V
I
VOL. 22, NO. 1/SPRING 1975
of agricultural research
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION/AUBURN UNIVERSITY
R. Dennis Rouse, Director Auburn, Alabama
DIRECTOR'S COMMENTS
TWO YEARS AGO il this columin I revic\ed accoiiplishliilcils (of
the Nation's agricultural experimnent stations. At the smle tillme, I
told a1)bout the needs for relocatilng and modtlernizing Aullbllor's 
\lai
Station field research facilities. 'ui , the Go\erlor , IIt h(] lI I is-e I
lature responded to our request for
capital improvement futnds. low Wxe
are using these funds is reported iii
the page 3 sketch describing majol
land acquisitions and plans for its use
We are proceeding as rapidly ias po,
sible within limits of funds, planni 
architects, and construction. I am co-
fident we are developing the kind otf
researchl facility that Alabama needs.
The year 1975 is a special 
one - fthe
Centennial Year of the agricultural
experiment station svstem. To recolg-
nize the beginnillg of this great ilove-
ment, the Experiment Stations' Sec-
tion of the National Association of R. DENNIS ROUSE
State Universities and Land Grant
Colleges in its 1972 meeting resolved "That this significant National
Centennial be celebrated in 1975 with appropriate ceremonies and
other commemorative acts."
One hundred years ago fertilizer was coming into use but farmers
had no way of knowing whethier it was rich Peruvian guano or a
worthless imitation. The first report issued by the first agricultural
experiment station (Connecticut) was an evaluation of a fertilizer
being sold by Pollard Brothers Manufacturers and D)ealers in hI-
proved Fertilizer. The product was being offered for sale at 832
per ton, but the report said its analy sis showed total plant food
content of 4% and a value of $1.03 per ton - "not worth barreliing.
In a recent address, Dr. James J. llorsfall, Director Emeritus of
the Connecticut Station. compared conditions inl England inl 1798
with conditions in coastal United States in 1875 and now in 1975.
lie concluded that relative food supplies are not greatly different
today. There were five options itn 1798 and 1875, and the same
five exist in 1975.
1. Export surplus people. This could 
be done in 1798 and 1875,
but it is not an attractive alternative in 1975.
2. Inhibit reproduction of population. This is perhaps less of
a "no-no" now than in 1798 or 1875.
3. Prohibit export of food. This option is being talked of today,
but it proved impractical in 1798 and 1875. Such a dangerous
option would require considerable care.
4. Go industrial anti buy food. This, like option one, has mnuch
less possibility than in 1798 anld 1875.
5. Imoprove agriculture. This was the best option in 1875 aind
appears best for 1975.
Interest in scientific approaches to agricultural production showed
great increase when agricultural experiment stations had their start.
Over the 100 years since, the Alabama Station (established iti
1883) and those of other states have set a pace for agricultural
production that has brought leaders and students from every
nation in the world to learn our system.
If we are to achieve another breakthrough, the attitude of so-
ciety must again change as in 1875. Society as a whole should
recognize agriculture as a noble profession. Farmers should eln-
courage their brightest sons anld daughters to studv agriculture. A
much higher priority must be assigned to agricultural research.
Agricultural production and agricultural research have both
worn the yoke of surplus production for over 20 years. Now there
is talk about shortages and the need for a "reserve." If we are againl
to hear the accolades of reserves of food, increased emphaillsis mullst
bie placed on agricultural research.
m y wce intrzodcce ...
Dr. (Cale A. Buchanan, author of the
story oil page 6, has gained national and
international recognition for his weed
control research at Auburni. I I has tti;ide
malinV contributions to the
field of weed science
througli leadership roles in
tie \VWeed Science Socicty
of America, and currentlv
is editor of 
W1rcds Todlay,
a quarterly magazine of
WVSSA. His research on
herbicidal weed control in
cotton, peanuts, soybeans. and other
crops has provided useful inforlaltion to
farmers of Alabama and the Southeast.
A native of 'Madison Counlty, Florida,
Buchanan came to Auburn 10 years ago
after completinig his doctoral study at
Iowa State Universitv. He is associate
professor in the Department of Agron-
omy and Soils.
Buchanan was an honor student at
University of Florida, where he received
his B.S.A. degree in 1959 anid M.S.A. in
1962, both xviti majors in agronomy. He
was namned the outstanding student iin
agronllomy at University of Florida, where
lie was honored by membership in Phi
Eta Sigma, CamIa Sigma Delta, arnd
Scabbard and Blade, honor societies, and
was president of the Agronomy Club.
lie currentl holds the rank of Major
in the Alabanma National Guard.
HIGHLIGHTS of
Agricultural Research
SPRING 1975 VOL. 22, NO. I
A quarterly report of research published
by the Agricultural Experiment Station
of Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama.
R. DENNIS ROUSE
CIrAS. F. SIMMONS-
T. E. CORLEY
E. L. McGRA w
R. E. STEVENSON
RoY ROBERSON
Director
Assistant Director
-Assistant Director
...... . Editor
Associate Editor
.Assistant Editor
Editorial Advisory Committee: O. L.
CHIAMBLSs, Associate Professor of Horti-
culture; H. S. LAHSEN, Associate Professor
of Forestry; EARL L. WIGGINS, Professor
of Animal and Dairy Sciences, AND E. L.
McGRAW.
Auburn University is an equal opportunity
employer.
ON THE COVER. Apple color development
resulting from ethephon spraying is illus-
trated by a comparison of green fruit from
untreated tree (in hands) and red fruit on
treated trees. See story on page 4.
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH
FOR THE FUTURE
ROY ROBERSON, Department of Research Information
The E. V. Smith
IN AN EFFORT to further help Alabama and the world to
produce more food and fiber, the Agricultural Experiment
Station at Auburn has undertaken an extensive upgrading
and modernization program, which will be highlighted by
the transfer of field research facilities for field crops, fruit,
nut, and vegetable crops, dairy and beef cattle nutrition and
management, and beef cattle and swine breeding to a tract
of 3,200 acres of recently purchased farmland about half
way between Auburn and Montgomery.
The new land is located on Interstate Highway 85, with
access from the Tuskegee-Franklin and Tallassee-Shorter
Exits. The land will provide adequate acreage for the de-
velopment of team research. The animal units there will be
serviced by a modern feed mill and adequate land for the
production of forage for feeding.
Research Center
With the transfer of these research areas to the new land,
an upgrading of Main Station research facilities will b.
possible. A Forest Products Lab is being constructed and
the Poultry Farm, which was constructed in 1924, is being
replaced by a new Poultry Science Field Laboratory. In a
cooperative project with the Alabama Farm Bureau Federa-
tion, a new swine research facility is being constructed. In
addition to these new facilities more land will be made avail-
able for forestry, wildlife, and fisheries research.
These improvements, necessitated by continual University
expansion, the inadequacy of soil and topography for re-
search, and the obsolescence of field facilities, are an invest-
ment in the future. It's an investment that is geared to ensure
continued progress in all phases of research, and thus in
the production of food and fiber that is so vital to us all.
I,,,, I I
I , d- I ~L-Kc~c~r///lll I II.I I !I I II.~
Growth Regulator Sprays
Improve Color, Quality of
Alabama Grown Apples
W. A. DOZIER, JR. Department of Hticulture
W. A. GRIFFEY, H. E. BURGESS, and E. L. MAYTON*
Piedmont Substation
A StLt. I it' TO TIHit PIuiiLEtM Of' 
pol color developmnt
oif Alabama apples mav he just arounid the 
cornuer. Spr ay ing
xwithi a grossth regulator has effectivelv inieased 
red color
wshiile speediog up maturity atid enihancinig 
eatinig quality itt
Auburn U 1' ixersits Agrietilturial Experimntt Stationi 
tests.
Overcoming Climate Effects
R~ed Delicious appfles i toritally teach 
mintimumtutnatut ity
for hatvs t iii cetral Alabamia by August 18-24, depeniditig
on year anid straini of Red Delicious. Iii most years, howxever,
fruit color is pol atld xwashed out at 
this time atid does not
meet the standcards for high Fedrtal 
grade. Thbis p)oor color
and quality wxipes out the marketing 
adsvatitage that Alata
gi OwSers Slihold enjtox bicau se of catrlier 
apple mna totity tbhall iii
competing areas.
fit efforts to oxvercomie the color problem 
caused by the
South's hot climiate, foliar spray s of 
etbiephoti, (2 ililoroetltyl)
pliospliotic acidi, xxecie evaluated 
at the Piedmnt aSub-
statioti, Camp H1ill. Rates lip to I ,000) ppm,1 
wet t tried,
each xvith 2) ppmi 2,4.5-Tit added 
tit prevenit frit (1101.
coicutaioll,
200
2501 ----
300
Fi inness,
lb).
18.7
18S.1
18.0)
18.7
18.0)
Pct.
soluible'
11.5
11.8
II .9
12.1
12.0
11 i xiirfacc color
P0t. Pct, of
siili(l surface
blush 5/i , red
25 71
38 80)
318 79
51 86
66 92
Fruit froml trees 5Jpiax 'ed wxith 300) 
i. 1. etI 11 ) xxc
imature at id ready f01 harvxest 8 (ax .xN afte ret catm en 
t. Noll11
trea tcd frit d(id rItot reach thle same 
lexvel o)f co lot a tid iia-
tiiritv unttil 12 daysx laterthdati treated ftruit.
Mollies Delicious Sensitive
The early ripet Pt Mo Itllites D el iciou 
hi as good eatiniig il Ial-
itv, hot ft develops poori clor. 
TIiis xvarietx xxas f otuid to
be highly respotnsixve to etbepliot 
malkin g it i lcessat x to s
low et concenitrations of spi ,i to 
prexvcint frutit datnage.
Rates as high as 300 ppm. were tried with 
\lollics De-
liciouis, but 75-151) ppm. gave best 
results. Jutly~ 6 applica-
tiont (2 wveeks before atnticipated harvest) 
gave hest r esults
wxithi the 75-150) ppm. rtes. The 151) 
ppm. tate einhaticed
ted color, soluble solids, atid matut its, 
but decreased fitrtmtess.
