HIGHLIGHTS
of agricultural research
VOL 21 NO 2 L MMFR 197,1
Agricultural Experiment Station
AUBURN UNIVERSITY
L
1
1
44: * li~
4K
'9.:" "
aN- .4
'4~. .
,:a"
-9 4 ~
'4 -? -, -- '
44K '4-- 44 ~
#6,, -""' ~ ~
#4 ~P* 4449 -. 4:.: '4~c-t
4
'4r 94 - 4'
'4a 1 $ ill:~
:. r ' 2 n . 4'
.4~:t~~ 4; ~
4Ks"a~*
.d~g --
4',-~ t~p
* 4;
~~~ -' 44.:.- i
) rV
4I~ , s~ o"r~
"- -"I-"
C - 9
a "
-I. -L
DIRECTOR'S COMME=NTS
wxorld e elin ii this Naitioni. llecentix\ wec invxiteti txx(I iligil
qu al ified mllci to( adlress the itfaco]t tv of thle Sc1hool of' Agiclturiie
alnld tile Agricultural Experimlenit Station of Aiibuin tTO~l ('1 itv oil
the wxorld food situation, aiicl to (lixox x% tih lix Aiiii (> ,h ill
tile food (101111.
One xx as WVili am Paddock, an iii
terllationlal authority oii the x oi Id
food situatioin and co-authlor of the
boo0k 100iiit 1575!-Aiit'ricoi'
Dt cjijon: Who W11 Iill Sort iic T ].' 'ic
othei x ax C]laude, 1. C'artei , an AU-
blurn UnIIiversi txv Scho o((1(f Agricul tulre
gradu (ate, who ha) ~is alt xall ret toI a 1)1 i-
tioll of prinicipal ailillixti atix C officci
(If it large dlixversifiedi inteniationlla food(
coml~fly
These mleli xxere especialiy appiroI
prliate folr tile assign men t. D)r. Pad-
dock's boo0k xwritten in 1967 shouIldt lbt
read or it' i ad 1)x ,x c vry person xwho R. DENNIS ROUSE
fhax cespll i iliities il commuI n II00ity)
state, niationial, (Ir jiltel ati(I iial airs. It canl liax c all c enel greater
effect oil policy today than xxiit it xwas pulishxed 7 yearsx agoI.
Claude C.altec's Success ill the food induxtcxv demonstrates hlis albilitx'
toI prloject nmean inigfu usin iexs dccisxions (o11cerninig food.
In1 his 1book, Bil1l Paddock priedicted the "Atomnic Age" xvouid
giv e xx ax' to tile "Age of Food i nclear xxcapot ix ace xxorthlexs
xxithl starx ing people . .. foodi is life ... food is xxeaith ... food
is powxer , blecausxe a liationl xx itil(It food is fpoxx e cx."
InIiT h7,Ie xxrolte: "If' a hiir niation wxere tol gix e to
1
tal tinie,
a tten ition and 1)1inoev to( tile xinglt~ie, naro probxx lem of ci i ncreasiitnx Ig
local food Piroductionl - xxhile it tihe 'ain~e time xtiinlg toI lowxer
population growxth i- thler e etotlf be hc n pe (If an escap friill thle
h axe xxai ted too i ate ai n i cali xt icaiixy ther Ie arc tooI1 ll xo(thier
deiman ds. Trends (If xwor lxxwidte poIpulat ioni increasxe ca 111 (t lbe
sloxwecd stifficieiitly to prexvcnt a foo i shtixorltage. Fi ii I~giilit tile
bo(o(k it xxas emphlasizedl tihlit al hti logi rert'cht (o(1(1( Ilot solvxe all
probilems, it is a miajori hope. Ilie xtres'sxed that morett Irexourcex
shloulld lbt directedc towxxaird rert'.lchi i (1(1 (Ittio 111 fI a gricu(ltura~i
prochucts. 'Thlis xx as still a majoir thetsis (If Di . Paddock's talk.
Ciantle C'ii t(r conIlludetd't thlat ti i recr'ui tiing atndc triinIig of ti e
very fiiiest (11111g people for serv ice ill tilt broahd are a (If food
sholdt flaxve top piotrity tol enxsire that xxe (1( inot tail xshoirt of oli
commliitmnlt. At 'Xuirii, tile Schoiol of Agiculiiture Iluist a'cc'pt
tis ix la] lligc' and ci ei'vel op ti i k inii of isti i ititlnl proIgri il
thait xx iii attract the Itm11(st capale i'ouni ig lmlt and wor(i x 111en tol tis
broadl field. We aire commlnitted toI this bult xx e netti tile assixtanict'
of t'xr \i xretadetr (If tilese tommeni i ts.
The setoid iifritlri t lixste'd by~ ( .rtei' xxax acceriated ai~griculutuiral
research. Ile pla-ed imla jor eimIpha~isil re'evaluciat in g pritoiritit's and c
xlifitin ig suipporlt tol tile tt'pd'i it e pirobilt-il x f en cergy conIiiservxationi
Naitioni to eiifect somlle appret(ciaiblet shifts ill priorlities tilis x'ear. W
are requextiiig froiml ('(iig , ('xx iiici caxt' of- 3t0% ill Feder'iai fl(it
ilig of thie State Agricuiltiural L~xpeimiett Staitionsl. Should ('ioil-
pri ate thes'et ii cccl'c fIIuidsx tilt Al ab amia AXgiricuiltur ial B spt'i tinciIt
Station xx iti tile proposIedl newx -Mini Staitioni fit'eld laiitit'x xxili
he able to mlove alit'ac iii agiriciuttiirai produic'tioni ic('xli (il ii
xxay thait hlax i (t t'cei i plreviouly feaile.
Copit' (If Mr.(Xi Gtt cr taldk, '''jdayt'. Wo(i/t Food Sit nat ion,'
-ire availal e ol requIcest fro111 tis Statioln's Edit or.
Al i-tvIxi l t li i xx e t if ite Salox(
Mouniitini 'Xi a of' AI.(rila. Ile canted
is 1B.S. (degree' firoml All-
M.IS. tie grt' from11 (XIII itl
F iiieisit v. Ile hasi doneit
addlitioni~l graduate xxorik
at Ptiiu cii' inix t'i itx. Ilis
tht'six for is M aste's de-
gree xxas "Orgalii i Pliox
pll(Ii 1 ill Soils.- H ix area'
of spectiaiza/itioni in his presen t posxitionl is
forIiage cropl ixil liiagc'il tit.
Evanix teachest' u11ndt'igraduate couirses
an-t td i cretly tiloilig rese'ach onl forage
tcroip xx xtc'is fill Aillbaia. Ile hiax miv
publlic'ationls pcirtaiing toI his researcthl
on foraigt' iii Aiallrna.
Evaiis xerv ed iii thit Fit'eld Ai tiit'rx as
a I xt Lieuteniaiit dicii-iig Worild Waro ii.
Ile ix it mnibellr (If Alphla Ze'ta anti
(,.llillit Si gilh Delta.
A stor'y oIi a phase (If hlis recsearchl piro-
grainl is featiii itiil paige 3.
HIGHLIGHTS of
Agricultural Research
SUMMER 1974 VOL. 21, NO. 2
A quarterly report of researchl pullislied
by the Agricultural Experiment Station
of Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama.
1R. II)NMsS litlUSs
1oxVIN T. ONITx EDT
CHAS. F. S~IMMONS_
T. E. CORSLEY -----
E. L. MecGAW----
RI. E. STEVENSON --
Ro)- ROBERSON-_
Director
Associate Director
-Assistant Director
Assistant Director
------ ---- -- E d itor
---Associate Editor
Assistant Editor
Editorial Adisry Commluittee: IIx IN T.
O'xs'rxEDT; JOHNI LAxx SIENCE, Pro fc'ssor oIf
Fi/u rics and A//it'd AqInacuircs; 0. L.
CIIA-MxiLiss, Asso'(ciate' Pr(Ifcsxsor oIf II(rti-
cltoi'e; 14. S. LARSE'N, .Xs'.oca," Pi'o-
fcssor Of 1'(I''trlJ; AND E. L. NI GBuAW.
Auibuiii University is an equli iopporctuity
ON THE COVER: With the present nitrogen
shortage, research shows that winter le-
gumes are still a good source of nitrogen.
See story on some of the oldest research on
rotations in the South, page 3.
J
pr ie haegiilled to l iiler tor be(fo
cusedll ois Oteoe iiliiti s of ('iliplviid
lilt. li(''lilt', tilill tile Old flotaitioin ex-
l)Ciiiiieit at Aibtirn slil)X tleariv the
X itit' of xs iiitei l(~ ill i Crop~pinlg
sx ,stci Thle Old Botatiori explerient
XX as st artetd hs j1. F'. lDug.ar iii I 896 pi
ilitik,'s to (leter ilioe lil)X XX iitei lt'giiiies
cule xitillge til ige Pric lot of'el
111(11(1 and Iceltori j ti I.Xorl
UlI iier iii e isjti teir iI lthesii CC of
fertilized ii liuly vitI lot ideq('te
aIllols itofe phsphorusie and l ptitis \Vfi
ter h-uies XX ('Ie at iniixtore tof criiiisoi
('loXc ('F ad vetch.
lBt'sllts shiXi alt' thoseX( ofbtaiiietf sin~ce
thei latest inajfli C reision iii 19.56 foi coi-
tiliillis co1(011 alid( for tlit' 2-vearI rotationl
ofi tottoil aolt coi I. Piothictioii of XX ilter
lt'giiiiitS iI\X i(Pedl illtIlt 1 2,()()() l1). of'
pee (illeighlt per acre ailltlialiX. (1 hemi-
d.ii] ilksCs indjiatedI this aiili t of
gTiCCII illi uire would( equaiil abou~lt 11 21) l.
for 'loltiillois (Ittll it SXs I I\ii ilgF-
ille I -i crop \felds are dX eratgei ftor 18
years (1956-"13).
