. 3. Just inside the calyx cup is another circle of leaves called corolla, divided into five petals (see b fig. 1). The petals are generally of a delicate cream color when they first unfold from the bud, but in a few hours they change to deep red, after which they wither and fall off. These outside circles of leaves are termed the non-essential organs, because they simply serve a secondary purpose in the development of the seed-they are in fact the protecting organs for the delicate germ. 4. The next set of organs is called stamens; they are found crowded in large numbers around, and growing upon, the pistil (see a fig. 2). These stamens produce the male function, called pollen, which has the appearance, to the unassisted eye, of a mass of fine yellow powder. A grain has been greatly enlarged in fig. 3. Without the presence of / I this pollen the seed cannot be produced. 5. The pistil (bd fig. 2), is the female organ, and there are three to five in each flower, united and twisted around each other. The pistil consists of three parts: (1) stigma b, to which the pol len is first attached after it leaves the stamens; (2) the style, a slender shaft separating the stigma from the (3) C ovary. d. The ovary,, after cL c t 3eo Isga1~ & ?tiL ,the stigma or female organ. A cotton pollen grain is a sphere covered fertilization with poll en, forms the boll in which the seed and fiber are found. Now a few words as to the action of the pollen grains after they find lodgment on j "i I''i .. ' , " ". t . I.. , 4 9 D mv Q Y . ' . .. . "i, ". ' ' 'I. " ., ",'"1 " "" . .. I .~ ' . " ., with two coatings, or thin PoL e Q cc. of Cot -- membr anes., inside of which is a mass of matter (A fig. 3), that carries the male principle. The 3. coat, P, has ?,h ,M t 'DO a number of circular openings closed by lids, L, L', L", R, underneath which the inner membrane, S, is thickened. When the flower opens in early morning the pistil exudes a quantity of sticky fluid on and about the numerous fine hairs growing on the stigma, by means of which the pollen grains are caught when transported by the wind and insects. Very soon after the pollen lodges on the pistil, the lid, L fig. 3, is thrown aside by the growing of the inner membrane coat, S, into a tube. This tube pushes its way between the tissues of the stigma down the style and into the ovary at d fig. 2, where the end of the tube opens and the female germ becomes fertilized, thus producing the seed. The most remarkable fact in regard to this matter is the rapid growth of the pollen tube in such a short time, because the work must be accomplished in twenty-four hours. Shortly after the fertilization has taken place in the ovary, the petals, stamens and the upper portions of the pistil wither and fall off, leaving the ovary ." a and its surrounding involucre leaves. This ovary, as has been already stated, is the young boll containing the rapidly growing - . S · ..... seeds with their fiber coatings. A section of a half grown boll is given in fig. 4. This is a longitudinal section showing seeds at oo, .and e o{ o . . 4i. i the cells (or carpels) FF which will be filled with the staple when the boll is complete in its growth. SS represent the calyx. yx.a The involucre is not shown in the drawing. 1"1". " (1 'lll 5 is ;l l11'()Ss 1)1' I)llllt _ ;It section III tlII t(Iln l -- hill' stllr('ll st'I'II I'yItI16tIII, tIt(, v'(Iltll" ;11111 IIII fl.w Its Its,flfn frl ;it l' r tlll' tll(' ' f Ill!( rn N'Iln t- llll C. III' sltl'fIw (, of tit(, A\ hou Y. the ilitlIt('llc l ul(Ii ttll'(' :tllll III' of G V t1w slII i 11v i u 1n t th(' l it I II(m(,rI)f tll('sull's, r:tvs, it L r( ;Ik s tIw(.1):itIw IIII ;Intl t:l )-is N\ 11 It it';tImnr(ls Z "r(IN011 - tIt(' lilit. nnu, ,hlr Iit tllIs I II' its it IIVes 11 1)(nl the (Il'lI(,;I o f( )d pre I)o IvII :utll St( n'('(1 nh hV its II: FOIlt I)lnnt :It 11. WIWIl this f(III(I is O\ IMlist( '41 tI Ili 11, 1)1 nnt i ()III I'nlln, lt t I I t:tl:(- (ItI,( IIf It If ;nl(1 Irink in tln'urlll its r(I(It, WWII ulilat tit(' fII(IIl nl;lh'rI I.Is ft.(nu tll(' S(III ill vvIIIch it is ,r(Iain,. It ill L(' r( a(IIIv itn(I rstlI()(t ft.( )III till, flIn ,(IiI I, lI iul luIrt;III it is tI1 II:Iv( lI(IIII'u rains (If tIit I( c I;tr;lrt( r ;ul(1 'St a vN (I vI'b I('II IlIsit1, 1f \v(' oxII(u't t(I '(.It re Ilih r;t(1o fil v. IIIf( I.i()I Ill;ults ("nlnl(It 1)1'()(lnco Iw :tIt11 1Il',nns It it(] .n11('ri(Ir ;utv ul(we tluut iuflIi(Ir Irn(b-s ()f stock (-;tit IIl'()(lna' tilt( tlluull('(1 cmI s and ll(II' ( , S() IItII(, ;lit(,IItl(III is l):Ii(1 t(I this snLj('ct h IIl a it( ,rs n( u'al l v II(I r( )III );trntiVO estiIt lnt(' (,;Ill II( ilt;t(to IIII tll(' resnlts aft( ,r t1w I ;Ire 11laI It('(1. 'I ll(' (1,11'. 11, h11,m v I( 4h(-r tIit, ( (l c:uno It fr()lit til'st -class phlilts IIt" u(It; II('tllrr tln'v niv "(I()(1, haul ()r illditfllrl111t. A (I ILttI'I IIIIt in Iua(II tII s(!I('ct tll( 1, lin t ; (II I(l, Lull ;ut(1 Irt illI ,s It re 111alit( (I in III(' (frill toI('ether. 1 IWIl tll(' I)l:ults ;u'(' r( a;IdY t II LLlulu thO iltferi(IF ;ls vv-4'11 ;Is 10 the superior individuals are permitted to grow side by side, while the insects and winds are busy blending the two together by means of the transmitted pollen, and, of course, the healthy plants suffer to the advantage of the inferior forms. The seed thus produced become greatly deteriorated in the course of a few years, and the farmer is ready to heap denunciations on the head of the man from whom he bought the improved seed a few years before, at a high price. It does not pay to cultivate inferior grades of cotton in the neighboring fields where improved cotton is growing. Insects will soon transmit pollen from one grade to the other so as to cause the fine seed to greatly lose its vitality and superior qualities, and soon cause it to retrograde to the original inferior stock from which it had been improved. An intelligent, observant man, standing in a cotton field during a bright, warm morning, in July or August, will notice humming birds and many insects busy flying from flower to flower sucking the nectar for food. A close examination of the bodies of these insects will disclose the fact that over them is scattered quantities of pollen. When the insect crowds down into the corolla cup to reach the nectar at its base, the pollen on its body is attached to the stigma and fertilization is accomplished. Now if the insect has visited the flowers of inferior grades of cotton before reaching the improved flower, the inferior pollen will have a chance to put in its effects on the germ of the improved cotton. All seed should be carefully selected each season; and inferior plants noted in the field should be rooted out before they begin to bloom. With these facts concerning the development of the flower well understood we are prepared to enter upon the discussion of the results secured from the experiments in crossing. METHODS ADOPTED IN THE FIELD FOR PRODUCING THE CROSSING. The term "crossing" in botany signifies the blending of two varieties of the same species by transmitting the pollen of the flower of one form to the pistil of the other.- In this 11 manner the peculiar properties of 'both varieties are united in a new offspring, and results of special advantage are often secured. In the experiments conducted at Auburn the "W. A. Cook" and "Peerless" varieties were selected to carry the female function, because these plants had distinctive and desirable features which were strongly marked; and a stable basis was thus offered upon which to develop the future improved bolls. Having succeeded in raising strong and healthy plants of all the varieties mentioned in another part of this bulletin, a number of flowers on the best plants of the W. A. Cook and Peerless were prepared in the following manner, on an evening just before sundown, when there was no'indication of rain for at least forty-eight hours: The buds on the most mature limbs were selected, the petals of which would fully expand during the early hours of the next morning, and by means of small scissors these petals (b fig. 1) were cut off just above their bases, thus exposing the stamens and pistils fully to view. The stamens (a fig. 2) were then carefully removed by means of a pair of forceps, without bruising the pistil. Thus denuded of all male organs the pistil was covered with a thin paper bag, as a protection against the wind and insects, and left until next morning by which time it was fully developed with all its functions ready for the reception of the pollen. A healthy flower from a plant of another variety was plucked next morning and carried to the flower prepared the afternoon before, and, by means of a small soft brush, the pollen was dusted on the stigma (b fig. 2) of the pistil. The bag was replaced and carefully fastened around the limb so as to prevent any possibility of pollen from any other source being introduced upon the pistil. A tag, properly labeled, was suspended at the base of the flower for future reference. After two or three days this bag was taken off and the new boll left to grow under the influence of the sun's rays. Many hundreds of these bolls were grown, the fiber gath- 12 ered and the seed carefully selected and planted the following season. The seeds were again gathered, carefully selected and planted the third season. The fiber of the last planting was then subjected to the most rigid examination under the microscope and submitted to severe tests to determine its valuable and weak properties. The strands of fiber, as already stated, are elongated tubes growing from the outer surface of the seed coat. In their young state they are filled with a fluid, but as maturity advances this fluid disappears, the walls of the tube collapse, and a twisted form is assumed which is more and more complete as the development of the tube approaches perfection. The value of the staple is largely controlled by the degree of this twist; and this property also enables the spinner to manipulate the fiber to the best advantage. Now, in as much as the fiber is a portion of the seed coat, the full and perfect maturity of the seed will also produce in the staple a complete twist and maximum degree of strength. The plant, therefore, in all its stages should be closely watched and carefully studied in order to fully understand its peculiar properties-what characteristics are desirable and what are objectionable. Two varieties of the same species, well understood, should be blended, in the manner already indicated, so as to intensify the desirable traits and greatly diminish the inferior qualities. For instance, if the male organ on one plant matures fine grades of pollen, and the female organ is healthy and well developed on the other, the blending of the two will tend to improve the resulting form. A careful selection of the seed, planting only the best, will still further aid in producing superior results. In conducting the experiments at Auburn special importance has been placed on eliminating all objectionable and weak forms, as progress is made, and in intensifying the strong features until the best types are firmly established. The fact has been borne in mind at all times that no satisfactory results could be secured from this work unless the 13 plants under investigation were cultivated far removed from inferior grades of cotton. SOME OF THE PROBLEMS TO BE SOLVED. 1. Are all the so-called "varieties" of cotton grown in the South entitled to separate names? 2. How many species of the Gossypium are cultivated in the cotton-belt? Are the upland forms-so-called "Upland Cotton"--true species or are they hybrids, the product of blending two or more distinct species during the long period of years in which the cotton has been cultivated in the South ? 3. In "improving" the cotton plant is the fiber strengthened and developed, or is there simply an increase in the size of the plant to the detriment of the fiber? Is it not often the case that the fiber is weakened and damaged by forcing the plant, as we sometimes notice is the case when certain forms of fruits are forced to ripen earlier than the usual period, causing the outside coating to mature before the inferior is thoroughly developed? 4. At what stage of growth of the boll does the fiber attain its full development? 5. What are the properties of a well formed cotton fiber? Some of these problems are not yet fully answered by the results so far secured, but valuable information has been obtained on all the questions propounded, and, in some instances, decided answers will be rendered. 1. Are all the "so-called" varieties entitled to separate names? This question seems to be answered in the following classification of these "varieties." (1) Short staple forms, under 1.2 inches: Bailey, Barnett, Cherry's cluster, J. C. Cook, Dixon, Gold dust, Hawkins' improved, Herlong, Hunnicutt, Jones' improved, Keith, King, Okra leaf, Peeler, Peerless, Peterkin, Petit gulf, Rust proof, Rameses, Southern hope, Storm proof, Truitt, Welborn's pet, Zellner. 14 (2) Long staple, 1.3 inches and above: Allen's long staple, W. A. Cook, Jones' long staple, Wonderful. (3) Prolific forms: Allen's long staple, Bailey, Barnett, Cherry's cluster, W. A. Cook, Dixon, Gold dust, Hawkins' improved, Herlong, Hunnicutt, Jones' improved, Keith, King, Okra leaf, Peerless, Truitt, Welborn's pet, Wonderful. (4) Non-prolific: J. C. Cook, Jones' long staple, Peeler, Peterkin, Petit gulf, Storm proof, Southern hope, Zellner. (5) Those forms which have leaves alike: Allen's long staple, Cherry's cluster, Dixon, Jones' improved, Jones' long staple, Gold dust, Hunnicutt, Keith, King, Peeler, Truitt, Wonderful, Zellner. (Three to five lobed leaves.) W. A. Cook, Hawkins' improved, Peerless, Petit gulf, Southern hope, Storm proof, Welborn's pet. (Four to five lobed leaves.) (6) Long limbed forms: Allen's long staple, J. C. Cook, Gold dust, Herlong, Hunnicutt, Jones' long staple, King, Peeler, Peerless, Peterkin, Petit gulf, Rameses, Southern hope, Truitt, Wonderful, Zellner. (7) Short limbed forms: Bailey, Barnett, Cherry's cluster, W. A. Cook, Dixon, Hawkins' improved, Jones' improved, Keith, Okra leaf, Storm proof, Welborn's pet. (8) Clustered varieties: Cherry's cluster, Herlong, Peerless, Welborn's pet. (9) Large boll varieties: Allen's long staple, W. A. Cook, Hawkins' improved, Hunnicutt, Jones' long staple, Wonderful. (10) Medium and small varieties : Bailey, Barnett, Cherry's cluster, J. C. Cook, Dixon, Gold dust, Herlong, Jones' improved, Keith, King, Okra leaf, Peeler, Peerless, Peterkin, Petit gulf, Rameses, Southern hope, Storm proof, Truitt, Welborn's pet, Zellner. 