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A WORD WITH THE EDITOR
ii tftit ( iil tha'ini :itli cents f lift( tiut itti e l . \Itt 111 ii t \it ticlt tltI
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11l i2
1
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a' ft litc t u inceit i tit i 'l t tifi ti , hilt rb1 fc s t iiii1 te a~i
tit ttutu rdcs iiititrmtitititittt i tit hlit Rh1".E. STilidEVEN sOsiNt
tift lit k has t bi st d per~ acii ptt iii t itit t Itinii il ii iutt pe.r flut ittkr tilo-i
s ih~ ifc Xialnd i~ Ifc to amti ti l t s it () fi i i'fil t t chIii l (. ft titift
iitpa i t o fit ktctrt ai i tit it iti it 1it I lt itxititit tute itnzc fitI f iii II i tl
as ha ti llt fi s fl 'i lici ofi tii lit'ittitus ittf ht it t t t th t' i r t tif n has t
fittiatl a' i ii t t l ii' fi t iii i ofi the' Itil -i itiii titi uu'i i tii i
Ia lozkitli itt k~it tlt tittn thimt dctt/(i iitu i)tlttttiiiI fi
tilts lt'uah
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6COduee
I)t. Xii li 1 I itlititi :X 'iii tt lrititir
o i ii titititttl itl itl litlit t'io iii
sloi ' o t ti (Ii til ,tor Ii l ( onlt i
p Iin t i i l.i itaha1 
has lit n it ittit ii
tiif)'il~ li i ti i t' utitiittillm t I t _tt -
I) _i l lijit t d~ti ill Il,, fis Is 1 ot it t
it f i tt it Xiloiiii Iit lii 'I i itim- iii Iic-
WINTER 1985 ol 32 No 4e
11111nrs anid pe ans. Il isit i
I) 't it if ii \t Xi fiii2 1) ii -(i
ii "i lii t ii pant / l fil tic'ilil -il
I'(I itii' di dalesiit t ato ) t he ii II Ii I i
\itititit ofi Idah il/i \ Ml a II \ii'it X' ntu tl
iState:l lo, if S itit 19 6 1.5 i n l Nathol
13 " Sint th I'f rst ofNtio n195,Nn
11i.1 'it it an Pa h)(11111 i it'iiift t't 1th t i i i n i
ofi Ili liis in~ 1961
ONe THiEd OERhew hebrbi cie offerl hope
bean,lh see \111tor hsbynIc"t~ onpae5
Potential for growth in Alabama's turfgrass-sod
industry shows up in marketing survey
j .L A)RIAN, C. LOKEY, and R. h)i( KI NS
C 
\1 11 iN 
IA 
iii i' 
i I l 
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olI 
i l s-,od 
ii il 'Nah 
aII),I ii 
iiia tid
19 .I )111 511 l o 'i t s to allo t 5.51111 ;ii ii t)S s.it
it gros t1l 11114 iili \\holiii bais ial this
tr l t (I iiii t o N 1 m li n I I 19.:3 i i li llo III-
i l lk t t 'Ic iiii I ,ldi l ii Nll iiio t I N Ics- i
St th lii .tI ui\ I has ukl th occ fim hltIi
Ii li t~ Is t t ii i iii NI/i Nie iurk tsi fiii INd I
, itiiiii tehiN IIj4 li t ltt Ii \i(IN tis I lIi I I )
t11 IIii~,1i i IIta oll N tild liii Nt Ni l 4 l i i
at il N 21 ~ product1 141sap co ll t l- ioldI
tid It roduc'tion tiN I n t he \ iill 11 it it St
operatio hiii iN .1 'thou111 IN i acre,. I'rdtr~ 'i
25 111 IitNc in od i p o ti ii li t es I l1
iii rs \'iii iii al~ rNo ll(o 2l~ to 3:11 rios. Th i tll
plitau aras IN ii? o i Nt plod1 ti l S ti Iii ca 'N
I iii h N I'? N ,ll l l ic ll ull 1 Ni\l'? Il )1iN hull
aii itii Nh I .it'4i oii u N I i rii c-fou' ilts of ti e
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11INN ii Ns I lilitl iii' i ii t ld "ti N I cii 1111
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iii uN NtIi ul '1v Rt i r dtt.1I li t sN lit o
IiiN i N iiiIII' i tp o e N I iil l. Iti I N iti-
tllkiini to Sllt c it cs I 'ii I hr~i k
1  
tlllv NipaIll
aidll I 11?N II it\s tp ls \\c1? ic I'll iiINliii miiii
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titk i t1111 II' t Ni II N ii I IN li i (- i s -ii 111 I I
IIh'Nir l 4t i i cl Ni N er ii tt N i 11 it(tiI inNo
I lil i.s t~i l'I t 11t iii Nol N-invI 111i tii 'N I n-l'
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for11 IN,, 9 .I ~ ;od9' e piive ftet
tcli ii bI Nil5' Ni Ii IN ott
1
il I 36"tiiiof
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I 111111 t iii111 t NNiIe ii iii ol t i OI ih r1111 i
S I I. ' lt o t ii I ii 'i i it it ll d Itap 111 N t'i lii -
iii tiiti. Nil sii t~n cl 1,1 i it) (i tof ti tota
alloNNt N sot Niil AI,, i io I r N o1111 Ntlii iii I til ril I
liIiiiIN l I tii
1  
05'1 Ni I liltitll tiN t
1 
roll
Ill/mrl t Nii N t i th i e sodii i li s-ii
tiA ll' Ili il, p11'o l I It ii li 11?1 i i ti hr i iii o
till ' l d~~ I~ c N 1.1? il iiiI i' i I'l' t I lli t I ill
Niar ii 11 1, I ti i it i t e (i' r1, ill t r I IN l to11
id iif iti NiiilliIi I sod1?141 t IN I b ' cnl no
nillc aI ' l i i t h Nt I m I s ijlilil d h\ t1 ii n-j
11111 i ty se e prCI IN NNaI't iiiit i ll jil? ,iiit tdi
k ii I\ i oNi li ( .1 IhoNi t IN the'Nl (111 N 'I l I ii 11
Ni i.
1 
III;_rU iii tadii' N m Nil i u_, lii 1 114 ulI I flit mos
N1.(1 ti/" ItttttNI Ivp s fo l Nc II iiilt ti iiti'i
thei 11 co sl l 'N INcr l liliN .11 ithi all oil
l s -111 nii l ', IN rl i dc tf at11 Nilhi oat koft
n
......
11' t . ;1
Red ce ap l lomasc
~" I >
with sterol inhibif-rr _ rngic
4
A.J. LATHAM, W.A. DOZIER, JR., J.W. KNOWLES,
and M.H. HOLLINGSWORTH
1,1:11111I APPLICATIONS of the
hlnt;icidc Vangurd' an ergosterol
biosv hthesis inhibitor i 11;131 hav(,
been rcportccl to affect apple t-ccs in the
same von that growth rcgulatol:s do. lhcsc
effects %\rrc shorter trees, retarded shoot
elongation, and Icaccs that arc solnllcr,
thicker, less ilc\ible, puckered, and clinker
green. r\pplications of Ba\rora cahlscd sinti-
lar but Icss proniiucnl grovvtll (fleets.
1"hc point of, real concern, howcvcr, is that
the fhrngicidc noav cause it reduction ill bloom
the vcar after list. This concern is obv iously
justifie(l, based on results of, it 19")1 :Alabanut
V\-ricultural Fypcrina-nt Station stud.