As xx ith sprays fot Red Delicious, a 
stop drop treamet
xwith 20 jp.m. 2,4,5-TP was Used wxith 
the etlieplitn.
Rates higheri than 15(0 ppm. itt sprays 
causedl rapid iii-
tetrnal hireakdoxxni of M~ollies Delicious 
ftruit. Iii some Nears
maoiv of the fruit treated xvith 300 anid 
225 ppm, had in-
ternsal breakdoxvn 8-11) days after treattoctit; 
xwibh 151) 1)1)1.,
this effect rarelv showed even after 16 days. 
Apples treated
xx ith 150 ppm. xwere ready for harv est 8-101 
days after treat-
mtent, xwhereas ioti-treated apples had not 
recached the sm
mmatritv even after 11-13 additionial 
(laxs.
Effect of ethephot il 0Molhies Delicious 
is illuistirated liy tile
data below:
Etbephlon
conenutratin,
0-
10
225
Q)uality ico i rt
Pct.
lirinei, 
stolble
lb. 
sobls
20.2 101.6
16.3 12.8
16.1 12.8
15.3 1:3.5
15.3 12.8
Red suorface ciiloir
Pct. Pcrt. of
xolid siurfce
blush eta tred
4 2(0
:34 65
4:3 7:3
4:3 7:3
4.5 76
Curt cut results indicatc that \follies Declicious should tiot
be treated with rates hiighicr thani 7.5-1.5(1 p.p.ti. etlitphttt 
at P
should lbe liarsvested 10-12 days after treatmten 
t.
Effectiveness of etliephon sprays on color development 
of Red De-
licious apples is illustrated by this contrast. 
Green apples are
being held alongside fruit on tree that was 
sprayed with 300
p.p.m. ethephon 8 days earlier.
Red Delicious Responded
Frtit diamage resuiltedi from s
1
)ra ,%, of .5001ppil etlitlilit,
)ut (Oli enutrat iota, up to :30(0 p. p.m. xx ere 
sale at initpr)1ox ed
color aiid quality . August (6 application 
at a rate of :300) p.p.m.
gTaxC biest t exults. Red (0101 
dcx elopitici t x ax greCatly ell-
halced, xx ith ilicreases iii iitcisitv 
of color , area of frufit wxithi
.sol id red bldush , ao d total surf ace 
area of fri t wi th redl coltor.
Fruit quiality' an td m atuinty xwere als 
xim tproxved, alt houigh
there wxax a slight decrease in irmn11eoss, 
ax slhown i 1 tell xs:
New Vegetable Varieties Evaluated
for Production in Alabanma Gardens
JL.TURNER and HARRISON BRYCE, Dept of Hortiulture
MARLIN HIOLLINGSWORTH, North Alabama Horticulture Substation
U IIi CA-l)IENIN(. is ill. People who hax e unexver gai deuied
b~efo~re are joininlg the erowd c to "grow their own fo Iod andl
enjoly garden fresh v egetables.
Auburn Uiversity Agricultuiral Expeirimeiit Statjiii i., ixlp-
polrting this interest wvith continu~ed research in mlalix ploixex
of vegetable procductioii. Ani important part of this reseni (i
ivailety testinig, a fiirsl step iii dectermiiiing the potential ol
niewv or inmpiroved v egetables for adaptability to Alabama.
Fertilization and liiniiig of the bell pepper. eggplanit, awi
eabbage xvairiety trials rep~ortecd xx ere onl the b~asis of ineecds
as shlowxn lby Soil tests. Soil wxas tireated foi nemaitodes, anid
xpi ax ig cdonie as iieeessarv for inlsect antI disease coiitro~l. The
p lotsx \xeie iriigated ax inceded thri oughoiut the seasoni.
Bell Pepper. Calif orniia WVonder 3001) N I cur -v, and M id-
xx ax P prodcled good x ields of large, xxell shiaped frusit, Table
1\lMost v arieties produe(d pods wxith -3-4 lobes ceh. E\-
ceptioiis were Canape, Earl\ Bountiful, and Hybrid No. 19.
wxhich had 2-3 lobes; Pick-A-Peek, xwhich most oftenl had 2)
lobes; anti 'Yolo WXondier 1, a 3-lobe variety'. (Pods xwithi I
lohex aie econxider ed inure desirable for stuflig peppers sinci.e
thev stand oii end imorxe easily than the 2- or 3-lohe type.)
Pod wxall thickness xvas 6-7 tum for all v arieties exeept
C:anape and Worlhi Beater, xxhieh measured 5 inm.
Small fruited v arieties Carnape, Hvbrid No. 19, Pick-.\
Peck, and WVorldl Beater prorduced more pods per plant thai
the large fruited v'arieties. All v'arieties procduced additionial
pods that xxere considleredl uiniirketable by present stai il
ards, but xvbich wvere suitable for home use.
Several v arieties that torn red early could be desirable fori
addiinig col or to sal ads oi o t hei dlishes.
Eggplant. Jersey King Hybrid and Peerless Hybrid are simn
il ar and ibo ith pertfoirmed xxell. F arx [teaustx lixbrid eoil](
he consiidere o lrniamental siince it has a heax ilx\ pigmented
purple plant. Other varieties iii Table 2 also viedr well.
Spines are characteristic of egglitaidocroi h ri
stem andi plant Earl , BeasutY Hybrid andr Loiig Purple wxere
almost free ofi spines.
Hybrid Cabbage. Jet Pak has been the earliest miaturinlg
hlYbrid. Tabl~e :3. Green Box' and Tastie produced large
heads aiid Stonebead conlsistenthx' produced small bead".
Eaik cuesttin g is clone wvhen mnore green leaves are desii ci.
Leav ing in the garden longer than the days reportedl li
hiarvest perniits these v arieties to produce large beads. Slote
b xbrid s tend to lbe uiform in m atilrii ig. planting mnore thlli
oii e variety wvould extend the harvestinig pxeriocd. All hy brids
xx'ere harvested only once, xxhereas Bounrd Dutch wxas bar-
vested thre'e timies.
TABL COD.1 E:~lF Ciiliir-L light green, G greeni.
l); (lark green, B( - blue greculi, P) purple, B -veix
(lark purple tha t coildc be conxi due bl 11ack, IDP (lark pu-
ple, PB purple toi blaick, and LP light plimple eye' appeal
aIl(I plant x igir-l \ ery poor, 2 -poor, :3 fair, 4 =good.
an] .5 -exc'llilt; Sipe R round, E elongated, and
0 -oxval; season-F early, I midlxeaxion, and L -- lali
TABLE 1. BELL PEPPER VARSIETY TRIAL, NORTH ALABAxIA
HORSTICULTURIE SUBSTATION, CLLMAN, 1973-74
Vrev Pods Pod Fruit 
Eye Pod Pod
plant wveight color 
appeal length wxidlth
California
\Vonder-
California
\Voncler .30(0
Calnape
Delawxare Belle
Eairly Bountifl
\lidxkaNi
N1 lxx Belle
Pick- A-Peek
'Titan
Txx illex' Bx
Pack
\Vild( Beater
Yo1)1 S(Iclet Pak
Yolo \\'oidei L
No. LI). In, In.
5.5) 0.27 G :3 2.75 2.75
;3.00 .3.001
:3.7 - 2.25
:3.25 :.00
01) :3.001
Txii 2 c.i s;i L\I xlIIIiIA TIAiL. Noin .\LmiAxxi
llnii~s iioSt-isi.\lioN ci x 19177-1
Fruiit
Varot\ x pcr
p1:11iii
Black Ma~it
Itin kniti'
Ix I\ riil
lix brox
Ea.,rl\ lBuaiitx
I I\ Iirii
Flornida
I tigliluilx
Floridla Market
lxbrid No. 214
Jeirsey KiM-
I lbric
Pcerlt Ix ki bii
si C ii t ( )li t Plxi
NVo. Lb.
8 L0 1 1) 2.5 BI 2
8 lI. 19 2.5 Bt :3
10 . ,, It 4.5 E1'
12 1.015 D)1' 3.5 0 :3
1:1 .5 6 1I) 2.5 (4 5
8 1.0() roi ;, 0 :3.5
(6 197 I, :3.5 :3
8 1. 16 I' 2.5 R4 3.5
12 .81 I, 4.5 14. .3:.5
.5 . 32 ITE 2.5 E, -1.5
94 1.1.5- 1 :3.0) ( 2
94 .9.5 ) :3.0 0) 2
1I .871 DP1 1.5 E 2
6 1414 Fill .1.5 0 2
I runv ii ,5 tixx to 01)10.
TI nci:3. 1ioi (500I xiMA; \i~i ix liiixi At ic n\, 197:3-74
Varict\ ~ ~ 
~ Cooxesn 
F
N ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ piipxeaal (cirS
(reeni IBov
I fciriaster
lI Ir-ulix
lit Paik
Kilt Cole
Nlitiket Pize
MIarki t Toippir
lPrinii Pak
IBoilnd tc
Ilo \ cili
8,ibih
stheiili i
iTixtii'
:' ). 
-1.0)T
.3.16
.3.3 1
:3.54
:1.29)
. 72
.3.7 8
2.881
4.17'
laniit I
4.5 719
1.0) 80
4.5 863
:3 80
4.0) 71)0
4.5 75
4.5 81
* , 16
-1.5 8.3
1,5 8 5
1.5 .80
1.0) 76
4.0 7.5
3.5 7 $6
19)74 data only. - ot a lxx )111.
19T l dittit onk
Sege Tis profpertY alone w ould make
them xx elcoine adiditions to available cot-
ton herbicides.