15 (1i) The dark, smooth seed forms: Bailey. (12) The furry, dark and small seed forms: J. C. Cook, Petit gulf. (13) The large light brown, furry seed forms: Allen's long staple, W. A. Cook, Gold dust, Hawkins' improved, Hunnicutt, Jones' long staple, Keith, King, Peeler, Peerless, Peterkin, Rameses, Southern hope, Storm proof, Truitt, Welborn's pet, Wonderful, Zellner. (14) The small, light brown, furry seed forms: Barnett, Cherry's cluster, Dixon, Herlong, Jones' improved, Okra leaf. Selecting from the above classification those forms which have features alike, we may rearrange our plants into the following seven groups: 1. Allen's long staple, W. A. Cook, Hunnicutt, Jones' long staple, Wonderful. 2. Bailey, Okra leaf. 3. Cherry's cluster, Herlong, Peerless, Welborn's pet. 4. J. C. Cook. 5. Barnett, Dixon, Hawkins' improved, Jones' improved, Keith, King, Rameses, Truitt. 6. Gold dust. 7. Peterkin, Peeler, Petit gulf, Storm proof, Southern hope, Zellner. It may not be far wrong to assert that each of the 'many so-called varieties now on the market belong to one of these groups; and, in a number of instances, coming under the observation of the writer, the "new cotton" has no right to a new name, but is only an improved production of seed under an excellent system of cultivation and selection from year to year. The second problem in our investigations, viz.: How many species of the gossypium are cultivated in the cotton belt, &c., is quite difficult to solve with the present data at hand. We may say, however, that indications point to the presence of the following species at least: 16 Gossypiitn herbaceitm, L.; gossypiumnroseum, Tod; gossypiurm nankin, iliey; gossypium Mexicanum, Tod; gossypium ataritimn, To]; ossypiu-n hirsutaw, Mill; gosspium barbadense, Linn. Some of these have been blended and intercrossed to such a degree as to almost conceal the distinctive features of each species. There is strong reason to suppose that the "upland cotton" is a hybrid produced by the . . t eblending ' cl~_ 1 tie of several species, under the cultivation proper- of a long series of years. For instance the Bailey and Okra leaf varieties seem to be the offsprings from the gossypium maritinmm Tod, and g. roseum Tod. They have the Sea Island properties in the small black, smooth seed, the long fiber and the deep lobing of the leaves. Cherry's cluster, and other forms like it,.e have properties resembling gossypiumr Wightianumn Tod, g. Mexicanum Tod, and g. maritimumr Tod.. Cotton has been cultivated in the South for such a long r n s e r o m se r period, a been planted near .a d aydif e- - in such "c12e r s's C tz e - localities to each FLS ?. other, every opportn- 17 nity has been presented for favorable hybridizing, and in the repeated replanting of these seed year after year, the types have been well estab- m Af, a .MZL lished. It becomes, therefore, a difficult problem to determine from what kind of species the individuals are derived. Investigations will be continued on this line and it is hoped that future results will warrant a more decided answer to the problem. Figures 6, 7, 8, and 9, Dz show the forms of the leaves grown on the plants cultivated at Auburn experiments, and they also represent t he number of species. It may not be far wrong to say that they also , give us the majority, if not all, the types grown in the South. 'for our If this position is correct these leaves will be of some interest in enabling us to answer the problem concerning the number ofa species now found in the cotton belt.,, Se Sa ,cL 18 In a future bulletin this subject of the identification of the cotton will be more fully and definitely treated. 3. in improving the cotton plant is the fiber strengthened and developed, or is there simply an increase in the size of the plant to the detriment of the fiber? The experiments seem to give an unmistakable answer to this question. It was only on those plants which were large, strong and healthy that the best condition of the fiber was secured. But, this being true, it was noticed on the other hand, that on those plants where there was a very rapid growth of wood-limbs and leaves there was a diminution in the number of flowers. This was caused, no doubt, by the great draft on the supply of sap to satisfy the demand of these growing parts. All things being equal, therefore, it is safe to say that the best condition of the fiber will be secured by a steady, constant growth of the plant in all its parts. It should not be stunted or retarded for lack of proper fertilization and cultivation, but every demand should be met so that a vigorous growth will be secured in all the functions of the plant. Nature often needs assistance to enable her to do her best work, particularly in her attempt to accomplish healthy results in the poor soils so prevalent throughout the cotton belt. The plant must be fed with the same judicious care that the stockman bestows upon animals under his intelligent management. It must be equally fed for wood-making, leaf development and seed maturity. And these ends can only be reached through painstaking care and observation of stages of the plant growth and development. The experiments conducted at Auburn give conclusive evidence that the improvement of the cotton plant under the influence of the crossing processes does not deteriorate the fiber, but tends greatly towards making it superior in its properties. There was no effort made to force the plant in its growth, but every inducement was offered it to perfect itself in all its functions. In the careful examinations made of the cotton stalk in the field it was noticed that on those all 19 plants which were strong and vigorous from the start and grew slowly to large, well developed stalks the flowers were larger, brighter in color and the bolls were also well formed and healthy in looks. The resulting fiber, of course, under such conditions, was possessed of the best qualities. The twenty-eight best forms given in another part of this bulletin (page 21) were large, finely developed plants that were well fruited, and in all respects healthy and vigorous. The experiments are not yet far enough advanced to answer the-fourth question, and it will, therefore, be deferred until progress will warrant the printing of another bulletin on this subject. 5.' What are the properties qof a well formed cotton fiber? and how near do the crossed forms in this bulletin approach the perfect condition ? Experience has proven that the perfect staple must have (1) Complete maturity throughout the entire length. (2) Uniform twist from end to end. (3) Uniform width in all part&s. (4) Maximum length. (5) Purity in color. The table of results show that the crosses, in nearly every instance, have improved the condition of the cotton, and, in some individuals, remarkably so. The length of the fiber has been increased in numerous cases, and the strength almost doubled. It is true that the percentage of fiber is not as great as we would desire, but this is due to the increased size of the seed. Both female forms on which the crosses were made, are large seed varieties and the resulting cross would naturally tend towards an increased size in the portion of the plant. Experiments may enable us to raise the percentage of the fiber after the seed-coat has been evolved into a stable, healthy condition. It may be noticed, however, that although the percentage of fiber in the crossed plants is smaller than that produced by the originals, still, the actual weight of the former is frequently nearly double that of the latter. 20 After a careful study of the tables in this bulletin the following plants have been selected because they seem to sustain in great measure the best traits of superior grades of fiber, viz., strength, maturity, length, twist and purity of color. These are named in the order of their superiority, and, in some cases, they show a remarkable degree of development from the original forms. For instance, the cross resulting from blending Barnett and Peerless, the first mentioned in the list following, shows certain decided improvements that are interesting. The number of seed to each boll increased from 27 in Barnett and 42 in Peerless (or an average of 34.5) to 38 in the crossed plant. The increase in weight of seed is from 3.115 grammes in Barnett, 3.217 grammes in Peerless to 4.866 grammes in the crossed plant, or a gain of 1.700 over the average results of the two originals. In the case of the fiber the weight has increased over the original forms in the following manner: Barnett, 1.737 grammes; Peerless, 1.751 grammes, and the crossed plant, 2.244 grammes, or an increase of 0.500 of a gramme over the average results of the originals. These facts are quite interesting, because they show the possibility of wonderful results if the experiments of crossing are continued far enough to established these tendencies towards perfected forms of development. If nothing else is gained than simply an increased length in the fiber with maturity in twist the results of the investigations will more than repay the amount of work and time expended. The table on pages 22 and 23 was prepared to show more strikingly the decided improvement secured over the original varieties, and some most remarkable and interesting facts are shown in this comparison. The marked improvement in every instance establishes beyond doubt the importance of the experiments, the results of which are submitted in this bulletin. Twenty-eight No. ^ TABLE I. of the best forms of cotton produced by the crossing process. Named in order of superiority. i NAMES. STRENGTH.' MATURITY. I LENGTH. T TWIST. 12.. Barnett on Peerless .................................... 14.57 70.. Truitt on Peerless........................................... 14.. Cherry's Cluster on Cook. .......... .................. 56.. Petit Gulf on Peerless................ ................. 43.. King on Cook ........................................ ................ 58.. Rust Proof on Peerless................ 54.. Peterkin on Peerless.................................... .............. 76.. Wonderful on Peerless................ .................................... 55. Petit Gulf on Cook 2.. Allens long staple on Peerless............................ .............. 79.. Wonderful on Peerless................. .................... 74.. Welborns pet on Peerless........... 38.. Jones' long staple on Peerless............................ 51.. Peerless on Cook.................... .................. ................................ 83.. Zellner on Cook... Okra leaf on Peerless ..................................... 14.14 13.08 13.04 12.79 12.58 Excellent.. Very good.. Very good. . Good... Good... Very good. . 1.6 1.1 1.3 0.9 1.0 1.0 12.46 12.44 11.96 11.95 10.79 10.75 11.71 11.56 11.56 11.32 11.28 11.04 10.97 10.89 10.78 10.55 10.51 10.39 10.27 10.21 10.06 10.05 Excellent. . Excellent .. Good.. Good .. 46.. Peerless................... 77.. staple 3.. Allen's longPeerless on Peerless.............................. . ............... 49. Peeler on 33.. Truitt on improved ........................ 71. Cook............................................ 19.. Cherry's cluster on Cook.................................. . 15. . 37. 7. 11. 50.. 47. are 1.4 good.. Good... 1.1 Excellent.. 1.0 Wonderful on 1.3 Good... Good... 1.2 1.2 . Very good. . on Peerless ............................ Hawkins' Excellent.. . 1.2 1.4 Good... J. C. Cook on Peerless..................................... 1.2 Excellent.. . 1.2 Very good.. Jones' improved on Peerless................................ . 1.2 Good... Bailey on Cook........................................... 1.4 Good ... Barnett on Cook .......................................... 1.4 Peeler on Cook............................................ Very good. . 1.4 . ............ Good.. Peeler on Peerless....... .................... The numbers in this column are the same found in Table IV-first column. t The measurements t The length is determined in inches. in grammes (a gramme is equivalent to 15.4 grains). Very Very Good.. Excellent.. Good... Very good. . 1.1 1.2 0.9 1.3 1.2 0.9 1.2 1.4 Excellent. Excellent. Excellent. Good. Excellent. Very good. Excellent. Excellent. Good. Very good. Very good. Excellent. Good. Good. Very good. Very good. Excellent. Good. Good. Excellent. Excellent. Good. Excellent. Good. Good. Good. Very-good. Very good. of strength TABLE II.. COMPARISON BETWEEN THE ORIGINAL PLANTS AND N 25 .N OF THE BEST IMPROVED FORMS. I.5 3+3 V NAME OF PLANT. 0 V go 0 0 c Q 4-4 0 A o a00 oS - 1 - z 0 i i i -1 r-- 4. 866'2. 244 68.4 38 12 Barnett on Peerless ..................... 3 217 1.751 64.8 Peerless )42 .Average.....................34.5 3.166 1.744 64.5 3.115 1.737 64.2 Barnett )27 5.197 2.580 68.1 70 Truitt on. Peerless ..................... 3.217 1.751 64.8 Peerless )42 4.1222.085 66.2 Average ..................... 5.027 2.419 67.6 33 Truitt 4. 326 1.979 68.6 14 Cherry's Cluster on Cook................ 36 5.675 2.740 67.4 42 Cook, WV. A., 4. 796 2.465 65.5 Average ............... 3.917 2.190 63.5 42 Cherry's Cluster) 4. 276 3. 214 57.1 44 56 Petit Gunlf on Peerless ................... 3.217 1.751 64 8 Peerless, )42 42 4.557 2.2-51 66.5 .......... Average ......... 