1'hc reseal-ch vv;as begun fitllovcing 1953 ob-
ser\ations al the Nomth \lahahut I lortielllturc
Substation that apple bloom differed among
plots spra\cd \\ ith \urious tinrgicidcs the prc-
\ iou.s scar. Soul trees spracc<I \cith FBI fun-
gicides did not iavc apprcciabh mire blos-
ind 0 icatX the f o~lig I lit\ f' XX I' tll'IX ih1111 -
(i ht 111 \, thIe'XXXII'e i Ilsigatio II cr IXtd tiIll t oi
XI'.1I t t hl cli11 I!iii I'I'.I se'l'jct.id I funiit s XIoIl
iit n)1 blo ofi IXicon Xapp)1 IIs.
'Xo. oIt liXIe'
I )itlhaio' I itliiiii
addedi'i noit addedil
I itimeio I )itliiiii
\X it iii (III\ ' 35o
Suppressed blooming of tree at left contrasts
with good blooming of trees at right.
Ililill Xa iId their at I 10 t II - a i~iIItoi ht I'
th14oughut the1 coverli~ XX ta per1111 iodi). Cill ner-
I iii Insec iclide andllli IX tc 1(11 lite w11r4 1)111 i
XXli l theX ti te test( \Iii14II I i tIsI hee'dedX.'
FruX t 11111 s 1) l)( th( and lil IthIoutiI111 tloso ti CIX
XIrI IX r co ndatfll XXbi11III l oom frI )ti i fiI l in.lI
I iIld iii'ree I' I t 0 s4i'la proced11 tfo)
1
k rii
XX 1111 i .3 to.1 .115 It l IIe th1 i. Data f g ill
bi11lwd il tlll' w11 11II11'XXe noi IXnterac't'is be-
Fi tr! 1s ()t Ft v(.I( it's : lpi'll 1) is li)s3 0v V mm ,it or I.r.vv I's vyn Bt 1l es.
BroovI or lit osrt it Dr.t.n ml s \rri r.s iy 19S-1
Fungicide rate
per I(N)gnl.
Number of lc;tccs from 20 frnit spurs per plot Ailgust Iti, 1993.
Pcr cotagc of split hloonl on 21 in, of apple hia ich, t\\o hranchcs per tree.
Alabama AOculhu-al P:rpci-imcnt Station
O( )EA HF E AHN FIBS ini Ailabaav xiil
rial, ( aiioj wh ich is a 10111 ittat iou of I,(.\
one'inithe ac itittie igrediti nt i Clic,
1s.hou ti b t ttCtlidwdatailbl xi tixtiust At
154. aho these \xatriilscttti a tille I~at
balt Arilxturnl EIiti tixnt tton to diat
tt
1
rmie efan, op)\1tt2u te appi lication
lIn 1i8i1it tlit a~ xkitctid aIt th nxlack
Be 1 lti btaion on Ct tilty o il to il att
Sc)pter60 xxd ix il-6025ittheI atiitl m(,,1. At
ctt commo1 in atith (laie and i fiIMto It fin-
ill i1)ihand crop datag. Scitti IwI A. aplild
cadt to SI. actit iagedet itig pe)Ic'N
1605 illxP6 1111 w C applie 1111 iIl an Phut ml
rih atei oftl' idiad 9tt o a.ti. e c tiitihiii
aliti applid POTtk tt at ttit atd il oz a.i. pet
lixc ictt kxlebur xcitroit iithttil itigti 75(
96i athi late fr tim rx(atixiratix uxr latin
aindxi~ metho d T tit m iiati pollt ii' ad-i~
sontriltip xtt conjtrl P1 aranti71han Ii4 -
cotkasiduto 809ti at thit lat atig. DutIA
ci6tt25o xcase moraii soyiexiury itt t i t
ciuizlwasi sligt xit ax boliitht prout and
tcausedii no apprn N7' fiel reductHiont 5
In comItiparingoa ~ rat low n('cIt 9t
1 
and'
high( each proitid 90'k( or bI\jjtterlli cklibit
cotol xctr, anpid t5(rlo etifltir 2tl litai.
xnd hgh x80% axtrlateslgi atjt ii tarsrtitIIbui
ituryt a lt ig tri c iax xuxItiat theh lhe t r iiAe
hericides wert applicdi INI )Id xxE rtiei-ipiilix
mSiix o apptiadx tStion xhe rtiid 39rk
SCEPE and CALrA4tSIC
New herbicides for
3ovbean weed control
R.HI. WALKER, B. NORRIS, and M. PEPPER
itcr wt s t nl it rrc it ICcd non
nirhd) Compriso l/ A I. Pi at I tllii lx ti
a.e lT icitiIs andli xaxes ajijlit P~ll, atpi
ci I t v iIexIt th at igh ist, 11 u. IN) Ice
followe bt It I' a1t1 xx S ix. pexrftli tcrlt i nd l Titi
atP : 6 t2 tiiai piiti axlItirtii.i
Iit im ilxxtxst xcoxdiuited inil x95 xax xlgit-
ill Pt )I il it liiiI l. SI t. itlix alit \ di
S5~fr Ixli i li litI al xxotiiult comin xations(
xxAit
1  
a 25 wa apti ii d ~ h at11 II lx1111Iillraxs
tiscllxial PiOiTxxatltIN appiictio ofa/ r z
a11i. per 1111 dx a xre 26.n w its i a te IC t /i
fl~i d tuut a owi thtit s in xx PtBEli oir PT
aplictio tllxt lin'suftf3 iitit ax Ipabl
sicklxpodxotrlt ttxt Catali Pltill sl9. i
so(I a l ~i nj r x rxi a ing ti a t xtro t boa
iii Iiii A I lilt (IC Co w ali tinir t vy li ghti~
xiikxn ats tiii titt xcctc tig id not
cAlit 
1 
I h. l a.i i.iuiiili pII Iac 
1
\ it2 x.
Bes sikeoatotrlxsotindwt
lit e xlbe t i tha i e ixIii-ttit xappjliid
t111 i (it '/, o i fllow ( lii /il oli . ai~ .~il ti t tll ili
tr i yesa II 111 li (( i I xili ll iji t ikl cpodti
11)111 i lli 92 1( withou(1 iiiitl ixt litition a d oo
crotlernc 12i(iju
Sc pe an C 
4
1 lasic II -60 5 sh i Xllllii iot
godpoetalfrim ?o igcckiu. ik
Alabamalt~ Agriculttur of I~wrxpuit Stati(1
FARMERS' OPINIONS VARY ABOUT DEER HUNTING WITH DOGS
J.E. DUNKELBERGER, M.K. CAUSEY, and J. EXUM
HUNTING DEER with the aid of
dogs is popular in Alabama and most
Southern States. By law, the use of
dogs to flush deer is permitted throughout
Alabama except in counties where residents
have petitioned the Department of Conser-
vation, Game and Fish Division, to disallow
this form of hunting. As of January 1985, 11 of
67 Alabama counties were closed to deer
hunting with dogs, and petitions to discon-
tinue this practice were in process for two ad-
ditional counties.
The practice of using dogs to hunt deer is
often controversial, having both strong sup-
port and opposition within a county. One rea-
son for opposition stems from the inability
and sometimes the unwillingness of deer
hunters to confine the chase within the
boundaries of the property owned or upon
which legal authorization to hunt has been
obtained.