Perfluidoiie and norfiurazon have been
- evaluated for 4 years or longer by the Au-
4 -W hn n University Agricultural Experiment
tion. Fil -xeiments xxere con-
L andl onxLpce
duted on Decatur clay loam at the Tell
/ a csedvaloam at the Pratvil Epxi
eiiet Field. Predomninanit weed species
ini test ar-eas incue ag rbrs
TOfootgi ass, pr ickly sida, redroot pilg-
%x cd, morningglorics, and Pennsylv ania
smnartxveed.
Control of annual grasses wxas essen-
4, tially complete wxith rates of perfinidone
IS low as 1.5 lb). per acre. For broardleaf
wxeeds, however, rates lower thai .3.0 lb).
we re not s.atisfactorv (control measured
at end of season).
Pertluidone caused substantial stunt-
ing of cotton, particularly at rates of 3.(0
1) er acre or highier. this stunting re-
Ile in shorter pl anits at harv est but
D ESTUN and 
(ld..ot redluce Yield of cotton, 
Table I.
ZORIAL -
With norfliiazon, a r ate of 1 11). per
acre was usually sufificient for satisfactory
control of annual grass weeds as meas-
ured at end of season. Rates loxver than
3 lb). provided less than complete con-
trol of broadleaf weeds, however. This
herbicide performed about the same
wh~eni applied eithier as preeinctgenee or
preplant incorporatedi treatments.
Cotton tolerated rates of noi finrazon
as high as 4.0 lb). per acre xvithout ad-
verse effects onl groxxth or yield.
Weed competition in time test fields5
wssevere, reducing cotton yield by 0%
wvithout herbicide treatment or mnechaiii-
cal cultivation, There wxas no y~ield re
duction from xveeds xvhen as much as 2
lb. per acre of norfiurazone xvas usedl
without cultivation. Y ields wvere as hig~h
as when wveed competition xvas dimo
mnated by cuiltivation,
Cotton is generally more tolerant (If
norfiurazon than (If perfhiione. Nor-
finrazone also gives better broadleaf
wxeedi coniitre.
TI, si 1 . EFFEC irOF PBEEMrGuENC j Ai' i'LirAl io\- OF PELIDN iiONr ox X IF CON 1-1(1)1
CROP REFSPONSE, AND) COTon x Xiio) AxFiiAcr (OF rNwo LOCAT IONS FOB -1 Yi AiS
New Herbicides
for Use in Cotton
GALE A. BUCHANAN, ROBERT D. McLAUGHLIN,
and GERALD C. WEED
Dept. of Agronomy and Soils
F On THE~ FIRST 'ii \E ill almost a dec-
arde, thmere is sonmethinig newv in preemer-
geimee herbicides foIC cotton. TXwo herbi-
cidles scheduled for 11ar1keting iii 1975
(or t976 differ xxirlelv in chemnical struc-
ture from all currentlx used cotton hmerbi-
cides. Both offer some newv herbicidlal
properties.
Thme twvo newx materials are: (1) pci-
fluirlone (1,1,1 -triflnoro-N-[2neth 1-4-
phenvlsulfonv I) phenvl] inetliai esil-
fomiamide) , xx iieb wvill be sold nli- (lie
tradle narne DestUnl; air
1 
(2) iiorflliraIom
(4-crlo(-5-(mtllnii 2(aaati
flrioro in - tolX I) -3 - (211) -pyridazinone),
haxving the trade name of Zorial. The
two I chemicals are similar in sevecial re-
spects: bloth am e fornmulated as xvettable
p)ow\ders, 1bodth are applied to thle soIil
surtface, and bIo thl are actixve again st am-
nual grass and nmanyv broadleaf xxweed
species.
Ali imporant advxaint age (If tle nexyv
hlerbicidies is their actix itY againlst nut-
Lb. per 
acre 
We 
ons
per liidofe 
Grass B 
ICA~
Preernergence
,\,onie
1.0
1.5
2.0
3(0
4.0
8.0
Preplant
No(ne
1 (0
2.1)
:3.0
4.0)
665 1.34
11 113
(0 M
1 18
1 5
1 6
0 6
inlcorporatedI
5(09 74.3
44 297
(0 198
5 22
2 7
Pca. XVI cot(ntro
1
"
Grass Broadleaf
Early Late Early Late
Seed
Crop inuy 
cotton/acre
in~iUn-
Early Late 
Culti- cUn~
Luet
x td V'ted
No. No. Pct. Pet. Pet. Pet. Pet. Pet. Lb. LI).
None ----- 413 4(14 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,844 311
1.5 __-__- 69 76 97 83 71 39 10 16
2.0 ------- 25 20.3 99 96 73 40 5 6 2,057 2,139
2.5 - ----- 19 161 100 96 88 4:3 6 6
:3.0 ----- 2.3 1:38 99 98 82 50 26 3 --
4.0 ------- 10 117 100 98 93 82 19 15 1,750 1,828
6.0 -------- 5 20 100 96 99 91 25 34 2,007 2,046
8.0 -- ____ ------ 1 -44- 100 10(0 100 96 32 21 1,944 1,727
TA1BLE 2. EFFiC r Oi(F PRELXIFRa(.NCc AND PREPLANT INCORP~ORATED APPLICATIONS OFI
Tol~ es ON ox WED CONTROL, CROP RESPONSE. AND YIELD OF Co'i ION.
AVERAGEx~ OF~ [XXI LOCmATIONS FOR 5 YEARS
Lb1. per 
acre-N 
cdclns
11(1 liiran Cis', Broad-
leaf
I~ct.X~re coltroSeed(
Put.wee cotro" Crp ililryn cotton/acre
Grass Broadileaf Carop Lte I t*-lr 1 n
Earlx; Late Erx lI Earl y Late Culti-l 
clii-
xied 
X ,ltecl
Lb. Lb.
2,799
3,028
:3,17 7
4,08.3
:3,097
2,499
:3,179
2,645
3),637
:3,655
1 N niber (If wecdX per 80 ft. of row, 12-in, band.
20 110 colltrol: 100 colliplete 
colntroll.
0 110 injury; 100 I.Inplete kill.
:355
2,461
2,722
3,889
3,387
224
2,460
2,781
3,500
:3,5.39
No. No. Pct. Pet. Pet. Pet. Pet. Pct.
WDNEXPOSED to equal infestation s of
insect pests, mainly the cowpca curculjo,
some southernpea varieties suffer much
less damage than others. This resistance
is believed to result from physical and/i 0
chemical factors in the pods or peas. Po(1
thickness or the position of peas in thec
pod may prevent curculio from reachiig
the peas or the larvae fromn surv iving
while the lack of chemical attractanits iii
the pod~s may make them less attractix
to insects and discourage their feeding.
To determine the importance of the
chemical attractanit or feeding stimulant
factor, a variety of lahoratory experi-
ments was conducted at Auburn Uni-
versity Agricultural Experiment Station.
(luring the sunmers of 197:3 and 74. (in-
TAB~LE- 1. Ci BLULII) FEE DING RESPONSE
TREE PODS PER DISH'
arey Punctures 
1
Feed
CBE 612 246 858
.Ala. 963.8 597 145 742
CR122-2-21 376
'One pod each of tli
culios per iih-fed 24
-27 trials, 6 replication
"Average feeding hol
min. Larger pod surfai
estimatedi as multiples
holes.
TABL E 2. CuncULio F
(ONE POD PE
Varietx 
Punctures 
h
CBE 69
Ala. 963.8 227
CR22-2-21 173
' Fifteen Curculios pic
starved 24 hrs. 17 tria
Aug. 1973.
' Average feeding hole
Larger pod surfaces cc
matedi as innltiples oft 2:
TABLE 3. FEEDING RES
CCcuSios\ AGARn
HOT WXATEI5 EXThAC -S'
IOI(NIA BLACKEL, A
CR22-2-21 Sou'
Feed
V5arinety
Puniiti
CBE :38.2
Ala. 96:3.8 10.4
CR22-2-21 9.0
Control
(agar only) 0
'Agar plogs inade xxi
pods wxith pcis remoxved
"Fifteen cilrellis pCI
starsved 24 hirs.-3 trials,
197.
4
IT77,
IXSECT RESISTAXT SQI'THERNPEAS
MAY LACK CHEMICAL ATTRACTANTS
KENNETH S. RYMAL and OYETTE L. CHAMBLISS
Department of Horticulture
1652 58 -ciulio larv ae wvere collected as thev
e S v, ar. Tenii c- cmnergcd fromr infested peas aiid were
lirs., starved 24 irs, placed in conltainiers of soil. III ab~out 2(0
sAug. 1973. dax s iiexl mre 
dut eec
IC diameter waS 2') mrgdaut x r o
ces cosue cNrc lected aocd placed 
io plastic containers
of 2 Rum (liarnetel wxith fresh pea pods or wxith filter paper
tubes containing agar and hot -x ater ex-
tracts of the pods as showxn iii the illimstra-
LEDINI. RESPONSE tion. Pod Punctures and feeding rlamage
is Disn ) to fresh pod surfaces, or punctures iii filter
Feed paper 
tubes xvere counited daily 
arid ex-
les2 (F If) Fit P 
1
)erfiments wvere repeated evecry other day
for about 3 wveeks. Table 1 shoxws cuir-
90 1.3 1 culio feeding 
response to fresh southern-
49 0.22/1
17 0.44/ peas wxheln they xx ere given 
a choice of
the California Blackexe (CBE) varietx,
r dish--fed 24 firs. Aa 963.8, 
or CR 22-2-21 reedin~g line's.
Is,.34 eplcaios, There wxere fexwer pod punctures 1(11(
diameter \\ as 2mmo. total pod surfaces consumied on the re-
*nsiiet we re (sti- sistant breeding lines than 0on the ss
mmn diametir holes. ceptible variety. W\hen the 
insects in
each container wxerc presented wvith (,iIIlx
PONSE OIF Coxx EA one pod at a time there xxere more total
PLUGS CONTIAINING. podl punctures oni the 
resistant breeding
PoA. 96.8 A lines, hut the 1p0( 
surface consumed xwas
THERNPEAS greater on the CBE, 'Fable 2. Table :3
ingtriIS2iiidicates 
the preference 
shoxwn by cur-
lirig rials
2
culio for agar plugs conitaininig hot wxater
2 :3 extracts of CBIE ovxer plugs from resistant
i res pei plng lines. The photograph above was made
27.4 20.6 soon alter the plugs 
xx ere placed in the
9.8 4.4 container and the insects are obviously
0.8 0.2 shioxxing this preference.