Fig. 1 . Yield of seed cotton where a pro-
gram of continuous cotton was followed.
Continuous Cotton
\\ tiiiit Iliti loIeil fertilizer oII XX jute?
dle s . tall' n eird thaf 5('t'i ilil %X as
tei till/er lnitrltgl olr leguimes. ielCds
Ii loiii eoiitfiilotiiX gi IIXX ii cttui XX itli It'-
all~t the 12(11I. rate XXCrd' p1 itticalIX
(Itil. 'Flit' Xfild leve t'\s\as qfiite hiighl
for solitf pilite't cottIil ol tifplanit Sil.
Winter legumes being ~
turned under as a source
of nitrogen in the Old
Rotation experiment ot S
Auburn. ~
'-X
WIN~mk LE UNIL canlici
SUPPL NIROENNL
E.~~- M.EV NSad . .STRKE
epatmn of AgAonom andG STURils
Two-year Rotation
R~otatfing (lottll phlis %XXte itl Igliis
XX itli corni pis XX iltel legtiiies idSllltC(
ill highler cottoii X jelds thatl those prol-
Productfoo aX cia et] abou1t1 2 idXIes per
acrTe of haiid-picked1 (lttoi I 'mo tile Lot-
toot, XX jilter I eglill -cro CXd \ii \X ilter ie-
gilines i otatfon. Yiel'1(s of coittonlXX(I
reduled ill this iiitatiiii XX leu 12( 11). of'
fertilizer itrogein XX\as addled iii additiooi
Yield of Seed Yield ot Corn,
Cotton, Lb /A Bu /A
64 Bu
7u 6 -60
2,500- 2i450 Lb 6 oLeg 50
6Tons 
umes
6,0- Tn 1,970Lb Leg- + -40
Leg- 6 umes 
120
1,500- inesI Tons No Lb. 30
No Leg- N 
N 20
I ,000- Ferti enees N2
N +
500H 120 10
Lb __j___
0 - er? IN __ 0
K - -
Fig. 2. Yield of cotton and corn where 2-year
rotation of cotton and corn was followed.
t it tOIll.
to Iei'tles. I his rectictioii a ei ageti
abotut 47011). tf' seedl cottoo per acie an-
oualls o io represenits im filpurtalit (cco
iloiliifL loss. Fer tilizer ilitiligll ill iltli-
cauised excessiXc v'XegetaltiXe C i-oXX (i X fth
iill'i riltel , to tlie applicatiton of fcei tufer
llitiolneli ill aidditilli to XX litdr legtiiones.
the s ieili iiicri'ase XXa ~iei'ss tlimi 5 loi.
per ac'. m i iiilel ies' XXas likly
factiir othier timl liitri t ill ate ( tsliallX
di olght ) illiteti or (( ie ltds iiioiit 50%
to 1 it)1t. pr itcl' I O 5 1) inot (IS ail ' v
ats cooisistlot ats XX\Ir' Clttooli eilds. 1'lit'
ax erligeX jelds XX\ere aboult 40'/ abovIXe
the iiigli ('t stat' avXeirage', hol)XXeX ii
i' lppoi tillit s ts~ ftir repiaciiig at
crpltfilg 5X sttill of' coiitiotios Cuttill but
15 ilid I ~sier aiid iloI( sticcessfili ill ii
2-errtto fcto o on
E~ ' Ot- D C~r
C. C. KING, Dept. of Agronomy and Soils
P si iiii SERVE LS both at gi a.'iig (mOp) and at gramin cr]op)
iii Alabiama. Gr azing is liegun iii fall as sooii as gloss th is
sufficient. Themo inl late ss inter, gTrazig cal lie ,,toppedl to
allowv the rye to mnake seed.
Because (it dual i ise (if tlie crop, itin iinat ion was n eeded
oii hiow (late of plailtog affected pr(iduictioii of forage aild
grain aind I]io\\, graziniig miainiagemenit affcted seed productiom.
Prodlucers gross ing rye mainily foir gaigwn oko o
earls they should plaiai to g!et th e inoist fall pastu re, svhifle
seed pm oducem s need toi kioow if' eairly plal itii g aid girazing
XXill reduce grin m eld. TIhese (Il iesti((isssere iiisestiiraterl
iii a 5-year expeinieiit at the Prmattv ille Expem imeli Fi[eld.
Plamiting (fates of September It), Septembler :t), and Octobier
20 w~ere triedl ssithi four clippiiig mainagemnet sstes. (Ai
eariher test had slloss ii that seedl sields decirease sharply if'
plan tii g is dlelay ed past 0oiler 2(1.)
Oime, seiries of ploits ssas let t niclippenl. Others sseire clipped
ev ery time forage reached 6 i. tall, 55 ith thle last clilplii 1
dlate eithe ci1'el nuar 10 It. el ruarx 21). or 'Mairclh 1.
Each iyear the test ssas pl aiite(I oi a ii airea that bad Ibeei
falloXed aim
1 
had r eceiv ed adequate fertilizer id llime.
W\reii's Albruzzi is 'e ssas planted ,it tIt(e rate of 100 ) l. of
seed perP aicie inl rows I ft. apairt. As soonii as staiind s were
obtaiiied, plots to lie clippedl ss ci topdi esserl ssithi 55 li). (if'
nitrogen per acire. Aftei the fiial clippiiig il ]late ssiiiter
each plot receiv ed amli ,idniti oiia.l .55 li). of N per acre.
H ighest forage x vield. 4,000l(11)i. (lx miattei pei acire, wssi
madle wh Iei i ie ss as plantedl Septemier 1(0 aid clipperd until
Mharclh 1, Table I1. 'Ie( insportalnce (if eai Is plan iiig for
early'\ forage producitioni is emphasized by ciata iii the( table,
withi the pecnaefiguries soing reatv yield of fora ' e
lix' clippinig riates (ill comlpam ri slwth the total made h.s
the September It) plantimif).
liv late December the relatisve N jeld of the September It)
plIaotii g X.vas :3t0%, ats coimpare cclssith oil]\ 1.5% foa the Sep-
teri iem :3(1 1)1li itiis g. TI e Oc toiber 2(1 phlantinig produm ced ioo
measumraliie s '1ii util after (:1hiistmas. Wh len clippiniig ssas
teruiiaterl 'Mairch 1, the Septeimier :301 and Octobier 2(1 planit-
ing hiad prod(uicedf only 85%, aind 70%, irespectisvely, as mullch
fo~raige ats plots pl1ainitent Septembher It).
Seed vields \5\(eie greatly reduced Imu clippin g, but wsere
in t affected iw (late of planltimig. 1This (liffei eiice fronii clip
piiig Shiiisd cr1ip inl monuli1er iif SeedI lcals per foot of ross
aiid biushels tier acie, Taible 2. The ioiigei clippilig ssas coon-
tinierl. the mior e i eductiiii themre swas iii seedl 
1
)i itctioiii.
Late plantinog resultedh inl more lodging, hult piaiiig (late
(Iidt iit affect plalit height. Clipping esultedi iii lisser plit
1 iiit anmsd less I odgYi ng. Late ph ai t iii del axed beading of
tiiciipier rye ]lit had iio effect on s \-tl clippedl rse hieadedI.
Date of last clipping 1had little effect oii hecadminig date'.
4
Numbher ofi seedI heads aod( seed -vied wc(0 closely re-
lated. Theriefore. it is ('oiclilaledl that clipping (or gra/ii ig)
i eaix I el inarv catises the reduI cedl 
seed Y ied f I i remini g
the plant tops containing flowe r inmitials ( parts that wviil form
leads ). D)mio g the last 20 (lav of Fel wm arv, ci ipp iig re-
dutced Seedl yiel(Idi alX aerage oif' abiouit 0.35 bu. per (lay. IDis-
ienilice seed Ni~eldl less but cause lossei forag'e y ields. (]oin-
t olledl graimig naX lbe less damaginmg thaii clippimig as (dine
in) thme test because clippinig abiruptly' remov es mutch (if' tile
leaf area. C ontroilled graziorg, onl the oither h and(, In aim tain s
a stubl ie height (if at least :3 to 4 in. lit late f arm iarv or
earlv lehrm iars , the deci sion needs to be miiade as to XXhiiclh
is m eeded most: the extr a grazing or the extra yieldI of seed
that Xwill result if grainig is stopped.
Based im the results (descibed, tbese conclusionls are m1adle:
(1) \lid-Septen em toi mid-Octoher plantings give top
seed x jelds iii eiti al Alabiama.
(2) Planting amrounmd Septemlier 10 gives maximnum forage
yimeld in cen itral Alabamna.
(.3) Because of climatic dlifferences, rye probiably shouild
he plamtenl 1 toi 2 w~eeks earlier in nor thern Alabama and 2
to 3 wseeks Ilate il sou5(11therni Ala ima t Iiam in centrail areas (if
the State.
TAiBLE 1. Its FOAG Yosm IEiiLDS AS AFECE In ILNrl( ( ii( 1 IiA.11,
ANiO NL(. ii o (F CIPIiiNG PERIOD, P1IVI 5 rit FIELD
Date ot
Sept. 10
Sept. 30
Ocet. 20(---
By
Jan. 
1
Lb.
I, 100l
(:30%)'
600)
(15%)
0
Yield of dry fomage per' 
aire
B3y By By By
Febi. 1 Feb. 10 Feli. 
20 Mar. 1
Lb. Lb. Lb. Lb.
2,8010 :3,4001 :3,65(1 -t,000~
(70%) (85%) (9(1%) (100(%)
2,150 2,75(0 3,150 :3,350
(55%) (70%) (80%) (85%)
900 1,8(00 2,400 2,7501
(25%) (45%) (60%)-- (7t0%)
'Percentage of the highiest yield produced ( 4,00t0 I1). pe'r
acmre wheni planted Sept. It0 and( (lipped Iuntil NIarch 1)
TABLE 2. RYE SmEED YmELDS As AFFEC(TED Bs ILAWNG DAN; I 
Fr
AND) CLIPI'NG. '51 N CEMEN r DINGx FA5LL AXND WINTER0
Last (late 
Seed
clipped 
syield
acre
1Bui.