Farm owners and operators are often in the
middle of this controversy. Their land and
property rights are frequently involved. To
date, however, little factual information has
been accumulated about farmers' experi-
ences with deer hunters using dogs on their
land. Therefore, a study to obtain such infor-
mation from farmers was conducted by the
Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station.
A mail survey was conducted in Cham-
bers, Clay, Cleburne, Covington, Marion,
and Washington counties during spring 1984.
These counties were randomly selected to
represent counties that permitted deer hunt-
ing with dogs and had the heaviest incidence
of this form of hunting in each Conservation
District. Questionnaires were mailed to 1,132
farm operators. Completed questionnaires
were returned by 748 farmers (a response
rate of 69% after adjusting for bad addresses
and persons no longer farming). Response
rates by county ranged from 60% in Coving-
ton to 77% in Chambers. The higher rate for
Chambers was probably due to a petition ef-
fort underway during the study period calling
for an end to deer hunting with dogs in that
county.
The deer population in Alabama is not uni-
formly distributed across the State. As late as
1910, huntable deer populations existed only
in two or three isolated areas in south and
southwestern counties. Now there are nearly
1 million deer in the State. Following years of
no hunting or serious restrictions, deer hunt-
ing with dogs reappeared during the 1970's
in Clay and Cleburne counties, while it had
remained a continuing practice in Covington
and Washington counties.
Because of differences in the history of the
local deer population and in residents' ideas
about deer hunting among the five counties,
it is not surprising that attitudes of Alabama
farmers toward deer hunting with dogs varies
widely. Farmers in Cleburne and Chambers
counties in the north and east, respectively,
are more negative toward this type hunting
compared to farmers in the south and south-
west counties of Covington and Washington.
One attitude that differs markedly was
farmers' appreciation for the "sport" of dog
hunting for deer. Another differing attitude
was the perceived negative aspects often as-
sociated with deer hunting with dogs.. Both
attitudes indicated the different value given
this hunting practice by farmers in the two
areas of the State. Marion County in the
northwestern part of the State was in an area
where farmers' attitudes are less crystalized
at this time. There was little attitudinal sup-
port for deer hunting with dogs noted in Mar-
ion, but negative sentiments were weak as
well.
Attitudes have their roots in past experi-
ence, so the survey sought information about
the kinds of experiences Alabama farmers
have had with deer hunters using dogs. Of
the 68% of farm operators in the five counties
who describe themselves as hunters, 80%
hunt deer and 45% hunt deer using dogs. In
40% of the sample farmers' families, other
members of the family use dogs to hunt deer.
More than three-fourths of the farmers al-
lowed some kind of hunting on their land by
nonfamily members.
Ali -ntino - ri so take 
an variety of
dogs crossed private property without au-
thorization was described as "often" by 43%
of the farmers. About half of these indicated
they often had dogs chasing deer across their
land when hunting season was closed.
There are two actions farmers can take
when dogs cross their land. Over the last 2
years, 22% had attempted to remove the en-
croaching dogs from their land. The second
action, asking unauthorized hunters to stop
hunting on their land, had been attempted
with satisfactory results by 52% of affected
farmers. Among those who asked hunters
with dogs to leave their land, about 20% had
felt threatened or in danger when doing so.
In response to questions about property
damage by deer hunters using dogs, 35% re-
ported property damage during the last 2
years, but only 7% said the damage was "ma-
jor." An estimated dollar value showed that
about 10% of the damage exceeded $250 and
16% was less than $100. Only 10% of the farm-
ers experiencing damage by deer hunters us-
ing dogs reported it to law enforcement au-
thorities.
The kinds of property damage reported by
affected farmers included: fence wire (63%),
fence posts (45%), livestock killed (28%),
crops (27%), woods burned (14%), livestock
run off or stolen (8%), mailbox shot (6%),
farm equipment shot (3%), and window shot
out (3%). More than half the farmers sur-
veyed (56%) indicated they had no problems
with deer hunters using dogs on their land
and only 13% felt that a serious problem ex-
isted.
The attitudinal differences and different
patterns of experience among the study coun-
ties generally explain the wide difference in
farmers' attitudes found in the survey. These
survey findings suggest that the disrespect
shown for farmers' property rights may have
much more to do with this controversey than
actual losses from property damaged by
hunters and their dogs.
enal1.11d nIg 1peeC ., C .. ldprc.,,ta, a ac 1 d y l
forms. Within the previous 2 years, more
than three-fourths of the farmers reported
having unauthorized deer hunting dogs 
on Dunkelberger is Professor of Agricultural 
Eco-
having unauthorized deer hunting dogs on nomics and Rural Sociology; Causey is Professor of
their land during the hunting season. Fre- Zoology-Entomology; and Exum is Graduate As-
quency with which deer hunters and their sistant of Zoology-Entomology
EACH YEAR in Alabama, over
600,000 acres of forest land are har-
vested and approximately 150,000
acres are site prepared and artifically regen-
erated. Currently, mechanical site prepara-
tion is used on over 80% of the artifically re-
generated land at a cost exceeding $15
million. Intensive mechanical treatments
typically involve the use of heavy machinery
which may damage the site and lower pro-
ductivity. Soils may become compacted, with
bulk density increases of 25 to 75% resulting
in decreased infiltration, porosity, and aera-
tion, all of which can lower productivity.
However, the most severe problem associated
with mechanical site preparation is surface
soil displacement. Raking and piling may re-
move up to 3 in. of soil from the plantable
area, concentrating it into windrows and in-
creasing the erosion hazard.
Three upland sites located in Autauga and
Bibb counties in the Hilly Coastal Plain of
Alabama with slopes of 7, 9, and 11% were
used to compare three representative me-
chanical site preparation systems:
1. Shear/burn system in which everything
is sheared off at ground level and burned.
2. Single chop/burn system in which
everything is sheared at ground level, a me-
chanical drum chopper is pulled over it (one
time), and then it is burned.
3. Shear/rake/pile/bed system in which
everything is sheared at ground level, a me-
chanical root rake is used to pile debris into
windrows, and a bedding harrow is used to
form planting beds.
Soil and vegetation samples were collected
prior to mechanical treatment, immediately
following treatment, and at the end of two
growing seasons. The site preparation treat-
ments examined were applied by Hammer-
mill Paper Company crews working on com-
pany lands.
Application of all three mechanical sys-
tems reduced hardwood competition from
initial levels. After 2 years, the bed system
had the lowest levels of hardwood competi-
tion, 5,688 stems per acre, compared to
10,993 and 11,454 stems per acre for the shear
and chop systems, respectively. The bedding
system provided superior hardwood control
due to greater removal and disturbance of
hardwood roots and stumps. With the shear
and chop systems, stumps and roots not killed
by the burn sprouted, resulting in large num-
bers of competing stems.
All the site preparation systems examined
reduced litter and small debris (limbs,
branches, and foliage) and increased exposed
soil. The bedded system, being the most in-
tensive, had the largest reductions in litter
and debris and the largest increase in bare
soil, while both the shear and the chop treat-
ments had slight reductions in litter and in-
creases in bare soil. During the raking, pil-
ing, and bedding operations, much of the soil
Forest site preparation effects on soil
properties and loblolly pine early growth
C.L. TUTTLE, M.S. GOLDEN, and R.S. MELDAHL
TREATMENT EFFECTS ON SEEDLING HEIGHT, SURVIVAL, AND GROUND LINE
DIAMETER (GLD) AT PLANTING AND AFTER Two GROWING SEASONS
Site preparation 
Mean 
Percent 
Mean
Time Site preparation seedling seedling seedling
treatment 
height 
survival 
GLD
In. In.
