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DIRECTOR'S COMMENTS
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FALL 1985 VOL. 32. NO. 3
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PO THEr COVE.rapemrtl nfull loomI.
aooait th Pidonanr Substai i Camp Hill see
story on page 4.
N FEBRUARY 1, 1953, the Alabama
Agricultural Experiment Station at
Auburn University officially opened
its Soil Testing Laboratory for the ".. . pur-
pose of analyzing farmers' soil samples and
determining . . . the lime and fertilizer
needs of farmers' fields by means of chemical
methods that have been correlated with crop
response in the field." Since then, over
760,000 samples have been tested for pH,
lime requirement, and extractable nutrients.
Objectives of the soil testing project are:
(1) to promote the most economical use of fer-
tilizer and lime on Alabama farms, (2) to con-
tinue to work on the correlation of soil test
with crop response, and (3) to collect infor-
mation by summarizing soil test data which
may be used for educational purposes. Field
and laboratory research continues to support
the first two objectives. Soil test summaries,
the third objective, provide a means of ob-
serving trends in fertilizer and lime effective-
ness from year to year and over several de-
cades. The following trends were taken from
annual soil test summaries covering three de-
cades of soil testing in Alabama.
The number of soil samples has increased
from 9,118 in 1954 to a record 71,747 samples
in 1977, figure 1. In 1984, one sample was
taken for every 30 acres of peanuts, 43 acres
of cotton, 50 acres of corn, and 87 acres of
soybeans planted. This falls far short of the
ideal ratio of one sample for every 10 acres,
but the ratio has improved concurrently with
the increase in soil samples.
Early summaries indicated that few sam-
ples tested high or very high in phosphorus
(P) or potassium (K) and about 28% had a pH
below 5.5, figure 2. Actually, over 80% of the
early samples had a pH below 5.8 and needed
lime. Almost 70% needed P and over 90%
needed K.
Thirty Years of Soil
Testing in Alabama
C.C. MITCHELL, JR., and C.E. EVANS
Agronomy and Soils Research
Expanding use of higher analysis fertil-
izers, an aggressive liming program, and a
shift toward more intensive management of
fewer acres of cropland contributed to the in-
crease in samples testing high and very high
in P and K and to the decrease in the per-
centage of samples needing lime. By 1968,
50% of the samples tested needed lime, and
49 and 46% tested high or very high in P and
K, respectively.
The trend toward higher soil pH levels and
higher P and K analysis ended in the early
1970's--about the time of rapid expansion of
soybean acreage in Alabama, when new fields
and unfertilized woodlands were brought
into production. Trends are not as obvious in
the yearly summaries, but are pronounced
when observed over a 10-year period. Total
sample numbers increased, as did the per-
centages of samples needing lime, P, and K.
During this period, the acreage planted to
soybeans in Alabama increased from 310,000
acres in_1966 to over 2.2 million acres in
1980. In 1966, soil samples for soybeans ac-
counted for only 5% of the total samples
tested but had increased to 17% of all samples
by 1980. Soybeans currently rank with pas-
ture and forage crops as the crop for which
fertilizer recommendations are most fre-
quently made, figure 1.
Another trend reversal occurred in the late
1970's. Once again, more samples were test-
ing high in K with higher soil pH. However,
this trend was not observed for P An increas-
ing number of samples from the sandy,
Coastal Plains soils and the fine-textured
soils of the Tennessee Valley region were test-
ing low and medium in P, indicating a greater
need for this nutrient on most crops. The
number of samples from these regions testing
low to medium in P has increased from 48 to
66% in the Coastal Plains and from 31 to 55%
in the Tennessee Valley over the past 7 years.
There does not appear to be a simple expla-
nation for this trend based on cropping sys-
tems or fertilizer practices.
Three factors, however, may have contrib-
uted largely to this change in soil test P One
is deeper tillage that mixes the fertilizer with
more soil, and another is soil erosion. The
Lower Coastal Plains and Tennessee Valley
regions have been targeted as areas where
cropland erosion has been excessive. A third
possible factor is underfertilization. Fertilizer
sales indicate less fertilizer is being used than
is needed based on soil-test recommenda-
tions.
Soil testing continues to be an excellent
tool in soil fertility management and has po-
tential for greater use by producers attempt-
ing to supply adequate nutrients to their
crops.
FIG. 1. Use of soil testing by Alabama farmers grew rapidly from 1955 FIG. 2. Changing fertilizer use and shifts in cropping systems show
to 1977, and has dropped since that time. up in 30-year trends in soil test results.
Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station
Crapemyrtle:e Promising New Selections for
Southern Landscapes
D.C. FARE, C.H. GILLIAM, and H.G. PONDER, Horticulture Research
W.A. GRIFFFY and H.E. BURGESS, Piedmont Substation
C HA PF M YR\THIL '. 4,a-crsto c io t i i-
lil)is t!onumllilltas sif ied as ia de-
cidiouis shrubh, but it miay also be de-
reating up to :3(0 ft. in height ( iapeii ls (
arte n sed as accent trtees ini formal ot inOfo~rmal
galrtens andI io street atd ht iighssa1 pl ant in gs.
L. footriei, aniothetr cultisated craperllxte.
has similari landtscapite piotetial. Boithi species
hase ear tround lantdscaeaI attr actins. In tlii
stltliier, flosser tolor 111 it' be ( re,)ink,
swhite, or las tndter. Duortig Ocetober and No-
vemelItr, leaf coloration of' yetllovs , oranges,
antd reds are fondt ini irregoular pat tern s ont
the samle tree. IDurting \k itter the smoiloth, ex-.
folitat it g hark is a mtltIintg (If tatis and greys
Anl es aliatio toltf ortiamental alit shade
trees is being clontte'(d at the Piedmionlt
Substation ill ('atmp HIill. Incedl~it ill tlis
Al ab~ama A gritctlt tiral F .peri i ent St at iont
evalu ation)1 are 3(0 select itons of eralit lls tles.
These tictltde so~me of the plants with the
mos5t de si ralble chiaracterist its fot Ionow05iwr
utse Ill Alabatia~.
T'hret (out statiting wshite flosserIitig trape-
ms t (Its are L. fauriet, Natchez, antd Bysers
Wotdettl XWite. These crapett ttlt's haske
vigoroulis grossth habits, lengthsv flosvering pe-'
riot
1
s, antI tldt tolerat ie. L. faurii has at
flosI (eritig period froti late June tol eatrIs Sep-
tetibler antI its flowe'trs base a lighit lemotn fra-
grat te figuir(e IL Natceze is the earl iest toI
bloom11 oIf the swite floswerin g seleettctis atndo it
has thiek taperedl panictles, figutre 2. Byes I'
WXotitertfiul Wi Ite has pan11itles up PtoI II in.
ss ith Iisparse flowIsers. Ini tests at tlie Piedtt tI
Snubst attin L. fai ei at dt Natcez are IbiothI
asvtragitlg I' 22 ft. gI 1155dinit height per y ear.
Byes W Xotiderfttl White is less s igorous, as-
etragtiig abou~lt 1 ft. a s ear.
FIG. 2. Natchez crapemyrtle at the Piedmont
Substation.
Mu skogee, I ards I ,,15 ('IiIt atd C atassb a
has e las tnder flosser pai tes. Mliiskoigee h as
light laveidetr to pitk floswets atnd bloomtis 55-
60 (lass dotrttg the slutmerit figure 3. I lards
ILas tetdet and (Cataws a hase dfar kit las ettdtt
floss tbult his e a shoit et loomti veriod.I
Hlatrs Lasetidet atid Munskogee ate bolth tip
iglit s igo~rous tr'ees, avseiaging 2 ft. growsstht a
seat. Cataswba has at global ori round-tIheaded
caniopy antI girows slItss tha Iai ft. at sear, figu re
1.
Red flowsserit g erapemyusrtlIts sh 11w5in th(le
tilost poitetial ill thlis studyl are Byser s Reid,
Regal fled, al11d W~ili. lolls ('5 XWii. Tookerl'
has the longest blloomi periodi swhit' tranges
Iro m11Iiid jiutI tio earl Septetbr Ri tIegal lBed
has thle tdarkest ted Ilosset s il tis groupi bult
has thle shotrtest peio of(1i flosser'tIig. The si'
red flosse(ritig et apeiistltes are avserIagig 1Ii
ft. at seat in hleight growth(I.
Oetrill, thle ptink flowisen g ei apeixrt les
hase t'niot beetn as prii i iloIL rinstg it as
5vigorouIIs ill glow ti. 'Iistat lra ait teetl tde-
seloped pitik t alienrtul t is shoiiistg ptiom-
I III 's flowseritug pertod s1( aboul~ilt 60t tdals 5in
ssliih (lie ilii dual flowsers ofI thle patiele
FIG. 3. Muskogee crapemyrtle in early July at
the Piedmont Substation.
Illoolo efleet.
WXin ter tdam age ssas asses stet lil th li' 'talit
IllyItlt's flloinitg the wsiter of 198:3-8.1
BIs W Xonlderful XWhite and L. itni ci had( tno
sswintet dlamage, sslilt' otltr swhttt floswtering
steetions had somet( stem it btlack. Hlardtl
Lavset iter atnd C at as'a wei no ' t i t damtia~ge d
still it' eb atck. Pillk flower 'iing t't iaittll5rtlIis
ssere' te least co111 l td s ssk withi litrincth tdie-
batck to thte soil liteor deI(Iathi. 'liisearorai wsss
redt flolserinig t'tatpemtiltes swilt the' most
coildl hardy, d ilti vetr s Retd sufetri'd ttermintal
stt'no diebaitk oif aboitt 2.5 ill.
Researc t'dtatau soggt that the' tmort' rt'
ktogt'e at id Nateze atid thlit seedlI inhg seltec-
tionls, ttls I~ Laridiet atd L. futurt', has e
mo ri o5rout ls gr oswth withl rtespect to hitighit
andi cal ipetrs while L. faturiei, XIIskolgete, atd
NatchI ez has th le Iltige st flo~weritng per~iod.(
Pink floss ering craetmtlts are thte least
Coltd hatrd),, s aing birancth die'batck to the' soil
Ilite' swhilt' tt'd flossetring erapeui ttlt's ir'
FIG. 4. Catawba crapemyrtle in late July at the
Piedmont Substation.
ng4d
'1.' 
y 
(
Alabamta Agric~ultu ral Experimexn t S tat iout
L. fouriei
L. fauriei x L indica Natchez
L. indica
Byers Wonderful White
L. fourie, x L. indica Muskogee
L. mndica Catawba
Hardy Lavender -
Byersn Red
Regal RedF -
Wm. Toovey
L fouriCeu L ndico Tuscarora
E M L E M L E M L E M L
June July August September
FIG. 1. Flowering duration of Lagerstroemia species and cultivars.