Septemiber 10 planmting
Nout clipped -- 32
Febiruary t0 25
Ieiruiars 20- 20
Maurch 1 16
Septemnber :30 planting
Not clipped :31
Febrnais 101 24
Februiary 21) 21)
Mah~i 1 16
October 201 planting
Nout clippedN 29
Febrmary it) 24
Felimiary 20 ----- 21
Mlarch I1 -- 18
Lodlged H eight
Pct. Ini.
Date Seed
1/10 Iieaids/ft.
Iiiadlid ot row5
No.
3- 16 49
:3-30 41
4-4 3 6
4-5 :36
3_19 46
:3-29 11
4-:3 :39
4-6 :3 6
:3-23 44
.3-31 39
-15 :39
(1 38
M El1"'S OF CHEl' FEIN lNI ave been xx idlx debated
ailnig South~ern beef p)roduicers. While supplemntal fteed-
ing of' inn -sing cqdlxes call be countedi oin to increase rate of
gowxth, economnics mIay' i ot alwxays s howx ans adx altage.
Valuie lof creep feeding is affected by such factors axs aln~OIoIt
and kin d of feed furnished the darns and price of stipple-
mnental feed.
(> eep feeding research by Auboirn tUniversity~ Agr icutuiral
Exper imeint Station sexveial yearsx ago clearly rev ealetd that
Soupplemeni t al feed sbltId 1be off ered tile calf anti i ot the
cow. Later wxork estab~lishecd that small grain pastures coultd
be utilized as creep feed forl Iall-bol I calves. (Xlixs ox1i Icreep
grazinlg gained il axve'iage of 1(6 11). more duriing xxilitei thlli
comp
1
aral e cal vex ti t tid n ot get creep. (Ireep grazeti
calxves coniued to groxx a little faster, av eraging 24 l1). per-
h ead Iheavier at wvean in g.
Creep Feeds Evaluated
C'reep ratioinx (of varying IplroteinI conltents wxere tevalualte'd
in irecen t series of texts at tl i Ilack IBel t SubIsIta tioni. Thriee
tr eatmnit groups wercie included in it 4- elli studx Grou I
- control, 11o sup)plemenltal feed; Group 2 -bigh lproteiiIlI)low
einergy; aind Group .3 -lowv proteill high energy feet]. Feet]
formulas are given belowx
!ngredi'nt
11111 cnergu/,
Pet.
Driedl whey
(Xlle lilI0iax'es - -----
So\.1bail mneal ( 49%) --
Groulid ear corI --- ---
(.iiit shelled corn
C orn oil ---- - ----
11eflouriilated pholsphlate
Salt, 
trace 
lifilirails 
-
Ainaly six
Crudle pirotein, pct.
Metabolizable energy,
kcal/lb.
Iligil cl('rgi/-
Pct.
5.5
t0.t)
10t.0
(6.0
65.0
2.0
1.0
.5
xyes
11 .00)
865 1,374
Hereford or Hereford Angus coxx's xxere artificially matedl
to Hlerefor d bulls to produce fall lborin talves for the sttldx
TFile cowxs wxere wxintered oil j(Ihlsongi axx hay ant] suipple-
inent. Bleginnoing inl early xping all groups had access tol
caley pea grazing and afterxxards to dallisgi ass-clover pasture.
Tilt thlree groups of cattle wxere rotatedi amnong palstures to
in imunite forage quiiali ty dill ereilcex.
Winter Gain Increased
Creep fed calv es oil biothi rations gained an average oIf
2-4 lb). per lead more during wxiinter than non-creepet] calves.
Iteill
Animals, totlt rio.
WI ilter peiodll, (lays-
Winter gain, 1lh.
Creep feed /(iaf, lb).
Weining WI'ight. lb).
Slaughter LC1ace
SI nrlav 1 ackfat, 1n111.
licd extra lii. iaiil
PRI'I-IIN AND) I I 1. ENERG.Y CRsEP FiEDS,
IEAn AxERAGE
Control
no creep
72
89
122
512
high GoodII
3.3
Hligh proltein.
lo)w energy
72
89
146
99
542
4.1
I uigh eniergy-
low proltein
72
88
146
129
558
loxx Chloice
5.3
.5.4
1(6.6
Value of Creep Feeding
Depends on Conditions
W, B ANTHONY, Dept. of Animal and Dairy Sciences
L. A. SMITH, Black Belt Substation
see talel. spilig .11111 suilliller gaillx, iIIoxc r I Id (fll ht Ilill
lliong thle thriee groups. F~inal xx lalilIg wseighlt (255 dlxx)
axveraged loxwext for- the ilollicI ('1 fed cailx e, 512 li., as
comp1 
1
aredl xx tI 558 lb). for thllose get till g tI ie loxx proteliii higli
cciirgXN creep. Fedtling the high protein creep resulted iil
avx ci ae filnal xxeli Iht of 542 I1).
NVilter feed tl nisimiiptionl axveraged 99 lb). pci- calf oil1 thle
high prloteinl( cep .111( 129 lb. oin thle highl elergy lolx 1)111
teill feet]. lFoi thle enltire nur11sing periodl it tIok :399 11). of'
the igh proil~1teinI cireep to protduce :3011). of etria gailn. \Vitl
thle loxx proteinl clee]), (5111 11). feed produced 4(6 lb). extra
gail. Feed efhicienex ficrures wvere the salme for both raitillis
I 1:3,:3 lb. feed per 11). of glill.
Ill tlhis test, exti a g.Iiii r exulting fromt creep feedinlg (fidl lnot
pay for the feed. It is nioted, howxsexver, thaIt hiroo1( coxxs in
thle test grazed lpastur es that xxere excellen t ii) 1both (pialitV
antI quantity . Results inigit haxve beenl difftleent had thle
pahstuire been (If pol- qualitv ande inl shoIrt xi ppix v
Slaughter giratde wax inicreasedt by tcreep feetlillg. C'alxcs
feti thle lowx protein-higllh crgv feetf had slightlx illre back-
fat thlall thlose olil the hligh 1)1ioteiil-loxx clei gx cieep.
Other Creep Feed Results
Feedinig fall calxves grailn thriouIghI xxiiiter hinly wxas coil
pared wc xith feediing ui Itil xxweanin g ill anoith~er text. 1Feedinlg
onlx tduin wueinra d eiii x . weigh 3:3 l1b. per calf,
ais comopared xxitlh 7.5 lb. extra xweighit from conitinuious fteet-
in~g tintil wxeaninlg. Hlowxever, ecolnmics fax ored feeding g Irain
oly dunring xxiiitt'r.
Excellen t qluality of p)astures tlxr-iugf iit spring alit sumn-
Inrhlps exfplain IIxxiv su cii large ail un ts oIf grail I er
requ Iiretd pei- piolund of1 ~Incm eased ga in. ( axex grot adequI ate
inutirients fromt pastuire to illakI bestl gaiins, so cmreep f eedl was
usetd intefficietly ix. Best it' of graini wxas duing thle xxinlter
f)criod \\,]teil high quaiility grazinlg xxas no~t axvailalble.
()reep fleeing tests alt' tIlliliiig ill tfhiirts to filud illore
effitient sxystems of groixnilg cattle rap)ily tol xllIgl tli . ( .ilx es
xx itlI hligh grnxx tli poltclitiail are beinlg lIst'd lilt] efllrts ])ild~e
to idleltifx ' y lan iiliportaiit interacetionls fletxx Ili lbreedl alit
feetliig sxxxtemi.
Fig. 1. Mushroom
-~ ~ "'~''~ ~(psilocybe cubensist
'i~,~2 growing at site
A.
Psiocyb~e en beui
An Hlallucinogenic Mushroom
Occurring in Alabama
N. D. DAVIS, G. MORGAN-JONES, R. E. WAGENER,
A. J. LATHAM, and U. L DIENER
Deportment of Botany and Microbiology
tN T11 I'EOi I, ii1 197 3 tieI i c \\t'rc re-
ports tof' pt'isonini c 
tit(' Atiiii areta coi-
iectillt g X li tio t'tlk ilitici 1111gt'ic ut' sli
log.mst iii lcifl at'cii'itt Farmersill' iioa-
fidoet togf ttnia fccifi itll tresXpasst-
'i, dxo ]it\\ 1' lii it iatit ofiialsi~ made
s eit tcates wit h ii l Xs'cllic itilloighsiit
Aoviia ia ge f,i p('feti l otf th Xilii'cc
iinki ithAuirftitli liit. A 'tiitfli
Ncuews. n te iwppr l lbm
c\Jpt'titiiil of GlCoi'doin Wassotn to tiic
tii tli X XX\its lti i all it't i', Ia
luscii te iiatd iiie ii'cil ii iii. spies fi'
I XXw tiC ti col't tiiig inI I tI' .Aiidii iitz cit8.