Planting ........................ Shear/burn 5.4-
Chop/burn 5.6--
Bed 5.2 - -
2 seasons ....................... . Shear/burn 27.0 83.1 .39
Chop/burn 27.8 85.7 .42
Bed 27.5 85.3 .50
covering was removed from the site or mixed
with the upper soil layers.
After 2 years, differences among treat-
ments in litter cover were reduced, but were
still evident (32.2%, 36.1%, and 16.3% for the
shear, chop, and bed treatments, respec-
tively). Additionally, the incidence of bare soil
was reduced due to vegetative cover return-
ing to the site. Over 50% of the bedded areas
were still bare after 2 years, while both the
sheared and the chopped areas had 33% bare
soil. Removal of the litter layer bares the soil
surface to direct rainfall impact which can re-
duce surface soil structure by reducing par-
ticle aggregation. The small soil particles
may then erode or filter into the surface soil
pores, reducing infiltration and aeration.
However, after two growing seasons, less
than 5% of the study areas exhibited obvious
evidence of erosion. A small amount of rill
erosion and some slight sheet erosion oc-
curred on all the study areas. The bedded
plots had more rills (3% to 5% of the area)
than the sheared or the chopped areas due to
the larger quantity of bare soil resulting from
this system. Less than 2% of the sheared or
chopped areas exhibited obvious erosion
after two seasons.
None of the mechanical site preparation
systems examined differed significantly in
their effects on soil nutrient concentrations
(Ca, Mg, K, P, or N) in the top 12 in. of soil.
However, as treatment intensity increased,
nutrient concentrations generally decreased.
The sheared areas had higher nutrient con-
centrations than the chopped areas, which in
turn were higher than the bedded areas.
Lower nutrient concentrations with increas-
ing treatment intensity is likely the result of
greater disturbance and displacement of the
surface soil layers.
Site preparation systems significantly in-
fluenced surface soil bulk density immedi-
ately following treatment. During mechani-
cal treatment, the shear and chop systems
compacted the soil surface. Bulk density then
began to decrease as a result of root growth,
microbial activity, and such physical process-
eses as soil wetting and drying. By the end of
the second season, bulk densities on all three
systems tested had returned to approximate
pretreatment levels. Bulk density on the bed-
ded areas actually decreased immediately
following site preparation. The bedding har-
rows disked the soil surface, loosening the
upper layers. During the following two sea-
sons, the beds settled resulting in bulk den-
sity increases to pretreatment levels. At no
time during the study period did soil bulk
density become an obvious detrimental fac-
tor. The bulk densities found were all well be-
low levels (approximately 1.4 grams per cubic
centimeter) which reportedly reduce loblolly
pine seedling growth and survival.
Site preparation systems did not differ sig-
nificantly in their effects on loblolly pine
seedling height or survival after two seasons,
see table. Seedling ground line diameter
(GLD) was the only measure significantly af-
fected by a mechanical site preparation sys-
tem, with the bedded areas having larger di-
ameters than the sheared or chopped plots.
Properly applied mechanical site prepara-
tion resulted in little soil loss or damage on
upland areas of the Hilly Coastal Plain of Ala-
bama. This indicates that the key in limiting
soil damage, even on upland slopes, is to em-
ploy proper application techniques. After two
seasons, there was little definite advantage in
site or seedling results in selecting one sys-
tem over another. However, the long term ef-
fects of the three systems studied cannot be
fully evaluated until much later in the rota-
tion.
Tuttle is Research Associate of Forestry; Golden
is Associate Professor of Forestry; and Meldahl is
Assistant Professor of Forestry
Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station
(
Effect of skip-row patterns
on cotton yield
C.C. KING, L.J. CHAPMAN, WB. WEBSTER, and V.H. CALVERT
Ol' ISIiI': KO\1'S .bildlill oXXf it
IrowXX . It IX 11111)1('XXIX to look It, bilt (leitI
malk' upI flit thell'and11 thadt is X lltII biX till
skX Ii oc ptts? til 21IXXXI' eveiXc at th
Illogram XXIas i t IIX c sa li t ll a dXl ealIIIX
of1)4 IIXI Ilue l Iltt i III XI 1~~a ski-1o lt t-1
111) jilt As it t'l'Xnlt, i tI''t XXithI fIXI
XIIlan ti paI XX 1111' aI iX X iIIItiac I th AL iI-l
h1.1 III or Ill iXX t'X II isX IN 'I niitil:. itl'iNt orN XXI~ Iwox \I~ s~srr X'tlh I ' 'i it Xrli
19)'l3-'l1
Bose ~ pater 
Lan
- inl 1111 2 oult
2 ill ;id It t it
I mi andit 4 ill t
I")X
I titt
2, O
12-t5S
3X 1911 jil ut r. I i cI dt I):
LI) Lb. Pit_ Lb.
2 4, t33 2,((:31 titti I t 12
I 5t'l7 3 itt1 t
1
2 il141
1 5,6512 3 T2 1.- OtV4t
t G, 4titt t 22 t14 G ti39"
3 5, tS'3 3.ItS 126 721
l9S 1 2-i 
r.Rli
1- 1:3 2,62 1 3 jIINI
* 2.,5204 1 S -2
* 2.1 : 1.1j 21 't
2,592 t, 06t0 6.1
nu I , I' I'r,'-d XX il iiv III ilt' on( :
two in and ill c outX ( lit ) tXXo i ll adi lou t out:
I OXs listed ) XXitli I Xr-X ,ski) jl
1
a if W11
IXasld ht 12( to (i)) /IIX thlt skip-I ose pat-
111(1 XXa cX lcitttl on1 thll basist ofi tota Laud
usXed, X III wXIII 15) to 161/( lessX on till skip
Mritt producii 1d 2,229) lb. of'sc co'tton il t r
,u ' of' total ladt toolpo e( to 2,6:23 lb. c
KU' (1111(lIltnc in' i X 1)(1foiii thll 2 oin and I out
ptiternt is iX t tdras ofI 1$%. Simiilart cali -
S lt)og fin l pll pktI'latte acr icrese
I'll Iiilk I I i ! ll iXos tll trnst none t otf
in he 1913 grwn Illso and1 Ioc coittitt'onI
t is II It Xoto j i el ii ~ r exI I it ent ltX 11 1 981.' XX
liId b,,,1 XXI te atI i t11imiX ofI f1ir t pickin 
X (IllIi
not fl ti I n 14 11 ios paten in 11 3. Ajlt'I llll Iat-
iitrs' nc(ig'oi-la td X 2 t
abama A,,riculturul F'xp erinucnt Station
liii I Ii i ii' Il I (lit mu o g rjs i et h tissuit til
t'c tic! Iiy it' k i o ffer i ractIic al1
tii'titds of propaga14.tinig sulchi( cropx as xxxett
pottatoes.