MOS 08C(ONSUIERS nevei See a se-
verely p~iiipl)ed eggshell, figure 1.
Thiese roughi-texturced eggshells
are sepairated from market eggs dunrin g pro
cessing, not because of their appearance buIt
because the pimples are easils broken, ci -
ating leakers.
In hens lay ing p~impled eggshells, a brown-
ish-whilte imaterial has hbeii observedc on the
inside and outside of tissue lining the isthmucs
and uterus. A similar miaterial is also fou1nd( in
the pimiple cav ities on eggshiells. Because
th~is material, isolated from the uiternus and
p)imiple cax ities, containe'd 14 and .32% cal-
eium, respecti ely, it was hy pothesized that
these partially calcified materials (poss5ily
fragments of' the oxviduct or os iduct secre-
tions) attach to the egg betweenci the shell
miemb~rane and the exterior surface of the
shell. The site of the pimple dlepenids on the
first area ouf contact. Although this explains
hosw piimpling occurs, it offers no iiifoirimation
as to xxhat causes the lbrowsnish-wxhite calci-
fied tissue deposits in the ov idutct of' pirolei
liens. Recent studies at thme Alabania Agricul-
tuiral Experinent Station hav e broumght ahout
imnsight into one factor, vitaminm D,, xwich
causes soft tissue calcification and influences
pimplf)ing.
V itamin D plays an integral part in cal-
ciiium transp~ort and calciium mnetabolisum and
therefore influences eggshell quality. Older
hens hasve heen shoswni to he most ap~t to dcii-
oiistrate excessiv e pimipfling p~robleis. This
mmax he associated swith excessiv e lesvels of D,
ini the diet, hecau ise pou11t ry men nuormally
feed D, at lexvels four to eight times the Na-
tional Research Councils (N RC) recoi-
mended lev el and it is stored in the lixve.
Excessiv e lev els of v itamin D) have been
showsn to cause soft tissue calcification in irats,
dogs, and monkexys. Vitamin D, 's main role in
calcium mnetaholisin in the hen is to increase
intestinal absorption of calcium; by so doiiig,
vitaini D~ increases the quantity of calcium
axvailable to the uterus for eggshell calcifica-
tio~n. Hossever, there may he a point at wxhich
excessive D, creates a greater calciuiim suippLlx
to the uterus than can he utilized bs the hird,
hence bringing about pimiplinig. The pimples
observedc on the surface of eggshells has e
heen defined as calciferouis deposits contain-
ing approxinmately 30% calcium. The deposi-
tion of this calcium max he facilitated by c'x-
cess calcium in the uterus followsing eggshell
calcification.
This study, wxhichi was dlesigmned to insvcsti-
gate the relationiship hetweeni dietary lexvel of
D_, antd eggshell pimpling, insvolvedc single
coiii White Leghorn hens, 78 wveeks of age,
swhich wvere fed rations contaiing eight dlif-
ferent lexvels of v itamin D,,. These lexvels
ranged from 0 to 88,0t00 1U per~i kg. The NRC
recommendation for D) is 500 IU per kg. This
FIG. 1 (above). Severely pimpled eggshells.
FIG. 2 (right). Influence of vitamin D, level on
eggshell pimpling.
Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station
Eggshell P ii ping Reduced by
Decreasing Dietary'Vitamin D
3 
Levels
R. GOODSON-WILLIAMS and D.A. ROLAND, SR. Poultry Science Research
J.A. McGU IRE, Research Data Analysis
range of svitamnin D), in the diet wxas sufficient
to allows reduction or acceleration of eggshell
piimplling, if influenced by v itamin D,,
The expceriment wxas conducted foi a 10-
wecek pedriod with egg prod uction, egg
weight, egg specific grasvits, andI egg pimple
scomres dletem inied b i-weekly. Eggshell pim-
p~ling w5as determiined using a s isual scoring
of the eggs by an established scoring iiethiod.
At the termination of the stcmd, seruni cal-
cmumi, uiterinme calcium, sodiii, aMid potas-
situm Icevels swere assas cd.
'T'he results rev ealed a significant linear re-
lationship between s itamnin D, lesvel in the
diet and the decgrc'e of pimpling, figure 2. As
1), Icesel in the dicet incireased, eggshell pum-
pling inc'reased(. This imidicates that eggshell
piinpling could hce rceducced by lowvering the
D, lev el in the cdiet or accelerated by incrceas-
ing the D, It'sel. Egg specific grasvits wxas im-
provecd wxith increased Ic'svcls of D, Egg pro-
dlcction svas maintained ssith 273 IU per kg or
greater. Utc'rinec ash and uter inc calcium in-
creasedc wxith increased D,) indicating greater
tissue calcium levs whsxIich can lt'ad to c'gg-
sh'll pimnplmng.
P~rodcc'rs of table c'ggs may hc' ablec' tc sig-
nificantly reduce thc'ir inone'tary lossc's clue to
eggshc'll pimnplingsswhcn dc'alinmg wxith prolem
flocks. Die'tary It'svcls of D, may be' ire'ducecd
to thc' NRC recommendation (500)I U per kg)
for thiosc' flocks svith sexvcre' pimiplinig prob-
lems; howvser, if thin she'lls are noted iii a
flock, high'r It'svcls of D), swoilcd be' neccessar.
The Icesvcl of svitamin D, supplied in the ration
of lasying hens wvould be cdpendent on thc' sit-
uation, rc'ememnheriing that eggshell pimpling
and ('gg sp'cific grasvity are dirctly re'late'd
to lesel of D, in the' diet.
Sensory Evaluation Establishes Value of Forage-Fed Beef
1).L. HUFFMAN, Animal and iDairy Sciences Research, W.A. GRIFFEY, Piedmont Substation
It ,l 4t Itt (I V B ,. C 1IF ,1t(5i5t'5a
F lid5 iltll Sut t'otkiii. h)ta5 Siltt l
I l'I 1 1 4)111) SSAS iitcrsliitiltto forag ro -
Stol' Otto tha tio gri ti ro' dution 1xstil cosAlti
ish. The(1 ott'lil proble At sithelt' g5n15 bltief
b1' lttt' tt asI A slt ed tt i n pr 4lice ill cit' tictiltst-
'I a svv i ( istos ibt o I t t offr
Meat t
illi stia .. .
Ior t't I it ti i l t I 14
itt stilt si t na
isiigt s\ stitti
tusid ltn 1th s itl\ itbt roa lt tsts h t rils
tonli k ron ' t t ide t il Il steakst (I i .thui ck~u
stiomk 111)1 Itth.As 1 2 th ribs thre fIron4i'1 t
tick,4 t1(11 tion thept trm tsi A f Owist Ialni
1111111 i t chu1ck) t51llti StoIt eac tilttside Allt'
its ilt Icll o t i tititl use t o'tA t detet til cr-t
it s il vv'li pa t r -u tlIr i -e
tlaktsii ani tiattt itts nown~ asti gl t est- t
i. ' 5oths tp otf lstl t it 'ts\ a cl
storg tit 5 rio , 5-6 monit s pstil-mokt'i t i tmt tnd
roasts wet c cooked by moist heat to the vvrll-
donc st.t ;c. Another cyplanation for the (lif-
ICT-cncc bct\\ccm shouldcl and rill cuts could
for the higbcr fat content of the rib sections.
Since [[lust flit\or colnpoocmlS MC fat solubl('.
it higher fat content could mean a greater uom-
ccrltalioll of sill )stance's contributing to flit-
Vor-
Aftcl th(, initial tiaoglc" testing, the taste
panel scored the rib steaks and shoulder
roasts for flavor of lean, flavor of fat. tendel-
ncss, and juiciness on it 9-point scale. Bib
steaks front grain-fCd cattle rated slighth
higher than those front filrage-Wd cattle in
fla\or of both Icau and fill but slighth lo\ccr in
tenderness and jnic"iuess. Shonldcr roasts
from "rain-ICd animals Iatcd slighth higbcr
in Ilawl of Ican and fat and also wcrc jlldgcd
to he slitdith more jllic\. Tcli(Icrncss scores
were slighth lower fin shonldri roasts Drool
grain-fCd beef.
All ,('ores indicated that meat fionl both
{Ceding rcgintcs \eas acceptable. The p;ulcl
(It(] not detect am diflCrcnccs in the steaks,
but did late the shoulder roasts from grain-
fCd ,ulinlitls slighth higher than those fr onl
forag(-fed cattle fur all attributes cwcpt
tenderness.
fill) cuts (roasts and stcaksl fill]][ f6ragc-fed
cattle sho\\'cd slightly higher total cooking
losses (2S.9e/r) than cull similar cuts front
grain-l'cd cattle (2-1.:3 % ). Nib roasts lost more
weight than did rill steaks (27217 cs. 23.11(% 1.
Shonldcr roasts front both fCeding rct:ilncs
"11(mud higbcr cooking losses than rib cuts
3S.5ck \s. 25.917 . The higbcr losses vv ith
the shoulder roasts can be attributed to
long(,[ cooking times and the moist heat
na"thod of cooker\ in contrast to the (h-\ beat
nscd lot rib steaks and roasts.