(Xl ilvia iicl inifoirimationi %N i', g.atheredc~
h111 individ, ula', i 11 Aoiiii ii anit
'wiitel was i' inatic fot- lnliili ooii' to bet
ifbie iafitat ini ai orckilrl iica i a kte,
~ibout 5 mile, frin 111 r Xifi i I )i. . )(On
tis site'X we loiiid mii aititi diit 'iipplx
of the intioii 01 th at had letli decibedi't
to o's Fig. 2). It w,,as, cia tci id fiX
;t lighit gTlebownc 1)1 O',i lad finig hleal
',', were graxY to blacik. ITle '9)011 pi ii
(Fig. 2) wits dfairk aiit exiblited at pur-
p~lish cas't at tlic inargio whe foiXic\X e(
flillish whe, bci rised. Clusi'ters o,(f tilt
inihicio s 11)11' rc ofteni tootid ol o)r tea'
(fil11g.1, whichi expaiiX thic poplliai'itv of'
cow,' pastures' f7or itoi' liii) 11111 liuii ticig
pfesori tif' iox cofigv zit Atifiii'i, idfciti-
lied thie 11nii',oorn to bet Psalo'illn cit1
hIl isi'. 1This ideiitifictatiiiii \vas a', s
Smtha the) iiversi, u o117 tichXeX cii
Chleimical illial', i' revea~ledl that P',io-
X iciiiit , vt'outiiitd f roin 2.7 to :3.9J lug.
Musihrcooiii' otficr tfiaii P
t
'iloc\' lit
Fig. 2. Shown (left and center) are spore prints of Psilocybe cubensis found growing near
Auburn. Shown (right) is a sample of the mushroom, which was found growing in a pasture
near Auburn.
Artificial
Insemination of
Broiler Breeders
G. R. MDANIE
Dept. of Poulty Sc e nc
A ll I ICI. INSEI N ,IION OilitX
labeled~c A.I . - huis bleen al IiCCI It c
paetict ill tile tilt ks iticitstis l or several
x Cars. Noss thete is cottsjderaibi ititer-
est ill its tuse 1)5 the itroier itititstrv5 for
cottt)CIrCial iVIotiic-tiot i of, bitler hatc11
lug (-(gs.
Bein~g alte to kee bC) roi ler bree hit(t eti
10l eages is a mttj or reason for ss ttjiiTt
to ItsC AA1. Ptmhttcittg Iatijti
1
rr C il
camrs Ihas adiX a rtgs ofi cdcttir eggrs, less
fedt Ixtu (ho/Cl eggs (0.6 
to 0.8 lb. leIss),
a gretateCr pec-eiltag of'C ttilt ti ai eiggs
95 ), inort raid in pro lOXCw iIt inl
gttiwts t r ate, att(I impove OX 
bliody eoil-
formtion of olfisliog.
Al. ofhi rs a tt Ctttit(i0us adI\ aitagC
oXver imittit itatiig~ ill getting besit uIse
of supri or 1)1 eedioig stock. WXith ieon-
X Citioti till tatittg tieIlC ost di~siraitie
tlitaIs (ill itodi XX tight alldcifo1rtimiaioti
ch iett istics) silt w I I XX t(F sl plil'-
grealtilt) 11 t ICiiC 1CbeC ii
Ill aditilott tto tiC p
1
X si-al htartrier to
g(Tclitic ptogtressg (ietet selioi~tt prt S-
stit I c-ati) be )1)IthtiIbecautse lI\X It ittles
at t tC(lecid XXitli A. I. Ii an A. I. plog 
allit,
I mtale is itciqlite ftor 4t0 ftttales, as
A citsatid attagC of tilC Al. p)togt ant at
titC( Collttttnl cii CXCI is tiht lalot ill-
ate Cpossilie it\\tXX r asCt 1 silo\is tt - re-
ii Uiitis CtsitX' Fb Itx otilttX- scttt tists itt
ctttto)Ctatittt XX tit ctiirittcet ) aitti t lile-
at s(tttwt extett( Ithat~t aliitXX 1 :1 dI lit
WX tih iptcsetit CtJlittiittltt, foltr people
('all itiake all ciffic.ictit itlseiliutatittg ctCXX
al!0i two tot hold( fetltialcs. Pt Cselit e(ltip-
tttltt is teig t C CX atedc, howeverX~, antdl
tICX ideatS itl (tfttilttetttiticil tccittiqucs
It Cbleittg ICX tliptcI mttd testted itt Ct-
Iti the first ttris coiiictedi hatch-
tlt of total tggs set \%ais (iistppotii-
ttg itccatlse ttf Cat IX eCm)trX'Ilic tttlitv
aI to (6 cdaXs of' age. No t txphmtatioti
fttt tis (tciirt1rttce htas ittett fllc. Ill
thte sec-tt t o tf ttrials prt setl unXttcer-
XXa.ii atcliti tiloX ta the t I Iuiii that it
itgls XXill ite prcticti ti i t littlr tt as
4
\~
~
-) f, P
x4
Four people using insemninating equipment and techniques dc-
veloped and refined at Auburn University make an efficient teary.
for i nsemnoting broiler breede
collects semen and others (left)
rs in cages. One worker (right)
perform insemination.
P'VT7'4
I i i (% ioxxsioi i tot stilck titieriit
t('\\ ori i cet -i\ ciiox itt'ti farm })ittI \x itli
hluitgillil xii axt'tage' irrVettt (liati 0.25
Tis is~i ieo xxx 'st'n ihi mechit iig ic
Ili te k ass pil. tii alVi s'tlhitit
('ill fitigth iiii i.lxxit il hc xitck~ 
Ii 1 it'
dto 1,50 'hit xii per itre po 1-1i he t '
itt' xtttc'et for ittiti'Itititixl( oti' cis toii
st'cx 2~v toir Xliit it'l xtiickcci (t'\tiil tl
thantit0" illc' lenth periiitx c eiii it'' he
(fl iWeriwhySokulh to c ilost?
l~ .I mtx ' t I 1-\ Poi.I~
)ica ii tc li xtkto-
0i.: t (). 16i 0.61 0.63
iii i~', i
:tt idt ill
.ici t' 1).7.5
.ttii' li'tili itt
trill li ttiI
23.511 .crc hi iilizt't
first gt'toix ll(t Xi' .toi) tiie'st fiigt'i lilgx be-'
th Ili i I tiit! tdilt' 'i T h iii li i lii c' li
ahec'iixt itl toi i rl x i t' i pitit xie ofi
tiol l ot1)1 iiaxx tihi eI el1 ig' I c It ittc 1'kc ' i pII
tui1)1l11 itix fitti li hiigx thosen liitx
Iit 'gill itotiitl to po t ~i i I cm iht
oxil ix itt igt ' aro o''iit to]- it ciollit
ii ~ iiiii t bitass~ tiictrlcit frill hut
brodt 1iu o l.iig' i Aipil iim esaihe
A Method for Producing Larger
Bluegill in Farm Ponds
W. D. DAVIES, Depar-tment of Fisheries anid Allied Aqucc~tres
Bluegill 
Stocked 
x 10O
Bluegill reproduction is more effectively con-
trolled by boss when bluegill fingerlings ore
stocked ot a rate of 1,000 per acre.
I d i ax~ I i dI. l ,it IYe tr t i e ii
Why stock So Many Btuegill?
Ille c'ill illusi' be st'doc Led at itiA
iil 'in ~ fro 1,00i0hi t o 1,500(ii fi ( ilit'g
t)'litit so hat I1 iti l i i ig 'i iiiiiX ii' dt kie
.i1til ili~li art t o f l icilix eal!iit
itiX t the lX )ltit'iii I iThe'm itix Drct.x th.'.
iijs i 't ll t tiil l t 
eiltttl i i a i V.
At leai the lip a tiita XX tiii wdI hteI
poid \4X'. ii le iiiiilw io'd itie1111e
Btuegill Produced
1,000
BLUEGILL
PLUS
BASS
The Effects of Carbaryl (Sevin)
On Pod-Set of Soybeans
MAX H. BASS, Department oh Zoology-Entomotogy
RONNIE H. SHEHANE, Elementory Science Consutaont,
Muscogee County School System, Columbus, Georgoa
Xii 811112 XOI/12 of (he1)112(1 t totJ aborlt: ti)
ti( iit12 theI ap le Ji 1X lld 12IiX1lo l ig tille
tht 212 ii l f ttX ( ,To\ to J' it ' ill itt tItl lo g e
tree tfi',I \lt , I )1 lllotifiIx o il thec spiiot
atl ]die I iI ltlti IX) t t J I ('tlcoittittii o t)le
of' X e ,aliX f )IO ll aXtited rilf~t'it.Jt O i eas
1
1th'', -1. a a le h 11it t 
ai
XtJX l2 it st tol , (r X/'Ill li ttii '(2, Xt't'tIX.s
'It t',tt( itttX X(I ' t 'lliu '.I\\('I(4 m ildiX Itt
t't Jill- 
1
t' ' ri t tieiill o as likili
Til a itgopt , A itini3, Aogitw 2(he Atig-
o~f tvjlio li i rte of 1' itXiJX J'r t I XXul l('II
Xte I XXl \%~ ' r' itltIJI tg IiX .t lt ' , 2t' 11 ).
tilt, tile o ei '(ri)iT
Results and Discussions
\ itli c',ti'tI XI it th it ,ttt' of 2 l1). 8(2112
'Ii12 (I 'I iall inem2 i of Ift( wt' eight of I l0t
seeds(I XX iXs 16.7 gY. Th Itt i't1iil J'treilleX
\\ere1 17.6 It f'or seedsl I 1111i tlts iitreaIted(
wth e. ibippJ0 at tlie iiitX XX Iit 2 11 2-i
1
)(id T .6( iti o see. 11 1 'Xlil the mit X12 f12
XX (I ploXt Jablt dlt .lThr tl1X1 ltoii,
17(112 (ilt' dcltt r lee t' atill l te le ls
I iol. 'I i NtX 1XJJ'tJI \ 'liI.I iec lel c n-
dute \( i - ;i -.it . iit petiod Imthi all-'iX
this supprtX tiie iits JJ'Xd X(.'. re-X',
Xorte ib ie ile Xlilt of t l( seriesI
Ij (,\ Xj' etj.ttlX(, t ltt i 
i t t tilt \rl1' 11
riti oe lioi' Xi'i se -viit t (IN Xt.Jli
13~l. No4' 21) Xttfiei't )7lec pSii'ii ol
',NtI pi t Xit it. oIthes 197th be
Ti .ttttt'ttt,
(''I It',I \\ I' 2 Ib.iw rc
('Iithi-N NVt' 4 11llmo
I(6.4a1
I6.3at
It 6.5a
, Nicalls which sharc it collilljoll lcttcr are
flot sis-'llificillith diflcivut :it ill(- 5' le\ cl.