1)1 iii s wi i x hen po pagatinig stock.x It cani also
be alut icctl usiiid fto malitin and pla-ii
gatc fotndationx "seid stock ofii \kli t poitt ato
tlixx tit Ii acciiittil l to t ining of Acltama
swxt tto bco tlxisan tineti cttinsisiit
not to tlitlll x ti lt
1 
mai t ittRee tockt
ftt cc ittitx dXisae and1 morholgit l aut arIia-11
tt ito Icxch a tccdoe tim as ttiit reul oft
multlatiiia. ihtatfe s8ed saItock hichtl
mit aintru))ness uit tpehisi te bjctv
'Il objecxti ve of itiiillii tie flbu ire tarth
tirll(dIx)attr. (ilotissuix xclrc e x ti at 81) I
isuital tfor propatgaHt intgco lwet poatoe ()ut
cail xli 16su t i xro sprolts lt 8 lii u
ofi lirt potato pthlant prpgae beil iti xtissu
xiiIn itt oxxito c tii xp dimtei tit p lu t s t e r x
xxtan trotxsdttrage aot thut ofi threetpe
xdx iix icti Whit ilStrit l and ) A 1- (ilip
xxiiuttll tJewell sel td uitrset a(til,
ht
1  
sut w r tltixn jltl i ni~ uthi gritxnhtiulii
xniii t urati ig hx t il ttl-iiit? tdl t iitti-
hx ti andti i0-6igFtit temt erattin- xc.l i
Tissue cult' ire
techniqu
successfu-'
produces
seed stock I
sweet potatoes
M.A.W ALKHALIFA,
A.G. HUNTER,
and O.L. CHAMBLISS
Viil S it hccac xii ntlr Shoril t er. onigx ix (hh ilt
tetti 27 19,S4. A ploit cistxid of i siniglc liixx
itt tixi plantx xpacitd 12 in. ipairt ini I tixi
deredal ti t ro)k of s l iprpatt d plnt oxfx xIt
liii all pltx
fitti latt tid I ot xplts xrdu i t is siu
fxrom utli i pa t iull to a il itt flp n i t uttigs
turlii xxii high tnft oxithlix ohattion
iiiiii pe t htiu lxc uti\ LIxxi m thotis ofitprop-
agaition.i
xp in nt nitd thiat tiixtiiiii usiiti ot tliu lt
piiip1tagatitu xla its itlx tt ro uc i dl
xield h a coxttonltth cllxc i
(tisu! cltur x ou xld bf Iit usef techniqu
ABOVE--explants were grown by tissue culture methods in test tubes; BELOW LEFT-plant-
lets were transplanted to pots and grown in greenhouse for 6 weeks; BELOW RIGHT-plants
from tissue culture were grown in the field for production data.
.. r =
~E~b ~ xi
Alabamoa Agfriultural Exvperimntct Statiion
WINTER COVER AIDS
BERMUDAGRASS SURVIVAL
R. DICKENS and D.L. TURNER
ERMUDAGRASS is an excellent turf-
grass for athletic surfaces throughout
Alabama because it tolerates heat and
drought and recovers rapidly from wear.
However, unusually cold weather often re-
sults in winterkill of this species on closely
mowed surfaces such as golf greens and tees.
Sod fields harvested in the fall and winter
months may also be injured or killed.
In areas where winterkill is likely, covering
golf greens and tees has been a common prac-
tice for many years. Pine straw, cereal grain
straw, or black polyethylene plastic have been
the materials normally used. Each of these
has distinct disadvantages. The straws re-
quire considerable labor to apply and remove
and may introduce unwanted weed seed.
Black polyethylene generally lacks adequate
strength to resist tearing and does not allow
free flow of air and water into the turf and
soil. Neither of the materials is reusable over
a period of several years
New materials currently under investiga-
tion by the Alabama Agricultural Experiment
Station offer promise in overcoming many of
the problems associated with covering turf
areas for cold protection. These new mate-
rials are nonwoven fabrics produced from
plastic filaments through either heat bonding
or needle punching techniques.
During the winter of 1984-85, a field ex-
periment was conducted at the Turfgrass Re-
search Unit at Auburn to compare the effects
of several nonwoven textile fabrics on tem-
perature modification and spring greenup of
a Tifdwarf bermudagrass putting green.
Temperature sensors were installed in each
of 12 plots on the dormant putting green at
the turf surface and at depths of 1.2, 2.4, or
3.6 in. and connected to an electronic data
acquisition system. Then the plots were cov-
ered in early January with one of the mate-
rials listed in the table. Temperature was
continuously monitored and recorded during
periods of unusual cold in January 1985. On
March 5, 1985, the covers were removed and
the amount of green turf cover was estimated
for each plot.
Pine straw reduced fluctuation of temper-
atures more than the nonwoven fabrics. The
rate of warming of the turf surface did not
vary greatly among the nonwoven fabrics re-
gardless of color, material, or method of con-
struction. The highest mid-day temperatures
were recorded on plots covered with gray
heatbonded polyethylene while the lowest
temperature occurred on plots mulched with
pine straw.
When the covers were removed on March
5, 1985, the most new green bermudagrass
was present on plots which had been covered
with either white or gray polypropylene, see
figure. Plots covered with either black poly-
ethylene or the gray polyester material had
intermediate amounts of green turf, and the
least amount of new growth appeared on the
plots left uncovered or those covered with
pine straw.
Nonwoven fabrics appear to be excellent
substitutes for the traditional pine straw
mulch in the protection of dormant bermu-
dagrass turf. There appears to be little cor-
relation between the amount of green
bermudagrass in the spring and the temper-
atures observed under the various materials
during the periods of cold stress in January
Research will continue to determine which of
the materials is the most effective for both
protecting from cold injury and promoting
early spring greenup.
Dickens is Professor of Agronomy and Soils and
Turner is Research Associate of Agronomy and
Soils.
EFFECTS OF VARIOUS TURF COVERS ON TEMPERATURE OF DORMANT
BERMUDAGRASS SURFACE JANUARY 23, 1985, AT AUBURN ALABAMA
Material Color Construction rees
Maximum Minimum
Polypropylene .................. White Heatbonded 53 
28
Polypropylene .................. Gray Heatbonded 69 26
Polypropylene ................. Black Heatbonded 58 23
Polyester ....................... Gray Needlepunched 58 
29
Pine straw ...................... -- 48 
29
Uncovered ..................... -- 61 25
Alabama Agricultural Experiment 
Station
Effects of covers on greenup of bermuda-
grass evaluated March 5, 1985.
Gray
polyester
White
polypropyl
m Gray
polypropyl
Black
polypropyl
D_. Pine straw
SUncovered
Greenup, pct.
