HIGHLIGHTS
of agricultural research
VOL I 111(, I- 4 v r 'J
Agricultural Experiment Station
AUBURN UNIVERSITY
If
4 V
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DIRECTOR'S COMMENTS
10 ki leiii11 ll I I isl f i I is tll, Ala a a :~rc lint lp rn o
stti ,ll ' ll its 111 (iltlll. Niliiof plrvicct til eNNIS O U it Ste
\ilic It xI llitlxl i\ Xec i ) 1111 b ri l it li t biho it0 k Lb i
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ki'
1
1i Xlal iiii i iiiti ix a I ~ ~ il tot Il Et',i xxi I. ('lo I Io fit e
tiiilix (Lac ti 8 : h ite A I
til lii t I ii' Il ieo tuixi xf) i a i tI II i gl ~lii'x iif'ixkixi
toi xxtilii k ld igi'tiii il to )11114 f'ti'litiii tii flr iltftt ul
Iii tiltk lii' ixlixofs r of (hli lt il xi t\) 't o hi114 'l mli'
ult i oiil egi t'xl' l ]i i xi' la i'r iii t iti'fai ht xi ixipalt ll
xiiiit' ji'iic l ixxli' ifu( iti f i titb fili It filelth ooll left1 it ( xlill ax
"4 eve i~a~dace...
Of tiii xtOi x iiuu~iit iIIl) 'IC roiotstociks 11i
fptlgi :3, ix txxixttlit 1)1 ifcxxiii ot bittitill
tuei it \l 111 I l oivlst xx loo of
jlitltfill i t titx i
tEax i St1at1'in. I t
lou t it is lii'iil \1111 xi
xitx. lcill I o6a to Iit 9(iS l ixidx
ilixit'x a.lloi \ grII1 ii il l iii't x p t
gi iixxti ae i x piiui. i ituica tt(iii
AgrticutrousaeRserc
WINTER 1972 VOL. 19, NO. 4
A qtuarterly it'port of research ipub liihed
iv thei Agricultural Experinti Station
4i Autl iiii Uivrixc ty, A tibtirn, A labl ii .
1R. Dtis NI', Iiitx
Cmi xx. 1". Sl.i.xioxiis
T. E. ('couma.")
E. I1-. XI CGHAx
1. I). 11II wo l
Xxxsixft io/ )irc!or
Eliiir
Asxsxliat i EI;iiloii
Ass.i.x to it L Ii lit
Eitriajl A~dvisory ('1)11 uittuu': BI. DLX NIS
ROUSE; JOHN LANVIIENCE, Professor of
Fisheries and Allied Aqiticlt tires; Rout
FlIT N. IAnExEii, Assixstailt Professor of
Poidtryj Scieniee; C. C. KING, Jit., Asso-
ciate Professor of Agroniomy and1 Soils;
AND E. L. McGiIAW.
ON THE COVER. Experimental apple or-
chard at Piedmont Substation, Camp Hill.
Perforiru ce of Selecledl Apple Rooistocks in A labama
W. ALFRED DOZIER. JR.. Deportment of Horticulture
A. J . LATHAM, Deportment of Boctany cued Microbiology
C. A. KOUSKOLEKAS, Department of Zoology-Entomology
E. L. MAYTON, Piedmont Substation
1 1,X ' 1111 I XA, B o ( I sI~ldl IXk for app
I lit \(iii llll isth oircha d ii itIo I-
AXI) 1 it- a NI N I (6 ill I NI~o% II (
I 'o I i l \lI'Iq.I l(Ii iiIIIKX Ii
01111 IiIIIX
Sini~l
1
' SiltX -\ spil si l o f'i Bed DelIiI
lii i ili wiii the11 I)l Ii i X ii VliX V foo(11 d1
did Ioi loo4 \id XtheiX NBeI Delcius
Tis((X X CII'te X i(lli XXo o 75IiI lt l ( (
XXilIC lleeldv ill to tlPX Illd' N iN e. ThI e 0
Cod l 1111 IIi li 1) (1111 till! %\ r XI0IC I ( ibse X IC!
111811e toX MoIies Niios a (roo~d XCCllli
thet ti X il NI I po 1cII liC Xli.Ct i
Atll itrees( ilteiteit XXt itt heiilv i
NI NI 1016 3.4stck 7*7ue th high-
NstONI pe tree (78 lb.1 evnthl
and those oil Xt'c~liotr roit stck iiXX a't'
I5 11).1 oiX s X O~dtsX 45 8 11 ). perllI tlihicil
\%l ,](t t rod 
u c e I( k illi 
i N I N I I I I 'x 
lii iitt'
I 11(k (Till s o' )it'ilI \ i iit 10 4 Xo II I 106'' X t
('X i hll X i i l l ' tilli I lllt tildX i li~ l.