0 0 The 
feeding Stimulant, or attractant,
-xxwas found 
to be extractable in ether 
by
th wxater iii xxhich a series of exper imenits summarized in
xeeboiledl m3iRu. Table 4. 
inotlepasoth 
a-
.5 replications, Oct. Resista-inin 
oterpe o t
tack of coxxpea cureillim) depends in part
oii a reduiced amitiit o)' (hellmeal sub-
stanices containedl iii the pods wvhichi
act as attraetants or feeding stimlal~mnts.
Breeding lines Ala. 963.8 and CR22-2-21
haxve less of these substances than the
C~aliforniia lBlackey e xvarietv. These chem-
icals are solsuble in hot xvater and es-
plecially in ether and xxill stimullate cur-
culio to feed on materials other than
soutliernpeas.
TxABLE 4. FEEDING RESPONSE OF COxvE~A
Cent ELIOiS ON AGAR PLUGS CONTAINING:
A. Hfor WAE rE xriicis OF S05J-IHERNPFA
POoS. B. EXT-RACTr WITH ETHER SOILUlLES
HRExIoxLI). C. EXTR X( s As IN B Wri i
EFnin SoLCIIIES FROM5 MosT SUSEPI LE~
\'Ao. Aoio- o TO EXTRAxCT OF MOST
BL515 IAN r LINE'
Experiment2 \arietv
A CBtE
Ala. 96:3.8
C1122-2-21
B CBtE
Ala. 9(63.8
(C1122-2-21
C CB3E
Ala. 963.8
CR22-2-21
Punctures
per plug
48.4
17.5
8.4
12.6
5.1
0.25
6.7
1.6
:3.3
'The differendce iii total teed inig response
betweenci 13 and( C is due to rmduced x i gor iif
the insects xx ith age.
2 A. Agair plugs made Nxith 
wxater in xx bich
pods xx ith peas rcmnove we x re boliled 5 ruini.
13. Ib[lt xx ater extracts xvere extracted xwithi
etljir before agar plugs wvere made. C. T[he
ether soluble materials fromn the CB3E ex-
tract xx crc added to the CR122-2-21 extract
in B.
lxx (wntx curculiris per 
dish-fed 24 firs..
starv ed 24 firs. A .3 trials, 14 replications;
B alid C 2 trials, 14 replications. Aug., 1974.
7
The Figure shows the
preference of curcuio for
susceptible varieties of
southernpeas. The in-
sects are shown feeding
on paper wrapped ogar
tubes that are made with
hot water extracts of re-
sistant and susceptible
varieties.
Major Viral
Diseases of Corn
In Alabama
ROBERT I. GUDAUSKAS
Department of Botany and Microbiology
S TUNTED AND DISCOL ORED corn plants
haxve beeti observed in Alabama fields
for several years. Frequently, xwide-
spread occurrenice of such diseased plants
has beeni associated xxith sizeable re-
duccticjis ii juiaiititv anid qucalitv of x ieli.
Prior to the mnid'to late 1960's, stircl
a disease xxas ofteti diagncsed or i-
ferrecd to sitnpl " as "cort stuint," wxith the
assumption that it wxas caused lbx the
corn stunt xviruis."
To date, three' patliogc'is, maize clxxarf
mosaic sirus ( N (DXIV), mnaize c-blot (tic
dsvat f xiir(s ( N\ ) ), anid the coni stut
spiroplaism, hav e beetn assciatedl xwitl
stun ted, dliscoclored corni. Otn XI)NI
anic XICDX hasve beeti fouinid its Ala-
batiia.' Cotrn stunt spiiroplusnia. althouigh
not a xvirus, is sread bhs leafhoppers and
is noxv recogntized as thme cause of the
'A n-c i t papei irepoted-c the assoc iation
of a thi rdl \ito in stuniteid cort in Ai labama,
bitt inciden-ice andirilmportmTiC-e of this s mix
In.( iim1kTnV11
disease origiiiall ' described and named
as corn stunt in the 1940's. However,
the spiroplasma has not been implicated
with stunting diseases of corn in many
states including Alabama.
NIDNIV' and MCDV' appear to be the
prevalent pathogens involv ed with stunt-
ed discolored corn in Alabama. Occur-
rence of both viiruses in the samne plant
has often been noted. XICDV' particles
are small spheres about 25 :30 im (nan-
ometer equals 1 1,000 mnicron) in di-
ainctei , and ai e similar to those shoss ii
iii Figure ]-A. Although oiilx dliscov -
ered iii the early 1970's, MICDV has, noxv
been founid in practically cx cry state ii
the south and midwest. XIDXI1V particles
arc long flexuous rods measuring arounD
80t) im in length (Figure 1-1B). This
viruis also is general ly di stributedr
throughout the L'ijitecl States.
Sy mptoms of iinfection by MDXIV aiid
N ICdX) are sitmil ar iin appearal ce an c
sometimes dlifficuilt to dlistin gutish. Those
caused 1)' l\ IDN first appear oi Young-
est leav es as in itrregular, light anic cdark
green mnosaic oi miottle ( Figure 2-A).
Eventually, the enitire planit may appear
xclloxxish-grecii and soniewhiat stunted.
TFhe initial sym ptom of \ICDV iiofection
is a fine, chlom otic strecaking over the
smallest veins ikiiig themn appeai wh ite
atndc ini istiiigu is iable ( Figure 2-13) . This
sym ptom is more apparenit on the cinder-
side of a leaf. Stunting and leaf dis-
Coloration from yellow to purple have
b een observedu iii plants infected b.\
4s~ A
5
~
S
Sr. .-'
-it
~~Ix ~
FIG. 1. Particles of two viruses that infect corn: (A) similar to MCDV and (B3) MIDMV.
FIG 2. Symptoms of infection by (A)
MDMV and (B) MCDV.
B~oth viruses are spread by feeding ac-
tix ities of itisects, hut not the same types
of' itisects. NICD\V is transmitted by c-r-
tamn species of leafhoppers, whlile MIDNIV'
is caied icl t some aphidls. The manner
iii xxhich each is catried by its xvectori
also diflfers. NII) IV is tratismitted bv
aIph irs in a iin persist ci t or st vlet-born e
iaiincr. In this rel at ioniship, aph ids can
aC(huire and transmit the virus during
brief feeding probes of sometimes a few
-conrls in duration. The aphids very
quickly lose the viirus ot ahilitv to trains-
muit it. By contrast, XICDV is trans-
mnitted by leafhioppers in a semi-persist-
ent maimer. Here, a longer feeding pe-
riod is required to acquire and transmit
the virus. But, the leafhoppers also re-
tain the virus and the ability to transmit
it for several hours.
The host ranges of ICIDV' and NMIMV
Mic Similar. In addition to corn, both
inifect a xvide range of wild and culti-
vated grasses including sorghum, john-
soiigrass, crabgrass, foxtails, and millets.
lIn Alabamia, johnsongrass is an important
reservoir host for NIDNIV and probably
also for MCDV'.
Preseutlx , rise of resistant or tolerant
corn hybrids is the most practical means
of controlling these viral diseases. Sev-
eral inibied lines and experimental by-
buridls have been evaluated for reaction
to the xviruses in Alabama and the na-
tion, and some souces of resistattee have
been identified. Commercially axvailale
hybrids are also continually ev aluatedc
and several appear less susceptibile than
others. Use of inisecticides may have somic
value against XII)'throtie conutrol of
the itnsect vector, bctt wxoculd lie of little
value iii co iitroll iii the stvlet-bortie
NMDNIX. Where feasible, controtl of john-
sotigrass wyill aid in recducinig virus spirearl
from this peietiiiiial r eservomir host itto
tlie cirtil c-top. Mlethuods liii cotiti-ollitig
the x i risex ,iii d vectors aii I the iir resp)ec-
tixve alterniate hosts ate beitig inivestigatecd
for possible in tegirationi wxithi host resist-
ance iii a pest mran~agemnent system.
w/m/////
O/ /
fiL?
0
isioxN of public golf in g facilities llao
aI long history in the United States. fi,
fact, the first municipal golf course iii thei
United States was built in 'New, Yourk III
1895. BN7 1972, 6,322 municipal and(
dailv fec courses bad been built.
Although mnicipalities wvere leadei.,
in golf 
course dev 
elopment 
in Alabain'i
in recent vears. municipal anid prix ati
dalau fee courses comprised only a sinail
percentage of the total golf courses it,
operation. Hlowvcxer, public golf cus
including pivate clails fees, mutnicipal.
and other gov erment owsned courses
open to the public, comprised about 56%
of all golf courses in the U nited States
in 1972. In Alabama only 27%, of the
golf couirses xx ere open to the p~ublic.
0f fiv e golf courses under construction
in 1974, univ otie w~as to he open to the
Public.
During the last few years Alabamia
has instituted an extensive park dev elop-
ient program. Public golf courses we re
included at parks in 'Marshall, Lauder-
dale, Shelby, Barbour, Wilcox, and Bald-
55 il iiiiit ics. III uliitiol in.rnl cos iin-i
PUBLIC GOLF COURSES in ALABAMA
E. W. McCOY and K. W. CRAWFORD
Department oit Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology
jpanies liax ed
ployc ves ands
courses to the
co urses are ope
"elected times.
sveekends, and
Size of
lesii'
9u.
