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-~ C
VOL. 21, NO. 3/FALL 1974
of agricultural research
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AUBURN 
UNIVERSITY
R. Dennis Rouse, Director 
Auburn, Alabama
r
r
/
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/
7
-Ar
DIRECTOR'S COMMENTS
ITe associationi of tbese compijoinents has 
ni~lde piossibile hiabitation
of this pJidlet b\ plaints antI daimalhls, iiiclidiiig 
luaul. Ilo Inx uch
call 001. basic lesouirces he altered andu 
set minini a lclthtll
planet -for inai?
WXith the wxor]d (1opu1l1ationii ii) crcas-
ing at a rate of 70 million 
a Y ear, Ori 1
the eqivxalenlt of addtiiig tile popula-
tioni of the United States to the wxorld
eveCry :3 \,cars, stircix xxe are on at 
col-
lision course ss it] depiletion 
of 0111
niatuiral resources. laux dlecisions 
of
Natioinal, State, an(I local policy 
must ~
luictix its.
if the populationl of the Uniitedl
States wercie to increase for the 
n ext
25 x vears at the samne rate ats the 
past
25 vcars, there wxould lie 
ineed for4
doulinig axvailabile goods aild 
serv ices. R. DENNIS ROUSE
Canl sxe imagine this occurin g w5ithI
anywhieire neai thle stand (arid tif, lix in g 
thfat exist.,, ti Ii 5? Giall we
conitiiiue to take produci tixve agrictulturiial land 
for hiiglm xay s, bldinig
sites, aiid marnxon(11agricultuiral pr odiuctixve 
uses? We C most finid
somne xx av to keep) good agricultural lan 
1dS aailable for food and fiber
productioii aiitl use good land mnanagenieit- 
to iiieet curirent and
future demands.
Most fariiiers, aiid iiiost cural peopile, 
realize the xvalue of good
coiiservatioii practices. These people 
kniow that goodn frtile soils
aenot dexveloped iii a short time. W\e oxx 
e muich to tlnose xx ho for
years hiave talked aind( prac thie 
oiisi Ix Itiii i i iaa geiiion t of soil
ai] xvater. Exvein sto, their efforts 
hasc e eii iinsufficien t aiid iiiust lie
reinforced] bx' better ]anrl use plain 
in g aiid impleiieiitatioii.
A biasic conlcept of sioil coniserv atiom 
is to tise laind for wxhat it is
best suited aiid ini\xx]rich use it xxill 
cointiiiue to lie p)rductive. To
apiply this practice requir es ai 
u inderstindiiig ofi Soil capablility.
Capability iii land use planin ig requires 
at systemiatic classificatioii
of soils oii wxhich Soil capability 
and] in teirpretastioin for laiid-use 
caii
be based.
This nation began anl effort iiiaiiv 
years ago through the Soil 
Con-
serxvation Serxvice, UI.S. Departiniiet 
of Agriculture, to complete 
soil
surveys of all land. [Howxever, 
this agecsIC requI-ires collabuiration
xxithiin states fromn State Deliartiiients 
of Agriculture aiid Land
Grant Unixversities. A soil suixvey 
is a serxvice but also requires re-
search suippo~rt by State Agricultural 
Experiimeiit Stations. The State
Depiartment of Agriculture and] 
Iindustries, like the Soil Coniserxva-
tioii Serxvice, is recogiziedl as 
the state seixvice agency for agricol-
tore ini proxvidiiig stiil suirxveys 
of \laima.
A county soil surxvev nt oiilx 
proides v aluabule information 
for
conservatioii antd use (if proper 
crop1, pasture, and forest land, 
bit
invaluable iiiform atioi for 
cit v pl ann eirs, landi' d evelope 
rs, hiighwaxxi
and san itatioii engineers, aimd otlw 
rs coiicerned xxvithi th use, of laiid.
li Alabamna aii effort to achicve 
a rniodei i soil surx ex of 
ex ei
county biegan oxver 30) e -ars 
ago. The purocess is tenliosis 
aiid has no~t
received needed suipporut toi 
comipllete thle joib. A moderii 
soil suivev
repo(rt has been pubilished 
for IS counlties. Field worik 
has beeii
coimpleted ii inine counities 
aind sioil surv ey irepoirts are 
Il prcs of
bieing completed. Tell other 
counities hiave active field 
survev wxo(rk
in progress At thle preseint 
lexvel of su ppor t it xxill take 
aiiothier 20)
years to compullete suiix "C\ repiorts 
in aill 6K couniities. WXithi rapid 
ill-
dustrial dcxvelopmeiit, inicreasinig 
need fur priodui ctioii of food and
fiber, aniniterest iii 
liind use legislation, I 
believ e Alabainis
shioiild Support aii all-otit 
effort to complete the soil 
survey of evecry
coutilitv iii Alabamna xx itlin It) \eairs. 
This wvould reqtiire txx ice the
total eurrenut fi iiai cial suipp 
ort.
way ae 4z t5occce ...
Dr. obelii xxi i St 111111 oiitlioi of
the airticl cit page 31, is asso ciate 
pro
fessor of potul try scien ce. iiis iiiafor 
re-
search emhasis is oili pice 
milti and
coiitrolliiig disease of pl(1
try, hut lie also cairries out
studies concernd i thI
othier phases of'nage
rient. Ili the storvIi
page 3, Blrewver In s
sociates repiort oi exlCi
ineits aimed at red cIi
energy requirements f oi
broiler piroductioin, a critical 
iieed.
A niatixve of Fran kin Coutyt, 
Ala1bam ia,
B~rewver joiiied the Aubiurni faculty 
iii
1967 upoii conpletioii 
of doctoral studies
at Uiixersitx of Georgia. 
Ile received
1
his B.S, in 19,55 and XI.S. 
Ii 196t0 fron
Aiuburni Univ ersitv, aiid 
the Phi.D. wxas
axadn byUniiversity 
oif Georgia 
iii
1968. His principal fields 
oif specializa-
tion wvere poiultry pa~rasitology 
and] path-
ologyr.
B~rewver serxved as assistant 
counity
agent for the Alabama Cooperative 
Ex-
tensioii Service for .3 
year s aiid wxas
poniltiv spiecialist for the Pillsury 
Coin-
pamlv for 4 years, lie holds 
mnemh'ersliip
iii Gainia 'Sigmna Delta, 
Sigmna Xi, aiid
Kappa Delta Pi honoraries, 
anti is a
iinber of thle Piiltrxv Scienice 
Assoucia-
tion.
HIGHLIGHTS 
of
Agricultural Research
FALL 1974
VOL. 21, NO. 3
A quarterly report of research published
by the Agricultural Experiment 
Station
of Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama.
-N
R. DENNIS ROUSE
mx I1N T. OAITVEDT-
CHuAS. F. SIMIMONS_
T. E. CORsLEY -----
E. L. McGRAW----
R. E. STEVENSON --
Roy' ROBERSSON
- -- Director
Associate Director
-Assistant Director
-Assistant Director
---- -- --- -- --E d itor
---Associate Editor
_Assistant Editor
Editorial Advisory Committee: IRVIN T.
ONITVEDT; JOHN LAWVRENCE, Professor 
of
Fisheries and Allied Aquaeoltures; 
0. L.
CHAMInL~ss, Associate Professor of llorti-
colture: If. S. LARSNsi', Associate Pro-
fessor oif Forestrtj; AND E. L. IMvcGsAxx'
Auburn University is an equal opportunity
emiployer.
ON THE COVER. Reduced energy require-
ment for broiler production is possible, based
on research reported on page 3.
Energy Savings in
the Poultry House
R. N. BREWER, Dept. of Poultry Science
J. L. KOON and C. A. FLOOD, Dept. of
Agricultural Engineering
I
0 ) 0
I ro. ' '0
~,0 - ~ 2 1
K
'W1
7
tiLE NAT IONAL EI Y L C (ONSUMtPTION ColitilitiCs its 
U1)
xx ard spiral, amiomit used inl food production remlains loss iii
pr1oportioni to other sectors of the ecorinm. Agriculture and
related industries use oiilx ab~out 12% of the Nation's 
total
energy, as showni b)'y the graph. Actual agricultural produc-
tioni accounts for onilx- 2.2%. Processiiie transpnmtatioii, midt
bornie use take the Other 9.8%. These figures indicate real
eficieiicv, inl comiparisn iwxitli 20% i eqpired to 
heat antI] cool
homnes, an d 25% for ruin iig a ntornof iles and oth er tr1anlspor-
tatiol I.
ciithmep ois still ant imupoltaut and costly' input to agri-
culure Fult.\producers ar e dcpei iteu t oil such fuels ats
eletrc-iyliqidpetroletu ( LP) gas, and coal. Last xx iit(I's
shortages adprojected shortages of fuels wxere at sour ce of
alarirn fori members of Alabamra's poultry indlustry, as were
rapidlx increasing fuel prices. These concerns createdI a
strong interest ii) mnethods o)1 conservxing fuel to not only re-
(Iice expeiises hut tn aissili an uii iiitieiruiptetl suipply.
Meeting the Challenge
A comnbinatin ofn basic m eseal c-h and field testing wxas uised
by Auhurni nix ersit s A gri cu ltiural Ex perimem t Statioi inl at-
tacking the fuel ecomiom ' \ rohlen]t. The aimn xxas to cut cii
erg\' use, but xwithoumt depiressin g fprodumction efficiency. Pro-
duction practices inox iii~l g elimiges ill Ihousing, broodinig
equipmuent, anld mInlagerrent sxere idlentified ats havin po
tential for saxvings inl filel mequirerrelits.
Housing. Hoiunse con struictionm allid enir noninei tal contro l
were reev aluated ill efforts to get greatest efficiemex of hirood
1
in g amid h eating. Insuilat inig roofs wxith high quality material
U. S. ENERGY CONSUMPTION
Total
2/ % Food Related
2 2% Agriculture
4 0% Processing
88 % 0.4% Transportation
Non- food / 1.9% Wholesale and
Related Retail trade
3.6% Home storage and
Preparation
has jog iiisitiiig xvalue iof at least 8 B L I lesixtix e iiiiits) 
re-
tioced hecat loss firnt the huilding bx atppri iniatclv 25%.
The full xvaloe of suchi insulation wxas riacoli/(t i)iVxyltei 
anr
exchange and heat iiianagemeiit xx cue ii tullxv eoitrolled.