811'XX8X XIlll th s il \1\ XdI I Il aliif )1 seedling
Tree infected w th black root rot was blown
over in full foliage and fruiting.
I [:u tt
NIN\I 106~
S( it I 1 g
\INI II I
NINI 104
I iilitX i 7 .11111 (3XIIX i N NI NI In 1(6.4 1in
Nie id6 nrolftalot rtsll Mi~iIIfi iI
I I(ilt ro ill til ' pei k tilliltot.ee
1 llri llkX XXIt'\ 971 Xi l oots of t1X 111 11 iI cej
Roo*)( 
u li IX!
NI 1 
1 .1
rotsX t, I\ll g.s1tt o iI 1111111 IIX de r1ooXts.iI
tii oo'h~ t s.(li XX\ Ill 1111 iIIk,iI ii moI'
Ih l 1111 10 11r1kN.1 6, alh lld
these11111 dIX.Xlle i ( lii IXIIII' too) 111al to1 bel
dcfIX itc 1)411111. isbellf a se 1
I 
It
liii It
I0u
2''1
01
2I
ArI 1111-
LIT i
li tt
I ut
J'1o1
2
2
4.3
.55.5
19. I
:3.2
Photo shows 10 years of winter burning 0I.) compared with the
control (r.
kttid ')1Ill i ii Xii11II(' :3 sume buiti 7 1966I 1e 5liilo 92 I
XX s AXtii'iiiited (i s\ ug 't('luili Su ie I.iig klld Il
IPRVISCR1M:hi) B! RNING i~
MING YIH CHEN an) EARL J. HODGKINS, Dept. of Forestry
W. J. WATSON, Lower Coast Plain, Substation
S111111111l hu l) 1 1 966 )t
\\'iiltI. Iliii I), N 6
"12111 ii 1111 oak Oak spci ii''
92 100 831 82 9-4 90
(1)9 85 63 (64 88 78
93 t100 86 S 8 96( 931
95 9:3 69 76 91) 86
IEiIS If11111 i wIIINN, IX, ilI-c gI-i/I'l iX s i tIlll too]l lfor c1111
1111111 Ig iilid lt \ 111XIIX lld o XX p1111 i es.IX ill lol i ti llfoI 11111 I i ld~XX31-
IIl.iX I t ill pIl, 1v(1 111)1)1 oI il 'Xltic ti ti l i iar ls !
hl -aiiX XIiXXXts i twell Illt Il61 t 11wLIIXI (IAtI .
I Tl is "fil \, X AX IlillX XX itll X(i'X X1 ilt t g( t (ii~ i I iji 
A
'I'll', tei \\ (it,,11 hiXl \\AiIh sl31)ic ill l XIX II 5 Ao C-)57l.
Alo ]to 1111 lil~ II 1111g 3cIII t 111 . ( C 1lli k illcdi )I 1 t'ipk ili't
III IiXX 1111 I I toI :3 fil ill di alIll I ', XXIICc t 3111633 ill I196(6 AllIi
ofI 19612 toI rl'11111 hit31/311 ll I'l] ilv ln lto111111cI
1 
A Cii~IA.I iI~~ l.
iI X XX-II I (,( j11)1)1 I'I iiIiXl ill Aiigiit, ill 196:3, 19i6
5
, 1937,
19(61, 196.5, 196 1969) 1970, miI: N971.
XIII II \111ii I oiX I I \]if)\\l~I (:1131o 1 liii, I u III'
Tablek 2 XiII)X X 
1
)lrcei'tag('X lfIt f~ir \NX Illit top
1
killedI li\
hi11 lii ii 1, iiil~lcidi124 the i li' iiti 9ig I lfd o d ofX TabIX II I' le'
kil. t sildli (IXX Ii t cilld li ik c thattl~k CXCI t ofI the1 top-
XIX iX 111(111o~ X11Cr111 -iii 1g oblit i I r(, 'A i l t~ I 1 ' 111 C
ICl i~clX. o NC iti it er bImilifiCI 1111 t I XXilli l I wiXI'(l
I-ellX it l Ill~ali llil itll (XC Xtl 
1966 To (111i tlil<'s' X XX AX
I~l igil Ill'. 
ilor
Classs Lcs'1111 
( )ttoi
Ti Itilllit
1,1) /A.