Results front this ,tudv indicate there is lit-
tle diflCrcncc in beef (luality b(,tvwcll grain-
fud and Iioragc-finished cattle _Ollough snb-
tlc ddlCrcnccm in fla\or do c\ist bct\\ccn hccf
('IIIS froill fora"(' x od "moll-It'd ('attic fllodi-
Illg oil (()rage certilink do(", [lot r('ildl'I' tic
c ills nnacc"cptablc.
llutnuuu Al"ricil/turat 1',-rpcrintrrnt Station
IIIR ARE,1F XLII' reXN pots, 
pri .11-
It)I Xitl tii ifo th i NorItha ternl itcd1(
jtilopi lclt) tilt ati i akcrscit fi'Xt ofii
media I9 vc I XI .1 Iit P of ilc frais lltil
impactl of ti in on f i X (ll iirt. A tlfIt
lith toabiiatAtricutra Ettxpetrimtt XXta-
Xtin to dtrine~i~t t X cti of aid an on
pliionds and p.ram ill th StateXfI.tiI ~hXX
XAcI ' idtit iifat i xese in it rm to t i
ncgliatiX logaritmXo th' XX drogX XXitton aon-
1 toI 1.A~ to lutionf 'It i i s e tal.tisn
EFFECTS OF ACID RAIN ON
SURFACE WATERS IN ALABAMA
(CLAUDIE E. BOYD, Ftsheries and Alied Aquacuitures Research
RestsX t iifa ili tXc (If, ttotai aikliit iln
tpoiiX andiit fst'mso i 
1
thett fiXe maor dil iiretaI
of~i ltam arellX
1
il' Itow finIX jtetab lX. ti X t
wt r ofIttC atl'lisPe motPa
teui lit' Appalacian ta lat ca arcti fillh Iotr ~i
p.p.m. in ponds, agricultural limestone ap-
plications are recornruended to neutralize
acidity and improve conditions fin- fish pro-
duction. Sport fish ponds are li'rtilizcd with
nitrogen and phosphate fi rtilizcrs. On an an-
nual basis, acidity resulting from the nitro-
gen in fish pond fertilizer is 15 to 30 times
greater than the input of acidity Brun) acid
rain. 'I'hcrcf6 e, acid rain is of little concern
in the inanagcnient ofsport fish ponds in Ala-
bama. Agricultural limestone applied to
counteract other sources of acidity in ponds
will mitigate nny potential influence of acid
rain.
Of course, liming can and has been used to
counteract the cf1fcts of acid rain in large
lakes and stcauus in regions where acid rain
is impacting aquatic ecosvslcnrs. llowe\un
large amounts of'linrc are often required and
the applications roust be repeated everv few
gars. Economic considerations likeh vill
prohibit the use of liming as a prcycntatiye
measure firr acid rain in all but higfrk valued
bodies of water.
To I, Art \Xl ] 11 oXl PX XiltonI)X X~l) SIB liii orI %I kIlos Seii Xlo XX i Xl AIt I~v
Soil1 Iu ca
I liic .. .. . .
AI. toa Samle blw Smeswih1
19.2 11 20)
22 t0 24 32
12.9 13 16)
12. 3 36 56
Water pH range for fish production.
pH
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Acid death point
iNo reproduction }Slow growth
JDesirable range for fish
production
Alkaline death point
Alabama Agricultut-al Experiment Station
Why are lesser cornstalk borers a hot and
I.P MACK, C.B. BACKMAN, and H.W. SMITH, Zoology-Entomology Research
FIG. 1. Lesser cornstalk borer eggs, larvae,
and adults. The pupal stage is not illustrated.
From top to bottom, eggs are shown in 1A,
larvae, with characteristic silken tube, in 1 B,
adult males in 1C, and adult females in 1D.
Photos courtesy of John French and Max
Bass.
curl Toi dot this, tihe life cx cle of tile lesser
c'ornistalk b~orer was studied in detail.
Eggs of the insect, figure la, aire laid singly
w5ithinl '/ in. of the soil suirface uinder tile pea
nit canopy. Neswly hatched lisvae cirass
a cross the soil from the osviposition site and
A feed on a peanut plant or other edible 01rganlic
matter. Larvaea spend most of their time he-
losw the soil's suirface aiid ton~structt a silkeii
tube, figure 11b, interwovln wciith soil pa~rti-
ties, wshich is attached to the plant. Pupation
otturs iii the soil, and the adult moths, fig-
o~ - tres It' and id, are aetiv e at iiight. Feiiiale
t iiiothis appeai to lax eggs onlx at night, and
mlay spendcia significant amoutnt of time 
assay
_x. from pealnut fi elds-
Sinc le1' 'sse(r coiriistalk boireis are cld d-
bllooded, temlperature changes wsill definitely
affect their rate of growsthl and dev elopment.
The groswth rate and hence the fieeding rate of
lessei cornstalk horcers wsere found to he temr
petratulre dependent, wxithl hot wxeathler
greatly increasing lcesse'r cornstalk horcer
feeding.
Lessei coirnstalk bor1ers spend mlost ofthieii
life cy c as larv ae, figure 2. This stage lasts
4.55 F degree (lays. The loswer (levelopmlental
threshold for lesser cornstalk borers has b~een
determined to he 59?F so it woumld take 1:3
cldays wxith anl axvcrage daily teimpeirature of
05er 94?F [(94 -59) N 1:3 =455] for at nlesly
e'mergedl le'sser cornstalk bolre'r larvaeI to
reach pupation. An asverage temperature o~f
94?F wxouldi he difficult to achie e, since it
wsouldi require a dlails maximunm of 112?F and
a mliiiumli of 76?F [(112 + 76) - 2 =941.
These arce soil temperatures, howeverci that
can he reachedc in July and August wxhen pe'a-
nults beginl to xwilt firoii lack (if lio isture.i
Leavecs of a xwilIted peaniut plant diroop
x'shen under moisture stress, aallos -ing more
sunlight to reach the soil's surface. This sig-
)i-ER is a nificantlx inceases 
soil tcempceraturces, wshich
tits in Ala- intrill increase' 
thce grossth and fc'cding
alatlon ot- rate' of any lc'ssc'r 
cornstalk borc'r larvat' in thc'
hot, diry soil. So, lc'sser cornstalk 
borcer larv ae could
he drought he' feeding at thleir 
greatest irate wshen a pa
istalk bor- nt plant c'annoit 
wxithstancd significant clam-
age to p~ea- 
,age
.)klahoma, Temperattire' 
was fouiid to al so affect the
in hot, drv nuiiiier oif c'ggs 
laid per acdtlt fc'ilc lc'sser
amofa Ag- FIG. 2. Life cycle 
of the lesser cornstalk borer
art o a re and the percentage of the life cycle spent in
computt'r- each stage. Note the large amount 
of time
damaging spent as larvae, which is the damaging stage.
corn 0stalk bor1er. 11i a lab oratoryx stuici ait Au-
biurn, aduilt femaleI~s laid two, times 11oe
c'ggs, at at twxoi times laste'i rat(' xwhleu thex
wxere hld at a coilstaint tc'mipc'ra.ture c of 89?I"
tonmipaire'd to tI ost' held~ at a ton st ant tt'mper-'
aturt' of 72E Tlhiis, hot te'mper'iatturet' alt'
t'oniitvist to the lain lg o)f a large nuimb ler of
lesser cornstalk bore'r c'ggs.
Il igh soil m11oistire has lbte'n known ti in-
hihit the d~eselopm'nt o)1 le'sst'r cornstalk
lbort' populationls, butt thet mlethanismls for
th)is hase u'tntilI recentlIs, beei uinlknown. Re-
starch h as shown i that small l arv a' e'iii'iged
from the soil whien it wvas moi1)st, and eithier
staxe oni01 thce soiil's suirfact' or attacke'd thc
p~lant ablovet' tht sil line. 'Thiis be)chav ior c'-
potst't the lar at' to p~re'dation by lixlg-c'st'd
hugs. Soil ioistuir'-holdiiig ca~pac'ity is dli-
rctly relate'd to soil tx pe, xwith sands soils
hasving the' lc'ast soil wxater-hioldinig c'apacity
Thus, sandix stills (irs out the faste'st, iniciat-
log that small le'sser cornstalk boreris in sands
so~ils woul be11 c exposed to p~re'dation less than
those' in high clay content soils.
SIohl m oistu re 111,1 also afiect oxvipos ititon.
Lt'sser cornstalk bore'rs laid 98%4 of theii e'ggs
iin the soil wshein it wsas tiry and oly .5% in
wxet soil. The othei c'ggs weriec laid oii thic
p~lant, wxhcer' til'ey ii~ wo ld' ce'xposedl to e'gg
parasite's anti p)redators.
So, xhy lix(1 le'sst'r tornistalk bore'r out-
bre'aks oc'c'n iin lhot antI drs wxeathei, and typ-)
ically on sandytl soils? It appears that the' ci
fcts of temipe'raturec oin the total numbiler of
eggs per feiiale, thet number~t' of c'ggs laid pe'r
diax, anit th~e gioxwth andt feeding iate of the
larat' arc' imiportanit. Also, tlhc t'fects oif soil
mloisture' oni tilt beico10 of small larvat' and
oii the ovipositioni sitt' selection by thie aciults
art' imptortaInt. Sine lc'sser cornstalk bore'rs
hasvc two to four generations dllring the peca-
nidt groini5 lg se'ason, hot alit dry i w xeatht'r
lutist cincltidet wxithi a mlajoinmoth flight to pro-
dluce a damaging tiutbrt'ak.
Luarvae 431%
Pupae EMated 
Adults
al% 
25%
Uinmated Adults 2%Y
Alabama Agric'ultural .Lxpeinomnt Station
- W n~ a
L hESSER CORNSTALK B(ao nsc et fpabamna, xxith damaging l~pop
bre'aks typjic'ally oc'c'urring in
wxeathcer, anti on sandty stoils. In t
plaguetd season of 1980, le'sser tori
crs cauist't over $43 niillion in daiii
not tcrops in) Alabama, Geo'rgia,(
anti Texas. W~hy it is more sesere
wc'athei is be'ing studied at the Al
ritciltural Expcerimient Station as p
se'arc'h p~rojct to tieveclop a micro
basced motdel that xxill p~redtict whe'n
Xitl I , O \(, 111 " \I I )I Ii Ii Il)(
( .I vs i tI IllII ,I n xi t~ II I
xiI Ii lx T l i t "isx X i l d ( VtIc al -I i IA ,III'
t i l tu 
I n i n 
t n I 
c ) ti n 
h I ItIi 
ti I I i i i l .