Brooding e(
1
niplflent. Preiiuiiiiar xxoirk at Aiilnrii has
Sh oxs iil tI mt ii lopr j er mu ai 
0
geici it o f LI) gras brooer -(( c the
Majior ty pe uised ini Alabaia -canl result iii as omuch its 
50%
loss inl heatiiig, elffici' ncx . Thus, oppni lumuities lot- saxvinigs arc
great. (2 fin ics aniid traiuiii g sessioniis xx c uoffered to 
teach ci r-
rect care and iit a itei a icc of gas brioo deirs I iii peak oper ating
elfficiencx . Data is f)rCCi tlx lbe inig ciollIect ed oil Iheat ii itp ut
a nI rad iatin elf ici ,cx of gas broo ders iin aili attei llpt to im-
piroxve pci-tormiau ce of piresemit sx'sterris.
Managemrent p~ractices. Keeping the risk o i clrii iueies-
pimitorv disease and \li ks disease to at inimiiiiiiiiii pcillits
seof ceirtain mai agemoi it practices that htelp) ciii ci e foIe.
Onie of th ese, at ret ii mi to semi-col1( ri titi b roiiuliig. is aceonll
1)1 shed 1) ci i cl osii ig txxo or thriiee broode rs wxithi miii brioodierc
guTtai i to irestrict nuoiri ent of' 
the clucks amid keep tlmcii close
to t hi heat. TIhis nictl iod saxes fuel bv reduniig the area toi
he heated. Init a 3 xx ek coiiipaiisoii oif partial-lioise aiidl
xxhole hluse briiodig oiu uitcgi atedl firi iii nitlerii Ala-
bamua saxved appi oxnatil 15'7 i ifel bx lisilig pai tial-house
broodiiig. Aiid this xx as ill iiih xx eatlier. Areca to he heated
xxas restrictedt b\ 1 xparti t i iif iigOif abotu t in iiAl iid Of tIile
broiler Ihouse Xxitl i pi dxethx Icie f iii. Such at systeni ii euires
oi e iiid mnaiageui it aid somne li of ii iueliai ical aii
extliaiigc for pi utecltioii of' the chiceks.
What Lies Ahead?
B~est in a i a gerneit iof huouxiiiii and iiiai will he( ice ded
iin the liitiiii so Alahana poultrx iil canlliirther iredfuice fuel'
use. Also iueefet are niew tcliiipis lfor iitilizatioii of pres-
cnt txypes of filel, such ats inipiox ed lii iiuilr desigii tiiiisti oc
tioii. iaiiteiiaimce, aiid ofpeituii
Alter nitixve siources of clieap eiier.vx must he ii itegrated
xxith imti
1
piuietI house desigii tio iiiiiii/e depeindeiice oil tra-
tlitioiiiai fuels. \Iam peop~le coinsider the stiil to be the uiiist
po(inlix inig fpdi iiai ei t souriice o f em erg *v. Sioifar Ihiating of'
huilfiiigs has beeni tiried aind piriixed, indicatin g that the situ
rn i gIt becoioe tie eiiergxy sur ice that camn assue ail uiiii t er-
ruptedl supply of poultrxy and( eggs for the funtuire. Plans aire
iun derwxax at Aui buirn ti) sti0(15 the( tea sib ifitx of' usii ig sol Iar
enemrgy to fheat pouiltry houses.
CONPINW - LJIN
BEEF BROOD COWS
R. R. HARRIS and W. B. ANTHONY, Dept. of Animal 
and Doiry Sciences
V. L. BROWN, Loweer Coastal Plain Substation
C. C. KING, Dept. of Agronomy and Soils
S. C. BELL, Dept. of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology
eieiitIv utilized i slen grazed bhs' beef (lIttle. T11us, 
soille 555-
Coniiied teeilt4 55 5t('1l1 1)(elint the( ratittllilig of 1tii(lt'
to Cow~s batsed oil thlei r requiremen'ts. 'li reqIulit t ~re l ess hold(
duetioo svs'terns.
Procedures
A c'otiv iittloai ilhtimat.em'ltltlt 'itt!] forI 
1)(,(f' (,o)55 wis X
'ompl~ared w5ithI two ct (Ifitted ss stenis ill eachi 
of .5 ' eas at tihe
Lowser Coatalti Plailn Suobstation (i, Can 
ieoI, Al ittiit. F I't eel I
('055S We re assi lt ted to eachl I 5 'te'iti. Hieief(rd O ttidItI Au 
gt IS
H ereford crossitI td cow5 s were ibred to pet 
io ce-test 'd
Hereford ituills. ( t155 5 it) tihe ceo'ltit)Ial 
55 Steit wer fl0 ed
grass itti phirs 2 ii). of r'tttoiseed nicti fromh 
Nos etiter 1 tt
ear is sp iig. Dtritlg tihe remtlilidt'I of 
the vei'll tiles gt'azed
Coastal 1 erll1idgl ass at the i ale tt I eoss 
eaif 1111it perI acre.
Cowss all(I cutISes ill tile ('(il fite ('(gttolips 
5we('e resti jted to
3-acre ss astchlaId areas it)I5 wIll tiles, w5ere 
('itheI ed inter (I-
mtedialte ts pe ( N K 311) storgil 111si ivrle 
01 (a tttSt kI 111111-l
fed ill anitlults ealr'lidtte1 to sittists thte prtt 
ttil IIeetIs of
tihese eollfitled cowss. Caivs Silltl t 
the It cotlilled gI olIps were't
Aii crops lusedi it tietud' Stli' leceived' 
limelit' od( niitterat fer-
otf aibout equl size and1( grazedI rttllllai. 
SlurpIlls flt'g('
Fo tr liettiir'd repotrts ofi this stttIN sii' Agricutlturli 
LFlpiillii
A conventional management system for beef 
cows was compared
w ith two confined systems for a 5-year period 
at the Lower
Coastal Plain Substation. At left is a graup 
in confinement and
at right is a group under conventional management.
\\ri15 removed(1 l iitt h . ITewi (Xtoastt 
i sX5 I ls, ss i were5 I I
55 is Itti ttt o111 ttf tite etlnfillel groupsf) 
got 4t0)1i). o~f N pe'
ilit I. All N xX its atipplied ill Split aplica..tiotns.
Results
( (tlstal m~anaged1 soie
5
*' fttr ihat s jieided atn asverage td 7.5
ttttls per' are an~d strri] silge 
jprttlitetttl Iseitr lItIi7.2
One ire of established Coastai fe'rtiliesd
1
with 200)11t. of
1)1 lIdltll of atl liI]teriliediatte t vpe 
SttI gill Ill] 5 silage'i or ttoilst
[for iltI supiporlted 1.134 and 1.74 cowSX-rilf 
untits, IresI)I'(tis (IV.
tftil('d 12.8 ttttts of sot glttt siilage 
otr 4.13 tolls of Coatstlil v
,lltIjll \\-i ] s tell these feedstulffs wxere 
tile maljotr sou1rce ltf
(-'0IXCII tiolitlli 11)111itgerI cos w 5eighed( 
4533 lit. ,lt 1 55 l Iill g.
(:ais s frotnt ('olfilted-fed cotsss conlsumnetd 
1,422 11t. ttf Itlilded
crIeepj f eed per~ ilead, sshereaCst titise ftrtnt 
tihe eoittIX(' t tt ima
ss stern sseCIe not r'reei]-fetd. As indicatted 
ity silugihte'r gIil's,
f'ont cow ill1] ('55 onIt~filt('ttl'tt Xwerle fatttter att 
XXealitlg tihanl
a1 (( ('I lo ood ). 1ect'i w oI~liS(f ('c15les 
XXelitn w'iXere 92, 8'S,
Mild 84 fo)r tile r'(llXeIitioilli, s'iitg-f' d f all I j 115 f(l j ss
re'spec(tively.
b(eef produledr, tile r'(tnfioillnlt 55 Stenis we 
re inortl e'5
1
)t'tsiX 1
tihan
1 
tihe r'roSetltioltli ,\te'in (.S.30, $.134 
\s. $.26). The
ma~lt i dvantage Itf ti]C ('t]Ifltlel]ent 
systemis XXas1 tite loswer
l.'tts (01.58, 0.75 vs. 0.94 atres 
u5liS afolit. ) As thre price
of iI ladiiIIicI eaSes, th(e i ltx r 11(1 1 'a 
gt letiItredi forl ct ttfill I
Nematoa..,
: i.,6U k"sa bois
C. S. HOVELAND, C. D. BERRY', and R. F. McCORMICK, JR., Department 
of Agronomy and Soils
R. RODRIGUEZ-KABANA, Department of Botany and Microbiology
f'escue.
ll~anlaa floill ici atillihod11)is eued\lld 
i
Nematode Effect Studied
('lilt Tlasxei'. Kelittiekx ')I iescluti \\ast plianted Septcitthi'r
1 972 oi11 Atigi.tit fill( saidx lotilt So~il that had I (ccix tel threeii
11it reated.
't')\ gr a ss I( r t 20( 1. oftiitt i l tI i allt i pi t t ii0th 
xxeye
tittlictil s.i For age xx as 11,11i l tin A tI-e ta 8 ouie tuoitelttl
xtiul, it 2-\,xx piod Nt e atode popllulaton i )~ ll t he s ilit 
iter
sil, ts lIo\1m thie t\tli g ah.) x A itti prdio isg. prtn
I)ifferellcex ainllig tre1 (it'.et \\ lre less ill wh iter XX 
leo
I ihtm k
Dry forage
per acre, l1b.
2,500-
2,000-
1500-
1000
500
Untreated soil
Methyl bromide
mFuradan
rTh
Sept I I Nov 13 Jan 8 Feb 5 Apr 5 May 116
Second-year seasonal forage production of toil fescue as af-
fected by soil treatment the establishment year.
(A11 I tli 1(1 id] gIo01 anx h dh ill spilo Mwi "o11 l illotiic wax is
il)liill 111(Tt I I t li xN it, less ef ect ix c Ifiiat inti I I Itromide,
Ill rited Soiti l i.
Culprits Identified
ciex werIl idlltifictI as lit( (ilill it'.,. Soil p)11
1
llhtiltixi of these
xeestill (rak ue 9 it m (lltntI( listx r 111(1 lin11(1it xx ith
F imiim ii \ il 1974), 11s slli~x i below:x
Xcintwnb'
Stubbia tout
16t0
.50
L iti, df
1.50) ttdl soil
stunt
:35
8
\cIttatittes tiestroxel 11111h otf tile tallfsc l oxo t wSStclil
mii mlititeatea sil. I )ux xx igltts ofl roots per 5-ill. (ic lli (tg ini
Oc )inb ttithit 5.6 1j: xx, zt t I .7 of1 1 .2i ir 
1
)(tttlxh t
1  
lo
Id depths hex 11101 :3 tot I iii. 1 hits I iwmmodtiittal wks matde
is ti)restl thse 1)lllts"]to ti at 1100 i la xlilxxleri c ll harly
ltxe are h'x plr alelit. If lillatltte-resistatlit fexscue plants
l11t lbe foiund. it Int\ lbt pitxsillt to brueed resistanot \sarieties
that 
1
ie taapted to stalli xoilx.