42 Petit Gulf) 5.897 2.751 68.2 4.6562.007 69.7 43 King on Cook....................... ... 38 5.675 2.740 67.4 42 Cook, WV. A., ~Average ................... 43 5 4.082 2. 135 64.4 King, )45 I2 470 1.530 61.4 4.608 2-396 65.8 58 Rust Proof on Peerless.................. 33 )42 Peerless, 3.217 1.751 64.8 Average.................. 41.5 4. 279 2.229 65.6 41 Rust Proof,) 5.340 2.706 66.3 43 4. 945 2. 630 65.3 54 Peterkin on Peerless .................... 31.6 35.5 31.9 37 0.87 0.020 Very good 0.94 0.020 35.8 1.00 0.020OFair. 35.2 1.10 i 0. 022 Excellent 14.993 13.95 i 1.10 0.021 Excellent 0.87 0.020 Very good 0.89 0.017 . 0.9 0 015 Poor. + 15.38 12.79 37.5 4.2 35.2 33.8 32.4 31.4 1.30 0.020 Excellent 32.6 34.6 0.90 0.017 Fair. 0.90 0. 018 Good. 35.2 0.87 0.020 Very good 33.5 0.94 0.020 36.5 1.20 0.018 1.50 0. 020 Good. 14.20 12.31 42.9 13.71 11.75 31.8 1.00 0.020 Very good 30.1 32.6 1.00 0.018 Excellent 1.50 0. Good. 020 14.47 O 10.81 35.6 38.6 1.10 0.019 0.70 0.018 Fair. 34.2 1.00 0.022 Very good 35.2 0.87 0.020 Very good 34.0 0.017 32.7 0.014 Fair. 34.7 1.10 '0.022 Excellent, 13.10 12.10 14.40 10.43 55 Petit Gu~lf on Cook...................... 43 42 Cook, W. A., Average............... 42 42 Petit Gulf,) 2 Allen's Long Staple on Peerless.........34 Peerless,43 PeelesAverage ........... 42. Allen's Long Staple, 45 79 Wonderful on Peerless.................. 40 )42 Peerless, 42 SAverage .................. Wonderful, )42 ... 38 74 Welborn's Pet on Peerless ............ Peerless, 42 Welborn's Pet, 34 38 Jones' Long Staple on Peerless........... 43 Peerless, 42 Average ........... 42 Jones' Long Staple, 42 51 Peerless on Cook....................... 3 Cook, W. A., 42 Average.................. 42 Peerless, 42 83 Zellner on Cook .................. ...... 41 Cook, WV. A.,) 42 Average ................... ) 42 3.217 1.751 Average...................43.5 3.522 2.125 Peterkin, ) 45 3.826 2.499 5.0102.575 76 Wonderful on Peerless.................34 Peerless, 3.217 1.751 ) 42 SAverage ............... 4.3162.087 ... 42 Wonderful, ) 42 5.415 2.423 Peerless, 64.8 60.3 35.2 39.7 0.87 0.O20oVery good 1.00 0 0"0OFair. 62.6 37.5 0.940.020 64.7 64.8 35.3 35.2 1.200.020 Excellent 0.87 0.020Verygood 14.48 11.22 66.9 33.1 1.110. 019 69.0 31 0 1.35 0.018 Very fair. 4.2162.507 62.7 37.3 0. 90 0. 016 Good. 5.675 2 740 67.4 32.6 1.50 .0.02Good. 5.7862.746 66.8 32.2 1.250.020 1.00 0.O20oVery good 5.897 2.751 68.2 31.8 4.540 2.194 67.4 32.6 1.30 0 .020 Very good 3.217 1.751 64.8 35.2 0.87 0.020 Very good 3.4691.893 64.8 35.2 1. 09 0. 020 3.722 2.035 64.7 35.3 1.30, 0 020 Fair. 5.154 2.490 67.4 32 6 1.20 0.017 Very good 3.217 1 751 64.8 35.2 0.87 0 020 Very good 15.30 9.25 12.25 11.7 7 11.34 9.78 4.3162.087 Average................ 38 1.110. 019 5.415 2.423 69.0 31.0 1.35 0.018 Very fair. 4.123 1.394 74.7 25.3 0.90 0.037 Excellent 3.217 1.751 64.8 66.9 33.1 2. 265. 1. 320 62.2 37.8 0.890.017 1.312 0.890 59.6 40.4 0.90 0.014 Good. 6.337 2.500 71.7 28.3 1. 200 O2Good. 3.217 1.751 64.8 35.2 35.2 12.98 10.32 0.87 0.O20oVery good 16.76 8.24 4.32~9 2. 156 66.4 33.6 1.06 0.020 5.440 2.560 68.0 32.0 1. 5 0.020 Very poor 4.607194 70.4 29.6 1.40 0. 020 Good. 5.675 2.740 67.4 32.6 1.50 0.020'Good. 4.446 2.246 66.1 33.9 1.19 0.02-01 3.217 1.751 64.8 35.2 0.87 0.O20 Very good 15.20 8.85 Zellner, 37.5 33 4.916 1.653 74.8 25.2 1.40 0.0.21 Very good 5.675 2.740 67.4 32.6 1.50 0.020 Very good 5.3452.289 70.6 29.7 1.20 0.020 5.015 1.837 73.8 26.8 0.87 0.O20oVery good 14.881 10.50 0.90 0.O2OFair. TABLE II-Continued. COMPARISON BETWEEN THE ORIGINAL PLANTS AND 25 OF THE BEST IMPROVED FORMS-Continued. r C) NAME OF PLANT.O cd Q U ZZ ° g c3 N G1 4i i i i 46 Okra Leaf on Peerless...................37 )42 Peerless, Average ................... Okra Leaf, ) 77 Wonderful on Peerless...................38 Peerless, SAverage ................... Wonderfuil,42 49 Peeler on Peerless........................39 Peerless, )42 Average ................... 4.933 2.630 65.3 34.7 3.217 1.751 31 42 42 2.852 1.857 3.217 1.751 1.10 0.020 Very good 1.04 0.021 0.87 0.020 Very good 1.20 0.022 Very fair. 14.84 9.2 7 36.5 3.035 1.804 62.7 64.8 60.6 64.8 35.2 37.3 39.4 .5.344 2.660 66.8 33.2 35.2 1.00 0.022 Excellent 1.11 0.019 13.77 9.25 Peeler, 3 llawkins' Improved on Peerless.......... )42 Peerless, Average ........... Hawkins' Improved) ......... ... 71 Truitt on Cook ............ Cook, W. A.,) Average.................. )43 4.316 2.087 66.9 5.415 2.42 69.0 4.988 2.216 69.2 3.217 1.751 64.8 42.5 4.039 2.037 66.7 4.860 2.322 67.6 64.8 33.1 31.0 0.87 0.020 Very good 1.35 0 018 Very fair. 30.8 35 2 32.4 35.2 1.20 0.022 Good. 1.20 0 014:Fair. 14.42 9.10 33.8 1.04 0.017 0.87 0.020 Very good 43 5.260 2.346 69.2 3.217 1.751 30.8 1.20 0.020 Excellent 0.87 0.020 Very good 0.87 0.020 0.87 0.020: Fair. 1.20 0.014 Excellent 1.50 0.020 Good. 1.20 0.017 0.90 0.014-Poor. 1.40 0.021, Good. 0.87 0.020-Very good 16.78 7.38 Truitt, )33 35 19 J. C. Cook on Peerless.................. )42 Peerless, SAverage . ............... . J. C. Cook, 44 15 Cherry's Cluster on Cook ................ 41.5 2.444 1.424 62.6 37.5 41 1.670 1.096 60.3 39.7 43 5.670 2.554 68.9 31.1 42 5.675 2.740 67.4 32.6 5.352 2.580 67.5 32.5 12.35 9.68 37.5 5.029 2.419 67.6 64.8 4.363 1.793 3.217 1.751 32.4 35.2 70.9 29.1 13.87 7.87 4.840 2.545 65.5 34.51 1.2010.022 Excellent 12.08 8.61 Cook, W. A., 42 Average .............. 42 42 37 Jones' Improved on Peerless............42 42 Peerless,) SAverage............36 30 Jones' Improved, Cherry's Cluster, 4.7962.465 65.5 34.6 36.5 3.917 2.190 63.5 5.67M2.740 67.4 32.6 ..... 35 ...... 11 Barnett on Cook........ 67.4 32.6 5.675 2.740 42 W.A., SAverage.................... 34.5 4.395 2.239 65.8 34.2 3 115 1.737 64.2 35.8 27 ) Barnett, 73.9 26.1 40 ............. 50 Peeler on Cook....... .... Cook, W.A.,- Ciook, 0.90 ).020 Good. 67.8 32.2 1.200 0.020OVery good 35.2 0.87 3.217 1.751 64.8 3.8942.246 63.8 36.3 0.890 ).017 4.570 2.740 62.8 37.4 0 90 0.04 Good. 020 Good. 5.175 2.090 71.2 28.8 1.200 ).018 Fair. 0.017 1.50 0.020 Good. 11.00 9.75 5.2402.490 1.400 0.020 Good. 11.01 8.85 Peeler, 0.020 67.4 32.6 1.50 ).017 Good. 5.675 42 Average.................... 42.5 5.263 2.531 67.5 32.5 _~VI_ 0.014 Fair. 4.860 2.322 67.6 32.4 1.20 IV 43 6.3822.252 2-.740 1.250i0.020 1.00 1.50 Fair. 1.400 ). 018 Very good 11.16 8.54 1.35( 1 '26 TABLE III. CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF ORIGINAL i 0otn O O Ir-, 0~0 oO OEO Name of Cotton. ono 33. c N 4-6 4-4 3.5 E0 03~ Allen's L'g St'ple on Cook... on Peerless Bailey........ on Cook... on Peerless Barnett....... on Cook... on Peerless Cherry's Cluster on Cook... on I eerless W. A. Cook. J. C. Cook. onW.A.Cook* on Peerless. Dixon......... on Cook... on Peerless Gold Dust. on Cook... on Peerless Herlong. on Cook... on Peerless Hawkins' Imp. on Cook... on Peerless Hlnnicutt. on Long. . 5.6 Long... Medium Medium Medium 5.6 5.6 3. 4.5 5. 3. 345 3. 3.4.5 345 3. 3.. 3.5 3.5 3. 35 Long... Short...Tall.. Large .. 4-6 Medium. 6-7 Large... Small... 6-7 Medium. 6-7 Large. Pointed. Pointed... Pointed ... TC/ Round.. Round . . Pointed . Pointed... Medium. Medium Medium Medium 4. Long... Long... 4.5 4. 6.7 7. Short... Tall.. Long... 4. 4.6 Long... 4.5 Short... Cook... Cook... on Peerless Jones' Improved on on Peerless Jones' L'g Staple on Cook... on Peerless Keith......... on Cook .. on Peerless T. J. King.. on Cook... on Peerless Okra Leaf . on Cook... on Peerless Peeler........ on Cook... on Peerless Peerless. on Cook... 3.5 Short. 35 Long... 6. 3.5 Medium 4 5 Long.. Short. 3.5 3.5 5.6 Long... 3.5 Long.. 4.5 3. 4. Long... 3.5 Long.". 5.6 34 4. Short... Short.. Tall .. 3.5 3.5 5.6 Long... 3.5 Long... 4.5 3.5 Long... Tall.. 3.5 Long... 6.7 3.5 Long... 4.6 3.5 Short... 3. 3.5 3.4 Long... 3.5 Long... 4.5 Long... Tall. . 3.5 3.5 3.5 Long... 4.5 5. Short... 3.5 Long... 6.8 3.5 Long... 3.4 3. Long... 3. 3.5 Long... 3.4 3.5 Long... 5.6 Medium 4. 3.5 3.5 Long... 6. Long... Tall.. 3.5 Average 4.5 Long... 6.7 3.4.5 4. 4.5 Long.. 4.6 3.5 Short... 5-8 M edium.. 4-6-7 Medium.. Small... 5-9 Small... 6-7 Medium.. Large... Small. .. 3-6 Large... 8-10 Small.... Scatt'rd Small .. 7-12 Small.... 4 Small... Small... 7-8 Medium.. 5-7 Medium.. Medium... Long....... 4 6-8 Small. Large. 5-6 Large... Small ... 7 Large .. Medium . 3-4 Large... Medium.. 5-8 Small... 5-7 Small... Large.... Medium . Medium . 8-10 Large'.... Small... 3 Small... 3-4 Small... 5-6 Medium.. 5-7 Small... 5-6 5-7 3-4 5 3-5 Small... Medium.. Small... Large ... Small... Large Pointed... Round..... Round.... Pointed. . Pointed . Tapering. Round . . Tapering. Round... Round ... Tapering. Round.. Round ... Tapr'ng round Round. .. Round. .. Tapering.. Tapering. Round . . Tapering. Round .... Pointed.. Tapering. Pointed.. Round... Round.. Round ... Pointed.. Tapering .. Round.. Tapr'ng round . Round. Round ... Tapering. Tapering. Tapering. Round ... Tapering. Tapering. Tapering. & small Tapr'ng round Round... Thi type is probably a hybrid from a blending of the G. nanking or sanguineun the upland types. The color of stalk and smooth, black seed indicate 0.rWanking'or acrguineum and shape of leaves, bolls, etc,, the upland type. iFiber adheres tenaciously to the boll rendering it troublesome to pick, 27 )LINTS TABLE III Continued. AND THE CROSSES PRODUCED. 4-+ c r'' o U Remarks. Prolific. Prolific .... .Light brown Long. small, smooth. Prolific.. .. Black...Med. Early .. Prolific ... Light brown Long. Medium Seed large, furry. Prolific.. . Light brown Long . Early .. Seed large, furry. Prolific .... Light brown Medium Seed Long.' Medium Seed Seed .Late large, furry. large, furry. Prolific.. .. Light brown Long Mcdiurn Seed medium, furry -limbs num erous. Prolific . ... lDark browiu Short. Medium Seed small, furry-limbs numerous. Peerless clust'd. g eed med., Prolific.. .. Light brown Short. Early arly .. Cluistered- Seed med., furry-limbs nuin'ous. Prolific.. .. Light brown Long V Light brown Mcci ... Seed medium, furry-limhs furry-limbs scarce. furry-resembles Prolific .. .. Light brown, Short. Early Prolific.. . . Non-prolific Dark brow~n Short. Try late Purple stem -Seed small, furry. Average. Dark . ". Light brown LoLng. Shor .. Seed medium, numerous. Late . .. Seed large, furry. Prolific Prolific. . .... ... . Dark brown Long Medium Seed mediuom, furry-limbs numerous. Brown ... Early .t. .. brown Long .Long Medium Seed medium, furry--limbs numerous. Seed medium, furry. Prolific Brown. Early .. Seed medium, furry-limbs numerous. Non-prolific Brown...Short. Early .. Seed Mod. Pr'lille Brown . ... Short. Early . . Seed Prolific. .. Light brown Lonig" Early .. Seed Prolific .... Light brown Sliort. Early .. Seed Short. Early .. Seed Prolific .. .. Green ... Non-prolific Light brown Long. Early .. Seed Prolific.. .. Dark Green Sh1ort. Early .. Seed Prolific .... Light brown Short. Medium Seed Prolific.. .. Light brown Short. MVedium Seed Prolific .... Light brown Shorti \ledium Seed Prolific.. .. Light brown Short. Late. .. Seed Mod. Pr'lific Non-prolific Light brown Short. Medium Seed large, furry-limbs numerous. Moderate.. Light brown Short. Early Seed medium, furry--limbs drooping. Prolific.. Light brown Long. Medium Seed .. Early Light brown Light brown Short. Early medium, furry-limbs numerous. large, f urry-limbs few-very yel. pol'n. large, furry-limbs numerous. large, furry-limbs numerous. medium, f urry-clustered. large, furry-limbs numerous. medium, furry-limbs numerous. large, furry. small, furry-limbs numerous. small, furry-limbs numerous. large, furry-limbs numerous. large, furry-limbs numerous. Prolific-.... .. Short. .. .. Seed large, furry-limbs numerous. Seed large, f urry-limbs numerous. Non-prolific Light brown Long."Late. .. Light brown........Cross ...... .. large, furry-limbs numerous. Light Prolific . Prolific. . .. Light brown Short. Early .. Seed large, furry-limbs few. Long. Early . . Seed medium, furry--limbs numerous. Prolific .... numerous. Non-prolific Light brown Long Early .. Seed medium, Prolific.. brown Short."........Seed Light brown .... Seed large~, f urry-limbs straggling. failed. Sh.ort. Early .. Seed Prolific.. .. Dark Brown Short. Early . Seed medium, furry. Prolific .... Light brown Med.. Early . . Seed medium, furry. Non-prolific Brown. .. Brown. Short. Early .. Seed large, furry-limbs medium, furry. furry- limbs few. ....... Light brown Prolific. ... Non-prolific Brown .Long .Long." Non-prolific Brown. Sot .... Cross failed. Early Late. . .. Seed large, furry--limbs numerous. Seed large, furry-limbs straggling. Non-prolific Brown. Non-prolific Brown ... Prolific. . .. Light brown ... Medium Seed large, furry. Long. Medium Seed large, furry-limbs numerous. Shor. Early . . Two bolls at Long ......... Seed m~edium, furry. joints-seed large, furry, clust'd. 28 TABLEIT-Continiued. CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF ORIGINAL 0 oo 04- Name of Cotton. O 0 0A cE . 1 1- 4 s 0 Small.... 4 O .. Ro nd . .... Peterkin Imp'd. on Cook... Long... Tal Long... Tl.3.4 1- 3. 5.6 3.4.5 Petit Gulf... Long.. Tall.. 5. on Cook.. Long... 4. 3. on Peerless Long... 6. 3. Rameses..... .. 4....... on Cook... Long.. 4.5 5. on Peerless. 4. 3. Storm Proof t.. Medium Tall. .3.4.5 on Cook... Long... 4.5 3. on Peerless Long 45 3J.5 Southern Hope. Long... Tall.. 4.5 on Cook ... Long.. . 4.5 3. on Peerless .. 5. 3. Sea Island ...... ..... . 6. 5. Bamieh t...No limb 10. 5. t... ....... Short... 12. 3.5 Truitt ......... Long.. Av'ge 3.5 on Cook...YVeryl1'g 3.4 3.5 on Peerless Long... 4.5 3.5 Welborn's Pet.. Short... Tall.. 4.5 on Cook... Medium 6. 3.5 on Peerless Long .. . 4.6 3.5 on Peerless. 2-3 5-6 3 4 5-6' 4-5 2-3 4-6 3-5 6-7 5-6 2-3 3-4 3 5-7 3-4 3-5 2-3 5-7 3 3-4 Small........Round. S llMei m ... R un .... Small........Tapering... Large.......TPringd. Medium. Small.......Round. Ta..Pring... Medium. Ta..Pring Sag mall....R round Sm d .. Pointed. ........ TPringd. . Medium.....Pointed ... Small........Round. .. Small Affil Small ........ Tpin.. Small........Round. Long.m...ud......d Salle.......TPringd... Salle........ Pointed.. Salle........Rountd.. Large ....... Wonderful...Long... on Cook... on Peerless Zellner........ Long .. . on Cook.. Long... Long... Long... Tall. . 3.5 on Peerless Long.. . 4.6 ) 3. 6.7 3.5 4. 3.5 5.6 5. 3.4 3.5 SMall........ Round.... Small.. ...... Pointed . Small.. ...... Round.... Pointed. . The cotton worm passed these plants by even after all other plants had been stripped of leaves. 29 TABLE III-Continued. PLANTS AND THE CROSSES PRODUCED. Continued. N c C) PRemarks. oo a a bD~ Non-prolific Brown..Med. Non-prolific Brown. ... . Long Early .. Seed medium, furry. Prolific.. .. Brown ..... Short Average Seed medium, furry. Non-prolific Dark brown Med.. Late. .. Late. . . Seed medium, furry-plant straggling. Seed medium, Non-prolific Dark brown Short. Late .. Seed medium, furry. Non-prolific Dark brown Short. Late. .. Seed medium, furry. Prolific.. .. Brown...Short Early .. Seed large, furry. Prolific .... Brown ..... Short. Early . . Seed medium, furry. Mod. Pr'lific Brown..Short. Early . Seed medium, furry. Non-prolific Brown ... Med.. Late ... Seed large, furry. Late ... Seed large, furry. Non-prolific Browxn ........ Mod. Pr'lific Brown .Long. Average Seed large, furry--very little rust present. Non-prolific Brown..:Long Late. .. Seed large, furry-plant straggling. Mod. Pr'lific Brown .... Short. Average Seed medium, furry. Prolific.. .. Brown...Long. Average Seed medium, furry. Long. Late. . . S'd sm'l, sm'h-lvs larg-b'ls 3 lob.-st'lks red'h. Prolific .... Black ... Non-prolific Black ... Long Late ... S'd sm'l, sm'h-leaves larg'-bolls on main stem. Long. Late. . Leaves large-seed small, smooth. Non-prolific Black ... furry-plant straggling. Prolific. . .. Brown...Short Average Seed large, Non-prolific Brown..Long. Average Seed medium, furry-limbs numerous. furry. Prolific. . Prolific.. .. Brown ..... Short. Average Seed large, furry-limbs numerous. Prolific ... . Brown ..... Short. Early . . Seed large, furry--clustered. Non-prolific Brown..Long Early .. Seed large, furry. Non-prolific Brown...Short. Early .. Seed large, furry--limbs numerous. .. Light brown Long. Late. .. Seed large, furry. Non-prolific Prolific.. .. Non-prolific Non-prolific Non-prolific Light brown Long Average Light brown Long Average Brown...Short. Early .. Brown..Long Early.. Brown..Long Early .. Seed Seed Seed Seed Seed medium, furry. large, furry-limbs numerous. large, furry. small, furry. small, furry-limbs numerous. 30 TABLE IV. cC12 3 C1 vW1 C& Name of Varieties containing male supplying .a Q flowers S' o' O o .. " D oc.'" a O ".E Oj +; ao .Q0 I o , 4±~0 -D ,o0 polln. PbJL0 1i!itfifi......................... ............ 3 ... ... 2 3 4 5 Allen's Allen's Allen's Allen's Long Long Long Long Staple Peerless.. 2.5 4.8 4 ... Staple Peerless..... .... .. .... .......... Staple Cook,W A ... .... .... ........... ....... 2.3 Staple Cook, W A ... .... 6 Bailey ............ 7 Bailey ............ Cook,W A .. .... 8 Bailey ............ Peerless ..... .... 9 Bailey............. Peerless..... 10 Barnett .......... Cook,W A.3.3 Cook, W ... . . 4.4 5.0 A 2.0" 5.0 5 . 2.5 .... ......... .... 4.4 ........... 2.5 ............. 3 2.3 . 4.5 .. 4.5 11 Barnett ........... 12 Barnett .......... 13 Bamieh....................................... Cook,W A.............2.5 Peerless............................ 4 5.0 14 Cherry's 15 Cherry's 16 Cherry's Cluster... ..... 2.5 .... 4.1 Cluster... Cluster... Peerless..............2.2 Cook,W A. Cook,W A... 2.1 .... 4.3 .... .... 5 .... 4.8 Cook, W- A.......1 .85............. 17 Cook, J C......... Cook,W A. 2.1 18 Cook, J C.......... Cook,W A... .... 19 Cook, J C ......... Peerless...............2.1 20 Dixon............. 4.3 ...... ....... 4.5 5 2.4 2.4 2.5 21lDixon........... .. Cook,W A.................. 22 Dixon............. Peerless..... .... 23 Gold dust . Cook,W A. 2.0 24 Cook,W A A 4.8 4.9 4.0 5.0 2.1 Gold Hlerlong dust ......... ........ Cook, W ....... ....... ....... 4.1 .... ...... 2.0 5 2.4 .... . 4.0 5 2 25 Gold dust ......... 28 Herlong .... 29 .......... Peerless ..... Cook,W A.. .... 2.3 ................... 20 Gold dust......... Peerless............... .......... 4.7 5 2.4 4.7 4.9 Cook, W A ................... 2.5 30 Herlong ......... Peerless..................... 31 Herlong........... Peerless ...... 32 Hawkins' Improved CookW A.... .. .... 5.1 4.6 4.8 .... 4 ......... 2.8 .. 5 5 2.5 2.5 33 Hawkins' ImprovedlPeerless ............... 34 Hunnicutt ......... 2.3 5....... 3.7 5.0 5.3 Cook,W A... 35 Hunnicutt. ....... 37 Jones' improved... 38 Jones' long staple. 39D(Jones' long staple. 40lKeith........ ..... 4121Keith ............. Peerless ..... .......... 2.4 5 2 5 2.5 36Jones' improved... Cook,W A.... 42' eih ........... Cookw A... Peerless ..... Peerless..... .. .... ....... Peerless...... 2.3 4.8 Peerless . ... ... .. Cook,WA . 2.0 4.3 .... 5 i. 2.1 2.t 2.4 4 .5 ... 2.3 4.4 4.3 4.6 ... 4.5 43 King, T J.......... 44 King, T J.......... 45 Nankin............................. Cook, W ...... ......... ....... 2.3 2.4 4.3 4.3 A. 2.4 '4.5 Peerless ..... .... ......... .... .... 4 2 3 ........... 4.7 31 TABLE IVContinued. d rdf~ 0 k,2 mo C) C)0 0< 0 n 0 o M .oM nM a n v; 4 5 5 5 ... 20 45 ... 35 3.096 . 1.582....66.6...... 33 8 34 3.722 4.540 2.035 2.194 64.7 67.4 35.3 2.309....69.0 .. 40........5.117 .. 6...... 43 ........ 4.283...2.210 .. 39 41 6.430 .3.160. .... 4.2578 6 .132 2.4860 2.639 5 74.6 .2..... 70.0 25.4 5 .. 5 4 .. ..2.. ....8 5 7 2. . .. 2.704 35 . ..5.707 5 .... . . . .. 67.8 . 4.54 . 27 42 3 113 4.779 1.737 2.859 64.267.9 35.8 . .. .38.. ......4.8 55 58 .45. . .. 2.2 4 16 6 9 2 0 0 ..... 68.4213 . .6 . 4 .8 1 . 3 . .. 25 42 36 3.917 4.326 2.190 1.979 63.5 68.6 36.5 4 655. 2.545 ..... 4 .... 4.840. 5..... . 1.950......67.7. 4.........36.......4.090 ...2.740......674......32.0 5 42... ...5.675 44...... .4.556.. 2.993 65.5 60.4 34.5 5 . 2.399.......66.9 4.866 44..... 5..... 1.793.....70.9. 4.363 .... 4.........35 ..... 44 35 5.1068 4.976 2.5456 2.363 66.8 67.8 33.2 5 2.421.......70. 4.... 5.817... 0 5 .... 66.3. 1.907.... . 37 .. 3.860. 5 39 39 4.5850 4.841 2.1200 2.655 69.9 64.6 30.1 5 67.7. 1.944.... 13 .... 4.079.... 4 .... 2.140..... 5.... 4.873.... ..... 5 038. 2.819.......641 44.... .. .. 5 45 44 4.7900 5892 2.4670 2.512 67.9 60.6 32.1 5 4 36 ..... 5...222 .... 578 66.9. 4 4 .... 41 42 5 5 4 7 13. 1 38.......4.430 .... 40 40.. ..... .. 43 1.670 7.020 1 096 3 557 60.3 66.3 3.7 2.346......69.2. 43........5.260. 4.686...2.093..... 4.940 2.4518 2.120 69.2 34 5.4136 69.8 30.8 .846.....69.5. 47.......6.471.... 4.... 41 4.570 5.340 2.470 2.289 62.6 70.0 37.4 30 2.490...... 67.8 .. .. 5.240 .. 42 43 5.440 6.337 2.560 2.500 68.0 71.7 32.0 42 .2..... .1992 34 ...... 3.927. 69.9 69.4 30.1 35 34 4.1076 4.6751.675620 870.......72.7. 40.........984 .... 5 ....... . 3.376....66.7 .. 42........6.766 5 ... 2.490 4.656 1.530 2.007 61.4 69.7 38.6 45 38 5 . 2.228.....67.9.. 5..........34....4.724 5 5 5 5 4 4 36 4.067...1.838.......68.9.......31.1 32 TABLE IV Continued. C'erI2 r . flowers supplying .pollen. z Name of varieties containing male . H 00 ~1 bo 2O S- -0.013 41 z i 1-1-1.... e1.30 i 1 Mit Afifil........ ...... 2 Aliens Long Staple. 3 Allen's Long Staple. 4 Allen's Long Staple ... 5 Allen's Long Staple.. 6 Bailey .... ............ 7 Bailey................. 8 Bailey ................. 9 Bailey ................ 10 Barnett ............... 11 Barnett............... .... 12 Barnett ............ 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 2 23 24 25 26 28 29 30 . Peerless Peerless Cook, W. Cook, W. . Cook, W. . Cook, W. Peerless . Peerless . Cook, W. . Cook, W. Peerless A A.. A.. A.. A.. A.. 32.6 1.30 0.020 31.0 .. 34.0.... 32.8 8... 30.0 1.10 0.016 30.7 .. 34.6 .. 32.2 32.1 1.00 0.020 28.8.. 31.6.. 31.4 0 090 34.5 . 32.3.. 1 50 39.6 0.75 33.1 .. 29.1 .. 32.2 0.75 29.4.. 33.7 .... 32.3 .. 30.5 .. 35.9 .. 39.4 0.75 33 1. 28.7.. 30.9 .. 33.7 0.87 30.8 .. 30.2 1.0C 30 5 .. 30.0 0 9C 32.2 .. . 28.3 1.25 33.8 .. 30.6 1.00 27.3 .. 33.3 .. 30.1 0.70 32.1 .. I I. . . . . " I 1.3 13 14 1.3 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.4 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.0 1.5 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.3 0.9 1.2 1.3 09 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.1 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.1 12 1.3 1.4 1.0 0.9 0.9 Bainieh ................. Cherry's Cluster....... Cherry's Cluster....... Cherry's Cluster....... Cook, W. A............ Cook, J. C. ...... Cook, J. C............. Cook, J. C............. Dixon ................... Dixon ................. i ................. Gold dust............. . Gold, dust ............. Gold dust .............. Gold, dust ............. . Hierlong ..... .......... Cook, W. A.. Cook, W. A ... Peerless .. Cook, W. Cook, W. 0.017, 0.017 0.020 0.020 0.020 Peerless .. Cook, W. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 Cook., V. A... Peerless .... Cooh, X. A.. Cook, XV. A... Peerless . Peerless .... Cook, W. A. ...... Herlong..... Cook, W. A. . Peerless . Herlong................. Herlong............... Peerless .... Hawkins' Improved . Cook, W. A. . Hawkins' Improved .. Peerless . .. . Hunnicutt........... Cook, W. A.. Hunnicutt ............. Peerless .. Jones' Improved....... Cook, W. A.. Jones' Improved....... Peerless .. Jones' Long Staple. Peerless . Jones' Long Staple. Peerless .. .... Keith ...... ....... Cook, W. A.. Keith......... ....... . Cook, W. A... Keith.. ... ............ Peerless .. King, T. J............. Cook, W. King, T. J....... ..... Peerless .. A.. A.. A.. 35.4 0.75 0.014 0.022 0.020 0.020 0.014 0 020 0.020 0.018 A.. "' 45 Nankin........ ............... . . . . . . " :j o.018 . -. 33 TABLE IY--Continued. 0 0 O CD 0- 0d O o o Fair... Fair ... 0.0200.018 0.018 0.020 Fair... 0.021 0.019 0.018 Fair... cm) Q-i ip ' ' .......... 14.2 .. ........... Fair. Very good. 8.92 11.95 Good .... Fair. Good ...... ....... 11.04 Good . Good............8.42 Fair. ....... Excellent Good.........10.25 Good ..... 10.37 Good 8.10 8.15 Very good Fair. Good .. .Poor...........8.19 Fair..............8.45 Poor.. . Fair. Excellent .... Good ............ Excellent ... 21 5.57 ..... 15.17 14.75 7.59 11.67 9.85 10.24 10.74 . 6.95 Excellent Good. 10.21Good 0.020 ,j 0.022 Fair... Fair... ~1Excellent .... Excellent. 0.020 Fair. ...... Good:.. 3( 0.013 Good... 3( Fair ........ Fair ....... 0.013 0.021 Good... Excellent,. .. 0 018 Fair... Poor...... 0.014 Fair. ....... 0.020 Fair. ...... 0.016 Fair ... Poor.... ... 0.018 0.020 Good ...... Poor....... 0.016 Fair ....... 0.021 Poor... Fair. ...... 0.016 Fair. ....... 0.018 Poor....... 0.017 0.018 Fair ... Poor. ..... 0.020 Excellent .. 0.017 Very good. .. Good... 0.021 Good....... Poor..... 0.018 Good ... 0.020 Good ... 0.020 Very poor.. . Good ... Fair. ... ... 0 020 0.020 Very fair... . Very good .... iFair ....... 0.017 0.020 Very good.... Excellent ... . 0.018 Fair .. Fair. ...... 0.014 . . . . . . . . .. .. V r fir.. 14.57 Excellent 13. 08 Very good Fair. . . . . . . . . . . . . Fair. 10.51 Excellent 13.23 Good..... Good. Good. 11.88 Good.. 12.45 Good.. 10.55 Good... . 8.58 Excellent Good. 9.37 Poor . 9.23 Fair . Fair. 13.04 Fair . . 8.85 4.31 7.89 9.75 7.55 7.12 7.91 13.83 Very poor 13.00 Good. 9.94Fair. 8.42 Fair. 9.04 Poor .. 9.75 Poor. 10.89 Very good 7.86 Good .. 6.16 Very good 6.57 Good.. 10.39 Very good 11.71 Good. 11.05 Fair . 7.08 Excellent 8.89 Good.. 7.72 Good.. 12.79 Good.. 11.28 Fair ...... .6.47Good.... Fair. Fair. Very good Good. Good. Good. Fair. 'Good .Very..fair . 8.88'Go r 34 TABLE JY--Continued. 2 rU Wi cc~ yr U1 Name of Varieties containing male 4 flowers supplying pollen. I C~1T~\ 1 4-4 CJ~ o -- ocd 00 0Ua z 46 47 48 49 50 51 Okra leaf ............ . Peeler . ............. Peeler............. Peeler .............. . Peeler............... Peerless ............ a I\AT 0) i z -i 1 Peerless .. 2.1 2.4 Peerless.. Peerless.... Peerless .. Cook,W A . 23 Oook,W A . ** Cook,W A.. 52 Peerless. *........... 2.5' 58 Peterkin........... Cook,W A.. 'Peerless ... 54 IPeterkin ............. 2.4 55 Petit gulf........... Cook,W A... .. Peerless.... 56 Petit gulf ......... 2.5 Cook,W A ... 57 Rust proof .......... 58 Rust proof......... . Peerless.... 23 59 Rameses........... . Cook,WA... Cook,W A.. 60 iRameses .... ....... 61 Rameses........... . Peerless.... . 62 Storm proof.......... Peerless. 64 65 66 67 68 69 71 72 78 4.4 a>55 4.5 5 ~o 5 4.8 4.8 48 4.5 44 2.3 2.5 2.3 2.6 2.5 2.4 25 Sea Island.......... . . Southern hope ...... Southern hope.... . Southern hope...... Truitt............... Truitt ............... .... ... .... ( ..... Peerless........2.6 Dook,W A............ 4.8 Cook,W A....4 Peerless...... Peerless ... 5 ..... .5 .. 2.0 2 8 24... ..... 25 2.5 70 Truitt .............. Truitt .............. 74 75 76 77 78 79 SO 81 82 83 ..... .... Peerless ........ 26 . Cook,W A................... 24 5 21 4.5 . Cook,W A ... Welborn's pet ....... ............. . Peerless........ Welborn's pet ....... 0 Welborn's pet....... . Peerless......................2 5 20 43 Peerless....... 2.5 Wonderful.......... Wonderful.......... . Peerless ........................ ............. Wonderful............ Peerless......... Peerless...................... Wonderful ............ ............... Wonderful.......... . Peerless ........... 2 3 .... .... Wonderful ............ Cook,WA....... .... 5 ... .. 2 3 4 8 Peerless... Zellner ............. .... 2 0 .... Zeilner.............. Peerless........ .... 2 5 Zeilner ............. ,Cook,W A...................... . N 35 TABLE IV-Continued. 0 H . . ni 0 U 0 WD Ni y 0... i c og 4- 4b3 O.0.i Ow S ow cii0 ~ 4--l 0 ~ S .O0 am)d ni 00 toQ c~ I. I .0 bi < 1 I 2O C0 -i 0 -- 4-i a0 C ' ap-,; p a1 OCJ 0 000s 0o 00a a z 4.8 4 31 43 4 5 4 5 4 5 5 4.8 5 4 5.1 . . .4 5 4 f i i 49 4.4 4.8 4.4 42 45 42 41 34 45 37 44 41 39 40 33 41 39 43 43 44 33 33 43 44 32 48 36 37 44 36 35 37 43 35 43 38 33 34 38 34 40 33 42 47 41 2.630 2.784 2.297 2.216 2.252 4.607 1.751 1.941 2.765 5 245. 