90-
80
70
60
50 r
40
30
20
10
0
Cover material
10
ilk I I 1) it\ -I It ft ( Mi \ It) F is
prI 1a liltis lii Io<I 11~ mt it Iffl
It itt I 1 t it i fis lr it ii i t i i is i
of111 f ~t ft i in Il t d iv ii* utlilt ii 5 li I 1 I
n(i of S . i sli ii t ie hor lo i t l~nific liI a, b(;
nI (; ( mf i lk f pn ii11' n1i iiii (I ',i t(( ani i -
mali ns k i ti' I s i pef it ~li, l'idi(
tiilistt I l tt 1A IIv (1 I's liii li' I'( is aiiiiii -
it. ( t o ii' i '1 ti Ni it fIi( i is I sa liisi l
s iil i n n~ I' siii a s iiiti l t(ii pit till f _Ili d )f I
d ft fttutnant of1111 mil o\S it hot ilttis fi I t l
scintst tt(on c( t ati l'i r ((m 'u 1
Potential adoption of bovine growth hormone
determined in survey of Southeastern dairymen
H.W. KINNUCAN and R. PENDERG
1
RASS
('itill,. IIi \Ii iuiuu (; (iii \i \issssfpi~i
amt I I1 ill '[ \ t.I111\- p p s a d I
lilt a tiit lit I' ad Iii' if l I I I li, (I t it
Si'siofr pac5 'itk(( :))11 usbl ri lpinftet
\vc's ti. i i u~ s of i It iti 1111 i is iI f oh till. :
siii I yti sit ii l adp ti on. ii li hl. of t' ti t its
it.1 ii t ( iii it t iius l is . i(i of S it I I (,~ ( 'S) ' t iii.it i
it I 5511e list Ifl slii'i5 iiii( of s(; Ill , tu I i if
\it iiis f l lIiiT II l l iiii I 1l st' iss;I lIII' 1ti .i ii
anon, f itututu s I til "tuitutitiu o1stiii it it Ist-
int I(I st o '51li iititfi' te alI i(n Is(
sIsl .c 1uitti i ois (iit iols oftt ii t il its f Iui'
sh iii (s i bf q (Ii' t ( ii is t l it I ( il itlo t
sa it iss s i m i if I i ti iiia its th I11 1(i ii ii fiii
' iiion ss i i t lii t n Ii(Ii I ii' 1ii l iii s ii t(i )Iiii-
end it t' iii ( Ii i tii lii is i as c ii'ii u i~ l
raI fIsflt I( t[ailiI v of~ i ;iits huts is siil( oI
ii l. itt l at d ii tI ii ~ T tIl~ is i ii it t it 5 I
iniit ti o t i s u hti fist till , ilt a
tti ii it t 5 it Sti li vv 'I 'i
11i lif( iii l l i Ia lo 11 'ii i ti ti lss I liii isn i lilt
V. ii i i i 'b~ ( Ii it ifi it l s i(, f li i tah iii s tS I'
is tutif s i (n stion s Icltii t o ffn i i,
tii vvl potitittono ti I( S er fli TIi iiit I( I'S
ittr il( lilt(- i f'is iit 'i t's it sss ~ t~ usS tii
raidi till ii i n ti ftoi fisur i t iii's
itf f t 1AdiifI 't I tt al 155111 iti ii I\ fi th-t
titi'( mI'5 Iti' ( i tiist ii i fI(iI 'I iI t ilt. iiiuct
,ii t i i iis i 'ii i i till' it~ itil 51 d't itt I y iI i is tnfi-
i. iii's i fil l s IIi 'tufll l I1( t t o ft. l e tiu i ii' i I.~ i
is i t t. it his t lffi t t's sit(III s is t . if t is i
p ( ii is I III 1(l t ut t.'
2
t Is tI III tIf i ti.
Lii( N(\ R t at stit sit i lit ps,' I , h n
(acdopuAil cith X'lutiti( fiiiitii(s
Xkliuburni X''t rilt ut Jl I t/iJ'riit'it .Station
Black
Cutworm
Damage to
Cotton
M.A. FOSTER
AND
M.j. GAYLOR -
B I (:K (ICl\\ ()HMlS piise a poitenitial
thircat iii Alalxnia cotton groxxcrx, if'
t oil xrx ation tilllage p~racticex bcime i
iiiri coinmon. flcaxvx infesxtat ions xoif t hexe
inixcctx arc iiost likelx to occur xxeni ciittiin ix
plantetlint) legoume toxer or xvccdx areax
xxith recdt tillage, btcauxe the ciitxxiriitx
hist plaitsx arc only iimiallx dixtuirhed
priir to cotton planting. In thexc caxcx, cot-
xxiri iiiithx lax eggx oin xxceds ior legiiiiit
thtcn t ht larxvat' moxt on to emercigi ng ct iton
p~lants.
Conxerxvation tillagt p~raticest proxitdt an
idecal eniriioiimicnt for black cutxxirt and
iothicr cutxw.oriisx and if' xsicht practictes be-
coi c inore coi on, groxxerx xwillI nee ctIxxt-
tdefinettreiatmiect thrcxsholtds. Ax at lfi xtep
iii dlxeloping xiich threxholxs the daimage
donec to xyonung cot ton plant ix blIack cuii
xxormsx xxax dterinedi iin Alabaiiia Agricuil-
tuiral Experiment Station greenhous xsxitic
1
itx.
Black cutxwormx larxvae nustd in tis xstidy
xxere iffxpinig of xvild imo thsx. Tbhix ciitxxori
xspecies hiax xix ito xcxvtn larx al insxtarx, or
xtagesx bcfore it btciiies it oit fctdiig
pupa. The fourth and later xtagex are kinixxn
to cuti iyiing cittion plaiitx at ilhe baxc iol thie
steii. Indix idu al cutoirms in either the 4th
(half groxx) iithil or 6th (mnatuire) iitstarx
xweci placctd in plaxtic dixstpans of xoil toi-
taining fixvt cotton plaintx ( LcNair 235) ini
eithicr thic 1-node, 3-noide, 5-ilodi, ir 7-nodel
stage. Cuitxxorin ftediing behaxvior (cuii plaits
oir lcaf fcctding) xvax rcirtdet at I- iii 2-cdax in-
terxvalx. Addfitional cottoin plaintx xxert transx
plaitetdt into the tdishpanx if all fixvt platsx
xx rc ciit. 'rlic xoil xxas exaiiid foi Ippae
ont xwcck afttr cutting tdamage ceaxced to de-
icrineli if larxval devxelopiienit hladl beeti ciii
pleitd.
The total inmber of p~lats cuii pier larv.a
decrtased xubxtantially as initial plant age in-
d wJ W14 a" e" A
Cutting damage to young cotton plant by black cutworm.
crasd sexi xtabi.3 lt.x iiv factors ou res poi-u
lelt ft'.'. pilants ciut per larva aiit a smialler
prtoporitioni of larva leC iito cuitit at least onei
planit . BiothI factor rc re Iilatedl to thei in circasc
in plat s.izt w.ith age. All ciitxxoi iiLi laia
testedx lwereix aliitiat dama(g(lxi to ii Inde
larx al dex chopment i kept pace w illth caxsing
planit size, all thesec larva wereci alec to ciut
enouigh lantsiii to dex clop into pupae.
'I'l( nuiiiier of p~laintx (it dicireased wxithi
ticasing iiiitial pilaiit age ini pait bhcaoxc
oldetr [plants arc latrger and pri de mort food.
lIn addition, oinlx half of thec 4th instarsx in-
festig :3-nodetl cot ton, 2
0
c1 of thet .5th instars
infesting .5-nodc cottoi, and 14%A of itic 6ith
instxars infeti nig 7-inode ct toi iiwxer able to
cuti ai lcasi oue pliait. The ircmiining larx ac
in~ ifes i tireatmenti it nflictecd feediig ot tu i ag
at thtc baxc of oinc or miore plaitx bui ippii-
ciiil xeci unle ito cut all the xwax itiioughi
thic xitiii ofanx plaints. Consiequently, oiihxia
smiall piroiortion of thexe ciiixxotiii obtajined
suifficieuit fiiiod to coniplete dcxclopiiict and
pupjate.