Ii I I I S 
t i c s I I I I 
I I o I 
Ic a
i n. i ti i m to ii I I ti 0 )i ,i ,~ I iiii
NO( k , Ith ii I I it ia i ns it , i ~ \ 1111 Ii i X (I
)a tlii i i it it o 1 I tIttit .1 iii I ii I iit
IXX t i ii 11)i,.( I( " I i I, t liii (, I I ( 21!i~
Iii-t X Is ;l s i ititt iII j it )1iiitt S it ii t 1
I I( I(ixUI i ii X i it I i I ii I .1i I 11iii 1 iili I I 1' iii it ""i
titl L i t id 111)1 tI till ll X li t "1.1, I i lii
has Im tlht ( fii nix lit t lt l I Ait 111 t l I
FI n II~I it' it 5i t .i I lo w l l1111 iii l'.t , I l t11. it
In l thu i i s ,)1 d ihii iii('I Iii Ii ii ii t - i it i~A lI
xiivt ,ili (Itl I tv I \ tut li c iiil \Iix tii 1111
O I d iti iiio *xt li l I l ii, i O liiiix i t I t l ix u
ii 1k
1 
I1 I .xn.ii a ii x it h x i tititt li It sel lx I
t I I it i ll l(. it IX o tititiix the ,,)r ia hc ~liii
Of ittit ( it c ' 1 2n l IT/it ijli ,cii I , i f t o i t I t
I It I -1 i II I Ix, t iIiln l I i t(il i il Itn it
)I) carid i . \I x
I tcU~rl t . 1I iil l IIt e 1111 .~ I' i t xt\ iii tilill ,i
Il xlii ix e l xii, Iak,iitt ii it 1 iii.. tt t. X i-
iI t " Ii t it. / 1,1,' ii itI t l s x I I Ii ii c tix il -i
\1 I
1
lk. It t I IIII :t(I I. . 1 iii iii. X i iti 1111
(ix tlii t IX '' til)lIII iii ii '. iii (iIisi i i nI
ixii.. t ilixt ti' it.
1 
I xltI II Xii Xi tv IIii
it 
1
i t. l , tI t Iw u t li iI i'I .l it ( ill(- I I f , it I ti
A
toi XX s tI(it I\ t ill IIt II ( , I It, ti IlItilil
11c\ il ijil ilt. Ii Ill X I I~ n c (d it hiu l
IT III t I )I Ilx n( i -ii I f til I . i i i X ii ti
I itt , tii( t (~ I I it I)i(i ii Ia .1 I si X I U n li t o
have I ito clx it Ill of I)t lii i ll lit -vv I)iltt.
tilt l it I t lii I it s iiI ItiI"lt I I ti tIu Ii III II t I~i x
kI1 ill. .1 i x I I II il I lxii)v i I II it , c ti
xi it tl l i t f~c itt III(( . Iit I)i~ . 12..11 ix ) 11 ("tit
ijit lx
1)1 iltt.1 t.t im ( i uut
'.1 77 I t I)I 2 t 75 (1 1
(.I rrni
(u l 1 (21 l2i n .x 2 1)
(.ihiii
2IlLi
2. St)
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1.lil
. XISO
) i 
r 4 i
' a
~ i
A'
keL.
COGONGRASS and TORPEDOGRASS
TROUBLESOME IN COASTAL AREA
Jiut \ A\ l I ,
1
;rt l 
1
tiuig K(tttjI PI I n .riit l kxearIt
> ,rte
:1I(tlumtu .1;,(ricu(hnc(I P;.r n"ri)n(nt SIuN(m
More
Knowledge
of Estate
Planning
Needed by
Alabama
Farmers
S.C. BELL and A.A. O'MARY
Agricultural Economics and
Rural Sociology Research
FARM ESTATE PLANNING is con-
cerned with creating and implement-
ing a plan for the future of a farm busi-
ness. Among the potential benefits, the
chance to minimize estate taxes offers a
strong incentive for farmers to do some estate
planning.
With such obvious advantages, why is es-
tate planning used so little? Lack of knowl-
edge about the general subject, which
showed up in an Alabama Agricultural Ex-
periment Station study, is a likely reason.
Data on estate planning were collected by
questionnaire from farmers throughout Ala-
bama (total of 200). The questionnaire not
only measured farmers' knowledge about ob-
jectives of estate planning, but also deter-
mined their understanding of specific legal
areas by presenting yes or no type questions
based on hypothetical "fact situations."
A total of 32 fact situations was used, di-
vided into 13 groups. Answers given were
checked in conjunction with Alabama statu-
tory law and case laws to determine correct-
ness. The percentage of correct answers
ranged from a low of 19 for the area of "mar-
ital deduction" to 88 for "current use valua-
tion," as given below:
Subject area and number Pct. correct
Land ownership (5) ............. . 54
Life estate (3) .................. . 60
Business organizations (2) ........ .. 53
Intestate succession (3) .......... .. 59
Distributive share (2) ........... .. 31
D eeds (2) .................... .. 84
G ifts (5) ...................... .. 35
Life insurance (2) ................ 59
Marital deduction (1) ............ 19
Generation skipping (1) .......... 60
Trusts (2) .................... .. 51
Simultaneous death (2) .......... 68
LAND OWNERSHIP included five fact
situations. Both the high and low correct per-
centages for this subject area were about ten-
ants in common. Farmers had least under-
standing about the fact that tenants in
common can will their interest in property to
whomever they choose. In the area of joint
tenancies, farmers understood fairly well that
a joint tenant with "right of survivorship" will
get the property even though it was given to
someone else by will. They seemed to under-
stand that the deed, in this case, determines
who gets the property rather than the will.
LIFE ESTATE had three fact situations,
one of which concerned the clear-cutting of
timber by a life tenant (one who holds the
property until his death). Only 19% of the
farmers got this situation correct, indicating
that farmers lack knowledge about the rights
of a life tenant wherestanding timber is in-
volved. The life tenant has the responsibility
to keep real property in a reasonable state of
maintenance; he can't clear cut timber and
sell it without the permission of the remain-
derman (the other person having legal right to
the property).
BUSINESS ORGANIZATION had two fact
situations, with farmers having a high score
of 64% correct for the situation on corpora-
tions and a low of 41% correct on the situation
about limited partnerships. The important
point is that, if a limited partner takes an ac-
tive part in management, he will lose his lim-
ited liability status and become liable the
same as a general partner.
INTESTATE SUCCESSION was fairly
well understood although many farmers were
not aware of the revised laws on the subject.
One new provision is that if a person dies
without a will, with a wife and one son, the
wife only gets $50,000 plus one-half of the
balance of the estate. In one of the situations
on distributive share, the husband tried to
disinherit his wife by willing his farm to his
parents. Many farmers knew they could not
completely disinherit their wives, as indi-
cated by the 57% correct responses. The sit-
uation which dealt with a wife having a sep-
arate estate larger than her husband's estate
had only 5% correct answers, the lowest of all
of the 32 fact situations. In this situation, if
the husband leaves his wife out of his will the
wife cannot get any of her husband's estate.
CURRENT USE VALUATION provisions
were generally well understood. The two fact
situations dealt primarily with the question of
whether the farmer was qualified to use this
method of valuing his farm, not with the de-
tails of actually valuing the farm.
DEEDS covered two fact situations. One
of these situations dealt with a person 
giving
a quitclaim deed to transfer property with a
mortgage. Most farmers, 95 percent, knew
this deed only transferred one person's right
to the property and did not give a clear title.
The other situation, which dealt with the fact
that usually whoever records a deed first has
the best title, received 72% correct answers.
GIFTS had low correct answers in the area
of current law that husband and wife are able
to give $10,000 to each child tax free. This
fact is important if a person has a large estate.
LIFE INSURANCE questions only cov-
ered two fact situations. Most (73%) knew
that if a person transfers ownership of an in-
surance policy to someone else, the insur-
ance proceeds will not be included in his es-
tate.
MARITAL DEDUCTION had only one
fact situation, and farmers had little knowl-
edge about the revised law which gives the
surviving spouse an unlimited marital de-
duction.
GENERATION SKIPPING had only one
fact situation because it was not one of the
major estate planning tools covered in the
study. Six out of 10 respondents knew if the
father was given a life estate and the grandson
was given title to the property, the property
would not be taxed in the son's estate.
TRUSTS were covered by two fact situa-
tions, one on revocable trusts and the other
on irrevocable trusts. Farmers scored average
correct responses of 51% for these two situa-
tions even though only 2.5% had made use of
trusts in their estate planning.
SIMULTANEOUS DEATH was the last
area. Farmers had an average of 68% correct
responses for the two fact situations cited. An
absence of prior planning for simultaneous
death could cause unnecessary disagreement
among the beneficiaries and result in prop-
erty being distributed contrary to the wishes
of the decedent.
This study found only a fair level of legal
knowledge about the broad field of estate
planning among farmers. Thus, there is a
need for farmers to be more knowledgeable
about the most recent laws on estate plan-
ning. Such knowledge can, in many in-
stances, save a substantial amount in estate
taxes, especially if there is a large estate in-
volved.
Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station10
I '1 ~ III v ~ \I i f I d o d
tttI uiX(ll I dX th oh tt t I lot iio III (
fi-si in Il ldt 11 forti lelin' ack o I'di X
'attic isdc\ n t o thea~l cornX g1ra ~lini~~ XX Xi-l
XXraXdition olf ('fn ja inishin cattle i la Cor BelI and
Xciat aindshin capiiesiX ill th Southeaist.11
[)iecIclnt~l co ll 111itil p i'ig elionsips at c-l
ltilln whe1 andX corn, coimbiXed .v' itll theloi
age X lat roduct1ion l~ caailtie in 
theIXXeiotn,
A41X s11ud illdte Tennefsseeld llIc 
ubstationX
Ielle ti , fill re ithe 11114t ofI whCea1X111 l i t i
fm-rnson' XXelo pre0111 lrtl fit1rformac n acs
wasX c XXe Ci IcXX arn C f ow' lt 11111 - oil r corn-
tb ased XCrXfdtions. XX tt r~~l ~rldl
supp~ilementd ith thter cor r whdjaX 1at
I)( the i1 i 112-a fi shn phase catti~le weild
WHEAT vs. CORN
for Growing-Finishing 
Beef Diets
1).A ' )ANI SoN, Ani a n 1111ry Scec' kl'l'tr( 
h
W. B. V'v13S ILk an V ( LVFT Tenesee Valley Substation
th111 th rolle w11 11 X alt-ci ackcl Icor1 twlt-
tilol d whe11 X lat-IcIackeld 1corn dilt XXas
XlighitlX m1or11 Ilonol i ll In till XXol whea' X lt
a tn l Xrll XXea tr11'XXeatm ns 1)11111( II l'il.l" I'
lItels olIf t majoit of alind1 iidualX ste11r1
w11crc1 simXI ilart' r in theX XCroXlledi X Mwill'
XX ol 1111 X lat 1and tro ll 1111Ia t u Xhn ha 
t-
XX nt hXa d u ti M ; (If ill 15 f lIblt 1his full
XX ilt whe t . ..