3.826 4.944 2.499 2.159 4.945. 2.630 5 897 4.216 2.751 2 507 4.276. 3 214 5.340. 5.026 2.706 2.076 4.608.. 2.396 2.417 4.910 1.029 2.460 5.610.. 2.755 1.802 4.129. 5.8028 7 3142.8880 3.237 2 852 4.933 1.857 4.860 6.443 2.322 5 939.. 4.988.. 6 382. 2.023 4 975 5.029 60.6 67 6 60.3 68 2 66.3 70.2 68.9 65.3' 69.9 72.1 69.2 73.9 70 4 65.5 69.7 65.3 62.7 57.1 70.8 65.8 66 6 69.6.. 39.4 32.4 35.2 39.7 31.8 32.7 29.8 31.1 69 3 4 44 4 52 48 5 4 43 4 41 ...5 46 5 4 5.0 . . .5 4 44 4 42 4 . . .4 ...4 5 4 5.0 5 4.3 5 5 51 15 40 33 1i312 42 5 415 33 5 015 29 3 .......... ... 0.658 9 73 4 31.1 2.239~ 188 1 612.. 4 070.. 71 6.. 2 842.. 68 4. 149. 5 439 2.419 2 258 67 6 70 7 32 4 2 35.6.. 68.8.. 5.183.. 2.580.. 68 1.. 5 197.. 2 454 . 68 9. 5 670. 5 193 0.890 1.926 5968 73 1 40 4 2 316.. 5.238.. ,68 5.. 4 123. 1 394. 74.7.. 5 624 2.423 2.320 69 0 71 8 31 4 2 575. 64 7.. 5 010.. 2 660.. 5 344.. 66 8.. 68 6.. 5.397.. . 2 338.. 2 490. 5 154.. 67 4.. 2 118. 68 3. 4 574. 5 349 1 837 1 900 73 8 73 8 26.8 I2.610.. 5.294.. 66 4.. 4 916.. 1 653.. 74 8.. 4 068 6 36 TABLE IV-Continued. no Name, of varieties containing male flowers supplying pollen. 14 AbJ z 1\ \A'r U 1TC 46 Okra leaf......... 47 Peeler ............ 48 Peeler........... 49 Peeler ............ 50 Peeler .... .... ... 51 Peerless..... ..... 52 Peerless..... ..... 53 Peterkin.... ...... 54 Peterkin .... ...... 55 Petit gulf ......... . 56 Petit gulf ......... . 57 Rust proof...... .. 58 Rust proof......... 59 Rameses ...... .. 60 Rameses ...... .... 61 Rameses.... ...... 62 Storm proof........ 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 Peerless ....... Peerless ....... Peerless ....... Peerless ....... Cook, W. A. Cook, W. A..' Cook, W. A... Cook, W. A.. Peerless ....... Cook, W. A... Peerless ....... Cook, W. A.. Peerless ....... Cook, W. A.. Cook, W. A.. Peerless 34.7 1.20 0 022 30 1 1.20 0.014 27.9. 30 8.. 26. 1. 29.6 0.87 0.020 34.5. 30.3 42 1.1 1.2 1.4 142 1.3 1.4 1.00 0 020 34.7 .. . 37.3 1.00 0.020 Peerless ....... ....... 0.014 29.2. 34.2 .. 33.4 0.87 0 025 32.9. 30 4. 9-.. 1.1 0.9 0.9 30.7 1 00 0.020 11 1.0 1.2 0.8 1.2 1.4 13 11 13 Sea Island....................... Peerless....... Southern hope.. Cook, W. A. Southern hope. Cook, W. A. Southern hope. Peerless....... Truitt ............. Truitt.............Peerless....... Truitt.............Peerless....... Truitt............Cook, W. A. Welborn's pet......Cook, W. A. Welborn's pet.......Peerless....... Welborn's pet....... Peerless....... . Wonderful.........Peerless....... Peerless....... Wonderful ......... Peerless ....... Wonderful ......... Wonderful .... ..... Peerless ....... Wonderful.......Peerless....... Cook, W. A . Wonderful ......... . ... Peerless ...... Zellner ........ Zellner....... ..... Peerless....... . I W. A... ...150 0.017 26 6 1.20 0 018 28 4 .. 31 6. 293 0.90 0 014 31 2.. 31 9. 31.1. 26 9 0.90 31 5 .. I0 014 25 3 .. 25.3 1 35 35 3 .. 33.2 .. 31 4.. 0 018 10 11 11 12 14 12 0.9 1.0 1.2 10 1.2 12 1.2 12 12 14 26.2 0.90 0.020 33 6 .. 32 6.. 31 7 .. 83 Zellner.....-.......,Cook, 25.2 .. 37 TABLE co _O Y- Continued. P4 O -4-Zi 4 0.020 Very fair..Very 0.017 Fair........ Very good... good. .. v 7 12 11.32 Good .... 8 53 10.05 0 017 0.022 0.018 0.020 0 017 0 020 0.022 0 016 0.018 0.020 0.022 0 013 0.018 0.016 0.018 Fair....... 10.97 Good... Good.... 10.06 Very good Very good... . 10.4 11 56 Very good Very good... . Good... Excellent... . 6 52 Very good Fair ....... 7 3~3 9.24 Very good Very good .... 12.46 Excellent Excellent.... 11 96Good... Very good.... Good ...... 13 04 Good... Good ...... Fair....... Very good... . 11 02 7 90 Very good 12.58 Very good Very good .... Fair 13 08 12.12 Fair.. ... Fair 9.67 Very good Very fair. 6.96 Poor .. Poor ........ Very good ... . Very good.... 7.48 9 25 Very good iu Good... 8.43 Fair. Fair. . Fair... Very good Fair ... Very good Fair . Good.... Good ... . Very good Very good ... . 8 51 12.70# 12 10 2(6 05 Good .... 0.011 Very fair ... . Fair... 0 017 8 61 Excellent Excellent........ 0 017 7.26 Good.... Very good....... 0.018 Poor....... Fair........15.16 13 05Fair.. Fair............ 12.63 Fair . 0 022 14 14Very good Excellent....... 0 021 10 78Excellent Excellent........ 0 014 0 013 Good... Poor........7.34 7.03 Poor. 6 86 Fair. Fair............ 0 025 10.75 Excellent Excellent ........ 0 037 8 52 Good .. . Good ........... 0 021 Very fair. Excellent .9.61 12.44 Excellent 0 020 Excellent Excellent ....... . 11 .28 0.022 9.31 Good .... Very good... ... . 0 014 Very good.... . 10.79 Very good 0.017 8.26 Good .... Good ......... 0 018 0 016 Fair....... Fair........12 43 16 12Fair . 9.65 Good.... Good ........... 0 020 Very good....... . 11.56 Very good 0 021 SA gramme is equivolent to 15.4 grains. tiA millimeter is equivalent to 0.03937 of an inch. tResults of cultivation at Auburn. Good... Poor . . Good... Fair. . Good ... . MICRO-PHOTOGRAPH, FIG. 10. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Afifi. Bamieh. Sea Island. Nankin. Bailey. Okra Leaf. These strands were taken at randum from the bolls, but rather indicate the average condition of the fiber in each instance. In the case of the Sea Island and Okra leaf, and the Bailey the character of the twist is excellent. The Afifi and Bamieh are not so well twisted, but the degree of strength to resist rupture compares very favorably with the others. With the exception of Nankin these are long staple cottons. MICRO-PHOTOGRAPH, FIG. 11. The figures in brackets () correspond to those found in first column in table on pages 30-37. 1. Hawkins' improved, original form. 2. Hawkins' improved crossed on W. A. Cook (32). 3. Hawkins' improved crossed on Peerless (33). 4. Hunnicutt, original form. 5. Hunnicutt crossed on W. A. Cook (34). 6. Hunnicutt crossed on Peerless (35). 7. Jones' improved, original form. 8. Jones' improved crossed on W. A. Cook (36). 9. Jones' improved crossed on Peerless (37). 10. Jones' long staple, originalform. 11. Jones' long staple crossed on Peerless (38). 12. Jones' long staple crossed on Peerless (39). 13. Keith, original form. 14. Keith crossed on W. A. Cook (40). 15. Keith crossed on Peerless (42). 16. King, originalform. 17. King crossed on W. A. Cook (43). 18. King crossed on Peerless (44). Some of these strands have been untwisted to show more clearly the comparative widths and degree of maturity. 39 MICRO-PHOTOGRAPH, FIG. 12. These figures in brackets () correspond to those found in first column in table on pages 30-37. 1. Herlong, original. 2. Herlong crossed on W. A. Cook (28). 3. Herlong crossed on Peerless (31). 4. Gold dust, original. 5. Gold dust crossed on W. A. Cook (23). 6. Gold dust crossed on Peerless (26). 7. Dixon, original. 8. Dixon crossed on W. A. Cook (21). 9. Dixon crossed on Peerless (22). 10. Cherry's cluster, original. 11. Cherry's cluster crossed on W. A. Cook (14). 12. Cherry's cluster crossed on Peerless (16). 13. Bailey, original. 14. Bailey crossed on W. A. Cook (7). 15. Bailey crossed on Peerless (8). 16. Allen's long staple, original. 17. Allen's long staple crossed on Peerless (3). 18. Allen's long staple crossed on W. A. Cook (4). MICRO-PHOTOGRAPH, FIG. 13. The figures in brackets () correspond to those found in first column in table on pages 30-37. 1. Southern hope, original. 2. Southern hope crossed on Peerless (65). 3. Southern hope crossed on W. A. Cook (67). 4. Truitt, original. 5. Truitt crossed on Peerless (68). 6. Truitt crossed on W. A. Cook (71). 7. Welborn's pet, original. 8. Welborn's pet crossed on W. A. Cook (72). 9. Welborn's pet crossed on Peerless (73). 10. Wonderful, original. 11. Wonderful crossed on Peerless (77). 12. Wonderful crossed on W. A. Cook (80). 13. Zellner, original. 14. Zellner crossed on Peerless (82). 15. Zellner crossed on W. A. Cook (83). 40 FIG. 14. Size and shapes of boils secured from the plants developed by the crossing experiments: Afifi....................................10 2. Allen's long staple on W. A. . 4 3. Allen's long staple on W. A. 4. Allen's long staple on Peerless...............2 5. Allen's long staple on Peerless...............2 6. Allen's long staple on W. A. Cook...........5 7. Allen's long staple on W. A. Cook...........5 8. Allen's long staple on Peerless...........3 9. Allen's lug staple on Peerless....... .... 3 10. Bailey on W. A. Cook............6 11. Bailey on W. A. Cook...................6 12. Bailey on W. A. Cook................. 7 13. Bailey on W. A. Cook......................7 14. Bailey on W. A. Cook...................7 15. Bailey on Peerless........................8 16. Bailey on Peerless........................8 17. Bailey on Peerless...............9 18. :Bailey on Peerless........... ......... 9 19. Barnett on W. A. Cook...................10 20. Barnett on W. A. Cook.................. 10 21. Barnett on W. A. Cook...................11 22. Barnett on W. A. Cook...................11 23. Barnett on Peerless.......................12 *1. Cook............4 Cook.. 210. 25. 26. 27. Barnett on Peerless........................ 12 Bamieh ............ ............. Bamieh..................... .. .. . . Cherry's cluster on W. A. Cook. ....... .............. 13 28. 29. 30. 31. 1 Cherry's cluster on W. A. Cook,..............14 Cherry's cluster on Peerless................. 16 Cherry's cluster on Cherry's cluster on .... 13 Peerless...... .......... Peerless.... ............ 16 16 32. 33. 34. 16 Cherry's cluster on Peerless................. Cherry's cluster on W. A. Cook.............. 15 35. J. C. Cook Cook 36. J. 37. 'J. C. Cook 38. J. C. Cook 39. J. C. Cook Cherry's cluster on W. A. Cook.............. 15 C. on on on on on Peerless................. Peerless ..................... ......... W. A. Cook ......... W. A. Cook...... ............. W. A. Cook................... ...................... 19 19 18 18 17 20 40. Dixon on W. A. Cook 41 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. Dixon on W. A. Cook...................20 Dixon on Peerless....... ................. 22 21 Dixon on W. A. Cook....... ....... Dixon on W. A. Cook.........21 Gold dnst on W. A. Cook..............23 Gold dust on W. A. Cook..................23 Gold dust on Peerless......................26 ............. 26 Gold dust on Peerless,.... on W. A. Cook..................24 Gold 24 Gold dust on W. A. Cook ................ 25 Gold dust on Peerless ..................... Gold dnst on Peerless.....................25 Green fiber boll........................ Green fiber boll........................ Herlong on W. A. Cook...................28 Herlong on W. A. Cook...................28 Herlong on W. A. Cook...................29 Herlong on W. A. Cook...................29 Herlong on Peerless......................30 Herlong on Peerless......................31 Herlong on Peerless................ 31 Hawkins' improved on W. A. Cook..........32 Hawkins' improved on W. A. Cook..........32 Hawkins' improved on W. A. Cook..........32 Hawkins' improved on Peerless.............33 Hawkins' improved on Peerless.............33 Hawkins' improved on Peerless.............33 dust 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. Hnnnicntt on W. A. Cook..... ..... .... ... 34 34 35 36 36 37 37 Hnnnicutt on W. A. Cook ................... Hunnicntt on Peerless..... .............. Jones' improved on W. A. Cook .............. Jones' improved on W. A. Cook.............. Jones' improved on Peerless............. Jones' improved on 75. 76. 77. 78. Jones' long staple on Peerless .............. Jones' long staple on Peerless ........... Jones' long staple on Jones' long staple on Peerless. ................ Peerless.............. 38 .. 38 ... 39 Peerless............... .39 79. 80. ;Jones' long staple on Peerless............... 39 Keith on W. A. Cook..... .................. 40 81. 82. 83. 84. Keith Keith Keith Keith on W. A. Cook ..................... on W. A. Cook ...................... ...... on Peerless .. ................ .............. on Peerless .... 40, 41 42 42 42 85. King on W. A. Cook......................43 86. King on W. A. Cook......................43 87. King on Peerless..........................44 88. Nankin ............... ................ . 89. Nankin................... 90. Okra leaf on Peerless........................ 46 91. Okra leaf on Peerless........... ......... 46 92. Peeler on Peerless......................... 47 93. Peeler on Peerless........ ........... 47 94. Peeler on Peerless ........................ 48 95. Peeler on Peerless.......................48 96. Peeler on W. A. Cook.....................50 97. Peeler on W. A. Cook.................... 50 98. Peeler on Peerless ......................... 49 99. Peeler on Peerless.......................49 100. Peerless on W. A. Cook ..................... 51 101. Peerless on W. A. Cook................... 52 102. Peerless on W. A. Cook...................52 103. Peterkin on W. A. Cook................... 53 104. Peterkin on W. A. Cook...................53 105. Peterkin on Peerless.......................54 106. Peterkin on Peerless.....................54 107. Petit gulf on W. A. Cook................... 55 108. Petit gulf on W. A. Cook.................. 55 109. Petit gulf on Peerless ....... .... ....... 56 11 . Rust proof on W. A. Cook.................57 111. Rust proof on W. A. Cook .................. 57 112. Rust proof on Peerless. ..................... 58 113. Rust proof on Peerless..................... 58 114. Rameses on W. A. Cook................... 59 115. Rameses on W. A. Cook ................... 59 116. Rameses on Peerless ..................... 61 117. Storm proof on Peerless .................... 62 118. Storm proof on Peerless .................... 62 119. "Scrub" on Peerless....................... 120. "Scrub" on Peerless......................... 121. Sea Island.............................. 64 122. Sea Island.............................. 64 123. Southern hope on Peerless ................ .65 124. Southern hope on Peerless.................. 