158
59
.3)1
\Vinc 1111i 111
tllit11lIld
272
14
LI). It
:3 1
1510
8
Total1
I, ). X i.
7 19
:3 15
565
I Il t ll lI 111
1311 bl1111 N66
SWlililcl hiil 11966
SI 11111 I m 1 9111 171
\ilitcri 191 17 1
S'(XII "ul k1A 1i"l "\ 11r 
Atll
T a l 11111 )1 t'liXl\'l b i'd ilg l X cit'ls o if 31I'ithl g I Ill ill l illg
XX319 1' lllill Il icllelilt, e b g rout.i f il
till fl iXX Ill itili. \ 1111 i II 111 d Igc-s Il'" l i IX ie XX iilli 111
I ilt II 11li X I ('XX 1/311111 I i i II composXits 11 ice XIi illtc biI 31 t g
Light in the Corn Field
C. t. SCARSBROOK, Deportment of Agronomy and Soils
B D. DOSS, F.oio,,i Si I St-lx For~ Ci, USDA, ARS
FIG. 1. Light measurements at ground level and at 2, 4, and 6
ft. heights showed differences in amount of light penetrating
canopies of Funk's G-5945 (left) and Funk's G-5757 (right) corn.
-I
Ito], H.IA)i' ( M [A) If] III(,Iw Ii it slill1i"llt \\clc Ilm -d 11
S (illli(,Ilt t1lij! Illiss(is p lill)t alld ,fits
the (,I.ollll(l (sonletillics called sill Iflecks is illostlN, \\ilsted.
0III\ that stlikim, the Icaves is lised.
The "();d ill cl(y plodlictioll is to]. pliults to lise it', lilliell
of the "Illillio'llt I 11cl-'p, its possildc ill tll(- lood maillilactilli'll'T
process. slifilight cllcrp call b(i titipped bv lisillo, fliol-C
plant", pci. itcle of plill)(s \%ith liplight hia\cs. The liplight-
Icill ii-Lirticteristic is its(,(] ill the 11cw X01(itit tilt(] rice \arietic.,,
that ilre the bilsis for \\Il;lt is citllcd "Hic ("recil levollitioll."
A III)IIIII Ic'scitr(II is cm i(cilled \\itli li(yllt coil-
ditiolls \ jtllill com callopic's. T\w \;tli(-ti<is Ilsed, \\itll
1\\o 1()\\ xOdths itild thicc plillit 1)(y][Litiolls. The crop xva.s
it I i(,ilhid.
0ii(i It \biid, Ftink's C-5 )15, \\its it hill scitsoii com with
thc toplII()st lcil\(is ficillk \clticill illid lox\(ir olles plwlres-
si\ck 111(mi holi/olitid. Th(i other \\its Finik's C-575T, \\hich
i to l() (Ijj\rS (iijI.ji(,I thim G-5915 tuid had hmizontid
leal, oriclitatioll.
Ill)\\ \\i(Itlis x\crc 20 mid M ill. Plant popilittiolls hied
'000, 16,009, illid :32,000 pliwts per itcrc. Tlic 8,000-
plillit popillittioll \\its (,I.o\\Il ()Ill\ ill 10-fil) ro\\s.
Ii(,Ilt \\,I,, flicislinid fIlidx\il\ b(,tx\<i(iII tlIc 1-o\\s \001 li"Ilt-
sciisiti\c pal)(ii plitccd oil the oliomid aTid ill 2, 1, itild ft.
;Ibo\c "Ifillild, Filrill-c 1. 'I'llcm, Incilsilrelliclit s ill cal.h.
11111c ill)(] \\c1c colitillmid to Illid-.1111
At ;ill liewlits Incils(iled, le"s light pcl let I atcd tll(i tilorc
uprig !it IcA :-59-15 ) cm iop\ thim the inorc hori/wital
(C-10157) lca\cs, Violtire 2. This dispit(is the ideit thitt ilp-
liAlt lca\cs itllo\ illow liorlit to 1)(imitlatc the citllop\. I lo\\ -
C\cr, thi" \i1milic(i Irolli tll(i cyeutcd is ol',\philled Ir\ the
Irreithil ])Ltilt liclight 0 )-l I fill. ill lII;ttIIIit\ ) of Ille fliole ilp-
I-i'YJ It \ ill-i(it\r. ' I '1111s, tll(il-(i \\Icle nlow lcit\cs cach
mciismmor pokit to hikwcpt light ()it C-5915 thill] oil C-5757.