18 1
Ilwii I, oi
tou) ini 197 1.
mnicipal, and
Ini 1974 Ala
open to the pit
ties, xsitli 42 co
for public plax
publllic golf faie
cdexveloped hy
inect the locall
The Nationat
omiidecl 18
people. Utili,i
ure, Alabamra
IS hole golf c
cour-ses should
the ineecis, Alat
e'(uix aiconts il
than the recoin
basis golfing p:
(Tol f facilitiesS
iiig to earls dI
IHowver. anm
uises in Alal
At oxver capacit
tciiaice, xvhile
are underplay e
ing play at ox e
T[he preponclc
publlic courses
hasve used tii
sectors and ali:
opportuniity toI
indicaites ('illa
fictedl ill arieas
pubilhic ats x\NI
li ct' tlie pr)])
ex eloped curises for em- (lenic. The coiurse remains axvailablle
iihsequeiitly opened the for play 6 or 7 dayvs per we ek, 52 xweeks
public. Sex eral priv ate per year. Y et, golfers 
1
)rilnarilx desire
ned to the membership at tacilities during the exenmng, oil xweek-
such ats exvenings and cods, and during wvarmecr xxeatbcr. A
opeined to puic iu se at coursec in ay opei ate 21'2 dlays pei xxek
A~ 150o to 200% of capacity dhiin g thle
a ~\ 0 (ii I (iipril g and sunim er aindc at less ti ai
IiN SI/I oiii ('iic I 9 1 10% 
of capacity thie remaininig dav s of
llic we ek and during the xx-inter. To the
t1ia rhao Tltad iuif cc the 
supplx' of facilities appears in-
tltiril (ldequate, % inle to the course operator
Mi' Noi. No. tlie (limini foi- gullf itpeari losx . Dif-
l 15 H~) feieiiti~il piiing, openting pivxate clulbs
6i 180) topbic useoi oil off' d s andi speccial
0 "1(ax\s. 
iild otbei p)roceduires 
hiaxve been
10 42 52 'I Il ll ii[ittd 
I0
1
l)t to Stabilize' (1(1111101
iiiiiit the xxeek and x ear.
a iecreatinal activitxy, go ll rainks
o tixelx lows iii pereltagre pairtici patin
the ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ _111( jidiiAulci . l lilania resideints. laiix risius
)oiit 12% ie 11State, 28Z, 
iccdul t for this tact. The g 
ito reqiires
60% pirivately owsned. 
-deili( equiipiment, dexveloped 
l acili-
lbarlia hid 52 golf coursesl 
ties, at degre ocfu professiiiial 
istriietuoii
iblic, located iii 25 
coinl aiid gcnerailsy a 
fee ciigeci for pat tici-
unties hain no)oiil 
atiin Wi.V'ith inicireasing 
lex cix of income
bxiig pouti x wihout 
oiln increased axxareness 
ot the gamne, de-
Mans ountes sythou mmc for golf facilities has increased].
lities have prixate courses,
iiidividuals or groups to Golf cour ses (11 not appeai to1 
rellie-
golfiiig deinind. sent viable profit opportuniities 
under
1 Golf Foundation hais rec- present conditions, 
Inxvestmnt. opera-
holes of golf per 25,000 ti(), and mainteniance 
costs are relatix'elv
iig this recommended fig- high. xxwbile the 
t um11ber o~f roiiids play ed
xx oulci need about 138, i rt'lati~ cix liixx. 
Inc nases in rounds
'ourses. Assuming piil ic plix ed 
lixiiiIcoii rsec cilpicitv l ilds to
represent about half of' cia'responing ii 
vi steep) iiicieases, iii oper-
ban) a's :38 puic- 18-ho itic' a hg costs ir 
dleterioratiion of course coil-
e approximately :3(1 i'ss clitions. Skillful 
Imanagemteit is neces-
meiiddc niumbler. Oii this sacs for retun 
s front gireen fees ti) cover
ressures on existing puiblic op~craitin~g costs. 
Since collectivei capital
houlci be excessixve. leac- cali ox cine 
theset difficulties, pii t"
etc rio riati01) of cojIIrsf's. clul, ixxxiti irestirictetd mieiiibershiip calli
ng thle 52 publ~ic- golf "lix ci lt 
1n)sl memblershilp letes anit s-
iamia, only 6% report plaxt 
sessiiiiiits.
v in terms of course miIn The combination of seasn alitx of dc-
67% report the courses mai.d high in itial investments [111( ilAper-
ci. Yiet, all courses rceport- atii g costs, aiic the i elitis cl smnall po'r-
r- capacity xsvere mni)icipal. t io i of te icpopu
1
lit ion pait icipatiii! ralsex
rance of 1p1ivatelv oxxnedcc serious qui estion s regariniig thle iole (of
iinicicates nmu nilcipali t ies gux crnin ci t ill priidinig gilf fa[ci litic's.
scarce resulrce(s iii otheir Pillic a gic icics xxu iinieted '(( to ciii ii iit
xx cc ti ec prixa t(' c'ctor ii suilbstan t ia reccsourd's toi prov\idte giolf inig
nleet giilfiiig dciiiaics. Th lii' aclities" fi- all 
xxo iiusisli to p)ins' diiig,
itio ul iiici lpis ccl urisi's highl use peiodus. Whlitheru the(se' re-
ofl is iiititas gireat ats ex- sour ces should lie used tio expanid aiid
whrc'e~ cursex are locaited. tic'seloip guolf facili tices is at pub1 lic issue
ell ats piri ate gulf ctoiisc's and c o xIiilih be ciiiisider'c wxithi the al-
cni iif it disproiportiiinate teiiii cnieedls fin xc iocu' public flidcs.
8i~l i::: j::::::......... ........ii" ::::i: '' "~: ::::j:::~,::;:: ii
::::j:::::::::j:::........ A watershed protection study~::::::j~i:
........... .:: ; ;: :::.,.;;;;::., -
: :: : :: : :I:: :: : was made in Talladega County ;; ; n: ::a::::j::
:' X :: : :: X............ in an attempt to 
increase land:.:.'":4:
............::
.......... .:: : ~ ~ j~~::
~s 3i~idi~i ~ use alternatives.ii
...... ..............::::~i: :::
.............iiitPiti#8 :tr! PBi l~itr8i~i:::
... .............
BkP:i~i~i1
......... .0: :: -:: :
.. .... .. ... ... .. ... .....
kiiil alla ega
....... .. :j : :::::~ii~:B 
i
.................. ... ..lr. ' l
...... ... ..
ititxa.................."
.................
.............i'I: i 1 II ~ i
Y ES OR NO. The argument continues
on the benefits and detriment of water-
shed development.
Watershed development is the process
of reducing flood damage in local areas.
Actual work on watershed protection un-
der public law began in Alabama in
1955. Today there are 70 projects com-
pleted or underway in the State. Should
every county sponsor these projects?
What are the gains and costs?
To answer these and other questions
a study was initiated of one particular
watershed in Alabama. In 1962, Cheaha
Creek in Talladega County was known to
flood several times yearly, causing con-
siderable damage and reducing land use
alternatives. However, that same year
work began on flood control under fund-
ing of the Watershed Protection and
Flood Prevention Act of 1954, P.L. 566.
The project was virtually completed in
1972. This area was selected for study
to measure the impact of development
on the economy of the county and local
area.
The economy of Talladega County is
based largely on textile manufacturing,
although the population is nearly equally
divided between urban and rural. About
15% of the county land area lies in this
watershed.
Two major activities were used to
measure the impact of development on
the county. First, an analysis of the
production and consumption of products
in the county was made. Income gen-
erated by these activities before and
after the project was estimated. This
was followed by a review of local wa-
tershed land use and productivity change
and land value changes.
10
In calculating the effect of watershed
development expenditures on the local
economy, two periods of time, 1963 and
1967, were selected for pre- and post-
project estimates. Through the respend-
ing process it was found that approxi-
mately $1.32 of additional county in-
come was generated by each dollar spent
for development. This income resulted
from an estimated $2.32 output value
increase per federal dollar spent.
Agricultural output increased most as
a result of watershed activity. This re-
sult was expected since funds were spent
for protection in the rural areas. An esti-
mated $2.33 of additional output and
$1.90 of additional agricultural income
was generated by each $1.00 of water-
shed construction funds.
Since the project was located entirely
in a rural area comprising about 15%
of Talladega County, the impact on local
people was important. Landowners in
the immediate floodplain and upland por-
tions of the watershed were interviewed
to determine changes induced by de-
velopment.
A majority of these landowners were
satisfied with the project. Residents of
the floodplain area were content with
the operation of flood retarding dams
and channel improvements. The less af-
fected upland owners were not as aware
of the watershed's benefits as were flood-
plain owners, but they believed that an
expansion of watershed activities such
as land stabilization, sodding, and re-
forestation would enhance the attractive-
ness of their holdings.
There were some objections and ad-
verse opinions about the project although
over 80% of all landowners were well
pleased. From an environmental view-
point, loss of vegetation and stream bank
erosion were the main objections. In
general, landowners were disappointed
with the depth of the channel, loose sedi-
ment in the channel bottom, and unre-
paired damage to fences and other per-
sonal property by construction crews.
Recommendations for future projects
made by landowners were centered pri-
marily on these points with most em-
phasis given to minimal stream channel
alteration.
Significant differences in land use
shifts were observed between floodplain
and upland farms. In the floodplain,
major shifts of land to crop use from pas-
ture occurred. This was accompanied
by large amounts of land shifted 
from
forest to pasture. In other words, 
as
the fertile bottoms became 
flood safe
they were converted to crop production
and the less fertile and 
erosive upland
areas were shifted to pasture 
use. Out-
side the immediate flood area nearly 
all
land use shifts were toward 
pasture ex-
pansion. Very small amounts 
of land
were changed to crop uses.
Results of these land use changes 
were
increased farm crop yields and pasture
carrying capacity and associated 
higher
income. Net farm income for 
the typical
floodplain general farm increased 
about
12% over the period studied. This change
was measured in constant 1962 
dollars,
which removed artificial inflationary 
in-
come changes.