66 125. Southern hope on Peerless.................. 66 126. Southern hope on W. A. Cook............... 67 127. Southern hope on W. A. Cook ............... 67 128. Truitt on Peerless....................... 68 43 129. 130. 131. 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. 138. 139. 140. 141. 142. 143. 144. 145. 146. 147. 148. 149. 150. 151. 152. 153. 154. 155. 156. 157. 158. 0 Truitt on Peerless........................68 Truitt on W. A. Cook.................... Truitt on W. A. Cook................... Truitt on Peerless.........................69 Truitt on Peerless........................69 Truitt on Peerless.......................70 Truitt on Peerless........................70 Welborn's pet on W. A. Cook.....72 Welborn's pet on W. A. Cook...............72 Welborn's pet on Peerless..................73 Welborn's pet on Peerless..................73 Wonderful on Peerless....................75 Wonderful on Peerless....................75 Wonderful on W. A. Cook...................80 Wonderful on W. A. Cook...................80 Wonderful on Peerless....................76 Wonderful on Peerless....................76 Wonderful on Peerless....................79 Wonderful on Peerless....................79 Wonderful on Peerless....................78 Wonderful on Peerless....................78 Wonderful on Peerless.............77 Wonderful on Peerless....................77 Wonderful on Peerless.......77 Zeliner on Peerless.......................81 Zellner on Peerless.......................81 Zellner on W. A. Cook.....................83 83 Zellner on W. A. Cook ..................... ........... 82 Zeilner on Peerless .... ........ 82 Zellner on Peerless ........................ *Numbers found on the plate. Numbers found on the table, pages 30-37, first column. PLATE 15. protruding in a condition to be Open bolls with the picked for the gin. These bolls show distinctly the im-~ provement resulting from crossing. In most instances the size has been perceptibly increased. The numbers over each boll correspond to those in column one in table on pages 30-37. 1. Afifi. 2. Allen's long staple on Peerless. fiber 44 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. Allen's long staple on Peerless. Allen's long staple on W. A. Cook. Allen's long staple on W. A. Cook. Bailey on W. A. Cook. Bailey on W. A. Cook. Bailey on Peerless. Bailey on Peerless. Barnett on W. A. Cook. Barnett on W. A. Cook. Barnett on Peerless. Bamieh. Cherry's cluster on W. A. Cook. Cherry's cluster on W. A. Cook. Cherry's cluster on Peerless. J. C. Cook on W. A. Cook. J. C. Cook on W. A. Cook. J. C. Cook on Peerless. Dixon on W. A. Cook. Dixon on W. A. Cook. Dixon on Peerless. Gold dust on W. A. Cook. Gold dust on W. A. Cook. Gold dust on Peerless. Gold dust on Peerless. Green fiber. Herlong) on W. A. Cook. Herlong on W. A. Cook. Herlong on Peerless. Herlong on Peerless. Hawkins' improved on W. A. Cook. Hawkins' improved on Peerless. Hunnicutt on W. A. Cook. Hunnicutt on Peerless. Jones' improved on W. A. Cook. Jones' improved on Peerless. Jones' long staple on Peerless. Jones' long staple on Peerless. Keith on W. A. Cook. Keith on W. A. Cook. Keith on Peerless. King on W. A. Cook. King on Peerless. Nankin. Okra leaf on Peerless. Peeler on Peerless. 45 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. Peeler on Peerless. Peeler on Peerless. Peeler on W. A. Cook. Peerless on W. A. Cook. Peerless on W. A. Cook. Peterkin on W. A. Cook. Peterkin on Peerless. Petit gulf on W. A. Cook. Petit gulf on Peerless. Rust proof on W. A. Cook. Rust proof on Peerless. Rameses on W. A. Cook. Rameses on W. A. Cook. Rameses on Peerless. Storm proof on Peerless. "Scrub" on Peerless. Sea Island. Southern hope on Peerless. Southern hope on W. A. Cook. Southern hope on W. A. Cook. Truitt on Peerless. Truitt on Peerless. Truitt on Peerless. Truitt on W. A. Cook. Welborn's pet on W. A. Cook. Welborn's pet on Peerless. Welborn's pet on Peerless. Wonderful on Peerless. Wonderful on Peerless. Wonderful on Peerless. Wonderful on Peerless. Wonderful on Peerless. Wonderful on W. A. Cook. Zellner on Peerless. Zellner on Peerless. Zellner on W. A. Cook. PLATE 16. This plate represents a seed from each boll with its fiber adhering, but spread out so as to exhibit the relative length of each specimen. The figures correspond to those found in table on pages 30-37, first column: 1. Afifi. 2. Allen's long staple on Peerless. 46 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. Allen's long staple on Peerless. Allen's long staple on W. A. Cook. Allen's long staple on W. A. Cook. Bailey on W. A. Cook. Bailey on W. A. Cook. Bailey on Peerless. Bailey on Peerless. Barnett on W. A. Cook. Barnett on W. A. Cook. Barnett on Peerless. Bamieh. Cherry's cluster on W. A. Cook. Cherry's cluster on W. A. Cook. Cherry's cluster on Peerless. J. C. Cook on W. A. Cook. J. C. Cook on W. A. Cook. J. C. Cook on Peerless. Dixon on W. A. Cook. Dixon on W. A. Cook. Dixon on Peerless. Gold dust on W. A. Cook. Gold dust on W. A. Cook. Gold dust on Peerless. Gold dust on Peerless. Green fiber. Herlong on W. A. Cook. Herlong on W. A. Cook. Herlong on Peerless. Herlong on Peerless. Hawkins' improved on W. A. Cook. Hawkins' improved on Peerless. Hunnicutt on W. A. Cook. Hunnicutt on Peerless. Jones' improved on W. A. Cook. Jones' improved on Peerless. Jones' long staple on Peerless. Jones' long staple on Peerless. Keith on W. A. Cook. Keith on W. A. Cook. Keith on Peerless. King on W. A. Cook. King on Peerless. Nankin. Okra leaf on Peerless. Peeler on Peerless. 47 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 5'1. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. Peeler on Peerless. Peeler on Peerless. Peeler on W. A. Cook. Peerless on W. A. Cook. Peerless on W. A. Cook. Peterkin on W. A. Cook. Peterkin on Peerless. Petit gulf on W. A. Cook. Petit gulf on Peerless. Rust proof on W. A. Cook. Rust proof on Peerless. Rameses on W. A. Cook. Rameses on W. A. Cook. Rameses on Peerless. Storm proof on Peerless. "Scrub" on Peerless. Sea Island. Southern hope on Peerless. Southern hope on W. A. Cook. Southern hope on W. A. Cook. Truitt on Peerless. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. Truitt on Peerless. Truitt on Peerless. Truitt on Peerless. Welborn's pet on W. A. Cook. Welborn's pet on Peerless. Welborn's pet on Peerless. Wonderful on Peerless. Wonderful on Peerless. Wonderful on Peerless. Wonderful on Peerless. Wonderful on Peerless. Wonderful on W. A. Cook. Zellner on Peerless. Zellner on Peerless. Zellner on W. A. Cook. W. A. Cook. Peerless. _...®/ -. lIr i . I /' ! /O - /X~ Co. m' w gi-q -I + -~ - - /'L q , 2 -0 XyI6IF 9 v~9,* at O+9 f 0 iP9#0 ovv 4*i P qtw 9~@*, *4$,4 Otte* \ V,, - s P s3 Bf~lletin No.57, Ma, 1S94 Agricultural Experiment Station -OF THE- AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE, AUBURN, ALABAMA. Fertilizers Required by Cotton as Determined by the Analysis of the Plant, T. T_ IX DERSOSF_ gV'The Bulletins of this Station will be -sent free to any citizen of the State on application to the Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn, Ala. All communications should be addressed to EXPERIMENT STATION, AUBURN, ALA, Published by order of the Board of Direction. BROWN PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS, MONTGOMERY, ALA. BOARD OF VISITORS COMMITTEE OF TRUSTEES ON EXPERIMENT STATION. I. F. CULVER ......................................... J. G. GILCHRIST..... ....... H. CLAY ARMSTRONG ................................... .... Union Springs. Hope Hull. Auburn. EOARD 1 OFDIREOT'IONT President. WM. LEROY BROUN..................................... .Agriculturist. ............. ............. A. J. BONDURANT ........ ..... Chemist. B. B. Ross....................................... Botanist and Meteorologist. P. H. MELL ........................... Biologist. ......... J. M. STEDMAN............... ............. Veterinarian. ........... C. A. CARY, D. V. M ... ................ ASSISTANTS : J. T.ANDERSON............................ R. E. C. L. NOBLE, .......................... ... ...... HARE ............. Third ..... First Assistant Chemist. Second Assistant Chemist. Assistant Chemist. ........... R. L. BIVINS ....... T. U. CULVER.......................... Clerk, and Assistant Botanist. Superintendent of Farm. FERTILIZER REQUIREMENTS OF COTTON. AS I'ETERMINED BY THE ANALYSIS OF THE PLANT. No question, perhaps, so nearly concerns the grower of cotton as that of fertilization. The small margin for profit in its cultivation makes it imperative that the southern farmer, who chooses to depend well nigh exclusively on the great staple for his livelihood, should cultivate it at the smallest possible cost. An indiscriminate and unintelligent use of fertilizers must be discarded, then, as early as possible, and the farmer should seek to inform himself as to what his soil needs in order to make it highly productive. Much that is valuable has been published on this subject, and many reliable experiments performed which seem to solve the question pretty effectually as far as the particular soils under consideration are concerned. By the application of various fertilizers in varying proportions the experimenter has been able to say that his soil needs this and that constituent in this and that amount, but he solves the question with any great degree of certainty only with reference to his own soil and those which resemble it in kind and climatic conditions. What is needed in South Carolina or Texas, for instance, may not be needed in Alabama, and what an east Alabama soil may be deficient in, may be found in sufficiency in a western Alabama soil. The great desideratum, therefore, is to find some method of determining soil requirements which admits of general application, or which may be readily and cheaply applied in individual cases. With the hope of being able, if possible, to make some small contribution toward the solution of this great problem, the work detailed in this bulletin was undertaken. For the purposes of the experiments herein described two plots of ground were selected, whose soils are of the same general type, but are widely different in point of fertility. The soil of the Drake field is too poor for the profitable culture of cotton, while that of the Station garden has, by proper management, been brought into a high state of cultivation. The field plot stood idle the previous year, while the garden produced two crops. The last crop was a winter grass which was harvested just prior to breaking the soil for these experiments. In the preparation of this land all the stubble and roots, as far as possible, werE removed by the rake after the ground was thoroughly broken up. Each piece of ground was divided into ten small plots, each 10xl0 feet, and lying end to end. The garden strip was so located that there was a slight drainage in a transverse direction. In the Drake field, however, the peculiar conditions of the surface were such that, to secure uniformity of soil, the strip had to be so located that the drainage would be lengthwise; plot 1 being the higher. In all cases a space four feet wide was left between the plots. Three of the plots in each strip were left unfertilized, while to the other seven the three fertilizing constituents were applied, singly and in combination, as is set forth in Table I. In the final preparation of the soil and in the planting and cultivation of the cotton, all plots were treated alike. The first set of samples for analysis were taken during the first week in June, when the plants were in the early flowering stage. The second set were drawn about the 1st of September, when the last blossoms were falling off, and the early bolls were beginning to open. The entire stalk above ground was taken, air dried, and prepared for analysis in the usual way. It is proper to state here that all the field work for these experiments was done for the writer under the supervision of Mr. James Clayton, formerly assistant horticulturist of the station, to whom acknowledgments are due for valuable and painstaking services. In Table I will be found the percentages of potash, phosphoric acid, and nitrogen in the plant in the flowering stage. The figures given are the means of a number of determinations, and are calculated to the dry substance, the moisture of each sample having been carefully determined in the usual way, by separated heatings and weighings until no further loss of weight occurred. In the same Table will be found the weight in ounces of the seed cotton gathered from each plot. To make the results comparable the number of stalks in each plot were counted and the actual weights obtained were reduced to a uniform stand. It should be stated further that the stalks were not as thick in the plots as is usual, and none of them were located near the edge of the plots, the purpose being to allow the roots to have the full benefit of 'the fertilizers used. TABLE I. COTTON PLANT IN FLOWERING STAGE. A glance at the figures in Table No. 1 will reveal several noteworthy facts. In the first place it will be observed that there is considerable divergence between the maximum and minimum percentages of two of the constituents. That the composition of the cotton plant, therefore, in relation to these ingredients at least, is subject to perceptible variation, cannot be doubted. For instance, the maximum percentage of potash in the Drake field is 50.8 % higher, and in the garhigher, than the minimum in the same soil; den, 21.1 while the maximum in the garden exceeds the minimum in The maximum of nitrogen in the field the field by 98 % is 17 %, and %. in the garden 25.8%, higher than the minimum in the same soil ; and the maximum in the garden, 28.2 % Table I. COTTON PLANT IN FLOWERING STAGE. Dr KE FIELD. STATION GARDEN. FERTILIZERS USED. to r o ; o 0" 00r 1None............................. 2Nitrate Soda................. ..... 2.154 ...... 0.839 ... 0.863 3.390 3.906 3.75 10. 