COST of
CHANGE
J. H. YEAGER
Dept. of Agr. Econom
IT TAKES all my in
have probably heard
times.
Consumer prices ai
ing. If one is to under
they must be prope
consumer price inde
used to measure ch
many items bought b
cent years the index
the year 1967 being
other words, with thi
dexes, one can read d
age change from the
The consumer pr
averaged 133.1; thi
prices were slightly o
1967 level. The cor
is calculated each rn
of the Bureau of L
partment of Commer
CONSUME
Year
1960 -
1 9 6 5 .....................
1970
1971
1972
1973
Increase 1960-
73, pct.
Average increase_
per year, pct.--
The consumer pri
the change in prices
vices purchased by
wage earners and cl
by single persons livi
Food used at home is further classified rate areas is combined with weights for
LIVING into commodity or item groups such as each area based on population 
to obtain
cereal and bakery products; meats, 
poul- the national figure.
try, and fish; and dairy products. 
The 1973 consumer price index aver-
S The quantities and qualities of items age was 133 (1967 = 100) compared
in the "market basket" used in the con- to 89 in 1960, an increase of 50% in 13
s and Rural Sociology sumer price index remain the same 
be- years or a simple average of 3.8% per
ics and Rural Sociology tween consecutive 
pricing periods. Thus, year, see 
table. The increase from 1972
the index measures the effect of price 
to 1973 was 6.4%. The increase 
from
change only on the cost 
of living of the January to December 
in 1973 was 8.5%,
icome to live." You families 
it represents. The index does 
see table.
this statement many not measure 
changes in the total amount 
Based on increases in the cost 
of liv-
families spend for living. Indexes 
that ing as indicated, one normally 
concludes
re constantly chang- are regularly 
calculated for a number of 
that if his income has not increased 
by
stand price changes, U.S. cities 
do not measure relative dif- the 
same percentage as the consumer
rly measured. The ferences 
in prices of living costs among 
price index, he has fallen behind 
in pur-
.x is the indicator cities; however, 
such comparisons are chasing 
power. In the U.S., it 
is re-
anges in prices of sometimes 
made. Comparisons among 
ported that about 5.7 million 
workers,
y consumers. In re- cities are limited 
because of differences or about 
6% of the civilian employed
number is based on in weights for 
various items within cities. labor 
force, have union contracts that
r equal to 100. In About 
400 items of goods and services 
call for wage increases when the 
cost of
is as with other in- are included in the index, 
with several living index goes up. Many others 
re-
Iirectly the percent- qualities of the 
same item priced in some ceiving 
various kinds of income are also
base period, cases. 
Steps are taken to see 
that the affected.
ice index in 1973 same or 
comparable items are priced 
As the cost of living index increases,
s meant consumer each time. Sales taxes are reflected where the purchasing power 
of the dollar or
)ver 33% above the applicable. 
value of the dollar goes down. Thus, 
in
nsumer price index The national 
index is based on prices 1973 
the dollar was worth only 
$0.75
ionth by personnel collected 
in 56 areas. Foods, fuels, 
and compared to 1967.
abor Statistics, De- a few 
other items are priced monthly 
Food is an important item in 
the cost
'ce. beginning 
the first consecutive Tuesday, of 
living index. From 1960 to 
1973.
R PRICE INDEX, U.S., SELECTED YEARS (1967 = 100) food increased 
in cost at a simple annual
average rate of 4.7%. However, from
All Apparel Trans- Health 
January to December of 1973, food in-
items Food Housing and porta- and creased 17.7%. The increase in food
upkeep tion recreation
prices in 1973 was at the most rapid rate
89 88 90 90 90 85 that 
has occurred in over a quarter of a
94 94 95 94 96 93 1 1 1century. 
Increases resulted from strong
121 118 124 
120 119 122 
demand for food and reduced 
supplies
125 124 129 122 120 126 of food both in the U.S. and abroad.
133 141 135 127 124 130 The individual 
item showing the great-
50 61 50 42 38 
53 est increase in cost during 1973 was fuel
and oil with a 43.2% increase. The
3.8 4.7 3.8 3.2 2.9 4.1 health and recreation category of con-
sumer prices was the only one that
ce index represents Wednesday, and Thursday. Prices of showed about the same percentage in-
of goods and ser- most other goods and services are ob- crease during 1973 as prevailed for the
families of urban tained monthly in the five largest areas previous 13 years, 1960 to 1973.
erical workers and but less frequently in other areas. In the years ahead consumer prices
ng alone. Prior to Finally, price information for the sepa- will continue to change.
the revision of December 1963, the cov-
erage was restricted to families of two
or more persons.
It is not accurate simply to get prices
on items bought by consumers at a given
time and average them to derive a con-
sumer price index. A careful weighting
system must be used. Weights used in
calculating the index are based on studies
of actual expenditures by wage earners
and clerical workers.
For example, food purchased is an im-
portant item in the consumer price index.
It carries a weight of 22.4%. Within the
food category, the breakdown includes
food away from home and food at home.
10
CONSUMER PRICE INDEX, U.S., 1973 (1967 - 100)
Percent
Item 
Jan. Dec. 
change
All items 127.7 138.5 8.5
Food 128.6 151.3 17.7
Housing, total 131.4 140.6 7.0
Rent ...- 121.5 126.9 4.4
Fuel and oil 120.7 172.8 43.2
Gas and electricity -124.1 131.0 5.6
Apparel and upkeep 123.0 130.5 6.1
Transportation 121.0 126.7 4.7
Health and recreation, total 127.8 133.0 4.1
Medical care 134.9 141.4 4.8
Personal care 121.8 129.2 6.1
Reading and recreation - 124.1 127.6 2.8
ngr
C01
IN A DOUBLE-CROPPING SYSTEM with
corn grown for silage followed by cool-
season annuals for grazing, both crops
have been effectively utilized in growing-
finishing systems for production of
slaughter beef.
However, if the cool-season annual
crop is harvested for silage instead of
being grazed, the land could be planted
to sorghum for grain. Feeds produced
as a result of this multi-cropping system
when properly supplemented can be ef-
fectively used in producing slaughter
beef.
Five acres of well-drained fine sandy
loam soil located on the Lower Coastal
Plain Substation, Camden, were used to
investigate the possibility of such a
multi-cropping system. The initial plant-
ing for this test was in the spring of
1970 and the cropping sequence shown
in the table was followed for 2 years.
Corn harvested as silage had an aver-
age yield of 11 tons per acre during the
2 years. This silage had an average grain
content of 44% (dry basis) and 34% dry
matter (DM) at harvest. Yearling beef
steers with an average initial weight of
about 600 lb. gained 2.1 lb. daily when
fed 41 lb. of corn silage and limited con-
centrates (2 lb. corn + 1.5 lb. CSM).
Rye yielded 6.7 tons of 19% DM sil-
age per acre. Ground corn was added to
the rye at time of ensiling at the rate of
100 lb. per ton of green material. Year-
ling steers (760 lb.) gained an average
of 2.4 lb. daily when fed 57 lb. of this
enriched silage, 7.5 lb. of corn, and 1.5
lb. of cottonseed meal.
Sorghum for grain was planted only
1 year out of the 2-year test because re-
planting of corn in the second year sub-
sequently delayed its harvest. With late
corn harvest, insufficient time remained
to plant and harvest a sorghum crop.
Potential beef yields per unit of land
can be calculated from feed production
and utilization data. Values resulting
from dividing crop yields by feed con-
versions are high because feed conver-
sion data were obtained from the feeding
of these forages with energy and protein
supplements. Therefore, similar supple-
mentation would have to be provided for
the calculated yields of beef to be real-
ized. Then, too, this method makes no
allowance for shrinkage in the actual
feeding process.
CROP SEQUENCE, FEED PRODUCTION, AND BEEF YIELD, LOWER COASTAL PLAIN
Fertilizer/acre 
Crop Potential
Season Crop planted yield/ beef yield/
N P
2
05 K2O acre 
acre
1
Lb. Lb. Lb. Tons Lb.
Spring-summer '70 Corn (silage) 118 
54 54 9.93 1,0382
Summer '70 -..... Sorghum (grain) 90 56 56 31.38 bu. 176
Fall '70 Rye (silage) 140 50 50 7.54 6983
Spring-summer '71_ Corn (silage) 120 60 60 12.05 1, 1302
Summer '71 --------------- None
Fall '71 ----------------------- Rye (silage) 140 49 49 5.81 4773
' Calculated: crop yields divided by feed conversion data obtained from animal trials.
2 An average of 2,007 lb. of corn silage, 107 lb. of ground corn, and 74 lb. of CSM was
required per cwt. of gain. The silage averaged 34% dry matter and 44% grain on a dry
basis.
' An average of 2,299 lb. of rye silage, 320 lb. of ground corn, and 62 lb. of CSM was
required per cwt. of gain. Rye silage had an average dry matter content of 19%.
Corn was replanted in the spring of 1971 and was harvested too late for planting and
harvesting of sorghum.
Potential yields of 1,912 and 1,607
lb. of beef per acre annually were esti-
mated for 1970 and 1971, respectively.
In order for an acre of land to produce
the equivalent in terms of total digestible
nutrients, it would have to produce about
150 bu. of corn grain. Animal gain from
cool-season annual grazing such as rye-
ryegrass-clover has averaged about 415
lb. per acre at several locations in Ala-
bama. In an 8-year test at the Tennessee
Valley Substation, rye or vetch seeded in
Coastal bermudagrass sod substantially
increased beef production per acre on
the perennial grass pasture. Yearling
steers grazing the combination summer
perennial-winter annual produced an
average of 512 lb. of gain per acre.