HI 1-)1,1' 
os
ItT I)1) 
1.t
2.9t1 11 65 .374
2.7 ( i.6 39)5
tendto bI I'X i t f iattXX ilta IXake cornIXI'~
1t14rs onIl the ((XXke (1114 rndtrolle
whea-crcke cor XXet retu1111k rl 1111 d till Irt- t
&s tol~ltlIalu inl IXtill' on(11 Xth II crake Illoil
inin phusc1 (4ii
1 Il-dX FE'
AI)t (1)t)I
to111
tIol At)( I)1,
I,548 2.77 0t.491
.617 2411 .593
575 2.7:3 .184
5:33 2.719 .71
I)IIIs, PIIiIttRSryxc:r:, 1UCcksl-s'
'VIIIIes based on treatment means, 20 steers/treatment 2 replicates/treainkenl.
'herd eff icic"ucics c;dculated flout pelf averages.
Cost per lb. g;un, based on wheal and cure pro, , I c; E'? 15 T,, I lug. ;uul ~rn , I.+^ 
".ac
Relationship Between Grain
Moisture and Harvestable Sorghum
J.T. TOUCHTON, Agronomy and Soils Research
D.RP. MOORE, Prattville Experiment Field
ALLOWING GRAIN SORGHUM to
dry in fields can result in yield losses
through bird depredation and grain
deterioration. Harvesting high moisture
grain, however, requires expensive drying fa-
cilities or chemical preservatives. In recent
years, there has been some interest in spray-
ing the head and upper leaves with sodium
chlorate prior to harvest to desiccate green
stemmy material and speed up grain drying,
which would permit easier and earlier har-
vesting.
The purpose of this study at the Alabama
Agricultural Experiment Station was to de-
termine the effects of sodium chlorate on
grain moisture and yields. Results indicate
sodium chlorate has little effect on grain
moisture, but it may facilitate harvesting by
desiccating the green leaves and stems in the
upper part of the plant.
The sorghum, Northup King Savanna 5,
was planted April 16, 1984. Row width was 24
in. and seeding rate was 80,000 seed per
acre. Treatments consisted of five application
dates (1 week between treatments) for so-
dium chlorate (6 lb. active ingredient per
acre), which began just prior to maturity.
Two rows were harvested weekly from the
control and from each treatment for 6 weeks
after treatment application. The sorghum
heads were cut by hand and threshed on a
stationary thresher; consequently, reported
grain yield, table 1, would reflect grain pro-
duced and not necessarily the amount that
could be harvested by a combine. Grain
moisture, table 2, was determined and grain
yield calculations were adjusted to 13% grain
moisture.
Based on yield data, table 1, the grain sor-
ghum reached maturity approximately July
TABLE 1. GRAIN SORGHUM YIELDS AS AFFECTED BY HARVEST DATE AND SODIUM CHLORATE
APPLIED AT VARIOUS GRAIN MOISTURE LEVELS
Harvest Grain yield/acre', by moisture at treatment
date Check 43% 34% 32% 20% 17%
Bu. Bu. Bu. Bu. Bu. Bu.
July 20 .............................. 96
27 .............................. 136 140
Aug. 3 .............................. 112 111 119
10.............................. 106 108 100 116
17.............................. 108 108 106 105 104
24.............................. 96 94 96 98 93 91
31............................... 96 63 55 68 98 99
Sept. 7 .............................. 100 60 66 104 90
14.............................. 104 74 92 96
21.............................. 91 70 94
28.............................. 90 76
'Grain yields are adjusted to 13% moisture.
TABLE 2. MOISTURE IN SORGHUM GRAIN ON VARIOUS HARVEST DATES AS AFFECTED BY
SODIUM CHLORATE APPLIED AT VARIOUS GRAIN MOISTURE LEVELS
Grain moisture at harvest, by
Harvest moisture at treatment
date Check 43% 34% 32% 20% 17%
Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct.
July 20............................... 43.4
27.............................. 34.0 30.2
Aug. 3................................ 31.6 25.0 32.3
10 ............................. 20.0 19.2 19.4 19.6
17. ............................. 17.4 15.0 15.8 16.8 17.0
24. .............................. 18.8 18.0 16.9 17.9 18.6 18.4
31............................. 16.0 15.7 16.3 16.3 15.0 15.4
Sept. 7............................. 15.3 15.6 15.7 15.5 16.2
14 .................. ........... 15.6 15.5 15.6 15.9
21 ............................... 16.5 15.7 16.2
28.... .......................... 14.7 14.8
27. From July 20 to 27, grain yields increased
40 bu. per acre. During this 1-week period,
grain moisture dropped 9 percentage points.
During the 1-week period between July 27
and August 3, there was a decrease in har-
vestable grain of 3.4 bu. per day, but grain
moisture dropped only 2 percentage points.
From August 3 to 10, grain moisture de-
creased 11 percentage points, but grain
losses were not significant. During the 49
days between August 10 and September 28,
there was a slow but steady decline in grain
moisture of 0.11 point per day and in harvest-
able grain of 0.33 bu. per day. Judging from
multiple regression models, the moisture
level at which maximum harvestable grain
was obtained was 31.2%. Harvestable grain
decreased 1.5 bu. per acre for each 1 point
drop in moisture below the 31.2% moisture
level.
Applying sodium chlorate prior to maturity
(43.4% grain moisture) enhanced grain
drying. Seven days after application, grain
moisture was 4% lower with (30%) than with-
out (34%) sodium chlorate, and after 14 days,
grain moisture was 7% lower with (25%) than
without (32%) sodium chlorate. After 21
days, grain moisture was approximately the
same (20%) for the treated and untreated sor-
ghum. Applying sodium chlorate just prior to
maturity did not reduce grain yields. As with
non-treated sorghum, grain yield declined
rapidly (4.1 bu. per day) from July 27 to Au-
gust 3.
Applying sodium chlorate after grain mois-
ture dropped to 34% or lower did not affect
grain moisture. Regardless of date of appli-
cation, sodium chlorate was eventually det-
rimental to yields. From 4 to 6 weeks after ap-
plication, the sodium chlorate resulted in
rapid loss in grain yields. The loss was due
primarily to stem breakage at the flag leaf col-
lar. After initiation of rapid head breakage,
yield loss within the first 7 days averaged 29
bu. per acre.
The results of this study suggest that the
use of sodium chlorate will have little effect
on actual grain moisture. However, it may
desiccate the green leaves and stems in the
upper part of the plant, which should facili-
tate harvesting. If it is used, the sorghum
should be harvested within 3 weeks after ap-
plication to prevent excessive yield losses.
The results also suggest that maximum har-
vestable grain occurs at moisture levels ex-
ceeding 30%; and allowing the grain to dry to
14% moisture can reduce harvestable yields
over 30%. There is a possibility the results
from this study are variety specific, and the
relationship between grain moisture and har-
vestable grain may be different for other va-
rieties. In addition, drying cost and combine
inefficiency may offset the yield advantage as-
sociated with harvesting at high grain mois-
ture.
Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station12
s
r
7 I4.
pe.
Sj
Temperate Zone Woody Plants
for Interior Landscapes
G.J. KEEVER, Horticulture Research
G.S. CO~fBB O.rnamental Hortic ultur Substation
MOST PLANTS usedi iinte'rior en-
vii oniit'1ts art' tropical or semi-
tiropical in niatore anid adapt xwell to
co nd it ions of relat ixely loxx li ght, wxarin tem-
pe'ratuores, anlo rs hoiiies. P~roper light
accl imiatizatio l dur(ling comm11 ercial produce-
tioni increases qutality and sors ixal of these
p~lanlts wxhen miaiiitained under loxw interior
light lev els
\lanx temperate zone( wxoodl plants p~refer
or wxill toler ate IIlov light condititin in the ex-
ter io r ladiscapet adit if adaptale, eonuld in-
cirease the selectionl of plant iiiaterial for the
initerior enx iroiiiiieit. Reseaic bly11 the Ala-
1baina Agricutlturia! Ex\perimi en t S tat ion has
tevaluiatetd steleted' temperate woods orna-i
tmientals aind founid that most species re'-
sp~ondledl well when'i placed iln tihe interior en-
v iron ment.
Ilntexperiiieiit I of this study, :30 uniiform 3-
ini. liners eacli of fatsia, dwvarl gartdenia, xvar-
iegatetd pittosporti in Japanlese S ess andI
Asiatic jasiie xwere potted l~ 22, 19853, in
(6-iin. pots. In texperimi ent 2, (inifol Irliniiers oIf
tlxxarf Japantse euni llts, Wheelers dxwarf
pittosp)ortii, O)kinaxxan holl, leatlierleaf ima-
hlonia, and Chinese mnahoi a were p~ottetd
April 6, 1984, in 6-in. pots. Plants (If teacih
species xwere dixvided into 3 groups andlt groswnI
otdtoors tinder the folloxwing light conlditions.
(1) full son; (2) 47/% shade; and :3) (Ah shade.
Oii October 23, 1983, and August 8, 
1984,
plants were transferred to anl initerior rooi
Variegated pittosporum that were grown under three production light levels are shown follow-
ing 3 months in an interior environment.
hou~tr phoiltoperiodt Ji a. in. (6 p.m.i), 70?I" antd
801r illI and~ 1)5 er the followinlg 3 iiithtis
plalits xwere evxaluiiat ed periodical ly ftor suts
taiiied qftality alid giriwth.
IS Iliage I ofil 1 spie ts except Japaneiitse x cx
sas ligilt greet and1it thicktei xh plt ~an ts were
giroxwn in fill stin. l'oliai tipbultrn occuilrted oii
stillgrowxni fatsia, thlit txo mIilahitia sipecies
and~ WAheelers ttxari I ittoisptllm C111( iiratlly
p)lanit qunality (If all species was hiighiet wheitn
p~lanits xwere shadted duiiing p~roduct ion
After 13 xwetks ini the initeritli e'(ir onimitnt,
latsia produtcedt in 6 V/( shlade xere' larger
cetasedl as shad ialevxel incireased, but aflter 1.5
sxeeks in the ititt r enlv'lironm~lenit ill planits
xxr t o '(f s imilar size, iregartdle ss of product1itton1
Ilighit lexel tIhtei specie s retalinitd teir saiiie
rel'at ixe sizt's aftti beinig placted indoors.1
Leaaf drop, an impor111tanit criter ion Itor inte-
rihor plant selectioni was least xvithi shade-
gronlxi dxwarf gardenoia, xvariegated plitttospo)-
rutuii, C'hinese mnahonlia, and Asiaitit jasinine
pr1du1(1 let nldter (511 shade. WAitt ithenr spe-
cit's, leafdrop ditd lnt xary xwithi prodtutctionl
light lexels.