Land values also rose, but only parti-
ally as a result of the project 
improve-
ments. The average 
agricultural value
of good bottomland was 
estimated to be
$217 in 1962. This rose to $309 
in 1973.
However, a small sample of actual 
mar-
ket values showed the 1973 value to be
$415 per acre. The difference 
indicated
that non-farm influences 
significantly in-
fluenced rural land values. The 
differ-
ence was even more significant with 
up-
land farms. Land values which 
could be
generated from agricultural income
amounted to only $107 per acre in 1973.
Yet, the actual average sale price 
was
$358 per acre. In other words, non-farm
influences on value were such that pay-
ing for land with farm income would be
extremely difficult.
In summary, this study showed that
farm incomes, productivity, land values,
and landowner satisfaction increased as
a result of watershed development. How-
ever, the net effects were not large, es-
pecially with respect to the entire county.
Immediate area impacts were favorable
and benefits did exceed landowner costs.
Total effects will not be known for sev-
eral years, but continued improvements
in land use and farm income are ex-
pected.
Annual Bluegrass Hard to Control iH
Overseeded Lawns and Golf Courses
RAY DICKENS, Department of Agronomy and Soils
ANNUA U ERS innt cus m 000) ison
xx eed became a serious problem iii dor-
mnant Iaxs us and on ox erseeded golf
greens. Contributing to its profusion are
such factorsx as close 111055ing a
11
d execs-
six e irrigration.
Wihere the blueigr ass prob~lem is iii
(101 ua:it xxamsi season grasses, effectixve
cr1rbicides are axvailab~le. Preem ci gen ce
app~lications of DCPA ( Dactlial) , beii-
suilicle ( Betasaus or Presa ) , lieiefin
Ilalan) , or pronaicle ( Kerb) give ex-
cellent control. Pronamide is equallx ef-
fectixve wh en applied after anntual bluie-
grass emer ges. Excellent cioitrol xx itb
postemergence applications of Eitber en-
dotlial ( Endutbal) , siiaziri ( Piincep )
or pairai(uat ( Paracpuat Cl) wxas estab-
lislied in earlier Auburn Iiiiversitx Agyri
cultural Exper-iment Station s esearcli.
The problem is different, boxsexver,
xwitb golf greens, fairxvays, or laxvns oxer
seeded xvith cool season grasses, sucb as
cx egrass or fine lescues. All of tbe above
herbicides sexverely injure seedlings of
cool season grasses xvben applied at rates
recommended for controlling annual
bluegrass in dormant turf. Because of
this problem, research xvas begun at Au-
hurn to determine if beirbicides could be
used to selectively control annual blue-
grass on dormant bermuda greeins oxver-
seeded xx ith coo1 season grasses.
Fifteen herbicides xwere evaluated in
a greenbouse at three rates at or beloxv
amnounts suggested for bluegrass control
in dlormant turf. Seeds of annual blue-
grass and c001 season tuff grasses xxere
soxwn in roxvs in greenhouse flats filled
with potting soil. Tbe bei hicirles xwere ap-
plied iii sprix' immiedl iately after seediiig.
Seedling couints made 12-2t0 dax s after
plauting shoxwed little annual cx egrass
in jury firomn DCPA, simaizine, or an ex-
perimeintal comnpound NC-8438, and
these materials controlled annual blue-
grass, Tabile I. Soon after counits xweire
mnade, lioxxex er, there xvas complete kill
(if' all i yegi ass seedlings on simnia'ii
treatments. Beissuilide looked pri nmising
at loxv rates.
NO s''lectix itx amoiig creeping bent-
grass, roiiglstailk bluegrass, and annual
ldiegi -ass xwas iioted for any of tbe lierbi-
cides evaluated. There wxas some selee-
tix its toxward red fescue.
Ilesults of gi (eiihouse tests xer ic x-
teinded to field expeimcints to further
cxvaluate control of 1)1uegrass in ainmual
r\ egrass seededl oii mlirnant beninudai-
gra ss golf greens. Ilerhici les xxere an-
plied ii xx ater xx len ix egrass xx'as seededl
iiito the hemnucla turf. Stands ofi ix e-
grass xxere xvisually estimated during 
the
foll oxwin g xxinter, aid ico(n trol of auin ii
bluegrras s xwas dcteriin , nbI i coutinii
seedlicads tbce follmssiiig 
Spring.
All herbicides gaxve sligh t to moderate
reductions iii cxegi ass standrs. The liigiter
rates cof some mateirials caused moire seni-
osreduction, Tab~le 2. DCPA produce I
Untreated plot in center contrasts sharply
with foreground and background where the
experimental herbicide NC-8438 provided
good control of annual bluegrass. Light areas
in untreated plot are annual bluegrass.
thle le ast ijurs o Ii ix cgraSS. lbut it did
not satisfactoi ilxy control) bluegraiss. Ben-
smlide caused sexvere stanld rediuctions,, at
the higher rate amid (lid not ciiitrol an-
inual 1bduegirass at citb er rate.
The onv mx nateiial that prorbicedl con-
sist en t cointrol of annu a
1 
blue grass xvas
NC-8438. Hoxxever, siiigle applications
made at time of seeding caused rx egrass
damage tbat could not he tolerated. Fur-
thecr studies hiave indicated that N C-8438
wxill control aninual bluegrass after it
emerges. Perbiaps postemnergence appl i-
cations or multiple application of loss em]
rates xwill piroxvide selectixve control in
dloimant turf ox eiseeded xxill) r e giass.
TA1iLE 1. EFrEcis OF PRFLxLFRGLNcE APPLICATIONS Or HRBICIDES ON- tFATiox- OiF
ANNUAL BLUEGRASS AND COOL SEASON TcmsFcnASSES IN TiLE GnREEsNUSE
Grass
Stand as pet. of untreated check from herbicides, lb.,
DCPA Benelin Stmazine' Bensulicle Terbutiil
212 5 10 34 I 
2
, 3 14 12, 1 2'2 5 10 212 5 It)
acre
NC-8438
12 3
Annual ryegrass 92 74 61 9 2 t) 79 69 7t0 74 56 39 84 82 89 10t) 98 93
tied fescue ------ 55 59 40 9 2 0 t0 0 0)54 44 12 75 7776 4 4 13
Creeping bentgrass 0 t0 t0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 1 0 9 0 t) --
Boughistalk
bluegrass ------ 0 t0 0 0 t0 0 0 0 0 10 2 0 4 -32321 ------
Annual bluegrass 10 0 0 1 0I 0 0 0 0) 28 7 3 91 70 81 14 11 0
* Rvegrass seedlings on all siinazjne treatments were dlead soomn after counits xveri macde.
'Usi, 2. EFFECT is orl PuE xt11nc.NcL HERInCIDES ox, Si AxDS OF \xxcUm. BIiERA(~ SS AND
r cu ISS IN FIrELD EXPERIMENxmTS
Pet. of' opltinmum cx egrass stand in Annual bluegrass seedbeacls sq. ft.
I [drticidd' )vinter folliiowing fall treatment in 
spring follmvsing fall treatment
rate acre
-- - -1970) 1971 - 1972 1970 1971 1972
Pct. Pet. Pct. No. No. No.
NC-84.38
1 l). 54
2 ) lb. ----- - 44
--- -- -- -- -- 4 2
Becnsulicle
2')1// lb. 
62
5 lb. 18
DCII 4
5 lb.--- - 64
U~ntreated 79
'Too numerous to count.
175+' 35
175-K 19
175+'
7 5 
1 7 5
-x-
B or on Toxicity A Threat to Chrysanthemum Culture
G, JAY GOGUE and KENNETH C. SANDERSON, Deportnjnt of Horticuture
FtSSIflLF BORON TOXICITY to chrysanthemumns showxedi IIp
it] test plantings at Auburn University Agricultur al Experi-
mnent Station. Poor- growthI, injury', andi high conentirations
of boron (B) in the plants were noted with chrvsaiitliemurs
growsing in composted garbage media.
Further insvestigation of the potential problein revxealed
that B1 is wxidely used in many products, deteirgents for cx-
ample. wxhichi makes it a1 potential env ironmental contanii i t.
Chlrsanithemurns are particularlysSusceptile to B toxicitv,
andui there is a narrow range betwee dei lficiecy aiid toxicitY.
Risk of Overuse
(Irvxantheriun floss ci cxelopmeiit is in fluienced 1)- 11
niutrition, so the risk of ind (iscirim iniate applica t ion is iii .l i. III
some areas of the countrx . excessivec arnouits of' B occur
naturally in the soil.
Twxo experiments wxeie couducted at Auburii, to (1) oh-
serv'e the effects (of B addition on growxthi, aiil (2) estab~lish
axverage toxic foliar levels to serxve as a guide iii cliixsaii_
themumn culture. Boron ranging from 0 to 80 ing per 1.5-
liter volume of a santi-peat mixture wxas applie1 to twxo chrxs
,iithemuin varieties.
Serious Damage Possible
lit sexvere cases, B caused death o)1 plant tissues. Plaiits
receiving extremely high B levecls had necrotic blotches or
lesions, as showvn by the photo. Young leaf tips became
yellowed in early stages, followved by interveinal chiloi cxix.
Thiese leaf changes limited photos. iailietic capabilities of the
pl1ant, cansig a rcd uct ioni ii gi oxxtli ei easn ii ts, .is slIo%\iss
here:
Biiron treatoieuit.
oIg/1l.5 liteirs
ILeiigili iif
stemi i'7ii
Ma)iooicr if
f/oirr, icmi
11.8
10. 1
9.0)
Analyses of chrysanthemumn leaves in dicated that Bi levels
iii excess of 125-140 ppm. wsere toxic to plaiits. The result
xxax reduced growsth. Howvever, lev els of about 1.50-175
ppm. xxerc required before toxicity sy mptoms xxerc iiotice-
aihle. These values are approximate becauixe the B levecls
\aix xxit 1 slich factors as x aric tx, scaxonii met ho d of attialssx
Bay St. Louis. Mississippi.
eleiiicital x allies for CF1 .42 Good Nexws aind Iiipioxved
Ailbatr oss xvaieities aire giv en lieloss:
Nitro_-en
P'hosphorus
P'otaxssium
izaiisirn
Ii 'it i cs
Zinc
Hiro Iiii
()ptiiiiii foii/r \Ifandrd
4.5-5.5',
tt.5-0.75,
5.0-8.0t)'
0.5-2.0W
50-125 pmom.