Even though the potential yield of
animal product is much higher under the
multiple cropping system, production
costs would be much greater than those
for the grazing system. Increased crop
yields would make the harvested feed
system more competitive. Certain prac-
tices that were not included in this test
(higher plant populations, higher ferti-
lization rate, use of irrigation) might
justify greater expenditure by increasing
the crop yields.
11
Calves are shown grazing
cool-season annuals in a
double cropping system
at the Lower Coastal
Plain Substation.
BEEF PRODUCTION from a
DOUBLE CROPPING SYSTEM
R. R. HARRIS, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences
V. L. BROWN, R. H. WADE, and J. S. RICHBURG
Lower Coastal Plain Substation
Swine Perform Well 
on
Bird-Resistant Grain 
Sroghum
with Added Fat 
and Protein
D. J. JONES and B. G. RUFFIN'
Department of Animal and Dairy 
Sciences
JOHN EASON, Sand Mauintain 
Substation
Ililtioli 2) lhx rootitog it fr'ont 
tile feedeors. 'IThis indicates
IrI Ipa IatabilIit of' till' ilirti 
esistaot grailn sorghin. liestilts
tiirther ind(icate' tihat the palataliitY 
problemn ('dli bie aillev i-
atedt 1) , additng aiilial fat 
to thei I atioi.
Thie Stand~ard] 1 (01 l-1soS 
iieinlmeal rationi wxas tile 
most
ecoollijodi per (X5 t. of gaill 
of amii Iatioli ill the( st11(ix. 
Adidillg
tat to tihe gi dill soI tlilllll 
raitiolls illcreas(i (lost. ]ilit 
tis was~l
Mole [lt) offset by tihe 
Saxvings inl feed per illot of gail. 
Fven
xx itli tihe palatabiility jpl 
lill of graill Sorglir tile 
biest teed
Owas1xlll'i l recorded~ wlitih Rationi 
4, tilleg Irill so11gilltll
The(se, results illdiliate 
that cei tal iii (ird icsIstalt 
gldill
sil gilillsx ale accep)tabile 
for' use( ill swinme ilatimlls 
if- jpiltaii
its irolems aie lix rconll. 
Addinlg fat 1111(1 proltein 
to I a-
tiolls ('oltainig grainl sor1gihumI 
jeclicct teed requniremnllts
and costs per unlit lof gain.
N OW
5  
IllT 511111) 01 5ITAN1 
graill slrgitinis are alx ,ilahie,
tilel(' is lC'W\ed iliterest ill use ilf 1graill soildilllll 
ill ,X5 mle
raltiools. H eavy croloss1es0' 
caused'( liv birdis teeiii 
oil tile
heads has1 iieel)it amlajor leasoll 
that gi dill Slorgtillll 1ha1 lot
bleenl accep'Jted ill tile Souittheast 
asx ill tie SoiitIx (st. Loxw
coiii yINields ill tile South1 bnake 
it (desiratle tol fillit aSublstitulte
Ta ill to proxvide rat jol 
e ergx i howexvor, an gra(1 
sorgdill (i111
1s view\ed a1s a possiiiliit\.
revealedl that grallll shorgeiuml 
has ai slighitly hilghler 01lde 
pro-
teini conitenlt tlall cliri, bult oiil 
abou1.t 950/'c as 1110(1 01101 g\
valuel. Tis hais ('~ltlsed r 
educe~d av erage dailv gains 
all(d
poorer teed efficiency 
byx flogs. U~se of fats illod 
oils is onle
wxay to ioicre(axe Iratijon I nrT 010 
x11( lld ha been shfown I 
to jIll-
prove pig 10 fri 111111(. 
Adilitiiila c11 (1 1)1 lli hs t 
1001 gixol I
to the raitio oIf pro~teinl to elierirs 
ill 55 iloe raitiolls sioice pigs
reduilce initake ol high ('1111gx 
ratlill s.
All oft thesc clilsidel 
1
tiollix 0ere iloluded ill 
tile diesigni of
feeding trialis at tile Salid 
\ioltairl Sublstation, C'rossville.
B irdi Iesistanlt graiii sorlgio 
w11 'as oxalated1 asi~l tue 
eliergy
sour~ce for ra Itioos1, allw 
w xi tih riter1111111 it of'1 ( to\\, 
lexvei
of supplemenltl falt and1( perc0l 
tage of crude1 pr otein aftfected
ralte a111( fficiem-lOX of gailn 
1111 carcass qfuaility.
Fou~r test raltionis xxere fed illI 
the foulr tial11 that used( a
total of 48:3 pigs. Tue test 
pligs axveraiged 51 l1) ml~idx were
fedl to a filial xxeii'iit of' 220 
)l. Thex were fed ill self' 
feeders
oil li 011011crete floors.
Ill Odail tial,1 0 equall 11111flrs 
(if pigs xxe alssi gn ed to four
lots oil tile b asi s (It x Ci gut, 
age, sex, lit teri b 1( reed colm)-
polsitioni. Thie lots xxere raoinly 
assiglien to the foul ex-
perilne itah rationls idnltified inl 
Table 1.
13 it iol I waxs1 '115 (tsiel 0( tile 
conltrol ratiol for c'0mp alrilng
xxithl tile others. Ration 4 
had tile saine ratio of clbories 
toI
specifiC lotriellt its i tile colitrol 
I itill .
Pigs ted rationls 1, 3, 11n1( 4 
galinied faister oi11 less feed 
than1
tilose feni Raition] 2. Thus, 
ad(ding tflt and prlotein to bird-
r esi stillnt graIin Iisrghul 111101tiol 
x ilmprloxved rate of gilill and1(
feed effi('iellcx 13.ckfat tici(kness 
o~f pigs 1o11 r'ltiolis c'onl
tiillng add~ed1 fat (r ationls 
:3 a111( 4) xxas not significantly
(hiff01 0 lt from11 tihlat of pigs tori 
the (0111 slixbelan rnel raltion
H i ghi'st fee reqI u l1 iremnlt 
per poid of gulli xxas oil1 R3ationl
2. the(' gi 11sll ogilill riltiolll 
xx itilolt addired fat. Pigs o111 
this
teed reqirled 40, :31, alld 277%, 
I espectixel 1mo111 feeud pe1
lillit of gauli tilil tho~se ten ration~s 
4. 1, alnd 3. Pigs xxaisted(
eiai (1c l.\t.'lljlll S('lx ci' \Ilarii 
tiiix rsity.
;lillit \ elloxv 1-01-11
Si) ii1'll melal (44r/
Fat ( iit ii1,I ia
flroo ll illa-lle
Trll I'Ill~il (.11 i/Oil silt,
itai n premix'
I Auoi'on ill t)
Haioij I llatjiil 2 Htiik .3 Ration 4
Pct. I'd. P0,l 
Pct.
80.0 6t(7.5 (6:3.0
15.0) 15.0) 17. ,5 
21.0
2.5 2.5 2.5 
:3.0)
t.5 1.5 .1.5 1.7
.5 .5 .5 
.75
.1 1 1 .12
.1 1 1 .12
11t) 16 (0t 161.10 17.0)
.7 6 .77 .78 
.91
.6 1 .66 .58 .64
tiulialt, a1llI 97.4/c salt.
I , 00(t 11113 600.1000 tS 
t11 ltit. eispv(,ti\('IN: IIilifflaix 
11
2,0 11.:2 ll.Iall OlI)1 A( L 
01 Illt', t lli ac d IO 
000 111gA'x\.;
liesvilt
\liia wt., 11
Illlckfit, ill. ---
Ratiii 1 Raioii2, 
ation~ .3 Ratilil 
4,
S13M\ SlIM $)1\-+ I3t
fat 
lat-f
prolteinl
122 121 116 
124
51 51 51 
51
221 219 222 
222
116 121 117 115
1.51 1.41 1.48 
1.51)
1.1 .92 1.1)3 1.00)
tioli, li). ---- 
6.19 7.59 6.22 
5.73
10111 owt. gill, Ii. 41:3 
.540) 424 386
Fee11 cost/cwt.' 
86.08 $5.89 $7.42 
S7.52
I'(e0i c-ost/cxvt. i.,1111 S25.1 t $231.81 $31.46 $29.03
' ied ciisl, per c-x\ I. 111(11111 
S5.62 for corn, $5.37 for gr1111
slirglli $8.1.5 for i 
' \ei t me111Iial, $5.80) for 
17% Jfliffli 1(11,
S2)00) for aliiiiuita fa
1
t, .L35 foll (p11111 lillwustolle, 
$8.7)) fur
TABLL 1. CONIN)S1110N oP TFS]' RATIONS
Farm to Market Milk Assembly - Costly Marketing Function
LOWELL WILSON, Doisortttet of Agicultural Economics aind Rutral Sociology
catis e inr'ketiiig ari i ilinelits lot- illilk i Alabamad illost
hitiilii is (flot)' 1)v hiders.'i under cotrtt'C to c the( coiop~eratxie.
1 960's, iiieqfiitics itti Iales (dial i.ec iiemblers bi) lle appari it.
Ra.tes xseie ftequeix jucoiisistent illititi ptliiucl's Oil thie
basis of s oliie shlipped anld di'stijice to In a kit. tiic'olio'
gciei'ateci byx i iliiig chia rges \xas iio1 acfeqiI t I'ly rel atedi to
cost of assclilblNS
SitarilY iim ni Icl coists atnd otheir ex'penses) of ilmilk bhii be
i ici fit'cd thle )pob lem of ini c n~l ot b~einig rlla ted to ats-
st'iniiil\ costs, Tbis aspcc I of fte inilk asseinblY prolblemuil s
Studied fly Atibluii Viikcrx isitv Agi ic'iltuiiia Expctimoent Sta-
tioni. This repor t, lised onl tue fall 1973 studs, colc'i is
as erage route costs in i elation ii toljstioice zonles.