Quality rating conlsidleredl lililirolis plant
(dcuisitx) leaf spaceing, leaf drop, foliage
color and ox tiall applearane, andi~ wxas
tlt'in't the pi inars fator dettriinlg a
pllanits polttential ft initeriolr list'. At the tend otf
Japanelitse xc t'x 5as gootdt foll p~lants grow 1 t5 i-
dt 'all potio lxiht ltlsti xwhile quitt'
xwhlen plaiits xxere grow (lxii dertt sha~de. Plant
qfual its oIf shiatde-gro(xwi fatsia, (xkart gal-
Qualits (Ifall stillgrowxn plants, ext t'pt Jap-
aintest' xe a'x d W1tl1 ' lt'r's tdxxart pttott porun 111
wkasx aiicept\alit. Otillixo iaitic xasmin1(1 ,
iiiai Is due tol iltax xea t'd rop. WAithi O kina-
55.11 holy,1 60%t/ of p~lanlts growxn in l foll sun1,
30'/ (lx row iln 47(/( sha~de, andlt 50%7 gro(wn1 ill
(iA' /1 sha d di i itiei eior a II's lernnt' xx-
growie rs, incrt'ase t'e lt1ant select 1 i ma\ il-
ablile introx.dcprs n rvd
Alabanmi Agricultu ral Experinwnt Station
F
_WAW 
gas
1
a r"?' a '"a titled
SIMULATION OF NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION
FROM COTTON TILLAGE SYSTEMS
EXCESSIVE SOIL EROSION and
subsequent topsoil loss and nonpoint
source pollution from cropland are
serious concerns in Alabama. Average soil
erosion from cropland in Alabama exceeds 9
tons per acre per year, which is 4 tons per
acre per year higher than the tolerance level
to maintain the long-term productivity of the
crop field. Runoff water and eroded soil carry
valuable nutrients and pesticides down-
stream, causing high production cost and
polluting water systems in the State.
The Alabama Agricultural Experiment
Station and the Tennessee Valley Authority
jointly initiated a 6-year soil erosion study in
1983 at the Gilbert Farm in Colbert County
to determine the effects of tillage systems for
cotton on soil erosion, water runoff, and nu-
trient losses. Conventional tillage practices
will be used for the first 3 years (1984, 1985,
and 1986) and conservation tillage practices
for the second 3 years (1987, 1988, and 1989).
The study area is a 9.4-acre natural wa-
tershed and is equipped with a Parshall flume
water measuring device and an automatic
runoff sampler. In addition to measuring soil
and water losses, runoff samples are analyzed
for sediment and nutrient (N, P, K, Mg, and
Ca) concentrations in the runoff.
The results of conventional tillage in 1984
are shown in the table. Total sediment loss
was well below the average soil erosion rate
reported in Alabama. One of the reasons is
that the estimated soil erosion rate does not
account for the deposition of sediment com-
monly encountered in a field. The measured
data only include soil moving out of the field.
Also shown in the table are nutrient losses
from the watershed.
Water quality problems and their solutions
are not fully described or understood and are
often costly to study by on-site monitoring
studies alone. To help fill the need for quick
and inexpensive methods of assessing and
evaluating nonpoint source pollution from ag-
ricultural watersheds, several simulation
models have been developed. These models
vary widely in their objectives. Basically, they
are used to simulate runoff, sediment, nu-
trient, and pesticide losses from different
types of watersheds. However, without veri-
fication and validation the results are ques-
tionable.
A model selected for this study was a wa-
tershed and water quality model developed
by the Agricultural Research Service of the
USDA. The model, CREAMS (Chemical
Runoff and Erosion from Agricultural Man-
agement Systems), was developed to assem-
ble state-of-the-art mathematical concepts to
evaluate nonpoint source pollution for field-
scale areas.
K.H. YOO, Agricultural Engineering Research, J.T. TOUCHTON,
Agronomy and Soils Research, J.M. SOILEAU, Tennessee Valley Authority
The CREAMS model is composed of three
components: hydrology, erosion-sediment,
and chemistry. The hydrology component
simulates the amount and rate of water move-
ment on the surface and through the subsur-
face. All major hydraulic processes which oc-
cur during a rainstorm can be simulated in
detail with current knowledge of hydraulics.
The main processes in the erosion-sediment
component are overland flow, concentrated
flow, and impoundments. The chemistry
component consists of nutrient and pesticide
submodels. The nutrient submodel is an ac-
counting and transport model to estimate ni-
trogen and phosphorus losses from fields. The
pesticide submodel is a transport model
which accounts for pesticide concentration on
foliage and in the active soil surface, trans-
port into water, and adsorbed phases of soil
particles.
Data collected from the watershed at the
Gilbert Farm were used to calibrate the
model parameters and to evaluate the perfor-
mance of the model simulation. The results of
the simulation are shown in the table. The til-
lage practice used in the simulation was con-
ventional tillage with moldboard plow and
disk after harvest. Most of the initial param-
eters were based on the physical and climatic
conditions of the watershed and the initial
values recommended in the model. The pa-
rameters were varied around the initial val-
ues to obtain the best fitting of the monthly
simulation to the observed data while main-
taining reasonable field conditions.
Simulated runoffs were generally lower
than observed runoffs. Due to the simulation
of mono-crop conditions of the watershed,
the grassed waterway used at the end of the
watershed could not be adequately consid-
ered in the model. The grassed waterway
could have acted as sediment and runoff de-
tention causing high deposition rates. The
simulated output from the nutrient submodel
under the conventional practice is shown in
the table. The pesticide submodel was not
tested due to lack of input information. The
high nutrient loss during May was caused by
fertilizer application on April 27. Two tillage
practices, chisel plow after harvest and no til-
lage before planting, were tested to simulate
their effects on erosion control while main-
taining the same hydrologic conditions.The
last two columns of the table show the simu-
lated effect of the alternative tillage practices
on soil losses. Conservation tillage practice
reduced the annual soil loss by 30% and no
tillage by 53% as compared to conventional
tillage practices.
In summary, a watershed and water qual-
ity model was used to simulate nonpoint
source pollution from a natural watershed
planted to cotton. The model was also used to
evaluate the effect of different tillage prac-
tices on soil losses from the watershed. Al-
though mixed results were obtained, the
model showed a potential of assessing and
evaluating nonpoint source pollution prob-
lems and their control practices for Alabama
agricultural fields.
OBSERVED AND SIMULATED RUNOFF, SEDIMENT, AND NUTRIENT LOSSES FROM THE WATERSHED IN 1984
Losses with conventional tillage Sediment loss,
Rain- Phosphorus/ simulated/acre
Month fall, Runoff Sediment/acre Nitrogen/acre acre Conservation No tillage
4
in. Obser.' Sim.
2 
Obser. Sim. Obser. Sim. Obser. Sim. tillage
3
In. In. Lb. Lb. Lb. Lb. Lb. Lb. Lb. Lb.
Jan. ... 2.51 0.14 0.11 1.7 84.9 0.01 0.13 0 0.06 90.0 81.4
Feb. .. 3.14 0 .03 0 11.7 0 .04 0 .02 12.0 12.2
Mar. .. 3.53 0 .06 0 33.6 0 .08 0 .03 35.5 31.4
Apr. . 5.31 2.18 .81 -- 5 1,220.6 - 1.29 - .60 769.5 491.5
May .. 7.47 2.48 1.44 1,172.6 1,9274 4.86 2.14 .52 .89 1,329.2 854.9
June .. 1.82 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
July ... 4.87 .57 .06 22.3 31.7 0 .08 .01 .03 33.7 35.0
Aug. .. 2.68 .02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Sept... .28 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Oct. .. 8.18 .53 .66 34.6 672.0 .17 .88 .11 .38 516.6 348.2
Nov. .. 6.29 .47 .77 15.2 943.5 .12 1.04 .19 .46 705.6 460.9
Dec. .. 1.64 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
TOTAL 47.72 6.39 3.94 1,246.4 4,925.4 5.16 5.68 .83 2.47 3,492.1 2,315.5
'Observed data.
2Simulated data.
3
Chisel plow after harvesting.
4
No tillage before planting.
5
Data not available.
Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station14
I IU 1\ I tiI ili\ ini in nutrient
i I , illa ii I F:ar kii I I I t causl si ch
I isor I IN is ix n uld! (ix t I v eiN iiit (I Ns
thes cond11it iol ns1( gcailxy (i nolit occu (in hu- 1
1111111 xxit IIIlx itaii Fii onsrmseo. itt i
knii n rii s fa to fiir ca N illii iii stI l dis t ii
inrat silid Nl! N nttio ofe i~ dii ifth xjit
mi ill F: loiiir si ru ch le teo louii~ ixiii iitiI d I
sonjii i til i14 III Irv iin uu iii ons n11 s111 IIN
(l tittii sptiii s adi incii s tI IN! pu
oifl ton uI ai it t11Is a touii tii i ti s iLorcal ii
iiiir i is im1411111 facto ii hat iliihs ben re
1port1d toii~i faiiab iiiit lod hlete
levet lsx. i F r ir salits txo risx tIN i cl tiuiuI
hig densliit ipox drxte ii IIL xhoete oilx
xxigdi andc lthd iiutake xxf los ditu ipoproxt in
ill LI icjoliseo iini the biiiiua. Tis ewputi
tndj Iiito xxaxuc xxilix iio' cha1c1 ofal itti li
tou icras I lxi iii iii tt 4!iii ijix t xxiii su -
xxs fia l oo ketidi it uthei p ibl!iij Ile icin
L
Vitamin E Supplementation
Shows Potential Value
for Human Health
K.I_ KLII1H, MA . (I RiK -CI ilMl)l 1, ( an M.i v tI de RLEK
Hom E onomi~t Researc h
lrie lxi ran uidi nut scntil tii uffut t xxi4ft
141111 siimi iii to b x n intacionN
txxiii x itaiiui F; ntilt exerisx iiiin otalitx
fl noi huortulit, x xxi moriiiitalitx rage 11
1
Iron
127tio j1J1 ill ill ilthll gr11!ups
ratiii fiii thiixe aimai~lx xwix lowixxiih rieaisionii
mild sii uix cho u e st rol ](li ii iii i iii(- x i l t j i
banist iii il iit higi i hol stelii dii l ove -11Ni i
imaulx xwiii xtill ini th i gh 11a1411 Th4 l iii xti-
mi xiijippltniitiil eie grups ixje-
xxiimlu tiind tii xiuiiirt a poiiitixt reltiosiipi
itt cc lxi l itti n i! aiii nii ixx txisi xI ithii
heaxlxi litiixxxi t ii faxals Il Irvvr oepeisit
wok niiii iilitiubl lxe itis Lra ftx xtiiiix
FI I I I l U l St r tIl v N i ,I ii %xii ~ I ps ,Iv i I ,,' \\I i( i i xI, 1\ F I [I i X\~I v
(:I In cv rI u xl i _ 
,hii ilil
12
trin
(:rue
il
lit .i i
.11
5iI
11111
t
1
15
llnlz(tnta A"ricilltural 1"al)rrinucnt Station
AlabataA.