N OW \ 1; 1 T 1, ['-" I - S ( To L I I 11111 H('1(%lT( IT, C;M-lill. ITW.
Little soybean acreage in
Alabamao is irrigated.
Here is one irrigation sys-
tem in use.
WHAT ABOUT IRRIGATION
for SOYBEANS?
HOWARD T. ROGERS and D. L. THURLOW
Department of Agronomy and Soils
B. D. DOSS, Coop. ARS, USDA
A 5\IALL ARiiA(.L iif So\ ibalilS is uny-
gatedi in the Southecast. lloxx cxi, this
crop h as 1been gi-oxxii undner irri gati on iii
sonic regiionis of' the U.S. for1 ii aii 'x
years uIsing wxater I inl we llx. Ilex elop-
inits coldn chainge tile p~rospec.t for it-
I igatioli of soybeanls ill tii{ Soaithicast, at
region of' plentiful wxater iresources.
lin the past, at soyb1 eai i orn price ratio
ofi about :3 to I hias favored plan iig co)]in
iii the Mlidxxest ('orii Belt. luiiii 19(-5-
7:3, t[lie price rat io axvcraiged abouiiit 2.5
to 1 . I arge exp anio o ii f sox I eai acire-
o)11 Dothan saiindy loam xx as 20t) it., or
80%, in 1970. Ani av erage increase of
10 lait. x ax, ob t ain ed from the application
of' less thai :3 iii. oif' xx ter. Sox beaus
xwere double-cropped afiter wxheat for
graiin and rotated xxithi cottoin.
Another expeimnt at Aubuirii xx as de-
signedl to (orlpare the irrigatioin response
ofsexvei sox vbeai ivarieties ot xx idelV x x ix-
iiig imatuirities planted ait thiree differeiit
daltes. A ti)p y ield of 62 bit. per acire
xx as produce(] uinder irrigation in 197:3,
first Year oif tlie expecrimnt. 'This xxas
TAxiiiE 1. l&LSiONSi OFi 1o All. SinB\ Yi xs i Si'ii1\KLLII lithuh.Al iON WuHEN PL AN IFi) AsA
DouniH CRnOP XiF11 ii l-A iN XXi i \tO i x SAxxns LOAMx, Aunt ox, 1967 72
Rauinf alt Wa tei
8/20) 9/2)3 ipplied
967
1968
t1969 -- --- -
1970 --- --
t971
1972
Six-x ear axverage
Y ied pur [(Ii
"Not ii-i-i iitit
Bit.
49
:30
41
25
26
.32
34
44
4.5
45
:32
46
44
Increase
front
irrigaition
Pct.
4 7
it)
80)
23
42
30
'Twenty-six xyear avci age riiifall fori this p~eriod is 3.9 ill.
less thai I i ii. of rain beutwxeein Auguist
17 and September 27.
Levels of Irrigation and Critical Period
Thre'e lex I's of irri galtioi %\VIere c01m1
paredi for B)ralgg alnd Hamiilpton b eaius iii
24- and :36-inch rows at thiree pl an t pop-
iflatilins onl Lucedale saiidy loamn at
I llorshx . Table 2. Severe lodging iii the~
liirrowx-irrigated beans reduoced tile p0-
tential for hiigh~ yields regairdless of roxw
xx idtli Or plant population. In xpite of
lodlging, howvever, irrigation iiicreased
Yields 10 to 18 hn. per acre 2 of :3 
years
1 968-x70) . A moderate level of irriga-
tionI piroduced as IfianV beans as a high
level in 1968 alnd 1970.
Iii ainother :3-year experiment onl this
soil, field plot covers wxere used to cn
trol ralinfall, and wvater stress xvas im-
pose
1 
onl plants at various stalges of
groxwth to dletermine the critical periodl
for irrigaltiing soybeans for maxsim
yields. The pod-fill stage, from about
August 15 to September 20 for Bragg
sovybeans at Tllorsby, was the c~riticll
time for adequate water. WVithdholdiing
xvater for 10 dlays during late pod-fill to
keep) field calpacity o~f the soil beloxx
l)%. xwith adequate xx ater tile rest of the
season, redu icedI ax rage b ea n xii Idx
Conclusions
WXheii 50',beaiis are douiihc-criipped
xxith small grili, Sil l
1 
oisture lieiciieiitx
limits the acrealge that cai 1 e plan Ited to
xovybeans. Irrigation wvouldl assure a standl
o)1 beans in a double-cropping system.
WXhether this xwouldl he practical onl a
gfxven farm xvould depend onl such file-
tors as field layout and water source.
Mlost years, the salme irrigation systeml
(0o01(1 be used for cottoii and Soybleanis
oil iiplaind soils in centiral Alabama, xxitli
priority given to cotton. From the stand(-
point of tining and crop nteeds, dual use
of irrigationi equipment Oil corn aiid sov,-
heans also woul a(11ippealr practical. es-
peci al ly foi inedliu m- to late-in iti in ig
soybeans.
age took place iii the Southeast diurii ig Tlii i 2. AVEx C REPnS -1.0 FURRiseii thOxW liiiiiiAl1O iO 11t i Xii ANiD It xxi' iOi SOYnuEANS
this period. I Iiglirr prices for beaim ex PENT'i i A)T Twxo Roxw XXio uis Axmn Toioii PiLANT POeULTI.iiONS, L uCEA
teindedl plan tings to ilrouth , iipland illoiils .AmL~i ioisx,~ i ~A 
6 0
lilt X5 elt adap
1
ted~ to the crop.
Seve-ral experiiieiits xxecie ciondiicted
iii recenit x'ears to measure rexpillse of
soiybeains to) irrigation oii upland soils.
Irr igatedl soybeanis, as at dolile crop
afteri sinall grain, at Aiudbiiri, priodiuced
-14 to) 50!) it. pecr acre iii 5 of (6 xears
1967-72) xxith at 6 x ear average in-
creaise of' :34%7 for smaill Iam oui ts of' sii-
pleii old iririga tioini, Tale 1 . Lii gest
iiicrease foi irri igaion iiii t is experimnt
Year 
R~~ainf all 
idprae
8/11-9/20- N o Mod~erate lexvel I tigh level
irrigatiiin iof irrigation" 
of' irrigation"_
In Bit. Bit. Bu.
1968 5.2 2.5.6 :35.2 :35.2
1969 -- 4.5 30.6 4.5.1 49.2
197!)------__ 6.2 :36.6 39.5 40).6
'Data reporterd for 1969 are for Bragg v ariety Only because of 
poor stands of tIauiip-
ton. Rowxx vidths xxere 24 and :36 in. Populations were 44,00t0) 87,t0t0t, and 
1:311,000) plants
per acre.
"Av erage rainitall for this oci tiid ad location is .5.6 iii.
"Siiil miisti iie xx ,is maintatiiied above x 30) and 70'; of field caipacitx for 
n ilerlite" ad
"high" lexvels, rcspietix ilx
A DRAMATIC CHANGE in Alabama agri-
culture in the past 50 years has been
the development of the livestock indus-
try.
Alabama has made rapid strides in
number of livestock on farms, produc-
tion, marketing, and in cash receipts.
Increases in number of head of live-
stock on farms and production have not
been without economic significance. Farm
income has increased as a result of in-
creased production and marketings. Farm
labor has been utilized more fully
throughout the year. Land that might
not have been utilized to its best ad-
vantage has been developed in forage
and other crops sold through livestock.
Development of Alabama's livestock
industry has meant greater capital in-
vestments and increased credit needs,
as well as providing opportunities for
many agribusinesses in the State. Busi-
nesses that supply feeds, medical and
veterinary supplies, and fencing mate-
rials, and those that provide for livestock
marketing, meat processing, handling,
and distribution have resulted from live-
stock advances.
Cattle
On January 1, 1974, Alabama had
2,240,000 head of all cattle on farms, ac-
cording to the Cooperative Crop and
Livestock Reporting Service, Montgom-
ery, Alabama, Table 1. Cattle numbers
have more than doubled since the late
1940's. Although the years shown in the
table exhibit a continuous increase, there
have been years in which cattle numbers
declined, the last being 1969. The last
major decline was in 1956.
Almost half (48%) of the total cattle
on Alabama farms January 1, 1974, were
beef cows and heifers that had calved.
This compared with about 34% for the
U.S. Only 5% of Alabama's total cattle
were milk cows, compared to 9% for the
U.S. Second largest category of Alabama
cattle was calves less than 500 lb. in
weight, which comprised 25% of the
We've COME a LONG WAY
in LIVESTOCK
J. H. YEAGER,
Dept. of Agr. Economics and Rural Sociology
total number. Heifers, steers, and bulls
of 500 lb. and over accounted for the
remaining 22% of all cattle.
Milk cows on Alabama farms have de-
clined continuously, dropping from 440,-
000 head in 1954 to 110,000 in 1974.
The greatest number of milk cows on
farm was 471,000 in 1945. A 50% de-
cline has occurred since 1964. In spite
of the decline, cash receipts from sale of
milk and cream have increased continu-
ously since 1962. A major part of this
increase resulted from increased milk
production per cow.
Production and marketings of Alabama
cattle and calves have increased sub-
stantially over the years with total weight
marketed in 1973, excluding inter-farm
sales, being almost four times the amount
in 1940. Cash receipts in 1973 were
almost 33 times the dollar amount for
1940. Alabama farmers received an aver-
age price of $52.50 per cwt. for calves
and $41.60 per cwt. for cattle in 1973,
a record year of sales.
A gross measure of beef production
per head is obtained by dividing total
production by number of head on farms.
Pounds of beef produced by this meas-
ure have increased from slightly less
than 200 lb. per head in 1950 to more
than 300 lb. per head in 1973.
Swine
Number of hogs and pigs on farms has
not shown the strong trend increase as
cattle, Table 2. In fact, declines have
occurred each year since 1970. Since
1867, the number of hogs and pigs on
farms has fluctuated between a low of
706,000 head in 1965 and a high of
1,640,000 in 1898.