Fitch illcivitsc ill plillit pylilittioll l(islilted ill illore huht
hcillor tibsol-bcd b\ dw plaTits. \\Iii(-Il is oiw purp)s(i of ill-
(;c .3757 llcod l/Ia) 
1
jy4bil
40 iii. roN',
L1000 plailit,
20 iii, roNNs
16.00 plilts
fo ia r bIt Iiug it t I I i I Xi ' tI I ' til t' t-i I I (it I . iW1i il tX XX ( it ) I i I sii
', rik' XI l cit li it Iiitit Ilis t Ii ]d t'
1
kit 
I 
IXi ti'. I1 p p ]l t i
st lk mor siiijli- toievei g er
4 1
505
HOMEMAKER RESPO
N. W. MARTIN' A. B. PRATT- and J. E. DUNK
Department of Agricultural Economics and Ruro
I ) i i II\i N \XX ; itli 1 1(( I ws to1 l
fli t it I 1iiX i tt tied X cai ll h I diifficuit
)iIk fo lt\ -lc il jt i l l ini IIei iI I
Onc t 11 (lIth III IXiti X is I i IlitXX t
XX (I XIiIei i it I hil I: ic e II , \ a ill
Cte XIiIl\1d r of(rodittitioli
1
ltN 11t X
1
IiItiX Ct
Licktif Sill l~i food1( 1 iiltillTotassi1
thes tlownki h Coc-M
P
1  
iNl III i N ii
t
XXiiIXttit it' all 'dc til i
the l XXXXX tiC Cllw i lt l XX r iltiila i I
S1C~trvi t ato'.l\,\is h milb i
j
k -A U_
Progrmnassistant con-
'NSFE to EFNEP
~ELBERGER
ISociology
s ii ( l iiiittX iXX (' 1 11 1 X l ;I ttli~ti It ith
ctili oi i4i il CIIIs tt gii i ll It Xitilo t till
cti XXlte AC lltillakI il t hell XX ,illIC
XiI Ch 1111 C iilI II ill. Th ll\il( t oit l Xill-i
SolI il tII are i AXd bet~othos C I i itiAilt
Iis \\]t ac111e11 iI 1 XA ti l iIthose \itt hi c
11(1ttt, pitiCipAitito ill LI NELP. iiC
\( ctptiltII difiloe \\N i'b XX AX XXill~~t
XXIfill, oe o C t o~th~ ittttti \1)11114 I A l 1111
:3)iiitX 1(1I olderX 151 titl oli ) lii i k-
(1itt C illiloliI the Iltlile poor"~ (CCIX
ilwo1 lietil l i t( S180 toIX S-300 riti CX Ci i l Lc
itht ainii F tios wit tio i c X i tIIIr
il(Io\kiolg abovX thIisi ICCe Iolilik
11(11 r :301)
t.IlIIIIX1111It Ito 1 Illili1kc1
iii 11tillit
Pattill liiiI
'1111 CI dt\ tllospo"al
It 1I
58
-15
7))
IT
66i
Dilli
1:1)
1. 2
65 41
-41 1
lil~ti 3)2- 26
'ittlil 56 2
I XXIIo ad(p itiit food1
Ii Ill Ij 60))
T11111 .1111 It i it 1111
-lI. p I I. I l
Clilklactelisti(
All I loll willakci S
A,_,c:
III I )1)NI I I Iiii ( II I Il , II()TII( II
t\iXX it I liktix nott tt ((11111 ill FiJ \VIl1
11ti ti l eo als ilie td h rti.l n
ti ile I pib t o ft thet silliX (lit if,,
tilC-t ime \lieN. il)i IltXIC of (i
0I N ltIC illt \ ilteti \i s theXXl 1114Xttt
t(tlic i f iitilts XX sIXlp ~il(ti I o f iili
111111 ille uic (IN il e olflI ii ilk 1)1 \ (((It of 11
foo(d i fro t te f'oii A il it fott II llptii(
1 11)1itt titilk i(iX t ill ii XXI~ XX cihi tid
(ttlX frtiIjI /i1It IXe A or XII111 l)
(41 l i I I t i .tttkIll 4id I tioIli litilli lI
Ia t l i t tnrll Nil I1111 IXXI
Pr (ri i X"stlt \dI Ate liii itt
ARE SICKLEPOD (coffeeweed), tall
morningglory, and prickly sida problem
weeds in your fields? Were they prob-
lems 5 or 10 years ago? If not, what has
happened to cause them to become
problems?