P.M. ESTES, Zoology-Entonmology Research
WILEY JOHNSON, Agronomy andl Soils Research
JOE LITTLE, Lower Coastal Plain Substation
DON MOO)RE, Prattville Experiment Field
T III" II iSSIA\ FLY is, a dk',trute i inlg t'e 1954-85D groinxg scaso'ni. sc'
pc l ofis all grains, throutghot mo t iixf rcii ilIctisatiiii' octuHI d iltl wesxiitenitral
N~~ 1si Il i i xrr i.
Iiir al S21 . .
IMX :41122...
P'ike .
Coiker 65 15..
C( 
1
,u8i....
It iiitei....
F'lorida 301 .
I ufix .....l
tt\\ 301t5
\lir 100:3t 1111,
Sionet x 50
stait it.......
tI uF'iioli IlixxixN Fl cuNiiilit X iiixi x\iilliul xii
\ xauii a Cwii : ( "[ xxii N r x ~to l'uiixi 1955
. . . 35f0 5'3.1
.. .. 30.0 59.-I
3f0 0 5S.3
. . . 26 51.4
2.. 67 41.0i
. . .26.7 46.
. . . 26.7 t4.:3
26.7 65.6
2.3 3 74.3
210.0 67.t1
30.0i 1 3
. . 201.0 59.-
13 .3 68S I
13.3 57'3
... . 3.3 fit I
f1.0 6.3
:3.3 6.)7
.. .. 3.3 )5 .3
01 59.0
01 62 .i
0i 64.2
\ ai it
Coker 9S....
It\\ 30ii ....
Pik(, . . . .
T(' I 512 .
I lk .I .....
Coki 762 ..
11111 . ..
lt\\ 30115 . . .
Tiil 8163 P I
XI\aiu VI 1113.3
l iridi 101 .
I rital 1 6NF
Xloisn .... i'i
Compto .....i
I Jillitil
still Y Iii'ld
infeiti oni i
92 .5
911.11R
St. 7
St.7
St.7
650.11
'Ii5.1)
15.01
411
13.3
3I..
23.5
21 1i
31.0
29.0I
311. 3
26 i
15.01
31 ii
12.1
13.11
IS.3
419.3
11.2
rti t4
J,
Alabauuis .Agr ic~ultui) 1( .xjmii'euui'i Stat iton
The pupal, or flaxseed, stage of Hessian fly is
shown in the inset of this field of undamaged
wheat in Baldwin County.
I io'', a'amden, pu andte' r iiic VlA I i'eii i II I '] it
tu, rad m rplctdilllc cccl
953va and pukt' f' th l , sa x iili ',ti' a i -tl
latiiiich locati tarc (Jiiipti i i i the l Damt
ag( was t C' et ai~ kt ltmden ,i light at 'i l-
Daita in the talat ',liiix tha"t~' 'iniihougi
tf ',th at inf iies tati iiiivel at liixx t', lctions
ilart rl cfsatiiis IM 302i.ke
igctions, thera Copo (noxtia in thePrtt
dxhat. wiix iiiiiiit ilacknsiifien but Lixx
eg', nhie dal itat oe that letlxe' ioneiia
gi50 and Mc te alli 100: luge showgit' ',iirii
catesi tha anIi ifetatiion has x liii a I' c ca ret-li
thatn ,it ' the ( aitats ai' Ir lso,,in lbm
fl sitt all Ii fli'xt a (u't,ix fl oni', ai hi'm'ii l
if at xx ihtiig' m it bl~ k iixu nix t i ix f Iaxf lu
hath t, ow it' iit t Ic t' tyho ll, andt xifelb
ftrint' latt xiiiu flit suckit',ix l'rii juiiutt't
Plniii t iest lt'e t' b i H s in fly x ibt' i x dg-
gi ediiuciid plilfcit , anduiigl phllutuigoth.ft
ixfl~xed st' . sceiu xiilgre. a u x ix
l',ixf it to lits xxiic li ,uui cl' ixi' ix n -
imials w5ithI shotguiis. Lad~t shot is somile-
timils accien italhI inoge stetd 1)\ birds( as food,
ir as grit xx Ii h is necssary to) grindit foo inil
the gizzard. Such leadl inge'st io n oft in resul ts
in dleathI and ht as cadii~' large-scale' (lie-oils in
sxati'rfosxl. I loxvever, relativels little is kinowsn
abou1 t the efects or irncitlence o)1 lead Poison-
ing in upland gami e b)irds, esen thu gh sex -
'ral spexcies, incluinjg iiilourn ing tlovAes has e
bleeni reporited tio inlgest leadl shot. In stui e's
tinrioighoiit the Sotteast, tie incidence of
lead shot ini the gizzard(s of' xxl ut iiii ng
d~oves has rainged fioti 1% to 6.5% of birds ex-
ILead shot is acceess ifble to ii ourninig (Ilves
becau ise thley are hiii ted ose fihelds in whIiich
the> feed. Lairge iqianitities of lead shot (lII) to
13.5601 shotd per aiere) has e been fouilid of re-
tentls hunted doiixe fitlds anud as miainaged
(lovi field use iincreae,1 miiore (1(o5es pi obhbls
will be exposedl to leadI shot. Thiis, Alabama
Agricuiltur al Experimuent Station researchers
dtcided'( tio illstigate the (fflects of lead shot
inges tioin oni the suirv isai il and~ ireproduc-
tivsuc(c'ess5 of murnling (loxes.
Ini the surv ixability stiidl, (lovs swere
housed in iointdoor cages to s imiulate natuiiral
weather condlitioins. Ses enty-fixve doveus (25
b irds per treatme lnt) swere forcte-fted either 1,
2, oi .1, #8 size shot (I shot =72.(0 mg). An
add it io nal 25 con trtol biirds receivedlia browssn
topf miiillet seedl Tr eatiments sxvere assigned
randolyl legarlelss of sex. The experlnienWit
wxas condctled firoiii Jaiiiairx 9 to Febhruiary
12, 1983.
There wer n'it di)tiffeeintc's between sexes
in muortalits rates. D~oxus closed with lead
shot suifle'ied highier ii irtal it t han conl I
bi rds, and t hose irecu ising 2 oii 4 lead pe lb 'ts
had gireater mortal it than t hose dosed wsi th
at single lead shot, see table. Mlortality began
2 (lass after (lolsiing, and 97% of the dovises that
died (lid
1 
so xx ithiii 11 dlass. Tissue lead tdeter-
inationis inica(,ted( that clovses that ssere
treated wvithI lead shot anud (lit'd had s igifii-
cant Is hiiglier kid ne, liv er, and 1( Ioint lead1
colncentratiolns than conltrol iir tr(eated liidts
that suiied1(.
fluenicedi the' re'suilts. iiwts (lilt ptercenit of
the (llvs 'd(iedt on dlass when the iliniiinnl
ternpe)(ratuirc swas :32TF or beloss. Iln addition,
thle dlove's wxert' fed a p~redomiinanly c'irin
dilet. (Coriei hts mias increase niiiitalits be-
caiise thes req~irie iinire' gizz"ard actis its,
thereby increasiing lead p)elle't e'rosion aiid at-
loswing mort' leadl to enter body tissuies.
LIn the reprodu lctixe stuidl, (Illss xx ere
hou~tst'd iiidoors under at natural lighting re-
gilt'. \Ialt' feiiialt' paiirs swert' formiied andl
aifter ac'climiation the funmales of each pair
weire trt'ated. 'Tin' 25 treated( birdls were each
foirce-fe'd ai single #8 lead shot antI tht' 25 eon-
trol lirds swere each gis en al hirowilto illiet
s~
'5. -
'2
TT BUERGJER, R.E. MIRARCHI, and M.E. LISANO
Zoology-Entomology Research
ABOVE. Outdoor cages that simulated natural weather conditions were used in the surviva-
bility study.
reproductis u actis itii's f'riii Januiiry 31 toi
Septemlbt'r 26, 1982. Eggs swere' coillt'tted,
pl1aed( iii an incubi i atior, and canled't afteti 7
(laxs to) de(te'rinel fertllit: Aftt'r 1.1 (lavs iii in-
cubin, ei ggs xver 'i'plaed ini a hater.
Nio mnortaili ty was If st'rs (( in thiis expei-
aturei and ,i soft, pe'lIc'ted die't. There sser('
no difft'rte's ini egg iiitaslii'ii('its (length,
xvidth, wxeight) or squabil xx (igllt bietxeen
treatmient s. LIn add ition, lead dos inig if ifte-
iiale's had no effect on tpr(I(uctixit or fert il-
its if the eggs. I loIw('5'I, t'ggs p~roduI~ced bx
treated'lothis s ad1( losse(r hatchability than
those froii thet conltrol group~ (629( ss. 799%.
Whetn thet miortal its tif cintl i l and( treatmiient
embllrys x55as plottetd, there wxas higher iiior-
talits ainillg 1- to 9-day-l (11(1 ,o fromi lI 110
treatted ft'males than from conitrols, see fig-
urt''e. ii Ther weir( no d
1
ifft'renees btweenu
treatmiient s frioii It) ti i1I das s after las inrg.
Le'ad may has e been transferrt'd froiii tilt
adult femlalt' to thle t'gg sslieie it iiias base
been toi and aintci rease'd ei IiI )x(ic m' ortal
its t'arl, in i nc'iubation.
Thet findings iniciate that swild mnournling
dovt's mas sufler high iiortalits ii they ingest
lead shot, and if tht'y stirsvive lt'ad shut iiiges-
tioin miay latt'r suifler detriiiental reproduc-
tise eiflects. 'T'his infiiiiiatiioi suiggt'sts that
closer atteiition shoulId IbIt paid to leah shoi t as
ain enii roiinental conitainaniiit sio healthx
mourning dosvt popuilationis cail o' miiaini
tained't.