The studs, cos ('ed 51x route's that picked upI milk ftromo 51
pirodfiic'ers located xxithli aSingle siiphl irca of th' State.
Boiitc's xx e (' ii eveisN iothler i' (f wxith tbree1,1 Iiiieac (fit.
Duinig a1 II claN nllflit ill x lticf \oillic i 0foin atioii \\ias
aT'theici, 4.23:3 8501) l. of milk \\xr it em('blef froin te 51
psrodcer~s. Axeriage sizc of load ss\as 45.52.5 1b1). 5 of
taink capacity'. Three tractors aiicf thiiee 48,00)-)1)l. capiwit\
taniks xserc used,. reqifllilig four drIivs .
fioiite costs we re' ss ntbesized 1) clistiiee /ioiie5, based onl
op'iatiiig cost5 front lideris, records(, 5 oltlel dalta. itld pl
(luc'ei locitioi. t'oiii assi unptiiln s werc usedc ill 1( deeictfiii
assembly costs, fllt the .51 j
t
ioclucis
1 ) One load of iiilk per cia\ p)ickecd upf ail haulled to
it plant iii the imaiket.
(2) Thle threce tictors and tanks wxerc uised xx itli loadls
averagiw W U of capacits'. 4:3,2011)l.
(:3) Vo(lumile for thie :31 (lass lotil('( 4,2.3:3,S5t 1b).. whilch
wouilcd I eqine fis c cdi a loads xxith (eachi load it 90'/( cait
flacity.
(4) As fat ats pactical. I olild's xxcrel dec0cling to cistitice
zones fromn the unio ket. Four /(it(' \\ee deliliecl based oil
25-mile iiicri-vients, xx itb the' two( outer( .oiex, colmbillc clt-
cause oif lim~ited iiiimliers IiI'o(uh 5t0 imliecs, Table 1.
fDiis cost of cipei ationl I alued froml 8108tt.S6i fto]. i'oiit('
ini Zone I (uinider 25 miles)I to $f63.64 in the outer arii,
Table 2. Cost per route (fit\ asvera.ged 8I2t0.26 fiti aill routes5.
Labior was highest xx il 320/ of cost, folloss ed 1)N :30'7( fOl
opecratinig cost ainc 200/, fill truck and tkiiik costs.
Boi t e cost differeni ces atom iit i ws11ic rceectc'c (ireater opei-
atimg and labor costs ats clixtanec incicased. Op'rating- costs
'FABiLE 1. VOLMEcSi OF MILK SALS,~ I .o sos xsNI \1a1s ]Ii it 
I r
IN EIACxo ZO\/.iil Fon 51 fioicFiis, :31-1),\ ftiiiioit.\)x, x
Zolle, ~ ~ t iess f ro
1Initdc 25
2-25 to 50i
3 .501 to llt)
2,
'Fit xi itt xx. .31 4
J.I1). Noi. MXih(%
43 L.27T7 56 1 25
~S7.:35 :3(1 17 5
5 15,0138 12 :325
2113.1501 C)
5
165
Load iof 4:3,2001 lb., ot 90%/t ofi tiik iciic'ity
si .i 2. Xxi iiLiix (XSI' i) Cox ( Iii xl ANiD lDisrjCi'
," \it's 31131% Pxx l'ttiii X s x
C ost ik olistaitce Zone'
C ost ittil
Labor
()poratllct Cost,
Siaic tot aiid tiiik
IDcol ciitioll oil t ictol'
Ii tsi tiist ofi tanik
I1to tst in i(lxextiliillit
lu1stii ii I
Lict'ts, and taxe's
0x i iitwii cost-
TIotal
( : ).1 
1it ,x- x .\%t. 
_
22' pia m(le.
0",ot ill1 otlher costs,
I lie
27.50
13.56i
10..i7
1.4.3
10. 9:.1
I tI.S6
252
25-5(0
8S40.21I
38.501
13.56i
1.43
101.9:3
124.17
287
501)0011 Ax. pet
I I I cs load
S46.08 S'x38.54
7 t.501 :36i.26i
1:3.56
10..5
2:32
6.3 7
1 .4:3
101.9.3
16:3. 61
.379
13l.56
10.85
2.32
0:37
1 .4:3
10. 9 1
120.26
.278
asveraged about 22' per tlec at time ol' study, xx itl h iel
aiLIll01til(ti to 7.59', tiles 7.96' , Iepain 5.00(1, atid oil, filters,
Futel coist xxias figul cc oIl the biasis of 4.6 miles per gall.
Ptrice x\ is 3-4.91 pet gal. it tillid of tlie stillsv 55liicl t ('5111(
iii the 7.59"e ji'tnile cost sliossN let 1cases III f ie
1 
cost ilid
othler operititig (\p('lsc's liais pushiecd total iopert intg cost
altos i 25' per tmile iii 19714.
To'itil liabor cost per I outc daix xxcut up1 ats 1lileage iuicreaxecl
tciie 1111- c tilIii \\W WxI(iIll ld. Lib)0l ciiSt (ii chlidti i
ft itige lbelifits iol itic e lai~iii cost) iit ciigrecl 81:31 per
liii. Laboimd ofipet atil i costs xxe Idiiiiit as I te s \iti
alec cost itetiis. The' ,liitn iti'cl ti 58"( of totall cost ioi ,'oiie
1 routes but 72% for tolices cos crilog loiigcst clistaice. lIn
adiliili to zolic clstaiiicc affcc'tiiig iolitc cost. tue 11111c cis-
tault ,'OIIC'x & a lso fin ohssci (iisits oft milk pr1odicers. Th'is~
tIic'il it greaitel liill'ae autli llii cost to comtlplete at liic of
mil1k.
Ot iglitil cost of tiIactots xx 22,000111 to S2:3,(1111 'ii tcks
55 cc isstiiccI to liaise 4 \carst of' tils itc andi 101 salstae
ati'. 'Xx cragc claih ilcpleciatiii per rotec load xwas $I13.56.
Tiuiks xx ite lease'd lfoi' app iiljiatcl, 853:301 per' inioiti. io'
Ox Cdi leu costs x\x 1't e istiiitcc ats ll0", of all ciists aiic
alliicilicl to eatch rotit sit fi'i' c'st. If illitig fiitns t ic'euitlN,
stuiccd tc'foltcdc at xxide ratlgc' ili ox ci ic,ii c'ist. Siill( Smi~ll
firmls allocatted ioto lec'ist ti ox ciwa li inaicl failedc ti list
sole ic tic'us cl licil c'\pe'iiscs. Ini othici iistanicces ox criic,ic
iit'lci excissix I' Lic'c'nse anic taxe's it ruic'k andc tattik
x\c aipprciiiitcl '.\520) pier ' ycii. niistl lortru lck license.
Ax iae ,issei'ttii cost pet Iiiiicd\ (lx iht raiiigc'c ft iiu
2 5.2( ii zciic I toi :37.9' oil the' liiligst rout~e. 'I'li( c' il~c
fctr all]] riutes xx ,is 27.81'
A returnl toi miatagc'ne'tt flu capital iix estc'c micd iisk ill-
ciii cc is ic'cc'SSitl" x o ai.ttr act fmm'n'i into nli1k assc'oiblx. At
Stc tlite otf thii st Ix, I iai ibis ill thle i ia ('itt'l - i ii a it 
1
rae
't illii (if sligh 
tly oxcl .5/( 
xxitli pirocdic'eis 
5faxiiig alt 
,ix iraigc
cif 29.:3( pet cxxt 1. I 1.5% of total costs \\(,I(, c'iieli' i'lt
sitisfactttr Lix c 'rig c tfI ( il ti ftilililor litriis. pitlodi s ill
this ariti xx iiild lii c'ftyil c'im ait s(i age of' almilt .32' per1 cxx1.
ilistcil iif tlic'29.3' thiat \\& isactully lieig paid.
siiic'l thec timei of the xtliclx hliilig tall's paid lix c'oopl
pr
1
odlticeric ili' lile b ix ac iciti adcjuhstc'd.
TOURISM is big business in Alabama.
Benefits of tourist travel in Alabama were
strongly illustrated during the recent
gasoline shortage.
With allocations based on historical
usage, Alabama's supplies were aug-
mented due to heavy vacation travel into
and across the State during the previous
year. During 1974, however, the num-
ber of out-of-state visitors to and through
Alabama may not sustain the rate of in-
crease of previous years.
A recent study of tourism was con-
ducted by the Department of Agricul-
tural Economics and Rural Sociology for
the Alabama State Department of Con-
servation. Data from this study indi-
cated that an area's tourism should be
classified in two groups according to
tourist origin: out-of-state visitors and
visitors from within Alabama. The rec-
reational activities within a local area
by the two types of tourists were very
similar, although out-of-state tourists en-
gaged in sightseeing and visited histori-
cal sites at higher rates than within-state
visitors.
Within-state visitors to all areas aver-
aged expenditures of $3.89 per person
each day. For an average stay in an
area expenditures were about $10.50.
The expenditures by within-state visitors
did not include the cost of transporta-
tion or items purchased in the home
area. While food brought from home
and gas and oil expenses represented
costs to the visitor, they did not neces-
sarily represent revenue to the district
where recreational activities occurred.
Many of the day visitors prepared picnic
lunches and made only insignificant or
no purchases in the recreational area.
When the cost of transportation 
and
items purchased out of the area were
included, expenditures per person aver-
aged $5.17 per day or $15.47 for a trip
of average length.
Many factors influence the impact 
of
expenditures by within-state visitors
in a local area, the most important of
these being the number of visitors and
amount of their expenditures. Yet, if
more residents are traveling out of an
area than visitors are traveling into it,
14
the outflow may offset any gains regis-
tered by the inflow. The percentage of
visitation and average expenditures
among the 12 Alabama planning and de-
velopment districts listed in the table
reveal such a situation.