Production of hogs in Alabama has in-
creased since 1965, with the exception
of declines in 1972 and 1973. The all-
time high in marketings of hogs was in
1971 when 329,175,000 lb. were sold. A
significant change has been the differ-
ence in annual production and market-
ings of hogs, largely accounted for by
TABLE 2. HOG NUMBERS, PRODUCTION, MARKETINGS, PRICES RECEIVED,
AND CASH RECEIPTS, ALABAMA, SELECTED YEARS
Year No. hogs and Production Marketings Price Cash
pigs on farms received receipts
Thous. Thous. lb. Thous. lb. Dol./cwt. Thous. dol.
1930 845 126,795 16,120 7.90 2,782
1940 1,267 184,495 79,740 5.00 5,170
1950 1,225 303,821 194,431 17.50 37,608
1960 1,144 278,583 253,753 15.00 38,224
1970 1,110 332,081 294,854 22.20 65,458
1973 ---- 960 287,069 272,539 37.10 101,112
TABLE 1. CATTLE NUMBERS, MARKETINGS, PRICES RECEIVED, AND
CASH RECEIPTS, ALABAMA, SELECTED YEARS
No. head on farms Cattle and calves Milk
Year All 
Milk 
Price received 
Cash and cshream
Marketings 
receipts cash
cattle cows Cattle Calves receipts receipts
Thous. Thous. Thous. lb. Dol./cwt. Dol./cwt. Thous. dol. Thous. dol.
1930 830 379 61,425 5.50 6.20 3,656 8,798
1940 1,024 397 140,400 5.10 7.10 7,605 7,942
1950 1,239 395 172,200 20.20 22.60 37,019 25,705
1960 1,656 270 467,320 17.50 20.30 85,274 38,123
1970 1,953 131 549,090 26.10 33.40 156,187 52,544
1973 2,112 115 551,473 41.60 52.50 248,636 67,032
1974 2,240 110 - -
hogs slaughtered on farms. In 1931, the
number of hogs slaughtered on farms
was almost 10 times the number sold.
In 1973, only 44,000 hogs were slaugh-
tered on farms compared with 1,288,000
head marketed.
Cash receipts from the sale of hogs
have increased since 1963 with the ex-
ception of 3 years. Average price per
cwt. of $37.10 in 1973 was an all-time
high from hogs. The lowest annual aver-
age price received by farmers was $3.25
per cwt. in 1933.
P , A V\ I Ct It E\T A l' _ 1111 tii! Lc IIttg ill-
cr iglx i\5are thIiat thle 1h1i tcal and
chemical tnatuire of plal tleaf surfaces
tItax afforid n ti iial p~rttectiotn a ga ist
futtigtil diseases. It is xx elI kitoss i that leaf
sutrfaces are coxvetred xx thl atn amtorphoulis,
iloticlellitlatlax tI called tile (-titici' \xxhit-l
is cottipotsedo it sli istilte. cititt. Ito1
suitifa-t is ill) e
1
)icu'illl i xli\ This sx ax
plies1 , isco poe ofl t cmlex ilixtl
of uitistlx' xxatet in solultle sublstancites
tirlt ls, xvx xx esterts buog tillilfittx\
it-itfs pIlls fattx lcthotls ) - ittt Ionta chailt
1)11tiied 15 iat littx tof comlt ilts. somite
xx atte- stolule and il t iii loxx- r(-lat ixe e rp
tionis. (Thlinpotleits of thet xx ax ar(- pro-
dtetd ) t- v ittiderlx ittg epidtertmt)al ltixet
cuttitcle tittt the leaf suttlace Lx i mtech-
anlismi thltt hits ilt fit- cit lealtl estab-
lishied.
One of 
tit-, lmtst 
illpfor tan 
t fill cti(11is
of epic(u titio r xxitax is t it-(,0 iontrol ofI \\,ia
he- hiliice xx thiti thle plant. 'Ile- Lx dro-
phitiil (xx atet tipellitit ) laxit t
1 
xf' xx
sil stait-es piov ies r esisttitcec tol the loss
of xx at er bx ex iftrittitll fton i tt leaf
surfae Nltt'( p it l 1)11its atre grox- und11iter
cottititittis uuttfax tritle ltixx light inl
tctisits h iigh lit IIi t i I etc-. ) fo~r vxx i
ftliliitiltii tatid tltptsitiott, or if thle xx lix
is airtifit-alkx remoxved, the culticlet lilote
offletrs ('It Isidit-tl\ less iresi st aince to xxi-
ter loiss.- Othei r ftictiolts of ('pliIt iii at
xx ax inludel~t Protet-tioni of illiderlx itg tis-
sue agintst mechicali datmaige andtc re-
duitng ratditationi ilifhrs l)x filteiit olit
lit--ile t l tin TxstIlI liIl~o
UpitI~tiCItulirI xxax is IIltitilltitlx 'V sigitifi-
taut from lie standtpint tif nalturlt titis-
eatse resistantce. This \xax proxvidhes the
fet'tioii. Invasion of at leaft 1)' paratsitic
futtgi uisual ly requires at leaist short pe-
riods of high atmospheric moisture lex els.
\\ atter reina in ing oil t leicaf siurf ace after
at rinfall tir (-ittielisilg( tiie]( t' ftott) thle
atinlospliel e. Iforms droplets tItle to till'
x itel'-tepelletit liatulre tif, the( e
1
)it-ititi-t
lilt 55 lix. Thieste ss iteitc droplets citillit
fliittgal spores
t
'. Ittllei, tl hactctia otig-
iilixl pi-is-i iuti0 Ill fi' ea-f silt fit-i- itt
meC 5aitp opl~i ( lil ptioge tt- I at t
sone itax he tatlttogens. ht \s iter
g(ltit' sullbsttanttes reletise d fro 'O) it- Ileaif
zil front mticrobes prese nt, 'I ll- itittI
gamittald someit tof tile lrgaotic. substtit-es
511th its trgi lit- ac-ids, 5it 11i itls. li gar t
I lttieiit mietiumit forii tile gerinafltiton of
f IltlLill sporesa itl fttr gt-ttx tl of blactetia
inl the- sxat(- drttplets. Ctomtpetitiotn ftir
hie axtiailt- It 1(Itr it t tctcuIrs bet xx eol
mrax sitriifict-tltl influotie ittfetcitiin ittd
process mtx ptrttte-ed is illustrtted itl
the Figu~re. Spores g-t ilittate iii xx tter
gitsy tnxx atd thet stoi iiada (Imictioscotpict
port-s) itt the iettf sillfacte \\ here tllex en-
ter the plantt ititi iititiati tiit-, disease
sx idrtonte.
',of all sliklst..ttcc from iti th epa ltian-
la &\5N ate Cstilllilltl\, to initi thd
1  
at
tix itN ; somue plants tolitii fliltgitoxic
stibstitlies that (liff use fitto ft(e xx atet
or tlc-xeltopinet ot ce-t in fiti Igi. Tlie
leafl siurtace 55 li\ of tttttitil v arieties of
Mtid thers are kiioii to ctmitaii sill)-
stdtitcs toxic to somie tiogi. Although
5 elSN fexx o iticsc iulibitolx 
titsatre
1eie\'IX to Ilet itStitifi(( 
il tiltste gn!ai
Stlllhle contstituenits of tile 55aX. rathier
thim the \s ater-itisoluhie lipidls. Plants
thlat produiI ceO chel (Ifil tsilble sub s tances(
possess at least partial jiimmitv or itat
oral t esistattee to jttlt-(tiott by certalin
Pits sit-al fac-tots suchl as \vettahilitv
1(1 I al sot -I ace rot il iness, \vitici af-
feet thle contact ar eas (If fii e wa htr (drof-
lets, Ina ax- also( in i lice the' degree oif
iitf('ttiott by I uigi.
\\ ile sonme planits seem to hasve I-
sistatit lactitls asociatedl x itlt their epi-
ilitiilat xx ax it is apparent that mlany
Of otl unpin Itilt t't'op planits dot nlot
('tl0titt0lts t'toliltitt losst's fro tititisciase
re(silt anlimalix \ InI ortder to I11 il \ ep le
the ptttettitial of ft(e leaf suit ate xx ax to
seatrchI eniylltasis is ticeded itltilte follos'-
it)) tieats: ( I )sccilitig species and vat-
et ies of' platntts rei at et t) dise-as)e siscepti
ble ectot lilmit crtops fort fitt tgi toxit' Slil
stat t-ts itt leafI siutface xs axes, ( 2 ) identity
leaf's surf ace it tIllllttlt5 lint
1  
stiilyv tlIl( '
foritnatilt (-3) dett-rmii ftte mlecilu-
isilns attd factor s thalt ifl(ct fte triislocca-
tin tof these sublstanlces fttom thle leaf
cetlls to thle epici titi hat \svam (4) deter-
mite ft(, gentic f a(t ttis relitted to ti e
itoduitot of a;tlitttl stibstioeies il.
.5) estalil lritnhg protgiramis to select
(1cittictli xx alX. Scx etall oIf thtese artaCiS,
piIltic.ilir the ithittifitatioti of 
leaf stir-
falce xx axes id fititxitt c( sitistance'ts, are
lp eseutx tlitlet lllcllrittitx ills (stiglittiot
hxv tile auithor.
WATER DROPLET
BACTERIASTOMA
EPICUTICULAR WAX
FUNGAL~~ SPR '(mpretgnoted with wax)
INFECTION HYPHA 
MESOPHYLL (PALISADE)
Shown here is the process of infection of a leaf by a pathogenic fungus.
The Leaf Surface
and
Resistance to Fungal Disease
JOHN D, WEtE
Deo-tmeOt of Botany o,,d Mi-~bilogy
I a .1 7 11
J. L. STALLINGS, Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology
W. B. ANTHONY, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences
L. A. SMITH, Block Belt Substation
forlilillice. ( :oSt if I I orill ilt iol 1
ment was obtained front iiii
ill Ill machiner N, dealers. Fe
illid allaksis \VCIV dolle b\
ineot of Ai)imid 
itod Dair\: 
s
tit(, Illack Belt Sob.statioo. 1;
prepilled fix the Depill-tillcilt
'I111111 SxSIll OF' 10 I xMllI', If',', 1LNC ',' I I IS I.l )\, 1917.