MOI=o Ii 01 \ti i xi(, 1)115I S A5 x 10 511Ir ilF
IN's(,I 51) LAD S1)50
iiigeste'd bird~s
t .. . . . . . 25 (1 (t
1 . 2.5 6 21
2 . .. . . . 25 15 6(0
4 .. . . .. 25 1:3 52
BELOW. Mortality of embryos from control
and treated female mourning doves.
Alabamna Agriculturcal Experime'nt Station
Azaleas Important Crop in Baldwin and Mobile Counties
wu. P-*'
\1I-I IIt I and L.E. WI I S( N , Agricultural k ofllluic ' and Rural SO( itIlOgv ke'rear( h , R. Si II MAC K, Cooperative Extt'nion Servicte
', iV'S \ t W{ '
1 
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I ',all''s ()I 0 Ili ill loll ini I9JS I iji
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and, (liri I II' 'l~t i to I'll 11 1 al 1111', iillttl
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ill1111 t'ii ii I Icc I 1111Ii Wd 'r of sales T/ 1111'
IIl IllI' Itii',iti
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iii 1 s r''', i t t 1l 1/1,O\l ~ n ~12 -N
iI . t of l't 11111111is ii ac \11 th m I/' iio ill
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1
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aid oth111 i l ii and 1 atill' i Se i-(1 v it ukI
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illt,9"lil_ an id , iii
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1 
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Xlubania A--l-ict'Ihll (1/ ' t)('1 l-int Mattiioll
Ili, h1d, , I1',l1st :ull1
_A4, 1 .,
IVBI.I? I.PI lit IIk(.I.1An A-VI.lr of A/A11A )VI.I-a 111O I(G4AV A11u111lll'b_ A1ARVAIA, P)i
F t 
1%DI,01" 
tFIXISIV 
of 
cS
i ~ hit 111 1)1i 4 progra ahl'ad oft finish ing ill
s(',li( i s ii Xas tilt' of all breed( crossXets inl
thei tt'st at thlC B3lack Bclt Subhsttioni Maionl
]untion, A Albalt. I loauer CI(5thr tilr per-l
fiir i lls I i flru c ii i itiiI I llt bre s C)akeii1 lts
Xtt'('i rtlgiti'i r' t'jin't'itlve tut ii Iii it -
1 174c Ilid cove ti a dls tf pit ii ttX t vtu ti i' n'(l
ALI 5 ar'iltie~l ir 186Cll~jt striy iintc t 198ii32
Aete pA~ileveon tXfnnuceo a
oiltt o An sIi l ciiir aIt Jill.I tu'( i t cnXX t I crc- (
Xulst'i t rp tiii t 5( i, it fiIX itt n At v Xt' ittl plt -1
IvCAin (i' (tit't l~t 1) Xbe Aion ihi'Xtoit uitX-
XX 'V' .3 (IXXi1(1' itX iiiltC thAltIt)t
l kvo it ti ,Hti ot'illg nI Iiicti'Xt' sthcnl XttI
Feedlot FinishingI
after Weaning P
Better for
Heavy
Crossbred Calves
S.P SCHMIDT and TB. PATTERSO N
Antmal and Dairy Scient es Research
I A. SMIT H, H.W. G~RIMES, and J.L HO LLIM\\.
\\ ttight
Teist 4iiiili
1)1131' l I iTO F~tD OI AA' \\1 KAMlXX'
Angleit S I li'iitiii .i 5Stt
Sinu tal st
Aingus .. 599iiit ti) 91
1111 t Illl 'F FE D T
I hiitit bree A I it l.
Angu iS lIi [ ft n it si 56 95
XIiiXna y ~ S I((t
AXX ag siI4 laugthttt' Xeight XX I 982 lb. fin
26t/ itl i iX I IC lighie tha h i sa t'ir 5 l~ig.3t-
l:arsttr itt i r ilt o lig t lesAXanX0CX
Lh11 Lb, Lt 1)(li t1 "
(i tulitX 
rG
graditi
141iti
:5- 6.3 34)11 10.6 T IiS
2 . (i.:39 1111 Itt.6 78 S73
2.55 6.25 39t7 lilt S7 1)5
3.601 6.46 395 10.2 6-A.61
I 36 2. 17 10, W 6.1 10. 9 14.94
1.37 2.28 10. 20 636 1t0.6
1,20)5 1 .35 2.21 I10 (X6 637
1I 211 1,39 2.25 10t)1 4 6:32
11.3 1S. 74
10.2 ()7.13
greatest fur cal\('s put dircctk into tilc fi cd-
lot, for t\vo reasons. First, beef prices arc
usualb higher during the winter months
Micli cakes in the feedlot-only grot[p vvcrc
slanghtcrcd than daring lute su[nlncr when
the grazing plus feedlot cakes were sliulgh-
tcrcd. Sccoud, this t\ pc of calf 1600 Ih. \vcan-
ing weight and gl.nctic potential fur rapid
gro\\llr) Ilia\ not fit it t\pical stockcring pro-
grant and should be nuuulgcd fur continued
rapid gro\011 pustwcaning. E\cn though
cakes out of Si Ill n(ntal-H(refi)rd cows were
heavier than those out of Anus-[lcrcford
cows, average returns h\ breed of danl were
not different. Angus-sired cakes vvcrc more
profitable than Pulled Ilcrcf6rd-sired cakes,
largely a r(flcclion of' higher carcass grtldes-
Alabama, Agricultural I x'Icitiicl Sta~t ito
PI)5IvyI':vyISG 'I'Itvrl, yyI) (;Ito~ I'.[ (),vnv11( HIII Iivs IoR Clto"sIm I:U (:v1.vI Pt 11'.IllltIi D [I'a ('11)
Imo IIII' hr:r:mll \'1 \\1.\\I\t.(Ilt(I\l() P\,lt Iil fnl.ro\11.1)m fea 1)1 ()1 l'I\[1111\(,
Ouidity gnufc: 10 = ayerrgc Good. I I = hith Good, 12 - hm Choice.
Return per animal me r value at vvcuting and pasture and lied (in( luding nliving) costs. Selling price
based on grade and yield carcass calve. Av (rage carcass value tier the Ircdlot group \ys ,595. 1:i/cvv L and
for the grade then liedlot gro(tp vvas 1.)S9.93h vet.
N
F1nc 1 Ctan 
n ref '. >} rnrr 
DrNc, I, ~ ' N ? 
to de s
G. MORGAN-JONES and R. RODRIGUEZ-KAB3ANA, Botany, Plant Pathology n Micoboogy 
Research
WT 1 i ' r i i r j , H E N 1 0 \ X I .f r o m i t h t
ii tatkit oi! kc ex ici I nd (f re- (1i
lift \\ itli fexx alter natixe in iCotto llinig ii-
the Alabaah Agriciulturitl Expetrimentt Sta-
tioni is uing fiitigal patasites tot cotrtol ni-
mtodcs~lt. Thougih~d nctittuld(estring fiungi
not kiiiixx i
Prediaciious or trappinig fitriti if fitu arc
hilt attttnpts tii establishl themn in sioil toi efleit
toii x use hiti en z id paait ic fungi fior nititati id
itiatix ii)pititix likc s biin funiuttcssfulipri-
(litixe to tcti i utin t arvl tgx m
cx st anid riiit-kno~t neti odtiiex ate x itttitable
to attacks bx suchl fiingi. Bx chetiealx Alter-
iti. niemaitode plixxiiilugx and pli iallx dix-
ruiptinig their rcproidliit ixw cx c fungi cati
eflectix elx suppres tx ild-up iif' ttmatiide
poplaltionii. Thcre ix nowux inicreaxitng txi
dencei friom bo~th field and! greenhouselx stiuiiex
that the phetniimienoin of' tieiatiidl-xi ppttx-
xixe xiiilx ix itt pat t (it thtie actix rtx if fuitgi.
xiiurxex of fingi axxiiciated xxitli cxxtx andt
eggs iii rioot-kno t and! cxxt tnenmatodtlts iii l a-
Itaiia and( othiet Sotil tleaxstrn Staitex hax it-
ditcat((d the coisxitetit piresxce of' xexttal
fitngi, itncluditig I xtxprhif a pixi ip/ti/ti (ut-
/cl~ utdi) i rose I'ii' Pa i liii Ii cx i i lixs atndi
xix etal species of Xii t i//tootI. Sucth funtgi
Healthy egg of root knot nematode (left), compared to eggs pierced by hyphae of fungal path-
ogens (middle and right).
Cx xtx, cte tt l ithe at urail oiuficex, alit
leni or dtxtin titi aid futigal Ilx plat ate treaill
obsxirxed xwithini tiem.
Ijixiat t iniciatex titilititte eggx and
Cx xtx cati lit dauagedl ori dlxtroxed lix xexttal
mteansx [nix ittix call altti tggxshell petitta-
bilitx; cauiig abortiont oif itilit xitii dcxii-
Tht xsame resul tsx cal lie at tatined lix in-
ollitcx xx ntheiztt lb filngi tot pettrate thu
egg-
hillrttit uctntal stuidiix liaxi xlioxwn that
cltitgcix itt igxlll xtn111 otitit f rt- tkno t iii-
AIAiOA\A X( .iICUi~TA HAL iKXPEIKINIEK NI
STIIO N, AUBURt' N UN IVERiSITY
AUBUR iN UN l\F[11511 AA BAO \I 30iS19
Gal A. B ~ucIhanan, 1)r ftcct
Pt. HLOICAi( )N li giiliglitxof'
Agriculltuital Rextarch 9/85
Petnil tv fir pivixate nsx, $3W0
uttit nlt iccurt filllttxxit 1 cjitisol ti uct ix t
groin 11 itixcilititt of! both Paci'i/onIIIuw Id/at
petrtiating the xaiou ittlggxsitll laxer itx dt
eti n tg the egg cettit. Ix hx piaeitre alxso all
tot pittrci the (cuticle tifsxciiid xtag, ftllx tc-
xcliipcd larvxat xx itlitti matut e ggx. is
dixtitgani,'iig ittzximls and tonic mettabotlitex
lit x a anid euiltixtix ini tath stagex if dixil-
tutu itt rr itehue tde idct
that xix eral fitngal xptciex, itt liitx pe
xxittiti patticullat xspecies, bax e puotenitial fort
(elxilmjtiett ax hiotrii t agenlt x tfpjliit pxa-
S
BV.IAK RA'I'
POS'IAGE & FEES PAID)
UfSDA4
PERBMIT No. 6269