Thei retx oItxif th is xitx intlicate the sii-
ctiiiItx of cottion to b lack ciitxwoiim dam-i
age tx greateitcx tin thc I n1odc stagt, dcre ax-
iog w ith plantaige to xiirtiial iiiiiniit it the
7-nid ts xtagce. lhus ib1latk cuwr i xiincaimagt is
iii iIikclx iin otiig stan ds. L arxae cuti fewx r
plantsx ax plaint age in circascx su ggesxitng that
thet cuhi r txriei i atminnt thircxhold shl iId in-
tireaxe xwith staind age. rh t iiii i itec-
csxx i n t 5-niodectottoin iinltxs iiiiit ciii
xwioriii are miature . Finallx, trcatmnt ix
gieneial lx not neeideid in 7-inioti cot too un lessx
ihc black ciitworim population tx itatuic and
its. deniti ix cxtremclx high.
Foster is Pos)tdoctoral Rexseirch Assocxniate of -
iilogx-I~ntnminogx n ,iiiti .'or is Associite Piofes-
Bi xi K (1 imoiixi l)xxxic. toi(io PL iNix xx INI-iLi Ni ii) ixl INiiix - iiC
of (: - i~ l xxuixi Coir( losi
No. Pct. Pct.
I node 4 4.6 tOO lat)
5 5.8 11x1 IWS
6 4.1 100 15)
3 node 4 1.3 5:3.87.
52.9 1W5 1(5
6i 2.3 1(5) 1(5
5 inode' 5 20.0 1t) 0)
6 1.6 1W1 10
7 node 6 .128.5 14.3
'Biick ctiixwormn larxa ave sx ix to sevn iiistairs (stages of dcx lopnint befoi e puipation.
Alabamoa Agricultural Experjunt Station
C llll.l.IN(. If( ( CH SSES III-
hit. process5ingi. is it ciitlX step) thit
nti be iiiiitt ssi ). Priitissiig car-
issis wXhilt thi( XXIII still hiot gavis sitisfac-
tiii 5 I sults iin \Aliliiiii :Agicuit ltural l\lcti-
lat anidii otiitl cure a~s icanile oilti pro-n
cessd iiiless tha 2l 1 hurjjsafe lnhtro
Ihe ial hrus efriger22ion2cts 
(el d i coleftac lil i tct aniei esd isp(lie upi
ti iii tiiu it te tcssil iii tl augit1 os
pt~si tiii iitini a of tieeltig truaty
lton sii iikl me~ thoss.lhe iiiiliti its 
ofI S de52in th ouilpittiut srodss ie
ioiiaccleitted I rocisnin f of lilliig iolla.31
toitn IX halt, basedl on(1(11 sns Xore 
real
iiitstin (tiieasel at) clr, sheiuar s 
ieaic
nci~lstisr and oealu itiih
Nitc sigiuauht iihitsXeredadtchis tciisil 5(11ii
rit ti~Ii pi ior Ilarcass iuiug hiss. 'Ii(
rigehitit hatitre asl nid tt conitiotnine pc-
iiods att65ii1tofltss2, :3.iotlIai hus pot 
hule
I ett itIll i ig t 1JXII si a l litX
tIiis ponititotpletio o the 2cnd iioing stieat-
I ous thtiii tims wIr lnt(iti XXIII So-
lutnt 
tatke tlal 
tit mk rol hu 
liio Sti-
dsitianidl ciioked ton itenal tat tttittii tai
oh 1-s-5'Fia pr odesllh iti uct iild wasittlit r-
miedlafote Ithorlof illigi in it ?
cooiu. Flive Ia -hinch ieinited slies wer
sIrtml t fron tgirtt hat fordtcti XX lti titit
fetetX signiiati ittX ii hms ee ou il- it mtn
fr2l:3, nd o briti dri hose cooinlssi o
4cihil tlilssoftiihc~ proilit due to tiiglieitlw
moetd io nca nal sliset forI hmoI)isstuIr ci
tenllt ri~ledii enms X treic oe si
1 
lnd
thosei culsirtinsi f I 2. ord 3 ous i
tit pretfill than cotol tittil hams uls on
relationa toth crirlt mit pig~ernt intitii
iness iiiouig the hiot processed hiauis. I Iteut
tissue, ihgrei et of dist ltorat iiiitts oi all dclstir
Sinc thc htunts rt fiull Ilittic
5
tt in Iss
than 21 houirs tett slauighitt, nuet pac kes
taut iedutie ttelir tuteigy costs aninc rlillse
stilts iltastu test, hliicail anailsss antI
illt gisi lost titits hlaris.
1)ir it i s. itliitt \sisititi tttr outAneal n
atit Iut s Sitti s. aind I tuilu is foiti itti -~
Cosm ttaisr II~11( .ANu.)is T 'i I Pyr~ iti o 11m ro s
TI Ittttn it it tssmog
62ti e~ TI ~ ncrcs I 62 5.6s
2cl litis l' 1 I 76
I toaI .. . . . . . .. . . . . . 62. 6 
7:3 1 fi.2 5.6
1 hiout s ... . . . . . . ... 71.2 .1 77. 
1 .S 5.1
( titil whIilled) 71 . . . . . . . . . S 
6. SI A1. 6. 4 6.1
Hot processing 
of hams
proves successful
L.A. CECCHI, D.L. HUFFMAN, and J.C. 
CORDRAY
K.C. SANDERSON, W.C. MARTIN, JR., and D. HANNINGS
ADDING COMMERCIALLY avail-
able slow release fertilizer to propa-
gation media prior to rooting orna-
mentals can result in an improved plant at
maturity, according to research at the Ala-
bama Agricultural Experiment Station. This
'earlier the better' approach improved root-
ing nutrition and produced more height and
flower numbers at maturity in the Auburn
tests.
The slow release fertilizers (SL) were com-
pared to a water soluble fertilizer and a treat-
ment consisting of no fertilizer in two exper-
iments. Unrooted chrysanthemum cuttings
were propagated in steam pasteurized sand,
six cuttings per 6-in. pot, under intermittent
mist, at 70?F, with 10% shade in a glasshouse.
Since nitrogen (N) is an important nutrient
in rooting and early growth, an initial exper-
iment was conducted on Improved Albatross
variety chrysanthemum to determine if and
when cuttings absorbed N and the effect on
rooting quality. Commercial slow release fer-
tilizers (SL), Osmocote? 14-14-14 and 18-6-
12, were incorporated into the sand medium
at the rate of 6.4 oz. per cubic foot. Peters?
25-10-10, a water soluble (WS) fertilizer, (1 lb.
per 100 gal.) was applied weekly at the rate of
6 fl. oz. per 6-in. pot. A no-fertilizer treat-
ment was also included.
Starting at propagation and continuing at
4-day intervals for 20 days, leaf samples were
taken by removing all 
1
2-in.-long or longer
leaves from five cuttings per fertilizer treat-
ment. The leaves were analyzed for nitrogen
content.
The figure shows a decrease in nitrogen
content in all cuttings until the 8th day. By
the 12th day the N content had increased,
however it was still below the amount re-
corded prior to experimentation. Leaves of
cuttings propagated in Osmocote fertilizers
generally had higher N contents than the
water soluble fertilizer and no fertilizer treat-
ments. At 20 days, leaves of cuttings propa-
gated in a medium containing Osmocote 14-
14-14 SL had the highest N content.