S ti i 1 . N If1 277 liller Ni II ,1 Stiwci ctl r toI stoiitl91 90i kit
1
it lilt]
NsIII f W I-6( I iit i ok S 1.12
\11 ,7 iici :3. 86
N\ 11147 S1.iLtli'.j~i t --- 7.1.5
F x I t( i'd', -------- . -
'I'iilv kit I tiek l\ I .73
I' "ailil)u and (1115 Ntllt)1 Ekbo 2.34 fitl 'it i~tl'
N1l 1469 1 fi Sio 4 .12
'I'v r \ xx Ilil 'toll lial Ii' 2411-
Pl it
0  
it fruck .581
I l i,tx11 0 (r w -ticr lio't col )o. to
S5 2. 56 5 1.7 9
1.4.5 1.21
2.(68 2.018
4.1.5 2. 64
~.: .731
73
2.:3-1 2.3 1
S814.68 8 1 1.56i
9.00( 9.00(
82:3.65 8 S211. 5(t
S2.56 8 1 .79
1.4.5 1.21
2.84 2. 16
1.77 1.77
.58 .58
1.971 1.9 7
$1 1.17 S 9.48
$20(17 S'18.-4'
.1111 -,19 picklup tt Iti
.2.565 5 1 7(
11.5 1.21
2.81 2. 16
2.401 2.41)
.70) .7o)
.4 2 .42
2.77 2.77
S81:3. 14 81 1.4.5
(90 ) 0
I siu. 2. lF~ii i 'iii COS ) PER, I ' SIMI I Xllttixxl CAiNt Ist, 1)111 lit 1
Cos prx t'',l'\\ Iw a\. cra11 I
Itc1ll
S)I16 14
S:211.27:11
11 .56
8)12.93
I12. 9.37
8210.37)
I 1,1\ ( oo t J)( I- ( \\ I.
Other feed (.ot per (.Xxt. i,'ilill
Total iced (o t 1).'I (.Nvt. -'aill
SN'Stum 11. 605 Vcrnic( r biller, front c
I;i\ (.ot pcr ( \x I, '-'aill
()tll(.I- feed ('ot t per o_,itill
,Fot ll ft (.d ( o't per (.\\ I. _ailt
S\ tcni I If. Verniccr 605 front
Mil, (,),t pt l \\t. L aill
Otlwl Ic(-d ('ot per cxt.
T ot;ll fecd (-o t on'l (.\\t. t"itill ---- ------ -------
I 4.019
S 26.87
Ichop ftot
817.72
11.56
S-1tl)2
pItipt~
1I1 .2
111.37
S21.58
1 1.09(
.816. "1
It1.561
10.37
s21l.7 3
l srs com)vuri.:i) during 197, 2-T:3
ilt the Black Belt Substation colliparilig
willclitiollill bille alld lill-ge-rollild bille
,vstcnis of' It ill-\ esting it i it I f ee d i I w I ol a v.
ii(,Slllts front hille alld inotioll Studies
inade bv tit(, A(,ricultinal Engioceriog
D( Jml tillellt detel-loilwd ph \ jcid per-
tur-dL E01oi0t11(' 8i(Id Iuti Sociologx lot
'thug~ t11i]'s .x Steil I NXxk I lollitil 277 ki.11(
thte I)epilvt- prodtocillg(00' ('1veitio1lli 1181('x Ni'xx 11l
tct'ttt(' 811(1 1,111 10)47 Sitickcriijti for liailiog (,oi-
fidgel ti er x cititttml bile', to storigc. pickup truckh
ofyl \gt 1 f- tIr for fitetltt oil(.( it (il\ lto pitli'ls.
S\ It'to I I Ve(rlller 6015 biller pr10(11W
1.1 1( it to lilrge iiiijtd iti I eih frontt t'If(]lo108(1(
2--: itd picki p litc i. tilo 181111 h 4 1111Iiii
Ill to stoiw fg'li lt cold loadier 8101 pio hip
titick foi fc'dtiog frete(ltt~' l i t) oo pititl',
-i114ei 1 u
000 
IiieS(' ('I I 
I ermie 
,ae on 
iltl(l
losl ing t ile tc 1-li til dtitl to hlpcl 111
il'- il Sld
.04
I.3 ji(, 101pr1cl tls 
ot2,000i'tils, Table
2.:3 1 l t'e xli Blt fromtattion' \\Ic do t i
19. 0 1 lirii 101,11 feed fol vil 'l11 
i)1llil ('(
1.9 tte fo sts x'i ll , p ldil r ig ol ti lgt
21.831 St', ' ,ht0 willi f)8tt1ix. It dit('tt t I (li ton
.581018 1 )ttl 
xx ottIl) fe dlx f ax xec))ttti Thes
SI I92( cLtxt s11(1 85ii otal th cost0( per1( 
too
8. ( I 551114111e o d led11 \%(11is tit xwr lotie
olit'dx es , ei h 411ill ite o f~] it' fSi'l
,--S 1. 10,1 te it xhe clx t it l 
l~ , cid t xS 5111 \1te 11
""20 31 te ttf illel' cox 
x pe o) ill t x'his(,S.l o\\ 81(
1.3 r c''tin .std th i a~e I(o tti
S\ ttin 1. MI 2TT baler. 1047 stit(kcruiwi-, piAup tot- feed1w-, (M
S OiL-API'LIi'l pestici des max' affiect
propllgule germinlatio~n, groxvth, aind re-
p)roductive processes of planit palrasitic
fungi. Understaiiding such effects is es-
sential for formulating and tdeveloping
disease control measures.
A prev'ious pulficationi (Hfighlights
Vol. 20, No. 2, Summer 1973) described
the valuie of Il/ides for controllinlg xx bite
mold ( Sottherni blight) in pealnuts. The
causal fungus, Sclcrothinl rolfsii, maxy
buil11d up inoculum and survive over xx in-
ter (or longer) ill txvo xwavs: fby produc-
tion of numerous, tiny, seed-like pro-
pagules ( sclerotill) xvhich resist adveirse
soil conditions and germinlate in summier
to infect host plants, or by colonli/ing
organic debris as at sllprophyte uiitil con-
clitions are favorable for conistiniu e(]
groxvth and infection of plants.
Ii supfport of fieldf research stuldies,
Ialboratorv tests xvere initiated iii tile De-
fPartiueit of Botany aild Microbiology to
decterm ine preci se effects of va5r ious1
sodium azide (NaN:,) levels onl general
soil fungal populations, germination of
Fungi
Thousonds/g of soil
45
40-
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0-
0 2 5 10 20 40
NoN
3 
(lb/A)
FIG. 1. Effects of sodium azide on popula-
tions of soil fungi 3 days after treatment.
seferotia, and subsequent production of
iiexv selerotia.
Soil used in these tests xxas a sanidx
loams collected fi om at field llniulllvy
cropped to peanuts at the Wiregrass
Substation. Natural sclerotia of Sciuro-
[jl11n rolf-s-i xxerc collected from soil
arounid dliseased plants in the same area
andI stored dry in glass v ials. to one test
xxhere uncon taminated laboratory scfero-
till xxere used, these xvere produced by
Culturinlg tile pathogen in flasks of steri-
lized peanut hield soil.
First, a text xx as designed simply to
proxvide an indicaition of the effect of*
lI/ide on thle general polpulation of soil
fungi. Azide xx as applied to flasks of
fieldi soil lit lexvels equtixalenlt to 0, 2, 5,
It), 2t0, aild 40)1lb. aictixe m Iaterial per
acre. After 
i ncubfatin 
Iperiods 
of 0,' 3,'
aild 5 daxys, funigl populationis weie as-
sessed 1)ix a stanldard soil cfilutioii plite
couiit techiiniqule. In it secoind test, 1)oth
field-collected a~nd laboratory- gross
selerotia xvere placed oii the surface of
azide-treated field soil (0-40) lb. /A.
equiv.) in pcetri dishes auld percentage
germinationl recordedi at intervals during
inlcubaltioin. Filnally, the effect of azide onl
prodneutioli of news sclerotia xx'as deteim-
iiied iii flasks of sterilized soil, xx hichi had(
b~eenl recoiltamillated xx ith varioucs minute
quanlitities of lion-sterilized soil, then iii-
oculated xvith Sclerotio ri)I/.sii. Thfis
\vals included to iiidicate tile iinffuenice of
thle genei ra1l miicrobl ial 1)0opu ltion oil a/.ide
effectixven ess. The sclerotia wxheni mil
tire ( ahout 30 (lays) , xwere screenled
fu-oni tile soil anid counted.
The severe iiihibitorx effect of NaN,
oil soil funigi iii geilerlf is cx iuelit ill
Fig. 1. All lexvels of Il/ide tested hlad
greatly reduced fungal populaltions1 .3
dlax s a~fter treatmuent.
TIe Iapp11 ealranice of germ iniating scl cr0-
til l 00o1il an11( tile inllilitor-V effect of
.it relatixvely loss lexvel 
of Il/ide treatment
are slloxs init Fig. 2. The effect of
Il/ide conlcelltraltions1 eqijuvllIit to 1-40
lb). A. xxas similar for hothi field-collected
and1( laboratory cultured scleriotia. (Cermi-
naltioni percentage decreased sharply xxith
inicreased Ilzide level (Tab~le ), ainid no
germination occurred in trealtmnts, ,lbox c
.5 lb. 'A. Time also is moi imilpo~rtain t fie(,
Effects of Sodium Azide
On White Mold Scierotia
ELIZABETH A. WIGGINS and E. A. CURL
Deportment of Botany and Microbiology
NaN,':
C 111c1.
eqiuiv
lb./A.)
10
h lrtil
-2 hiss 7 daIs
95 97
8-4 91
6it 86
Ito )
2 dix 7 11115
84 98
57 87
t0 15
FIG. 2. Sclerotia germinating on field soil
without azide (top) and with 2 lb., A. azide
treatment (bottom).
to.Note thact inii al cases sclel otial gcr
oh lation increased b~etws een 2 and 7 days
flter placing onl the soil. Thuis, a/i de
levels beclowx 5 lb). A. tend to (lelav rather
thani prexvent ger minatioln, suggesting a
fuiigistatic rather than fuingicidal effect.
Whfile test inig scerot ial germ inatinI
it \\,ias observ~ed tihat inmbers of iass
selerotia p~rodulced oil thle soil plaltes also
v ariedl w5ithi al/ide treatinielts. Fnrtlier
stiidx reve(aled that verxy love levels of
a/idle (0.5-2 1lh. A. ) inibit selerotial
formation,. anld tilis effect is magnlified1
by5 tile popullationl density of tile natural
soil microfloi a. A/ide wxas extremely (ef-
fectixve in natural soil andi becane less
effective i15 tile soil mnicroial p)oplation
was pr ogressiv ely reduced.