Shifts in weed population may be
caused by changes in soil pH, planting
dates, or use of herbicides. If we are to
obtain effective and efficient weed con-
trol we need to know as much as possible
about the weed itself and how these fac-
tors affect its growth.
Competition between weed and crop
species is often critical during the seed-
ling stage. Generally, the most rapidly
established species will crowd out or
seriously delay other species. Root growth
rate is critical in the establishment of one
species and the failure of another. How-
ever, little attention has been given to
the factors which may affect seedling root
growth of crops or weeds. To understand
root growth better, experiments were
conducted to determine the influence of
soil pH, soil temperature, and trifluralin
(Treflan) rates on seedling root growth
of three weed species that have become
problems in summer annual crops in the
Southeast.
Sicklepod, tall morningglory, and
prickly sida were grown on Norfolk
sandy loam soil at pH 5.1, 5.5, and 6.5.
Root growth of each species was some-
what less at lower soil pH values, Figure
1. The detrimental effect of low pH was
greater for sicklepod than for tall morn-
ingglory or prickly sida. However, roots
of these three weed species are more
tolerant of low soil pH when compared
with roots of sensitive crops such as cot-
ton, thus giving the weeds a competitive
advantage when liming is neglected.
Length of
primory root,
60 -
m m.
FIG. 1. Influence of soil pH on root elon--
gation of three weed species.
The same three weed species were also
grown in Dothan loamy sand at con-
trolled soil temperatures of 64
0
F, 77
0
F,
90
0
F, and 1020F. The optimum tem-
perature for root growth of these weeds
was found to be approximately 900 F,
which is similar to that for cotton, Fig-
ure 2. At this temperature cotton roots
grew much faster than any of the weeds
studied. However, when roots were
grown at temperatures similar to those
that exist when cotton is usually planted
(64
0
-77oF), root growth of all species
studied was similar. When seedling com-
petition is considered, early planting of
cotton in cool soils would appear to favor
these weed species. However, for a crop
such as corn, which is more tolerant of
cool soils, early planting might be an ef-
fective means of reducing competition
from these weeds.
FIG. 2. Influence of soil temperature on
root elongation of cotton and three weed
species.
Trifluralin was mixed in Dothan loamy
sand at rates of 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, and 1.0
p.p.m. Roots of sicklepod and prickly sida
were remarkably tolerant of trifluralin.
FIG. 3. Influence of trifluralin on root
elongation of three weed species.
However, tall morningglory root growth
was reduced by each rate of trifluralin
studied, Figure 3. This tolerance of
sicklepod and prickly sida may in part
account for their increasing in fields
where trifluralin is used. However, in-
creases of tall morningglory must be ex-
plained by something other than tol-
erance. Tall morningglory apparently sur-
vives by escaping contact with the herb-
icide. Although several methods of es-
cape are possible, the most probable is
germination and emergence from below
the treated zone in the soil. Trifluralin
is generally incorporated to a depth of 2
to 3 in. and tall morningglory will emerge
from as deep as 7 in.
At a time when the use of pesticides
is under attack, more information is
needed on the weeds themselves and
how various control measures affect
them. Hopefully, we will find a weak-
ness in the weed and devise a control
method to most effectively exploit that
weakness.
What Makes Weeds Grow?
DAVID H. TEEM, C. S. HOVELAND, and GALE A. BUCHANAN
Department of Agronomy and Soils
4'"E ~
7
Herbicide
Antidotes
for
Crop Protection
GALE A. BUCHANAN, ROBERT D.
MCLAUGHLIN, and GEORGE WARD
Decpartment of Agronomy and Soits
I i~i I 1t Fi i', t I IIF (i Yii XX 'll IX
it till' Xitil'c t lliii II IX)' lit tI ic o li ('(lo1
11li i ci '()1( X I ' Ilic Il r (''' C IIItto ofil~ 
ill]
\c 'i i lii X I Iit I'll
Iec i \it ille ji I lta Iil itri For lit eiii' Xl
ilt)', irt III 1111 does Xii!( i 'li it IXmbe
ittijiii It~ has111 ilc ilpi t t toi 11 chi litilit'
ili ;Iii ii IXtll'o I iiotii i it il \ it itc i1 t ( it
Antidotes protect crop plants against 
dam-
age from herbicides while the chemical weed
killers knock down pesky weeds.