On a statewide basis, within-state tour-
Shown here are Alabama planning and de-
velopment districts.
IMPACT of WITHIN-STATE
TOURIST EXPENDITURES 
on
LOCAL ECONOMY
E. W. McCOY and M. S. HARGROVE
Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology
PERCENTAGE OF WITHIN STATE VISITORS, AVERAGE EXPENDITURES PER DAY AND NET DAILY
GAIN OR Loss PER 1,000 TRAVELERS TO AND FROM ALABAMA PLANNING
AND DEVELOPMENT DISTRICTS, 1972
To district From district Net gain or
District No. Percent Expenditure Percent Expenditure loss per 1,000
person/ day person/day visitors
Percent $ Percent $ $
1 ............... 4.0 5.50 4.0 6.71 - 48.10
2 --------------------- ---------- 7.7 6.00 5.0 4.52 
236.00
3 ------------------------------- 7.0 4.30 37.1 
5.31 - 1,668.69
4 ....................---------- 25.2 3.90 10.5 5.33 
423.15
5 -------------------------------- 2.6 4.30 1.7 5.60 
16.60
6 ---....--------.- ---------- 4.9 4.30 3.9 
4.72 26.62
7 --------------------- ---------- 4.9 6.60 2.2 5.70 
198.00
8 ............ . -- - 9.6 7.45 5.7 6.51 344.13
9 ----------- ---- 6.4 8.21 8.7 4.85 103.49
10 ------------------------------- 3.3 6.20 3.8 4.61 
29.42
11 ------------------------------- 16.9 3.90 3.7 
5.63 450.79
12 --------------------- ---------- 7.5 6.00 13.7 4.10 
- 111.41
TOTAL 100.0 5.17 100.0 5.17 
0
ism cancels in terms of both the number
of individuals and the amount of ex-
penditures. For example, when 1,000
state residents visited sites outside of
their home district, the State sustained
a loss of 1,000 resident recreational days
while gaining 1,000 non-resident recrea-
tional days. On a district level the ex-
penditure patterns are significant, since
individual districts stand to gain or lose
on the net exchange. Districts 4, 8, and
11 received the highest net gain from
within-state tourism, while Districts 1,
3, and 12 sustained net losses, as shown
in the table. District 1 sustained a net
loss because travelers from the District
spent more than travelers to the District.
District 3 sustained a large loss because
the volume of travelers from the district
was over five times as great as the num-
ber traveling to the District. District 12
had approximately twice as many travel-
ers from as to the district.
Recreational expenditures of travelers
would create economic activity even
though the inflow and outflow of travel-
ers in each district were exactly equal.
The amount of spending by travelers
above the amount that would have been
spent if those travelers had remained in
their home district represents a net addi-
tion to economic activity in the state.
Within-state travelers generally visit
recreational sites away from the home
area when local facilities are lacking,
low quality, or overcrowded. Saltwater
and reservoir activities, for instance, are
only available on the Gulf and along
the river systems. In addition, some rec-
reationists consider the trip as a signifi-
cant portion of the outdoor recreation
experience. Districts with unfavorable
within-state tourism expenditure ratios
generally have relatively high resident
demand for existing facilities and often
have significant numbers of out-of-state
visitors.
THE CONTROL Of early and late leafspot
of peanuts caused by the 
fungi Cerco-
spora arachidicola and Cercosporidium
personatum, results in significant 
in-
creases in yield. Benlate@ with 
its sys-
temic action has been one of the most
effective and widely used fungicides 
in
leafspot control programs. However, 
in
the summer of 1973 a few areas in Ala-
bama reported a breakdown in leafspot
control in spite of recommended applica-
tions of Benlate. Plant pathologists 
at
Auburn University immediately started
research to determine the reason for 
this
loss of disease control.
Infected peanut leaves were taken
from three different locations: Area 1,
where no Benlate had ever been used
for leafspot control; Area 2, where Ben-
late was being used with good control;
Area 3, where Benlate was being used
but not giving adequate control. The
leaves were taken to the laboratory and
put in a humid chamber for 4 days to
induce development of spores on in-
fection spots. Spores were removed from
the spots and placed on Benlate-agar
to find out whether the fungicide af-
fected germination and growth of the
fungus. The concentration of the fungi-
cide in the agar was about 10 times
greater than concentrations that are nor-
mally necessary to inhibit development
of Cercospora spores. Spores also were
tested on media containing another sys-
temic, Topsin@, and a non-systemic,
Bravo@.
Spores on Bravo-agar failed to germi-
nate (Fig. left), whereas spores on Ben-
late showed some signs of activity. Those
most susceptible to the fungicide pro-
duced round protrusions but developed
no further (Fig. center). Those with a
degree of tolerance put out germ tubes
and grew for a short time before ceasing
development (Fig. right). Spores toler-
ant to 5 p.p.m. active Benlate in agar
THE PERCENT OF VIABLE SPORES OF Cerco-
spora arachidicola SHOWING SHORT-TERM
AND CONTINUED GROWTH ON FUNGICIDE-
CONTAINING AGAR
Medium Area term tinued
growth growth
Pct. Pct.
PDA
1  
1,2,3, 0 100
PDA ? Bravo' 2 0 
0
PDA + Benlate' 2 82 
1
PDA + Benlate' 3 56 
44
' Potato Dextrose Agar.
2 Bravo 6 F incorporated in PDA at 
con-
centration of 0.5 u/ml of active ingredient.
* Benlate 50 WP incorporated in PDA 
at
concentration of 5 ug/ml of active 
in-
gredient.
The Development 
of
Benomyl-Tolerant 
Strains of
Cercospora Leafspot 
of Peanuts
E. M. CLARK and P. A. BACKMAN
Department of Botany and Microbiology
Spores on Bravo-agar (left) failed to germinate. 
Round protusions were produced on spores
most susceptible to Benlate, but they developed 
no further (center). Those with a degree 
of
tolerance put out germ tubes and grew 
for a short time before ceasing development 
(right).
grew, and produced viable colonies on
the Benlate-agar.
4 very low percent of spores isolated
from Area 1 (see table) made short-term
growth which indicated that even where
no Benlate had been used, perhaps 
there
was a slight degree of tolerance to 
the
fungicide. In Area 2, 82% of spores 
that
were isolated made short-term 
growth
and 1% continued to grow, which showed
the presence of a low level 
of tolerance.
However, in this area Benlate was 
still
effective for leafspot control. On 
the
other hand, the 44% of spores 
from
Area 3 which continued to grcw, 
dem-
onstrated a high level of tolerance 
which
manifested itself in an 
obvious break-
down of control under field 
conditions.
A possible explanation for this phe-
nomenon is that before Benlate was used,
a very low percent of resistant strains of
Cercospora already existed. When Ben-
late was used continuously, it suppressed
the susceptible strains allowing the toler-
ant ones to build up. Over two or three
seasons the tolerant strains increased 
to
the extent where Benlate was no longer
effective.
Since tests indicate that the systemics,
Topsin and Bay Dam 18654 act in much
the same manner as Benlate, it would
be wise to discontinue the use of these
fungicides at the first sign of breakdown
of leafspot control and change to an-
other recommended material.
15
of Ar'izonia 6-press Seedlingfs
in the liirsery
R. J. MEIER, T_ C. DAVIS, aid J. F. GOGGANS
Department of Forestry
X RZ01 it ) '\lii is lidS Cbe liCs iiii ti
Chis 'tiiis trees loii mitiiw Xiirill it-
midt id I1t \ i s iiti i ii limited11 it i olt
hii itv ili iecn \earIN is. A bieimii 1)ro)
iTrami ii iitiiited ill 1 964, is (hCiiiii toi
wdll( " I ll, i w p (Idclwix
Fig. 1 . Typical root ft
lesser corn, stalk borcir.
,cding damage of the
Booitt mid l(olihuige feCiit im the lesser
ciiii stalk birer F igs. I auth 2), aiii(
sCX tid fohilidge hiliIlits hidve scS teix hut-
ft(, state miier x ii S Atib i it in t 1972
ad
1 
97:3 hi\ tixtig t\\io I itiideit siuperi
i) ctiC diii oi t ie tixC id ii iitiit-
(Al) peri di. Mi \\XXIts apliedti at thie
iiiC irate i X ccklv titan flit Ic to iit
A n .tppt d I lw i % XX, I I ii i i Ii i t Iii)(,
(.1i c li ed 4 I ijiti l cIii N oi l x I 1 i ~toiii
li Il)cttl t Ctxhi latxx of4hid 5'
itO!) (it .its flii I iit iti , lis titatititi its
htitwlif ed illt IIli (toher ils id ilt ;\
1)11 borerii iii 198 s loaa ol 4it \hi Lilld
Ilioaitv eultsti hiSr iste dilt xxtdlici Table
to I diitiliw il l t c ati t oek riii tilicii
xiii ctieiooi o r I o j S~ tIi , til( 5 the
%\it'sihittlex~ ilri, lii ixl ii th fre itti( ofii
Mv\t (* iii liip~ tN (oIi\ IN o\ 0iiiiN (II \ I'i \ ii i i li S1.1 Ni \1x xx I'])i
I )iI ILUL I
t oit ti
( rai ll
ci ip 33; 22 60t 4 7 31 1t5 21 12
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
AUBURN UNIVERSITY
AUBURN, ALABAMA 36830
R. Dennis Rouse, Director
PUBLICATION-Highlights of
Agricultural Reseorch 6/74 1 OM
Penalty for Private Use, $300
POSTAGE PAID
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF
AGRICULTURE
AGR 101
THIRD CLASS
Fig. 2. Foliage damage by the lesser corn
stalk borer.
Hoot dailla'-w Top PcI f(,(.t Dc td
19 72 1973 1972 197:3 1972 1 ) 7:3 MT, 2 1!)7:)
4