100t i).p.mi.
Other Elements Important
It is importaint to kiiowx the ranges of these adltitioiial (,(,
inn its for a validI initeirpretatioin of the B level. For exam ple,.
iiin ic auises B1 toi 1become less axvail able to tl e plant aIII(]
theriefiore. less is taken 1iI). This is ilot a pheiniomeiioin resuilt-
inig firin a phII chaige. lint iather is the influience that calk
ciloni has iii the foiimiationi of' iiisoluble bioron comnpouinds.
Hesults of these fidiiigx suggest thlat commnercial chrx s
anthemrnum grossers can reduce the chaiices of toxicity pi oh-
leis lix, ( I) bein g able to recogize I oliai xx iptiis of excess
11. (2) risiing soil that flas been tested lii ht Itvs orn specifi-
catllsv preparied foi plant grossh (b 3) lhising periodic leaf
samplle analsxix for vairioiis elemient coiicenitrationis, anid (4)
uintg H fertilizers ons wxhieii test resuilts shows nieed for it.
Necrotic blotches or lesions of chrysanthemum leaf at right re-
sulted from boron rate of 80 mg per 1.5 liters. Normal leaf at
left was from plant getting no boron.
T HE.IXII L\EEP ANIV NI. tr" j1I it\~ ltr Stifftl 5SigIlifi1(X0 t
ies. CI11 iil l oss -cI I ie i 
t
o I 1 Id arri I ti I (11 a 'tI I It I\\or I I,
.Ascari/ia ga//i. This par asite inuibits tihe smnall initestinie all I
cal cauise irr itation of tile ilitestiiil \Xxall aiti ill r alt cases
total blockage ot tihe ilntestine- it larget ilioll rs ale illeseoit.
'File lif(, cycle of the lar ge iintestinial lomidwl(iXX01 inlulIes
a tge olulsitle lilt cicke'Is od 'N \\oilin t-ggs it e
fr om the thitheii ill dlioppiligs .lad O11LIeil idelta tolltiitioll
of temnperatture and (1 oistu101e wxill e 111lN oi ate 111 i 1 bvtoi l~e
inifective wXitin 10-14 tiax -s. \bei i .suscepible tiIeels eat
tilese eggs, a1 iiexx XXri 01d1tevelops ini the sillaiill tUastil e, Ilia-
ttil (5 antd starts proldllillg eggs ill 5-6 wXeeks.
Effectiv cntrtol proram are1111 IIt ased tIll 1 akiiig the fille
tX'tle byV eiinoiiiatille XXoiis efor 1 th11Cle\ inatilt' ali
1 
111)4111
passinlg eggs.
Researchi Methods
Thie eficc ofI fie uomprni)ds, reported to he effectiv e
ill rollondworni conitroi, XXere testeti Xwithi four toi seetiX I
batches of broiiers at tile Agicututra] Ll Epii Ilet Stati1on1
Pens withl conctrete floor XXere prepiar ed iby atii l 4 Iil. oii
wVood shavinigs as litter. Cickens of(I an earlier triai \\(,It-
inoculated wXithi emi- on~ateti XX0111 eggs andit allow\eti t)
remain inl the pens until tue uitter wxas seededi XXithi eggs.
Conditions of tile litter wvere mlanagedi to enhianee emlrvolla-
tioli and~ survival of tihe XX (111 eggs. Txo apens (If'i 1)1) eiek-
ens echli wXeire assignetd tol tie follinOX lg ti eatillel iIegilIllis:
(1) iletijeateti cotroltls, (2) b grm ciii B3 at 1t) g. 1)",
t(Iil ot feetd, conltinuoly (3) 1i' iiltille sllitate ( \Llsii Nit 1
in feed, coninuIlonsl ' v, ( 4) 0.32~)% pipef aznie tiil l l ) rid(i
in Xwater at 5 wxeeks of age, (5) 0,77% iptrin e p)hosphlate
in teed at 5 XXeeks tot age, and (6) 2 lb). tof 11 ltllaloi per tonI
(It feed coui tiouI~siv. Tile uitter XXas no chelangetd tiurini) tile
01 AXvaidl all t/i illl l oilrs
\liiatioll list-l
Ill it 1(11 i\ iX [
I Is\ l-r411 i 1111 1It
1)iFr toln
I Is rooiii Bi[-10 I,
I M sash-Nit
I' 'lash -Nit
S\\ I .2~i e
Ili It (id 5 s\xetks
Il i l 5 \lcllI
21) iiiItitiadoil
As IIagtlll- li A. gali 1(I ir11d
- --- - - ill (1at1i est' -
52-i., 52-N 52-P V13 21 52-V
9) 9I 9 9 9
seeks setks \\ etks \xek-. \\ irks
No. Nso. so, 'V o. oi.
1:1.7 4.6 1.9 S .( 6. 2
12. 1 :3.5 ').9 7.: 62 -
L
CONTROL of ROUNDWORMS
in YOUNG CHICKENS
R. N. BREWER
S. A. EDGAR
Department of Poultry Science
Results
:19 .8 0.6 , 1.) oursXe (It tile 
ex~perilmenlts tile birtis iii tonltrol ipens mi)IjI
.3.9 [ 0.9 2.1 1. 
taied a moderate worrm load, 
indicating tie iresence ot
3.6 2.7 1 .- 3.:, t e5 oltillued 
exposure. Treatmenlt -omipoun~ds exhlibited vari
oils diegrees (If efficacy, xx itil Tritiadol being ineffective
101. 15.7 0,6 0. 1 1 A)l til tpe 
of program, aind tile old mash nicotinle treatmenlt
2.65 1.2 0.5 ((1 (1 witas aiih pairtiaily effectivea. Thle Hy gromvt 01 treatmemnt 
Xwas
effeetiv e iii lowvering wvorm load bunt wvas more expenlsive
1.6 0,6 0.2 0.0 0.0 thlan the piperazine treatments.
10.5 1.1
117- 4.1
1.9 1:3.6
Til bidiSrpriwcc ariir.a
wo lit iifeitios.1 h XI ~ iiii I
2.:3 0).0
2.4 7.9
10.6 1:3.0)
9) \cs tok lIi ilili Iilit
B~oth piperazine programs were effective and test tchickenls
ihatd reduedt wVorm 1load to a ilegligillievel bly tile (IIid (It
tile seeoiid hlatch (If broilers.
This work cleariv slhows tihat a cairef uliy folilow~ed prograill
of treatmlenlt at 5 wxeeks of a~ge wxiths the proper leve oi(f
piperai It iln wXater or fteed wxill eff etively (c1ontroli roin11
XX 1r1m1 ill conflined cickenls.
too daN-01(1-chicks staitcd 1wr pcii, 1). BOA
EFFICIENT USE Of farm machinery be-
comes increasingly important as produc-
tion costs continue to rise. One method
currently being used to increase machin-
ery field operation efficiency is operation
analysis.
When the operation analysis concept
is used to study machines in the field,
some type of record of their operation
must be obtained. This is essentially a
study of the total production system-
machines, fields, and management.
An operation analysis involves three
basic parts. The first is to obtain ac-
curate time records of all activities re-
lating to a specific machine operation in
a field. An example of this would be a
complete field-time record of a cotton
planter in operation and would include
the increments of time related to each
major segment of the total planting oper-
ation, as in Table 1.
The second part of the operation analy-
sis involves dividing the time record
into primary and supporting functions
as in Table 2. In a planting operation,
placing seed in the ground is the primary
function. Supporting functions include
adding seeds, chemicals, and row-end
turning. The time for each component
operation is expressed as a percentage of
total field time.
The third part of the operation analysis
involves a detailed study of the informa-
tion obtained in parts one and two. This
includes looking at each segment of the
operation to determine if the time for
any appears to be excessive with respect
to the total operation time.
After the questionable segments are
identified each is examined and analyzed
in detail. This analysis takes into ac-
count physical conditions of the field, the
machines used, and any managerial de-
cisions that might have influenced the
14
time record. After a detailed analysis is
completed, changes in future operational
procedures are recommended for those
segments which show the greatest possi-
bility for improving the efficiency of the
total operation.
TABLE 1. PLANTING OPERATION TIME
RECORD 4-Row PLANTER
Operation Total time
Hr. Min.
Total field operation time..... 8 0
Actually placing seed in ground 3 12
Adjustment and down time---- 0 24
Adding seed 0 31
Adding fertilizer 1 36
Adding chemicals and water ...... 1 55
Turning time 0 19
TABLE 2. PLANTER OPERATION ANALYSIS
DATA 4-Row PLANTER
OperationTotal field
Opertio time
Pct.
Primary function
Actually placing seed
in ground 41
Support function .....................- 59
Adjustments and down time- 5
Adding seed 6
Adding fertilizer- 20
Adding chemicals and water. 24
Turning tim e ....................... 4
The value and use of operation analysis
can be illustrated with the following ex-
amples. For the planting operation in
Table 2, the support functions use 59%
of the total field operating time, includ-
ing 44% to add fertilizer, water, and
chemical. In relatively efficient planting
operations support functions use 40 to
50%. This suggests the support function
time for the planting example is excessive
and should be examined for the cause.
Adding fertilizer uses 2% of the total
field time. This is excessive and needs
to be changed to increase planting ef-
ficiency, Table 3. Chemicals and water
use an additional 24%. Improved meth-
ods of handling these items are needed.
The times used for turning and adjust-
ment in the example are in the range
for efficient planter operation. When
turning time is excessive, the farm man-
ager should examine field size, row ar-
rangements, terrace layout, row length,
and physical condition of the turn area
to determine if changes can be made to
reduce turning time and thus improve
efficiency.