Sodium aiiide 1ha1 a broad speictrilm
inhibitory effect oil soil funi gi. and s(1 e-)
cificallv inii its germination anld produc-
tionl of Xx bite moold sclerotia at loxx treat-
mieit levels. This suggests i1 potential ill-
flucisce 0oill octiun dciisit xv and1( survixval
of the pathogen iii crops \\,here azides
flaxve been used successflll to redue
wxhite modl diseaise. Tlc ifl ieice of
other soil mi cirooirganlism s ol t[lie effec-
tix ciess of azidh's deseirves further cx-
perimeniital cionsid(eraltion.
TABiLE L, IW I E 0- NI ill \il\A XllsN 0F
Hi ill(.11 ol 1111:J St I I 111)11\ xNil LAiB-
(illS 1 lli B(,lO\\- N MLFlolIA OF WITEi
\Iotio IdvN(ls 2 \\i) 7 D,\xs Ai io
PLCN N ri. 1151 8111
Irrigate but Don't Cut for Hay -
Route to Top Interstate Seed Yields
HOMER C. ADAMSON' and E. D. DONNELLY, Dept. of Agronomy and Sot's
D EMAND1 FOR SLEDI ot Inlter state 5(1 icea
Iespelei. is rmniiing f at ahiea( of' si ippix
This variet v, tiesvelopledi at Atiiii U11 ii-
versity Agricultuiral Expei-rietit Stationi,
is ad
1
apted for Ilist il I igi ixx ax rights of-
xvaN xxliere it pro ides anl attr activ e etA er.
Its popnlaritY has created at good seed
mnarket. buiit stupply bas licit met den li aiid.
Interstate is at good seed proditler. bt
correct ciultural pr1actices are itce11sZars
for top prodit le i ii Atilitirti reseairch ie
suits slioss- tihit it slititild lie p
1
aoteti
b~roadcast. not lit fior lht', iil iii teci
1i1ilcss rititall is xsl tist triblitet throuigh-
titit the 1* )Ns itieT staistiti.
Eff ects of irrigratit ii atd ]lit\ cutting
oil seet ixjeids of this sumnerl 1((leg e
we re leairnted ouil 5-year-oid st; i Is toi
LiIceditl c ftinie sanidyI loamil soil at the
Flt iit tt ut Seedi Stocks Fatrmi, liii rsl i
Replicated plots ili lbroadicast it id 27-ill
ro\\s s xs re iisetl for eacht iriiattti atnd
ctuttintg treiatmett. Seed \\ere ctinijiietl
inl October eacht ear ( 1971 Mid ] 972)
I ro~in 20) x 150-ft. plots of thiese tivieat
mtnits: (1I) n1o ia etittitig., iriiltei:
2) bay cuit once whien 12~-15 in. tatl.
irrigaited (3) njo hay etitting, nott ii-
gatet; aind (4) hiax ett once xxiiet I12-15
ilt. tall, tiot irrigat ed.
Fi unit (0,ucluate IlB tcii As.s.istiiit I I
to()\ \antit,inent Itaiti e, Golt ist. Inc.,
I Icadlainl. Alabam-a.
Irrigaititiii xxas tlne to tliitotuil i
.50% axvailadble ioistttre levelI d urio g
Attgttst and September. At fild eapac-
it', its era ge ax uilale svater per foot of
soilI xx as 1.2 itt. Witater loiss touder set tcet
is ilholt (0.2 ill. p)er daxt otil this Soil ty pe.
Fhuits, \\,]tell hri ougt to field caplucitv I)\
ritofall or' irt-igatitoi., moistu-re is stifficietilt
lot a I tt 6 dayxs. At th at timoe, s tippic-
ittuwttu irrigatiti \\ ottld hi addedit it
thtere had beet itio t aiii ditirfiw the( 6 dax s
Raint all xx is wxell clistrihuttetl iii 1971.
As at result, there \%,is tio vielti itncrease
frot i rri gaitit i ott either b~roiadtcas t ot
sx'ithe-rtt. set icea. It \\ as it tilferiit sttit
iti 1972, boss cxc ti \x ien siinutr rainfall
ssius liiited, t'(iirt I. Irrigratittut iii Autg,
list atid Septenluti gaxve at 74''r seed ill-
creuise tol ntieit Ibroadtcatst stricea gt
iiig fri ti 431 lb). to 748 l1). per atre.
lDrotilit like thatt ofi 19T2 caill lie ex-
pectied iti 5 otf 10 Yxears itt ceirii Ala-
hiautitti sio such itucrealses xx tilti ilt ht
i alt tccitretices.
Brtoadcast seniea gettet alI I lxi dt
higrher x ieids titan wxide-rts strice a, Fig
tre p lrobil bilt ecat tse of 1less xs eed
coittuiitititiii. E'x ti I \\ ithltit ii Iigratioti.
iiiit biutaideast sttits axerigetl (645 lb).
\Vitt), I Ii x\ttx S., C. 11. MI. \\ 13,\V L.
littlia. AtIlotuit t (,Iix. I t ALI. Ex.
1
. stit.
I',. 4
'C
~.:
C ,t
.1 -'4.'
of cle dt seedl it oi itr 0ti6t l1. ill
NT I aod 4:31 I11). ill N~T2).
( ittit his itl i \x ittited seed
itids it xx tuppittg 55.S, oii btrtoadcast
sti icta ti N72. All itincilt trtatiiteitts it
linitre 2 ats ti aged 7.501) l. if' eomtbitie
hlt~ix steti seted, its ettutiptie iiixxitli :3401
lb). ftor atll ctittitig treatnititits. The lxix
1)lr1 atcre. Thei ha itt lit be ti th abit
84~5 per atr, bilt 8251 xxilth of' stetd
xx tIt satCrifice tttot get it.
A lot of seed atre lost ini ciiiliitic lxii
5 trxstiigo aiticthug to titl iiiit, bsoad-
ticied seedl. The coniltiac hiarxvestedl
tiilx 4:'31 1)li i t r* '[hiis. tonly 69% oif
.1t1(tI prtttt iedI5 vetC it~ti estt.
Woter,
inches
FIG. 1, Roinfall and irgation,
July-seed harvest, 1972.
18 Rainfall
1 6 
Irrigation
4
1 0
08 6
0 4
0 2 
1
Ju ly 1 6 11 2163
whole month) August
1 6 11 16 21 26
September
Hulled cleoned
seed/ocreilb
1,00Q0
1 6 11
Octobher
- 451
FIG 2. Effect of cutting and irrigotion
on sericec seed yte~d
19~71
972
428
287
96
rrigoted Not irrigated
Ctfor noy in May
rrig ted Not rrtiqite
rU c -u
J
'a * ! a-
Residual Effets
of,
lPriiiarv filhue
W. T. DUMAS and F. A. KUMMER
Department of Agaicultunrol Engineering
L. A. SMITH, USDA, ARS
I )1 I.:', p rai tI tairg a' rIRct'XS11A each \ear [ii pr1odruce goao1
N iel(IX ot c ottori?
Researc clihas XshoXXwn that cottonl loots XXill [9 rXX intoit
lo osen ed zin e orf soil it it is anot ri '( a rc teul kv tXraffice. To
determraine if roort zone tillage isi(5 lwcNl latwh X lr tests
tIolI I ili II dep I r IIage XX\itlIIsr ~liI I I o\ t iIi' \ itli till ee leXvels
of taetrrr taiffie le bluer eoiu clrtcdI at the Agi icoltra i -~
girrearirig 13iseiarch trit ira eaojierratiar ss itli tihe Natiiiraal
Tillagre \leirir X Lalrratrars iria Norrfolk saIrll lioarm sil.
Testing Procedure
Iral tests consist of SI\ ta~eitnracaatS Xll(XX Ii ill 111jl)11 1. All
plaits ss re plarnted in) 4)) a r oXXs ill at 2 awl I skip ro
pattcrn wXitha all row IXX ucitacI iol [ie( same 1)aritiils each
N'ear. toi taeatnai'ais I id 2. (coartrarlleul tr atfiec) all opera-
tinls I roarri I IsidIIic m1,aigirrairit [ho(hr riirlar X st, \\III coil-
\\lt'c 5it] it tr actor !I hat Ilird hrrtl fran at aid
1  
el ssI \iree
sprriis irf 12)) irr. cenater to center. B\X asfirl I 12))ia.
sshe l )ijaji(g a i1(1 laX pflrrrtiaagT ].()\\a. r iss it 2 iald I
skip roiiw pattaa a1 at alaf riurrla distar ace ad 24 ill. \\ias marll
tiied lbetsXeell a t(. erli ad- [lie [rid[ir tire ir if ticre owXX ill-
ediliag t (5 ira. iliios ar ace liar XX olrll laX thle tactor oper1atior
Alsoi tire foirr XX lil ta nctail eliriiirlirtcrl il iaati'r-auiss traiflie.
Ira ticlailltX :3 inc
1 
4, (ta etrr ti lfic-) nail iiiirrtiiiris XX ire
ciilj(llctedj\llX ita tl-ic-X ciee ta nietiia tlrt Iun~it n a ear 
XX hleel sp)ae_
ig( iof 8)) ill. el hr tia cenrrt. 'lthis resulited ill Iiar milnirra
distance ui' I ira. fro arnaa tieidgcL iif tih' lear [a ietaar tire tao
tire ro lass nd also rcsulited i trallfic ira all iriter a os. Trant-
mewst 5 ind 6 ( tractor & sr ni v-a [afifie) 1 XXII tire sale ats
treanltt :3 anid 4 exceept tihit tihe [lit"s reliXid adlditioinal
late siisill taffic fa ran at [aicX ce IighI eiaraire spil Xer umisl\
haig at rear ss heel sprliilagT of 8at fil
All plcots ill tire test site rdecieiX i n aiforia, dleep talitri
trenatmrent ill 197)). Bleginnuing iaa 1971, 
ia I his naid lijotaX tia
XX\ias raseci] to prepare thme slialluiss tilled pliotX. trcatmenits 21
-1 andl 6. lire Hiatoia' ltir ciillisX)Ii oartV4 kahiX X cs I cm agm i
%ilth of " )() ill. iid iti acepil of 2 [tio i. It uwlacp ti 111
chse piiis fuollowsed 1w~ tihe I tn\X arc liutos atuur. ThIe chisel
puuss% eiinsi'atel oif 1W chirsels coeurti ina i5 \auth arf 8)) ill. ,aid at
dep
1
thi of 16P ( illu. XII plots, dch p itiad shiallo\% tilled(, XVIII
tteli beddled Ns ith I disk bed de riti Ild prlanrtedl \\it]Ii a t\\ o-I 0ow
thel( ciontrolleid tiffie ploits thatt were dleep filled ill 1970
Mid slhaliiow tilled il1971, 1972, anld 19723 (ta eataaaeot 2)
(5X'TliilX , \ieledi IXs 11)111 its tire conitroilledu traffic plaits
tfiat XXIII' deep1 filled in IWO) imod agiaini inl 1971, 1972. and
N973 (tri-tmnt I lTris irndicates that deep1 tre roa\
riort be n ecessaryN eatch " ear wlar'r preparing Iiitlotedi lot-
ctituiri if' traffic is eilrtrollicl to led~ire leciiraijctiiin ill fte
I'lai' aveiiage X relil Ii i the ciintr olled traffic plorts (tivat-
liit)5 Ii ofll 2' XXa .56 1(5)) . ill seedt elttori per a~cre more
[hli th[le tr actor tr affie plots (titareits .3 anid If and 766
lb. pe~r acre i(ore thanl the tractiir pis spra\i r halhc plaits
t raatr Itil it, anid 6). Somea )uhX sicid dir a( to the phariltX
b\X the Lae seilsIir spril er ti arthc XX as illslIX i'i. T his clraiie
XXIII hI aeccolurrit fo r serlal' of th[ii i d elo (11ctill I ill t I .rtrr ph is
spIlI X ( tiuffic. pluots.