In a second experiment, cuttings of Orange
Bowl variety chrysanthemum were propa-
gated as in the first experiment. In addition
to the Osmocote SL fertilizers, Mag-Amp? 7-
40-6 SL was compared to Peters 25-10-10 WS
and to no fertilizer. Leaf samples were col-
lected for foliar nitrogen, phosphorous, and
potassium analysis at 6 and 18 days. Following
rooting, a set of cuttings not used in foliar
analysis was potted into an amended medium
of equal parts of soil, sphagnum peat moss,
and perlite. To assure adequate nutrition, 8
oz. of Osmocote 14-14-14 SL per cubic foot
was incorporated at planting and the plants
were fertilized weekly with Peters 20-20-20
WS at 2 lb. per 100 gal. Standard commercial
practices for flowering branched, potted
chrysanthemums were used. Height and
flower number per plant were recorded at
flowering
Foliar phosphorous content did not differ
between fertilizer treatments on either sam-
pling date. Osmocote 18-6-12 SL leaves con-
sistently contained more N than other fertil-
izer treatments at both 6 and 18 days,
however this treatment also yielded less foliar
K than untreated cuttings. The highest foliar
TABLE 1. NUTRIENT PERCENTAGE OF DRY
WEIGHT
N K
6Fertilizer day 18 day 6 
day 18 day
7-40-6 SL ........ 3.0 3.0 4.8 3.2
14-14-14 SL ...... 3.7 2.9 4.2 4.1
18-6-12 SL ....... 3.5 3.2 3.6 3.7
25-10-10 WS ...... 2.9 1.9 4.6 3.6
No fertilizer ...... 3.0 2.9 4.4 4.6
TABLE 2. HEIGHT AND FLOWER PRODUCTION OF
FERTILIZER TREATMENTS
Fertilizer Height Flowers per pot
In. No.
7-40-6 SL ....... .. 12.6 4.9
14-14-14 SL ..... 13.1 4.9
18-6-12 SL ...... 12.8 5.2
25-10-10 WS .... 12.0 4.6
No fertilizer ..... 10.7 4.5
K at the 6th and 18th day occurred with Mag-
Amp 7-40-6 SL and no treatment, respec-
tively, table 1.
Slow-release fertilizers incorporated at
propagation produced taller plants than Pe-
ters 25-10-10 WS. Osmocote 14-14-14 SL pro-
duced the tallest plants and Osmocote 18-6-
12 SL produced plants with the most flowers,
table 2.
Results of these experiments show that ni-
trogen content declines during rooting, nitro-
gen and potassium fertilizer can be absorbed
during rooting, and fertilization of cuttings
during rooting influences final plant height,
and the number of flowers per plant. Slow-re-
lease fertilizers, especially Osmocote 14-14-
14 and 18-6-12, incorporated in the propaga-
tion medium were most effective.
Nitogen, pct.
6.0oE
0 4 8 12 16 20
Doays 
rooting
Foliar content of Improved Albatross chry-
santhemum cuttings during potting in a sand
medium treated with fertilizers.
Sanderson is Professor of Horticulture; Martin is
Research Associate of Horticulture; and Hannings
is Associate Professor at California Polytechnic
State University
Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station14
Evaluation of vaccination programs 
for preventing
clinical reovirus infection in broiler breeder progeny
J.J. GILAMBRONE and R.P CLAY
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containers
to rooting habits improves performance 
of
woody
K _ _ornamentals
TOP-Hershey's Red azalea in 3-in.-deep
pots of (left to right) 8, 6, and 4 in. width; BOT-
TOM-euonymus in 12-in.-deep pots of 8, 6,
and 4 in. width.
depths. Boot dcnsity was highest in the lower
half of, containers, rcflcctirtg the relativch
deep rooting hahit of, Burford holh.
Foonvnots, it spccics with it densely
branched, ntc(liunt floe root system, in-
crcascd in top growth its pot width and pot
depth increased; the greater response was
h-ont increilm'd scidth. Relative root densit\
ofcuom nnrs seas greatest in the narrow, shal-
low pots autd decreased as pot depth and
scidth incrcascd.
"lisp gnuscth ofazalca, it fibrous and shallow-
tooled species, inctc.tscd in tcsponse to Ht-
ctc.tsed pot vs ulth, sdhilc pot depth had no ef-
fcct. Rclahve tout density ofaz.le.t, like eu-
ony Hilts, scats ,greatest in the narrow, sftallosv
pot and decreased as pot depth increased.
Boots of, azidea did nut reach bottoms of all
pots. This root growth pattern is different
fnnn that obscrved with Burford hulk and re-
flects the shallow, natural root distribution of,
azalea.
T aditionalh, there has been little regard
fo r it plants natural rout distribution when se-
lecting puts fur production. Although addi-
tional volume of'gruwth ntcdiulu in wider and
deeper puts Hntst be considered a major con-
tributor to plant response, re5nlts of this _-\1a-
bama :Agricultural Experiutcnt Station study
suggest it is beneficial to t I ) 'roll shallow-
roolecl species in shallo\v, broad puts, and (2)
grow deep-rooted spccics in pots deeper
than standard nun-sen pots.
Keccer is :Assistant ProlCssor of Ilttrticnllure;
Cobb is firmer supcrintcrulent of the tht:unental
IlolticHlttire sobstttiini: mitt k B Recrl i, Girutrr
lirwalcb \sso( iatr Uf I{t ,c.url1 Uat t AI1.1kI,.
G.j. KEEVER, G.S. COBB, and R.B. REED
IS"f1111W"I'IOIV OF PIAI\T 
roots in
th<, soil is determined by both gc-
odic and cm irotttncntal factors. In
the cast. of container-grovkn 
ornamentals,
howcvcr, cm iromnental factors probabh have
the dootinant cf ect. Restrictive container
walls, litoited growth Htcdiunt. and high
wiltct-holding capacity of the media cause
rout growth in containers to differ consider-
abh front the field.
Numerous wood\ ornamental species mc
gnm ll in mtrscrv containers v, ith a typical
width/depth ratio of'approximatel\ 1:1. Ill
tests conducted by the Alabama Agricttltnral
Fxpcrinwnt Station, both canopy and root
growth were stimulated when container di-
tucHsions were matched to the natural root
(list ributfort ofdwarfl3urfurdhulh dwarfJap-
ancsc cuom nnt.s, and I lershev s Red azalea.
With tree seedlings in largc contairter.s, rcl-
ativrh loss scidth/depth ratio containers gen-
eralh_ produce larger seedlings.
Plants of each species were potted Slav
1983 in an amended peat-polite growth ntc-
(liuut and placed on benches in it glass grecn-
house. The three Species were planted in
containers in nine combinations of' three
widths (-1, 6, and 8 in.) and 
three depths (3,
6, and 12 in. ). Plants were watered as
needed, and rout and top growth were dctcr-
mincd in )anoarv 1984.
"hill growth of Burford lholh, it spccics with
coarse, lateral, and deep routs, incrcascd its
both pot width and depth were incrcascd.
'I'hc greatest respoHsc to pot width occorred
\vith the shallower puts and to pot depth \vith
the narrower pots. lielativc root dcosih of'
holh increased as pot depth increased, ex-
cept lot it tapering offin the voider and deeper
pots. Boots rt.ached the bottoms of pots ofall
ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT
STATION, AUBURN UNIVERSITY
AUBURN UNIVERSITY, ALABAMA 36849
David H. Teem, Acting Director
PUBLICATION-Highlights at
Agricultural Research 12-85
Penalty for private use, $300
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