It I i/ liI
thci' ii{ ts< of 1 4 I lot- conitrol of' coci(kle-
h11ilt iol it ici XX cd ('' l it so) \ )(',l0. C:ockle-
X('ttli is jitoi i ' 0oc i)1 jo.l(Il 2.4 I)i
hid' sX itlil'X/ize 2,4-1), it is killcd IXv 
thei
ht't-bicic it has XX Iitlii'XI/('ll. Siux ls
idsoi c(iiX ('t 2,1 1)13 to 2.-4-) I ) 1 b 
it t it
ilo h so\u.t e 1) o I h r (I 111,1 1' I I i 11(
Inu - it' llIi( i to the l c k(C I II I' I it'i
P iX llIt of C licii ict~jideiI i t XX t ii
1il s utht 11 '] 101 iile it v plc d t es
capei liii di lit'l e((Xii tof theiC''( hurb
tuuidc. iiiiiti(it 1 1 II lo ii Xro it liat iIl~
isitC t lt)lt CI) clillii~ it It1)4 liei' 
1
)tI3
XX~ ('i C t it till iii ('lit t Icsli d f t e i tihXXIe
tIC ill b\X ( ctill t ( itoiiith'
it's of11 t .t l l pi' ii illit' Xi lliI 't.
Xii~~ tiiill (Itte X i th l C it i li lt X(I If ch lci ( oi
it ti sIt )-II). I d Ii I )- 1 72. \ \II, tlIII 
,I
Xdote I i v, l i de tIIillt I lI stIiX tIl\ 
IIi it IIiI'c
theI r 72 \\ it io illi t to ( li l XX IX I 
, I IC I
oII sIi I I X I lii t I I i i l 9T .( l I 1(4)',IIt
o itid \it l 1)1 Cii \\l~ i lit 
t i c l), 111
C~ it I X 2 M t I'll)il itit i (lit I It c \ ( its 
ii It I l'd
tI I('iI \is t o ~v tId ltI
B /// cl '/I)
Ail.~oclc.ai
Ni
~it it' CII 11it iI' te iti I 'ti 
( ( t i\ XWti)I
XX I t l iiics I IX t ,, i tiii 
111 (is i X I i o (,
('liiI\e \\ ou III I iiitt 
\i ii Ii I I Iti It
At
I ivi,t I I u . it
t ](, to jtdt
I I ) ' lcr it)'I(
1) Ic IC 1v
i ii, lat w ihi'lt
V(I lioitc 1)11 aiti .
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(4972
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03
7:.1
IS
and
Sources
J H. YEAGER
Dept. of Agr'icultural
Economics and Rural
Sociology
C li.i ri x i icri('iui illipor)1ti it ill
Iiiii ii 4 ope tiiix iii liii i i c ili1 'lit a
1
fatriii iiiiiold to Cixn ouit Iml-iniiig (it
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l\it .' 12 10 per ii ii li' i. . li'tiia 197 i i (
xitl1 i I S it71\ c1 inct 17 i iit l xi of;s $ 1,0 e
123'4.l ill th lI iii t ~l i xti t' x\ I ll A lui p , v
l)t it( l (. I i i i t iidi liicld t pl diii oI ( i 'tit('
t lt pInls od itiix llii'x loniglit ou I Ii
dx ilildetlii xilC tlicx oi Cijiutil hiii si
l\its ol lti x' l iat' lii i l iti li xa i ii~ tIi
addit'tou ii 1igl' ii 'tiu td tiilk ealii
at i pit' xxille i l gi Io theii oli i i
Inor toi toel. Suine about ii of71 tall
iiil-n ln t pit l iri ixli'i re'r lii ,i \cars iio.,'
11it x c o il t' t il 4 \eilix{'x iil tit '
tice fo cred. lI t'xiitiiiluiholdxwere
rete, o lii i os'itx \7c iis iiitt'id tIxt
oili ,ui ii t 4ilditli'lt- hil73c ii (lit'c pI
xxi i irilu eSi lilloiii 9 less Sia 41.1t
FARM CREDIT-- -
Needs
liipa h-~iduI
aill lot ii lltitlltiiil~il x
Lt111 i i Bm I
\Llf illiilro ,( l llpa11111
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AilloiliiIt
1,000 dol.
126,857,
Si:3,478
17,500(
2 1,(i201
79) (7-9
:i6 1 i):t
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F ~Ill ii 1oli 111II (1
S ioii t A \iiu 1' 1,200Sx x I~
(Sit) \ o 3 llu. 'xIipp. I( i'i N70.