Test Results
Ini 197.3 tractror traffic roreducc X rids 31.0: aira the Xhillai5X
tilled lots ats compn
1
ared to 2 1.5 ir 1972 amid 12.3';' in 1971.
This riicati's that afther deep tallai'c rraire than~ I Xlii uif ta at-
ft( liOIX I\ rc icrarr ed tio a eeIoilac t Ilwiiuul anld thalt compa
1
actionr
call lie c.111rrralat i% .
1 li . 1315111 XI lii X II ira S IXIN
TIra
a ai
it arsir it I107))1
til ltia,
197))0
t Ia ici
I ta I (:raat o l i c
2 lDiccp iii111(
I t)cc iYi I to] ai
4 1~a V Fr ii) halt
l5l aee T] it to &
sp1i1\ cr I
6 lDiap 'Ft it( tor &
qpi as a c
197[ 172-7:1
St allo\\
I )ia ra
S llaliiss
I )a h
salla as
('rita llcd
ai laior
TIacrtor
I'aor ii t,
srrrsar
T]a( ra &
Slit aX a.
T\arr a 2. Yaalrira Saa al11 Coiiio Ir ao HXi Ia \1,a XItar a si Sit IX
'raitir a at
N 197) 1-72-7:1 
727
I I )iep Gm arit il
1 
(.(
2 Shllow(X (iiil atri) rt
:1 a 1 )iaa [acreti
I Shralir's ii at
a l)iap 'I a to[ar,
Slrri a-a
6i Si lisso\ TI actoa,
'1)1I a I1
aoirila stie] dittiri )Ii1 lila
Ji Ni
:ti672
:), 32 1
:) 220
2862
270:1
20)86
37
2105
276)1 18571 I1890 2110
EMPLOYMENT and
RURAL DEVELOPMENT
C. L. VANLANDINGrIAM and W. E. HARDY. JR.
Dept. of AgiculturalI EconomiC5 and Rurat Sociology
E \1 LO ) ' I\ .IX'. s11'' i billi t ll idlilti 14'l l il t 
ti ieii' 11.
.1 iw ll j1ob 11it b:37 I f t iliila'ic lot I ll 1,1' le ilc st' ii' l il'. 111
ill'14111 d liog od tiol ' .11ii ,1 (5:3', lit aill ilv1i7llii laor o rceiixI
is1(1 ix 311si 46 d ,1111w'. ith fiio'IN~o todi lm11ol imi
*Ilts 1imdillgxsowi p ox ioi 111 29% II iil olli'1f hillse old ill11'
* ~d lii t 1,liiii'. lilillilor11''' s llh il for 11 it'\ id je illi Xi
11111.llr liuilx Aav tt itIl' 1111111 l'\i llit 21). u ct lilli'.x iodL
vidal and llX11 .111'. d 11,1',1 1 ill11 Iltc i 011111 \N ii oit ill Il ) t ill --1
* ~.O tit( 420 .31 1,11111'.s 11i 11' ti 10 -)ample, 1111' :38 i he cli
* 3foi (fi 14l to quiit'tiliiIoli itoi l)osse'.l '.iI of 261 [lId
teil items (i 1widillir of ccIi of li i0). l'lllllo\edi lioeixs
IiI I I i i'fI)oir tc(Il 11 a, 111041' of' I-,. Failies' of Tiolioil
plii idi li'.. ,oilre rli' , l' wit'itfl o doiii '.i all iotIN .rg lof
1: '\.it',' xioo(2 fxi d oTx iiii 4ial lIdili
Aty i apiicit tw ajl iiii', I h ati~ix most of It 'ioPX'
1. iutr :35
:15-54
55 adi 10.1 I
N\, Ilik
Bliwk
Si \
Fcillll
tt 6
7 9
Jil il iii'
Fiilit 11(''
2 tljptt 4,99) it
SI n iii'i i i i
t Ionct~
(I I1(1 lm
I'1t7 2,00
'I iitii
-420)
2.3.1
14.8
82.9
1 -1.1
82.1
17T.9
25.7
I17.
69.A3
1:3,8
.52.9
It0.8
22.4
25.2
12.2
tif .5
6I.1
2(6. 1
:3. 9
2.1
5.0)
:30.8
2Wit
3')4.7
[12
21.1
85.8
14.2
94.2
5.8
15.t0
22.3
62.7
K8. 5
1(6.5
1.6
67.7
78.2
1:3. 1
8.1
6. 9
31 1 A
2 5.,8
19. 6
2.7
5.0)
161.2
10 .5
Nohiliiijii ll
4.3
12.5
8:3.2
2 1.9
62.5
:37 .5
47.5
:31.:3
21.2
46.3
5:3.7
28.8
42.5
28.7
71.1
1.4.8
47.5
:38. I
1 .3
192
65A4
8.:3
5.2
(1.9
18.1
16. 3
29:3
20.0
9. 1
TIHE POT ATO P'LANT is subject to attack
by a variety of plant parasitic mnematodes
and soil hornte fungi. Among the eco-
nomicallv irmportanit nemnatodes there are
the goldens cyst nematode, the potato rot.
and root-knot nemnatodes. Other um ia-
todes that may he inmpotrtaut through
their direct activities or intdirectly in as-
sociatiosn wxith soil borne parasitic funtgi
are: lesion, stubby root, and spiral ntema-
todes. In tlte southern part of Alabama
the predomintant planmt parasitic nema-
tod~es are root-knot nematode ( AIelo-
idogyne incognita) and spiral nenmatodles
in the genera Ileotmjlencltns and Roty-
lccutcts. Tfhe most uibiquitous of the
spiral itematodes is 11lilotyilcttctus di-
Ityjstera. Because of the lack of imforina-
tion on tlte importance of' soil bornte dis-
eases on potaitoes itt south tAlabama atnd
oiu the performance of miinaticides it
tltis atrea, tests wxete conducted itt the
past :3 x ears to obtain inform atioi Ioh
tlsese subjects. Experiments wvere lo-
eated at Thseodore at the Frito-Lay farmn
in cooperation with Dr. Jim W eber aind(
4**
Evaluation of Fumigant and Contact
Nemnaticides for Control of Plant
Parasitic Nematodes in Alabama Potatoes
R. RODRIGUEZ-KABANA and PEGGY S. KING
Department of Botany and Microbiology
fABtLL 1. EFFErT OF oTwo SOIL Fcxnci(ANTS ON PLANTr PsASt i _\N At 0ES ANt)
YIELDS OF POTLATOES IN x TEST AT ITuLol)om., ALAiBAMA
IramttRate Riot-kit 
Galling', SpiraPl yield
Traten (al/are nrntoc index niematodces (percrit ovxer
gal cre) lars~tccontrol)
DID 12 t0 2 5 19
MIethyl bronmide 55 2 1 0 48
-Contr ol 27 
9 47 t
Numbers per pint of soil.
Based on a susceptible tomato bioassas . 0) r-ut galls, It) conmplete galling.
TAsBLE 2. Ti-n EFF. ECr OF VABIOcS CONTIACTr Coxix11itoAL Ni-Ni TI(IE lON' t
PLANT PARxst ii NEMiATODES AND POTO YIELDS
TIreatmnt
Con tro ri-- ---
D D- -- --- --- -
\Itcap 10 ; -----------
\en acor 15 -- --- ------
\'),(late 10G_______________-
\uitbeis 5 er pint of soil.
Rae Root-knot'
(lb. a.i/acre) 
lar aoe
Spiral 
Yield
it aoe (percent 
iox'r
nemaodes 
control)
12 gal.
8
8
8
Mlr. BaNt MIiller of the Frito- Lax ( tnn-
p)aiy AX~ test conduictedl ii 1 
9
7
2 
wxas (de-
signtedl to (leterminte the yieldl of pontatoes
in soil sterilizedlx witireth ntlv btromidie,
the y ieldI oIbtined with the I innigian t DD I
(( il Iort~r
1
~ ied ctlr(lrtt~N )anitd
that fro untitrea ted soil. Results ( Tabhie
1 ) intdicated that ieteatodes wvere patrtly
respontsilble for losses iii potato yieldls.
Since the DD treatment is particujlarly
eff ective again st nematodes and to a
lesser extent against funigi, and( miethyl
b~romide is at broadl spectrumn sterilant,
the higher vield r esponse obtain ed wxith
mnethsiv hiromide indicated that soil b)orne
path ogents other than nuematodes wxere
contibuting to yield losses. WVork dot -
ing 1973 at the same location wats di-
rected to compare the standard fumi-
gant D)D to a number of commercial
gI(,iitUlar contact nemnaticides. Titis work
\\ as particularly irmportanit since ami ci-
I ectix e granule applicable att planting
time eliminates tlte need for chisels and
pre-plant applications require by I the
fumigant. Table 2 presenits representa-
tixve data fromn these exper imenits. The
results indicate that moderatte to good
nemnaticidal activitv can be obtained
wvith the use of granular nematicides
wxhen applied at 8 lb). actixve ingredient'
ar.Howvever, of tlte granular nemati-
cides tested only Nemacur 1.5G approxi-
mated tlte yield response wvitlt DD. Sinice
DD has some fungicidal activity it is
likely that the higher yield response ob-
taiu ed with it is in part attributable to
its n on-itmaticidal activ ities. Present
research is directed to the evaluation of'
funigicide x itematicide combinations to
obtain adequate control of plant parasitic
nematodes and soil borne disease caums-
ing fungi.