11.88 3.444 3.287 3.320 0.861 0.82.) 0.958 3.455 3.976 3.717 35.63 73.43 117.14 3 Kainit............. .............. 27.....7o13.382 4Acid Phosphate.............................. 5None.................. ............ 2.034 2.137 0.781 0.034 0.627 0.699 3.837 3.488 3.855 3.685 34. 9.29 30. 23.21 3.227 3.178 2.981 3.199 0.914 3.896 3 825 3.831 4.225 124.29 130.83 120. 96.25 0, 802 0.805 0.854 6Nitrate Soda and Kainit............ 7 Nitrate Soda and Acid Phosphate . 1.823 1 997 2.547 2.238 SKainit and Acid Phosphate .... 9Nitrate Soda, Kainit, Acid Phosp 10ONone............................... 0.919 0.830 0.886 3.967 3.645 3.645 29.17 37.50 12.50 3.102 3.611 3.106 0.797 0.860 0.805 3.873 4.347 4.149 132.86 145.34 141.25 higher than the minimum in the field. The relative variations between the extremes of phosphoric acid are greater than those in the case of nitrogen, but the absolute variations are small, and may possibly be traceable to accidental causes. It may not be amiss to state just here that a great deal of time and care were spent in the analytical work, that no errors might creep in to vitiate the results, and hence it can be confidently affirmed that the results given may be relied on. It is believed, however, that some individual stalks have exhibited peculiarities of composition, and such peculiarities might have been eliminated, perhaps, had a larger number of plants from each plot been available for analysis. In the second place, we note that the character of the soil exercises a perceptible influence on the composition of the plant, at least as far as potash and nitrogen are concerned. Taking the means of the percentages of potash in the three unfertilized plots of each soil separately, we find that this mean in the garden soil is 51.4 % higher than the corresponding mean in the field soil. Making the same estimates for nitrogen, we find that the garden soil exceeds the field soil in this ingredient by 8.6 %. Here, as before, we cannot affirm any positive rule concerning phosphoric acid. The original purpose of these investigations was to find out what effect, if any, the addition of fertilizing constituents to the soil would have on the relative proportions of these constituents in the plants themselves. With this purpose before us let us examine Table I in detail. In the results from the Drake field soil, we see that the highest percentage of potash is in plot 3, and the next highest in plot 9, to both of which plots potash was added. On the other hand, the second lowest percentage is in plot 8, which also was fertilized with potash. It will be noticed that this plot seems eccentric in another particular-in that it contains the high- 8 est percentage of nitrogen, when no nitrogen was applied to it. With this exception, the highest percentage of nitrogen is found in plot 3 which has nitrogen fertilization, and the lowest percentage where nitrogen was used, is higher than the average of those where no nitrogen was added, even when the high percentage of plot 8 is included in the estimate. As has already been noted, the variation in phosphoric acid seems to obey no rule, the percentages in the two soils being practically the same. In the beginning of this discussion it was stated that the garden soil was in a high state of cultivation to begin with, and it was to be expected, that the influence of fertilizers here, both on the composition of the plant and on the yield of seed cotton, would be less strongly marked than in the poorer soil. While this is the case, it is, also, true that by fertilization with potash and nitrogen the percentages of these constituents even here are increased. This is notably true in plot 9,where all three fertilizers were applied and where are found the highest percentages of these ingredients. The average effect of fertilization on the percentages of the fertilizing constituents in the plants may best be seen by reference to Table II. By the term "fertilization" in this table is to be understood the use of the particular ingredient in question, without reference to the other ingredients. Thus when percentages of potash are considered, fertilization with potash without reference to phosphoric acid or nitrogen is solely considered. Table II. GENERAL SUMMARY. DRAKE FIELD. FERTILIZATION. STATION GARDEN. FERTILIZATION. Without With 0 Inby Withoui 0 Inby crease With crease Potash............ Phosphoric Acid... 2.062 .828 2.356 .807 14.25 -2.53 3.240 .853 3.254 .856 0.43 0.35 Nitrogen.......... 3.618 3.773 4.28 3.819 4.095 7.23 It will thus be seen that by fertilization with potash, the average percentage of that constituent in each soil is increased. This increase is large in the poor soil and small in the rich. Fertilization with nitrogen, also, has a well marked influence on the percentages of that constituent, as the above table shows. The results that we have hitherto been considering were obtained from the analysis of the plant in the early flowering stage. It was deemed expedient to analyze the plant in a later stage, also, and so about three months after the first samples were taken, when the plant was full of unopened bolls, the second lot were drawn. One of the purposes of this investigation was to see if the percentages of potash, phosphoric acid, and nitrogen in the plant did not increase with the yield of cotton. This could hardly be otherwise, if the seed were ground up with the stalk, inasmuch as the seed are a reservoir, so to speak, in which these constituents accumulate. Hence it was thought best not to include the young, inmature seed in the sample for analysis, and they were accordingly rejected. The results of the analysis are given in Table III following, which is constructed after the model of Table I. Here, as in the other, the results are calculated to the dry substance. Table III. ANALYSIS OF PLANT IN THE ROLLING STAGE. DRAKE FIELD. STATION GARIDEN. 0 Nirt oaadKii ..... 213 .4 .6 0 .2 .71 243 10 7 Nitrate Soda andIPhosphoric Acid SKainit and Phosphoric Acid.... 9Nitrate Soda Kainit, Phosp. Acid. 10 None............................. 1.051 2.119 .537 .488 .557 ... .. 1.883 1.841 1.833 23.21 29.17 37..50 12.50 1.494 271 3.054 2.083 .688 .0 .696 .724 2.064 42 2.339 2.273 96.25 128 145.34 141.25 2.562 ........ 11 A conspicuous fact observable in the above table is that the figures here are smaller than the corresponding figures in the first table. This was to be expected. The plant at this stage of growth is nearing maturity, and the three important constituents are being rapidly stored up in the seed. Studying the table in detail, we find that in the Drake field the lowest percentages of potash are in 5 and 7, where there was no potash fertilization, while the highest is in 9, where there is complete fertilization and where there is, also, the highest yield of cotton. As we shall see a little later, the average of the percentages of potash in plots in the field which have potash fertilization, is about the same as that in the richer soil of the garden. Singularly enough we have in 9 one of the lowest percentages of nitrogen, bat the other two nitrogen-fertilized plots bring up the average, and with this constituent, as with potash, we have an increase of percentages due to fertilization. We must observe, however, the small variation between the maximum and minimum in this column. Coming now to the garden plot we find that the average effect of potash fertilization is to increase the percentages of potash, while, on the other hand, nitrogen fertilization does not seem to have a like effect on the percentages of nitrogen. This would seem to indicate that the garden soil contains a deficiency of potash, but a sufficiency of nitrogen. The results on phosphoric acid are worthy of special attention. With a single exception the percentages of this constituent in the Drake field in the boiling stage, are decidedly lower than the corresponding ones in the flowering stage, while no such marked change.is observable in the garden percentages. It would seem, therefore, that there is a deficiency of available phosphoric acid in the Drake field, which was not shown by the analysis at the earlier stage, and further, that there is no such deficiency in the garden soil. The exceptional case referred to is in 5, where the 12 percentage of phosphoric acid is only a little smaller than the average found in the earlier stage. This fact, taken in connection with that of a high percentage of nitrogen and a low yield of cotton, might suggest the possibility of a case of arrested development. It will be observed that with rare exceptions the percentages of all the constituents are higher in the garden than they are in the field, and from this the conclusion may be drawn that there is a deficiency of potash, phosphoric acid, and nitrogen in the field. The smaller yield of cotton in the field strengthens this conclusion. Table IV following, gives the summary of results contained in Table III, and is submitted without comment. Table IV. GENERAL SUMMARY. DRA KE FIELD STATION GARDEN. FERTILIZATION. FERTILIZATION. With 0% In- With- out Potash........... Phosphoric Acid.. Nitrogen ......... 1.154 5.66 1.862 With 2.268 .527 1.895 cr ease by 96.53 - out 2.238 .741 2.356 With 2.610 .761 2.280 In%o crease by 16.62 2.70 -3.22 6.89 1.77 For convenience of comparison and study, it has been thought advisable to present Table V following, which is a consolidation of Tables I and III. 13 It will be seen from this table that the percentages of the constituents in the bolling stage are smaller in most instances than the corresponding percentages in the flowering stage. It will be convenient to refer to this decrease in values in per cents of those of the earlier stage. In the Drake field we find the decrease in potash in No. 6 to be 0.7 0.6 % respectively; while in the other two plots the decrease is 38.2 0%and 42.3 %. It will be observed, also, that the %, and in Nos. 8 and 9, there is an increase ot 6 .1% and largest yields of cotton are in plots 6, 8, and 9. From this it would seem that in the potash-fertilized plots there is a sufficiency of that constituent under the circumstances here existing. On the other hand, comparing the field and garden, we find that while the latter has much higher percentages of potash to begin with, it has at the same time larger per cents of decrease than the potash-fertilized plots in the field, ranging from 11.3 % in plot 8 to 53 % in plot 7. In other words, with a larger supply there is a smaller excess of potash over the demands for that constituent. Little can be learned from the figures relating to phosphoric acid. The decrease ranges from 0.8 % in plot 6 in the garden to 46.9 % in plot 8 in the field. The decrease in the values of nitrogen is uniformly high, showing the great demand for that valuable constituent. In the field the range is from 46 % in plot 5 to 53.6 % in plot 8, while in the garden it runs from 36.4 % in 6 to 51.1 % in 7. A few words with reference to the yield of cotton in passing. A reference to Table I will show that in the unfertilized plots 1, 5, and 10 in each soil the yield is not the same, but is lowest in 1 and highest in 10. This suggest that all the plots are not uniformly fertile, but increase in fertility from 1 to 10. This lack of uniformity in natural fertility, will, of course, effect the results obtained by artificial fertilization, but the effect of the latter on the yield is noticeable, just as it was on the composition of the plant. By a study of Table V we find that where we have high percentages of two or more constituents in the flowering stage, and a relatively low decrease of those percentages in passing to the bolling stage, we have, generally speaking, a large yield. On the other hand, low, or even average, percentages in the early, and a large decrease of the same in the later stage, showing an insufficient supply from the soil, means a relatively low yield. The application of this rule, Table V. DRAKE FIELD. STATION GARDEN. Potash Phosphoric Acid Nitrogen Potash Phosphoric Acid Nitrogen 10.8 FERTILIZERS USED. B ~3 0 b13n 0 0 0 0 - 0q None ................. ... . 2.034 1. S0.934 0.78 256 3.488 1.883 S9.29 3.178 2.538 0.862 0.758 3.825 2.352 2.981 2.026 0.805 0.741 3.831 2.436 120. 96.3 Nitrate and Kainit.... .... Nitrate and Phos. Acid .. Kainit and Phos. Acid . . 2.137 2.123 30.627 0.34~ 3.855 1.969 30. 1.823 1.051 10.699 0.537 3.685 1.883 23.21 3.199 1.494 0.854 0.688 4.225 2.064 1.997 2.119 0.919 0.488 3.967 1.841 29.17 3.102 2.751 0.797 0.900 3.873 2.442 132.9 Nitrate, Kainit, Phos. Acid... 2.547 2. 562 0.830 0.557 3.645 1.833 37.50 3.611 3.054 0.860 0.696 4.347 2 339 145 3 None ...................... 3.106 2.683 0.805 0.724 4.149 2.273 141.3 i') if it be a rule, to plot 5 Drake field may explain the low yield of cotton there, a deficiency both of potash and of nitrogen being manifest. Likewise in plot 7, Station garden, we find a large decrease in the percentages of all three constituents, although two of them have peen added to the soil, and here, also, we find a relatively low yield. In connection with this work, it has been thought well to make a complete analysis of the two soils. In view of the fact of their similarity geologically, both being classed as light sandy soils, and the additional fact that one is'very poor and the other rich, a comparison of their chemical composition will be interesting. CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF SOILS. STATION.GARDEN. DRAKE FIELD. 650 ...... Moisture ...... 94.790 Insoluble Silica................ .532 Soluble Silica.................. 1.153 Alumina ...................... ..... 850 Oxide Iron ..................... 185 Lime ..................... Magnesia .............................158 ..... 268.315 ....... ......... Soda ........ 098 Potash .......................... ...... 087 Phosphoric Acid................ Nitrogen...........................069 1.550 Organic Matter ................ Humus..............580 Available Inorg. Matter....... Humus Silica..................... Humus Phosphoric Acid........... .647 .253 .020 .825 93.097 .560 1.873 1.093 .260 .122 .087 .064 .086 2.195 .863 .946 .353 .035 As will be observed, both soils have a high percentage of insoluble silica, that of the field exceeding that of the garhydrated den nearly two per cent. Oxide of iron in condition is believed by some to increase in soils the absorptive power of gases, and particularly, of moisture. Both soils are low in this constituent, with the advantage of in favor of the garden. Estimated in terms of the poorer soil, the garden soil is 28.6 00 higher in oxide of iron than the other. If the minimum limit assigned to lime in light sandy soils by writers on this subject be correct, both of these have a sufficiency of this valuable constituent, In both the garden having 40.5 00 more than the field. potash and phosphoric acid; on the other hand, the garden soil is poorer, about 1 00 in the former and 26.4 00 in latter. What has just been said applies to total phos- the our 16 phoric acid. The humus phosphoric acid, all of which is believed to be readily available to the plant, is 75 higher in the garden than in the field. In total available inorganic matter-that which dissolves out with the humus-the garden soil is 46 % richer than the field soil. It will thus be seen that the garden soil in the main is richer in the important inorganic constituents than the other soil; but it is believed that its superior fertility is chiefly due to its larger proportion of organic matter. In total or- % ganic matter it is 41.6 %; in humus, 48.8 %; and in total nitrogen, 24.8 % richer than the other. CONCLUSIONS. It is not safe to base conclusions on a single series of experiments. Further investigations may make it necessary to alter some of the opinions suggested in this paper, and some of these conclusions here may have to be withdrawn, but it is believed that the broadest conservatism will sanction the following conclusions from the results herein presented: 1. That the composition of the cotton plant in respect to potash, phosphoric acid, and nitrogen, is subject to decided variations under varying conditions. 2. That the nature of the soil exerts a considerable influence on the composition of the plant, a rich soil giving higher percentages of the three important constituents than a poor soil. 3. By fertilizing with either of the three constituents in soils not already containing a sufficiency of the same, it is possible to increase the percentage of that constituent in the cotton plant which is grown on such soil. 4. That humus in the soil is of great value, not only in supplying organic constituents, but, also, in holding inorganic constituents in most available conditions. It is not claimed that the results herein described demonstrafe the utility of this method as a means of determining soil requirements for cotton, but it is claimed that they are highly suggestive. If the normal composition of the healthy, thrifty plant under given soil conditions be known, we believe it possible to determine when a deficiency of any of the three constituents exists in a given soil. Systematic determinations, therefore, of the composition of the cotton plant under normal healthy conditions, together with determinations of the chemical composition and the physical properties of the producing soil, will furnish a basis, it is believed, for the establishment of a plan of investigation which will prove of great value to the agricultural interests of the South. Bulletin No. 5S,: : August, 1594. Agricultura1 Experiment -OF THE- Station AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE AUBURN, ALA 1AMA. Paris Greenl; CoupOsition aid Adulterations. lB. 13. ROSS, State Chemist. I~The Bulletins of this Station will be sent free to any citizen of the State on application to the Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn, Ala. All communications should be addressed. to EXPERIMENT STATION, AUBURN, ALA. Published by order of the Board of Direction. BROWN PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS, MONTGOMERY, ALA. BOARD OF VISITORS, COMMITTEE OF TRUSTEES ON EXPERIMENT STATION. .Union I. F. CULVER .. J. .......................... Springs. .................... G. GILCHRIST................... H. CLAY ARMSTRONG ................................... Hope Hull. Auburn. :BOAE?,D J. M. STEDMAN................... Of''nrIEOTIO3T. ........................... WM. LEROY BROUN ............. A. J. BONDURANT ....................................... President. .Agriculturist. B. B. Ross ................................... P. H. MELL................................ ................. ...... Chemist. Botanist and Meteorologist. .......... Biologist. C. A. CARY, D. V. M.................... ........... ASSISTANTS : J. T. ANDERSON ............................... R. E. NOBLE........... ..................... Veterinarian. First Assistant Chemist. Second Assistant Chemist. Assistant Chemist. C. L. HARE .. .. .. .. .. .. ............. Clerk, and Assistant Botanist. R. L. BIVINS.............. ............ Superintendent of Farm. T U. CULVER................................. ....... Third -- -I]SlSEGTIGID COMPOSITION AND ADULTERATION. The employment of insecticides in combating and checking the ravages of the cotton worm, has been generally practiced in the cotton growing sections of the South for many years, and where proper precautions have been observed, with undoubted success. The materials which are almost exclusively utilized by the cotton planter as insect poisons are Paris Green, and London Purple, though the consumption of the former far exceeds that of the latter. While these substances have been so generally employed for such a long period of time, but little attention has been paid to the quality and purity of the materials purchased for use as insecticides, and it is not at all surprising that frauds and adulterations are occasionally found upon the market. With a view to determining whether or not such adulterations or falsifications had been practiced upon goods of this class for sale in this State, an attempt was made to secure samples of Paris Green and London Purple from all sections of the State. A large number of circular letters, calling for samples of these insecticides, were sent out to parties in all portions of the State, and it was expected that quite a number of specimens would be obtained in this way. But few replies, and still fewer samples were received, however, and the investigation has consequently been more limited in scope than was originally intended. With one exception, the samples came from the "black belt," where the employment of Paris Green, has been much more extensive than on the hill. lands ; in fact in some of the hill counties, it has been found impossible to secure Paris Green in the market. Not a single sample of London Purple, could be obtained, a circumstance that indicated that this insecticide was even less in demand than was the case several years since. Commissioner H. D. Lane, through Maj. T. J. Key, very kindly co-operated in securing additional samples of Paris Green, and these with the samples already on hand enabled the formation of a fair estimate of the character and quality of the insecticides on the market in Alabama. The substance sold under the name "Paris Green" is, chemically considered, an aceto-arsenite of copper, and is known in the arts and to the trade under quite a variety of names, such as, "Emerald Green," "Mitis Green," "French Green," "Schweinfurt Green," etc. The last named term (derived from the place of it's first manufacture) is the designation most frequently given to it in Europe, it being there used largely as a pigment on account of it's brightness of color. Scheele's green, the simple arsenite of copper, is frequently confounded with Paris Green, but it is distinguished from the latter by its duller color and the entire absence of acetic acid, which is a characteristic constituent of a genuine Paris Green. One of the methods formerly employed in the preparation of Paris or Schweinfurt Green involved the simple treatment of the crude and freshly precipitated Scheele's green (copper arsenite) with wood vinegar, from which source the acetic acid of the final product was derived. The process as first devised by Russ & Sattler in 1814, was kept secret for a long period, but after the investigation of its composition by Liebig, its manufacture became more extended. In the method generally adopted for the preparation of this substance, arsenious acid (white arsenic) and acetate of copper (verdigris) are employed; both are dissolved separately in hot water, and the boiling solutions are mixed to- gether, the precipitated coloring matter being allowed to settle. Paris Green is normally a bright crystalline powder, insoluble in water, but changing in color when boiled with water for some time. According to Ehrmann, the composition of pure Paris Green is as follows : Copper oxide.........................31.29 Arsenious acid.......................... Acetic acid............................10.06 . 58.65 The purest grades of Paris Green, however, show at least slight variations from the proportions given above, and it is quite difficult to fix an absolute standard for the composition of products of this character. Paris Green, which is intended for use as an insecticide, however, should contain at least 50 per cent. of combined arsenious acid, and any purchasers of this article who are in doubt as to its purity or quality can have the same tested by forwarding a sample to this Laboratory. The following is the result of the examination of the samples of Paris Green received at this Laboratory Arsenious acid. From Hale Co., forwarded by Mr. B. L. Garber....................55.42 No. 2. From Wilcox Co., forwarded by Mr. S. M. Catheart..................55.01 No. 3. From Montgomery, forwarded by 59.71 Dept. of Agriculture .............. Montgomery, forwarded by No. 4. From Dept. of Agriculture...........53.13 No. 5. From Montgomery, forwarded by 57.38 Dept. of Agriculture ............ No. 6. From Eimer & Amend, New York.... 54.15 none. No. 7. From Tallapoosa county ........... No. 1. Samples one to six inclusive, possessed the bright green color characteristic of a genuine Paris Green, and their mechanical condition was all that could be desired. 6 The proportions of arsenious acid are also well above the limit previously referred to (50%), and no traces of adulteration or attempts at adulteration were detected. Sample No. 7, although of nearly the same shade of color as a normal Paris Green, was nevertheless so lacking in the brightness of tint which characterizes the genuine article that it was at once regarded with suspicion. A qualitative examination, carefully conducted, showed an entire absence of both copper and arsenic, not the least trace of the latter being discoverable by the employment of the most delicate tests. Quite a number of tests were next made for all the green coloring agents of importance, but with negative results, and it was then decided that the color of the material was due to a combination of blue and yellow coloring matters. A further examination revealed the presence of Prussian Blue and chrome yellow, intimately mixed with each other, and well incorporated with a large quantity of inert materials, such as clay, chalk, etc. On taking a small portion each of Prussian Blue and Chrome Yellow and mixing with a large quantity of clay or chalk, it was found that a product corresponding almost precisely in color to the material examined, could be produced, and it was found quite easy to imitate the normal shade of color of Paris Green, though, as before stated, the brightness of tint, would be lacking. It was estimated that a material of this character could be manufactured at a cost not exceeding one cent per pound, while a high grade Paris Green frequently costs above twenty cents per pound, the fraudulent manufacturer being thus able to dispose of his product at an enormous profit. Of course, such a preparation as this is entirely worthless as an insecticide, and planters using such an article, and not being aware of its character, would probably be thereafter prejudiced against the use of insect poisons in any shape or form. As before stated, the true character and quality of an insecticide can be readily ascertained by analysis, and the Station Laboratory will cheerfully test any samples forwarded for examination by planters from any section of the State. Any fraudulent goods of this character can thus be readily driven from the market, and the planter can then be assured as to the absolute purity of the insecticides which he may purchase. METHOD OF ANALYSIS. The following is the process adopted in the Laboratory for the determination of arsenious acid in Paris Green: Weigh one gram of the material, and place in a medium size beaker or flask; add about 30 cubic centimetres of strong hydrochloric acid and digest on a water bath, at a temperature somewhat below the boiling point, adding at frequent intervals, small quantities of finely powdered potassium chlorate. Continue the heating until the odor of free chlorine has almost disappeared;dilute with water, and filter, if necessary. Add ammonia in slight excess, cool and add magnesia mixture gradually, stirring vigorously all the while. Allow to stand 12 hours, filter and wash precipitate with ammonia water. Dry filter and contents : detach precipitate from filter as completely as possible; ignite filter, using ammonium nitrate solution to facilitate ignition. Transfer the precipitate to a porcelain crucible, and heat for a while on an iron plate, and finally with the direct flame. Add filter ash to the precipitate and weigh as magnesium pyro-arsenate. (NOTE.-Of course, this method is only applicable in the absence of phosphates and arsenates.)