9
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't(i i lx fori i' iiir uttdill" 4 t tl oi' ~ .,
the xidc w'itii X",i il"ti io s t ' I'ii,
dix5x.", o i the xotai\i.m of" Iiixi'ea
('s it xoiix i of I xx iix . 1
1
979.Pro
DETERMINING
LIGNIN CONTENT
of SERICEA
E. D. DONNELLY and JOHN 1. WEAR
Dept. or' Agr'onomy and Soils
Stems of common U.) and Interstate (r.) provide vivid contrast, but these stem diff~rences
may not reflect lignin content differences.
Itt . \ I t is it l it Il ld~ esid a to
g'irt'ed o1 ea i aL t x littilc ti i'ax l lix tlit
cili t n iii' xt'ivil o ite i l i xtttix ot
fil xx il letcri tul lix the iotr 'it id)tij
ti titflt. ito\ ligi iix toi let))v mi it'
lec tlitg vilit ao it a crp \it. , tgt hia
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pi. li( 19:529 5.15. l ol~~i illoti
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1
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ILili'x
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A-1 ~ .s
A( id-dctcl
ALABAMA is" currently engaged in the
largest park facilities development pro-
gram in the State's history.
Eleven major parks and numerous
smaller recreational facilities are being
constructed. The total investment is pro-
jected to exceed $60 million during the
period 1970-75.
Researchers in the Department of Ag-
ricultural Economics and Rural Sociology
are studying economic effects of the con-
struction program. Questions being stud-
ied include: Once a construction contract
is awarded how much of the money is
spent in Alabama? How many new jobs
are created? What kinds of jobs are
they? Where do the new workers come
from? What types of materials and serv-
ices are purchased? Where are they pur-
chased? When these and other questions
are answered, the total "economic im-
pact" occurring in various counties as a
result of park facilities development can
be measured.
One park project being studied at Au-
burn to help answer these questions is
the Lake Guntersville State Park, located
in Marshall County near Guntersville. To
date, the Alabama Department of Con-
servation and Natural Resources has
awarded contracts totaling $7.3 million
for the primary construction phase which
commenced in 1970. These contracts are
about 75% complete. When additional
contracts are awarded for the secondary
construction phase, total projected cost
of the park will be nearly $12 million.
Ten primary contracting firms and at
least 36 subcontracting firms have 
been
employed in the construction of the 'ark
thus far. Although complete information
is not yet available, business firms in at
least 16 counties have provided construc-
tion materials and 
services for the proj-I
ect. Over $2.3 million worth of materials
have been purchased. Only about 12%
of these materials (by value) have been
purchased from firms outside of Alabama.
Jefferson County firms have provided 
..
26% of the materials, Figure 1. Butler
and Marshall County firms have each
provided 15% of the construction ma-
terials, followed by Madison (9%) and
Morgan (8%).
Construction workers from at least 21
counties have been employed at the job
site to date, Figure 2. Over 260,000 man-
hours, or about 173 man-years, of em- 
Gross wages paid as of
ployment has been 
created at the job site$ 
5 0 $500 
ir
alone. This total does not include thous-
ands of hours of work performed by man- FIG. 2. Distribution by counties
agers, engineers, architects, bookkeepers, earned by workers constructing La
and secretaries employed by firms under tersville State Park.
EFFECTS of RECREATIONAL INVESTMENTS
on AREA EMPLOYMENT and INCOME
FIG. 1. Distribution by counties of material
purchases used in construction of Lake
Guntersville State Park.
G. R. GARDNER, Dept. of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology
contract for the project. More than half
(56%) of the man-hours created by the
park's construction has been high-paying
skilled jobs, such as plumbers, stone-
masons, carpenters, and electricians.
Such workers typically have earned $5
or more per hour. Unskilled workers, pri-
marily laborers, have accounted for about
40% of the employment and have earned
about $2.50 per hour. Semiskilled work-
ers such as truck drivers, blasters, and
welders have accounted for only about
4% of the job-site employment; they have
usually earned about $3.75 per hour.
Gross wages paid thus far for work
performed at the job site total more than
$1.1 million. Of the 21 counties sharing
this payroll, Marshall County workers
have earned the largest share (42% or
$435,126). Workers in the adjoining
counties of Etowah (18% or $191,234),
Madison (9.6% or $100,540), DeKalb
(6% or $62,446), and Cullman (4.3%
or $44,912) have also earned large por-
tions of the construction payroll.