DIRECT OR NATURAL SEEDING of pine
results in too many seedlings, causing
individual trees to grow slowly for sev-
eral years. Examination of this type of
stand has shown that the growth rate
begins slowing down around age 6 to
8 years. Reduced diameter growth may
delay commercial harvesting and thus
potential income by 10 to 15 years.
On the Fayette Experiment Forest of
the Auburn University Agricultural Ex-
periment Station, an area was site-pre-
pared (bulldozing and disking) and di-
rect seeded in 1961. Additional natural
seeding came from trees of an adjoining
area. Seedling establishment was exces-
sive and by 1968, pine trees over 4%
ft. tall averaged 7,400 stems per acre.
A thinning study was applied in the
spring of 1968 with the following treat-
ments: Check (no treatment), hand-
thinning to 1,000 stems per acre, broad-
cast application of 150 lb. of nitrogen
per acre,
1 
bulldozing 9-ft. strips be-
tween 18-in. undisturbed strips, apply-
ing "Tordon 10K pellets,"
2 
soil sterilant,
in lines 11 ft. apart (9.1 lb. per acre),
and applying the sterilant in strips 9
ft. apart (11.1 lb. per acre).
After 4 years, none of the thinning
treatments showed significantly greater
height growth than the check, although
the fertilized seedlings averaged 1/2 ft.
taller than the untreated ones (Table 1).
The soil sterilant damaged leaders of the
surviving pines, and this damage is re-
flected in significantly reduced growth
where Tordon was applied at the 9-ft.
spacing. The damage was evident for 2
years after treatment, but subsequent
height growth paralleled that of the
check.
Stocking Effect
Five years after treatment, all thin-
ning methods had reduced stocking con-
siderably below the check (Table 2).
No treatments except hand-thinning and
bulldozing reduced the number of seed-
lings sufficiently to encourage best
'Ammonium nitrate (NHNO.): 33.5% N
at 450 lb. per acre ($3.25/100 lb.).
2 10% active material of potassium salt,
4-aminos 3, 5, 6, Trichlotopicolinic acid
($1.50/lb.).
TABLE 1. AVERAGE HEIGHT OF DOMINANT
AND CODOMINANT TREES 4
YEARS AFTER TREATMENT
Treatment Height
Ft.
Fertilize 11.8
Check 10.3
Bulldoze 9.2
Tordon, 11' 8.9
Tordon, 9' 6.5
Pre - Commercial Thinning
In Natural Pine Stands
SHERMAN D. WHIPPLE
Fayette Experiment Forest
TABLE 2. STAND CONDITIONS JUST BEFORE TREATMENT AND 5 YEARS LATER
(PER ACRE BASIS)
Stocking Basal area
Treatment 
Reduc 
After 5 years
riginal 5 years tio Original All Dom. &
trees codom.'
Number Number Per cent Sq. ft. Sq. ft." Sq. ft.
Hand-thin 5,899 1,080 72 51.1 92.3 69.77
Bulldoze 6,679 1,069 84 54.4 67.5 57.78
Fertilize - 7,962 3,545 56 54.1 129.3 57.15
Check 11....------ 7,698 4,525 41 53.1 120.6 45.28
Tordon, 11' 6,830 2,225 67 48.8 67.4 44.71
Tordon, 9' --- 9,308 2,149 77 57.8 62.0 35.29
Approximately 600 trees per acre.
2 Disregarding occasional ingrowth from trees originally less than 4.5 ft. tall.
growth, and even these are now ready
for re-thinning. Basal area measure-
ments including all sized trees showed
large variations, with the fertilized and
check plots highest. Basal area of dom-
inant and codominant trees, however,
was significantly higher on the hand-
thinned plots than on the check. The
differences in basal area between the
bulldozed and fertilized plots and the
check were not significant at the 0.05
level.
The average diameter of dominant
and codominant trees was the measure-
ment with greatest relative differences
between treatments. Both the bulldozed
and the hand-thinned treatments had
significantly larger average diameters
than the check (Table 3). In contrast
to a study at Camden, Alabama, where
a disked-strip treatment reduced diame-
ter growth, thinning by bulldozing here
increased growth, undoubtedly because
roots were not damaged by the bull-
dozing as they were by disking. Ferti-
lization increased diameter growth
through the fourth year, but no further
growth increase in relation to the check
could be discerned. Growth on plots
treated with the soil sterilant was re-
tarded for the first 2 years, then it in-
creased steadily through the fifth year.
Thinning Results
Thinning overly dense, young loblolly
pine by hand or by bulldozing will def-
initely shorten the time before a com-
mercial thinning can be made. Although
fertilization as applied here had no sig-
nificant influence, the potential is favor-
able. Based on these short term (5-year)
results, the damaging effect of the soil
sterilant during the first 2 years dissuades
use of the sterilant for thinning.
TABLE 3. AVERAGE DIAMETER OF DOMINANT
AND CODOMINANT TREES 5 YEARS
AFTER TREATMENT
Treatment D.B.H.
Inches
Bulldoze- -- - - -- 5.0
Hand-thin- - -- - - - - 4.8
Fertilize 4.6
Tordon, 11'-- - 4.2
Check 3.8
Tordon, 9' --- 3.7
15
Boneless Beef from Cows, Bulls, 
Heifers, and Steers
D. L. HUFFMAN, W. E, POWELL', and R. R. HARRIS, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences
V. L.. BROWN, Loner Coastal Plain Substation
oLEAN BONLES BE I 'F li is ini gn'V~t tie-
if fait 1bee(f is a\ al bile front led cattle.
but Ie.iii beel is iii 'short suip-pl\ I)oiiie,
tiC b~onless hb( ', i ma JMIil Olbtniiil
fron 011clii ((155s adl lls, andh ]lot ('notlgil
of thlese' ail i ndx are ill ark etc to mleet
deinid. As at rt suit. the mneat pirocess-
ing iodii11)1tiex' imports mu ii m ill x1)
The studx ireported heire xwas designied
to deterinue carclass compositioni of x\a-
liohis classes of cattle.
Teili head each (It (0555, bulls, hieifers,.
mid~ steersx gi adiiig U.tiiit.\ or lossci- werei
Inirchased al auiofluill fed silage with11
iiiiimui xipplimeiit abioiut 90) dax -s, anid
theii siaiighteired. The studyx x as re-
peated aI seconid - (car using 9 eaich 
of
cows5 aiind blls' hlld 101 ('del of, lihcifes
and1( ste'ers. Eachl sex ciss wxas fedi xep-
arateix.
Tile 78 carcasses weC'reC F ed era lix
gradled for quaility ad iVeIli gradles andll
separaited intio ibone, heaii aild fat trim
nen ts wxere t ake(ii I rolil tile f orequarter
I1lll hindquafhrtCer (of echd' Icarcass. TC'nderti
loins \\,ere wxeighed'C separatCely. 'laiC's
I and~ 2 stinilmldiie ftC carcass Cdta.
of1 idC'ktat at tjic' of slaughter. FemalCes
hadl a lowser dressiiig percentage thai
mllles (45 vs. 51%) exvii thoiuigh tlIlC'X N
xsere nolit pregn allt xwIhen s i. l i'li id
tile diressin~g percenltage 1(o1tOS cow \\,
signlificantly loxwer thlan ftor hleifCers iII
and 47%, respectiv elxy), but it xxas, di
mlost ideCnftical for botills and steers.
Bull carcasses S eiell tile highest pci-
ceiltage of lean mreat. The pCrcel~tair
1lan xwas rem airkabix similar amioi g a(
lass5es, idil iilig Iirom 69 to 7:3 7 . I Ititci
carcasses' avera igedi abioit 24% bone1., Ci B I-
traistedto appr)ioximaltely 22% foill it
olther sex classes.
ho1l(1 s ('(5 i'1i ill tile forequarliteri tiiaii ill
thet hlindquar~itei (If all classes of aiijiais
iii tile text. tilossC'Ser, tue tCendlerlo~in id(
the kidiiex \\,erie inludedl'C iii \\eCight (If
the i
1
11niuater but xxere' no(t iii ci tdeli
'\-os Speciailist ill Foodit Science, ALI-
iii the( fl
1
'cci itiigC of(I leanl. rActiiaiii there
toreI'ina1rterIs l1) 1-i I a oxiin iteix 2% i~ f per-
CCII tai.fe le'an adl per ceiitage telilerillil
are addCeCC togethier. TheiC forequariite'r hadi~
Carcass, 'omipo)sitioni
Fait
Tc('lli lollin
Foreqjuarters
Llli
I lidquii er
1 ''iib'r i n ------
K idney - --------
71.3
22.7
.3.8
1.8
72.1
26.7
1.5
70.4
18.5
6.2
.3.6
1 .0
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
AUBURN UNIVERSITY
AUBURN, ALABAMA 36830
R. Dennis Rouse, Director
PUBLICATION~ Highlights of
Agriculturol Reseorch 9,174 I 0M
Penolty for Privote Use, $300
it('i (of ail carcasss legiles oft~5 sex
Ilesults oIf this study iniclate thadt bulls1
hasve tht' highetst PCercenltage (If lC'anl iIiat.
followed'C ill orde'r by stCeers" cowxxs, aiil
heifer s.
TABLE 1. CABCASS TTiuuS OF Coxws, BuiLs, Iii ii 
uS. AND S ii ix
Trait a , ICihli. i 'SCiix
Cowx Bull 11 ifter
Lixve xx'('l(t, lb). 8135 
9(08 5370
Carcass\,xxclIlt. l1). ------- 364 
467 268
1 isxing- pilcclitigc' ------------ 4:3.5 
5t1.4 47.2
e~i ar jea, ill. 7-- ------- .74 9.85 
6.48
Bsdon 19 coxws, 19 bulls, 9)) ste'i'i a ,nd 20) heifers,.
Steer
823
4123
51.3
1))
8.76
1.7
s itdal d
I lifjtt
Pct.
69.A
24.5
:3.6
1.9
69.9
28.3
L5S
68.9
201.4
5.7
:3.8
1.0)
steci
72.1)
:3.4
1.8
7.3.1
25.5
1.3
71.2
18.6
:3. 6
1.0)
POSTAGE PAID
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF
AGRICULTURE
AGR 1031
THIRD CLASS
'1' SLE 2. CAR~CASS CoxuuO'o IO OF o COWS,, BLu.S, II 
ii JUS, Ax i) SiiIEl