If planter adjusting time is excessive
there may be several management prob-
lems. These might include poor seed-
bed preparation, improper planter main-
tenance which could cause excessive
parts breakage, improper planter set-up
before starting to plant, or improper
operator training which could result in
a trial-and-error approach to planter ad-
justment.
Planter maintenance, repair, calibra-
tion, and adjustment should be per-
formed prior to the start of planting.
Operation analysis can be used- to
study the total machine operating sys-
tem, including specific machines, fields,
interaction between the machines and
fields, and management of the machines.
Some items can be studied in detail such
as materials flow, field size and row ar-
rangement, turn areas, and improper
service or maintenance of the machine.
TABLE 3. TYPICAL SUPPORT-FUNCTION VALUES
Support-function value
i:~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~d Add spray-Adigse ________________03
Machine operation Adjustments, Other delays, Add seed, Add Add spray
percent percent percent percent 
percent
Plant (4-row) 3-7 3-4 3-5 10-14 7-9
Cultivate (4-row) 5-7 3-4
Spray (12-row) -------- 3-5 2-3 6-9
Harrow -1-3 0-1
Harrow and apply
chemicals --------------- 2-4 0-1 10-12
Plow (3-bottom) ----- 2-5 1-3
Plow (4-bottom) ... 3-6 1-3
Use Operational Analysis
For
Efficient Machinery Operation
ELMO RENOLL
Department of Agricultural Engineering
THI SOU1EAV.ST is geneIraIyI a deficit
feed grain area with large grain-con-
suming livestock and poultry industries.
While certain Southeastern areas ma\
have surpluses of feed grains temporarl
,
at harvest time, thev are net iumporter
of feed grains throughout most of the
year. Only a few areas are truly self-
sufficient in feed grains. The Corn Belt,
on the other hand, is a surp
l
us producing
area.
Perhaps, because of the close prox-
imnity, the available tranisportation net-
work, and the existence of both cus-
tomer and supplier, the Corn Belt and
the Southeast are business partners in
the feed grain-livestock economy. This
partnership, especially 
the movement 
of
all feed grains and other grains, will be
reviewed in this article.
Data for identifying flow patterns of
grain were obtained from surveys of
grain handling and processing firms in
the three Corn Belt and eight Southeast-
ern states. Work was done under Re-
gional Research Project SM-42 entitled
Predicted Effects of Selected Policy and
Technological Changes on the Grain
Marketing System. Data were for the
calendar year 1970.
For the eight Southeastern States stud-
ied, 519,60:3,000 bu. or over 92% of all
interstate receipts of feed and other
grains came from 11 states generally in-
eluded in the Corn Belt. For corn alone,
393,657,000 bu. or over 95% were re-
ceived from the Corn Belt. Indiana and
Illinois were the two main sources of
most of the grain moving between these
areas, accounting for over 66% of the
corn, almost 70% of the soybeans, nearly
57% of the wheat, and nearly 73% of
the rye.
Grain sorghum, grown extensively in
the drier areas of the Great Plains, came
mostly from Kansas and Nebraska, al-
though 3,656,000 bu., or over 9%, came
from within Southeastern States. Kansas
accounted for nearly 57% and, with Ne-
braska, nearly 70% of grain sorghum re-
ceipts in the Southeast.
Mininesota alone accounted for about
40% of the oats received in the South-
east, with nearly 80% being accounted
for when Wisconsin, Indiana, and Il-
linois are included. Over 9% came from
within Southeastern States.
The importance of interstate commerce
to the Cortn Belt can be seen by the fact
that 1,081,417,000 bu. of all feed and
other grain moved in interstate commerce
in 1970 and over 42% of this was shipped
to the Southeast, with shipments to ports
;GRAIN MOVEMENTS between
SOUTHEAST and CORN BELT
JAMES L. STALLINGS and JAMES M. HARRIS
Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology
for export accounting for over 36%.
Smaller amounts moved within the Corn
Belt (over 15%), to the Northeast (near-
ly 6%), and, a small amount to the West
(less than 1%).
Corn was the most important grain
shipped in interstate commerce from
Corn Belt states accounting for 688,690,-
000 bu., or nearly two-thirds of all grain
movements. Over 52% of the corn went
to the Southeast with about 28% going
to ports for export in 1970.
Soybeans were an important export
crop in 1970, accounting for nearly 60%
of all interstate shipinents from the three
Cornti Belt states studied to ports for ex-
port. However, an important amount,
over 26%, went to Southeastern States.
Alabama, like other Southeastern States
studied, received most of its feed and
other grains from the Corn Belt in 1970,
92,114,000 bu. or nearly 94%. However,
unlike the Southeast in general, Illinois
was by far the most important source for
Alabama, accounting for over 54%. Illi-
nois and Indiniatia together accounted for
over 7:3% of all feed and other grains.
For corn, the most important grain re-
ceived in Alabama, 62,930,000 )but. or
over 66%, was received from Indiata and
Illinois. While the pattern may have
changed in recent years, 6,177,000 bu.,
or over 82%, of soybean receipts came
from Illinois in 1970. Most grain sorglhum
received in Alabama came from Kansas
and Missouri, over 77%. Most wheat
caime from Missouri, over 41%, probably
from Kansas City. Other grains received
in Alabama were mainly oats and over
49% came from Minnesota.
The high dependence of Alabaina and
other Southeastern States on interstate
commerce in feed and other grains can
be seen from this study. Alabama, in
1970, imported nearly 90% of its feed
and other grain needs, nearly 94% from
the Corn Belt. On the other hand the
Corti Belt depended on the Southeast
for over 42% of its interstate market for
its surplus grains in 1970. Any phe-
1,,mena of the economy which might
disrupt the free flow of this trade rela-
tioiship would be greatly to the detri-
ment of both areas.
54
~' > ~t4OK~
.4 t
F
5
.5
S it'
S
'4
High density planting of young pecan trees at the Gulf Coast Substation near Fair
Hiugh Density Pecan Planting
HARRY J. AMLING, Department of Horticulure
20'
'4
oF SE~I II 0 'IlI I 11.
Variety
No rollr ofI laIteralI
brtic-lic, per tfoot
ofh xoot lxtt
4,00
11
)AN. A moeprai\ m uI ih
ill 1t0 ears after plailtil ig is a groal ofl
hor)1ticulitu(ra] researchiers inl thle Albatma
AgriCu-ltuiral Expelrimenlt Statittl. Suchl
prodllctiolk appealrx (thttille bx lliglt
dlensity plallting of 4101 irnmre tr ees of
aatatble v arieties tot thle aci e.
V arieties i0(1st stilt Itealil g it coiisiler--
Abl numbcr Of IIl-tS bV the third, foortth,
or fifths groxwing season to lie adapt-
able. Such varietics are refeirred to as
beirng precocious. The xvarietx Chex cone
is tile most pr ecociotis pecan testedi to
dlate. Trees of this x arietv at the (;tilf
Coast Subs) t atioi neair I'ailope haxve
borne (11) to P12 lb). ( approximately 901
nuts) ill the third groxxing season.
Adaptable xvarieties are chtaratcterizedl
by a tenocv to produce nu~t lletril ig
lateral shloots. Ill colltrast, its shoxxiI inl
the table, cuirrenitly leconilnenidd v arie-
ties such tas Stuart aod flesh able pro-
due fexv lateral shioots comlpariedh to
vairiet ies nioxx beinig evat lat ed fort h igi
(lelsit ,v plantings.
II igl1i dlensity plalItilngs byx their xcix
nature cletlte cond~itions~ imlI lax 1)1able
for scablex del
1
)initt. I leiicc, adalptabile
vllrieties noi(st exhtibi t sotie dlegir oc
scab iresistancee. Varoieties ('apt, Feal,
C:iex i le, a(11( hickasax cil e tlx ex-
1 hit a su~fficent dlegree of scab r esistaite
in tc(o1ntratst to Wt ichita, C ablohIls, anl d
CAherokee xwhlich shoxx ntone.
Ifigh density plainlgs of 4t0 to .50
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
AUBURN UNIVERSITY
AUBURN, ALABAMA 36830
R. Dennis Rouse, Director
PUBLICATION-Highlights of
Agricultural Research 3/75 1CM
Penalty for Private Use, $300
Crabohis -----------
Cherokee ----
Shoxlloni --- ----
Chickasaxx_ -----
W ichita ---- -----
Cl-ax enn -------
Cape F-ear-- ----
Elliott----
Farlev -----
Descirabille ----
Sttiart
POSTAGE PAID
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF
AGRICULTURE
AGR 101
THIRD CLASS
1875
0
eiirI t I to tenIIth I x eo a I tr i pl r )1a I Itin (I ll-
aie illl~litclited.
ties xocli as Stoait I xxhicli lack piecoslty
Midt a latera II ttailcliilg hablit, resutlts ill
excessxve 11011 hialciilg xVegetative xltoot
development, Suchi primog eliinates
nut production o1i tliese varieties tor a
11ulnler ot years. The same degree of
p1iting oil adIaptable vaieties resulIts
ill Itvi ((rlix (Iex lopiligy shoots that later-
allx 1) bailc cll bi 1lear iitx 01l thtese
branll ches the folloxx iig Vealr. To (late,
proiminiig is the on1lv r ecourIse axailab le to
effectivel cotrol tre10 e size ill high d( i
C irrent research efforts arie eii' 'II
tratcd onl dev elopinig traiilog procedures
01l x 000g trees to facilitate the iir pimlinlg
ill later x cal s, dcxvelopmen~t ofl piillg
pr1otcedures c vaieital a~dai
1
) at jul eva Iia-
tioix, and~ illrigation mnethods. sp)acitig
xtudties are nlow being plaioned uiing
' more adaptable v arieties to see julst llomv
close pecaii trees call be p~lan~ted amd
still he Inallageable.
hope.