The total economic impact caused by
construction of the park cannot be meas-
ured until the project is complete. How-
ever, the widespread and immediate im-
pact on wages and sales in the area can
already be seen. When the recreational
complex becomes operational, about 50
permanent and 200 seasonal jobs will be
created. Wages earned and spent by
these workers will in turn become income
for other individuals and businesses in
the area. The continuing economic im-
pact, after completion of the park, will
come from expenditures by visitors to
the park. The nature and magnitude of
these expenditures will be determined
after the park becomes operational. Park
expenditures for goods and services, as
well as direct expenditures by visitors,
will increase gross incomes throughout
the area. Thus, the total increases in the
area's income and employment will be
many times greater than the State's orig-
inal $12 million investment.
11
of wages
ake Gun-
Nutritive Value of Pelted Coastal Bermudlagrass Hay
LARGELY DETERMINED BY
STAGE OF MATURITY,
LESS AFFECTED BY
METHOD OF CURING
V I. BR~OWVN, Lo~c, C-0.1u Ptan, Sijb 10110(
W. B. ANTHONY, Departmenti of Animal and Dairy Scces
Ii ~
I'.
4.
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oil -
plot iii\( t i il~ii iiI t li t 1111c itX XX it ii Iof irjil IX Ill till i
ik\ist X iiX ('izi ))1 aIitt d 1 14itiliaii ((ll ii w, p lii i(t'i1'i Nli
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Disease spots on this loaf are characteristic of frogeye leafspet, a
damaging disease of apples in Alabama orchards.
I"Ill"'lls ilifccted
BEEF CATTLE
In the ALABAMA
BLACK BELT
E. F. KLINNER and
SIDNEY C. BELL
Dept. of Agricultural Economics
and Rural Sociology
H ow MUCH income can 
be expected
from representative farms in the Black
Belt when varying quantities of open
land are utilized by beef production?
This question was the major one con-
sidered in a study of beef cattle in 
the
Black Belt area by the Department 
of
Agricultural Economics and Rural So-
ciology. Three resource situations were
considered - (1) a large farm with size
and composition patterned after the open
land found on the average farm in the
area, (2) a small farm with 
size and
composition determined by the average
of all farms whose open land acreage
was smaller than the large farm, (3) a
part-time farm with size and land com-
position limited only by the amount 
of
labor the operator could provide when
he was not working at a full-time, off-
farm job.
Linear programming was used to ob-
tain least cost combinations of feedstuffs
for livestock and to select optimum com-
binations of enterprises. Combinations of
enterprises to maximize income were de-
termined with land equity levels of 50,
75, and 100% for both large and small
farms. When using the equity levels,
land was valued at $200 per acre and
charged at a rate of 6%. Cotton, corn,
and soybeans were the only row crops
considered. The livestock systems con-
sisted of sow-pig, cow-calf, and stocker
enterprises. Only beef enterprises were
considered for the part-time farm.
Labor for the large farm was limited
to the operator and six full-time hired
men. The small farm operator was re-
stricted to his own labor and that of two
full-time hired men. The part-time op-
erator provided 939 or 1,034 hours
yearly depending on his use of vacation
time.
TABLE 1. THREE
REASONS FOR RAIS
267 BEEF FARN
AREA OF AL,
Reason
Land suitability ---
Personal preference-
Family influence ...
Less labor
requirements
Part-time farming
Returns on
investment ......
Less risk
Net income ........
Availability of
roughage ........
Other reasons ......
Farmers gave bot
jective factors as rea
cattle business, Tab
The large acreage
acres of open land c
suitable for 
row cro
ble for pasture onl
ment was 57 acres.
zation when all feas
considered yielded
$62,646, and $65,i
levels of 50, 75, an(
Table 2. When beef
100% of open lan
equity level, return
$18,604, respectivel
MOST IMPORTANT The small acreage study farm had 812
ING BEEF CATTLE, acres of open land consisting of 280
MS, BLACK BELT acres suitable for row 
crops and 32 acres
M 1969 usable for pasture only. The cotton allot-
1st 2nd 3rd ment was 19 acres. 
The optimum organi-
Pct. Pct. Pct. 
zation when all feasible 
enterprises were
19 13 3 
considered produced 
returns of $27,115,
18 10 0 $28,040, and 
$28,965 for land equity
15 3 0 levels of 50, 75, and 
100%, respectively,
Table 2. When beef systems utilized 25,
12 28 23 50, and 100% of open land at the 100%
9 3 10 land equity level, returns were $23,346,
9 7 20 $20,650, 
and $12,342, respectively.
6 3 7 The part-time farm yielded optimum
returns 
of $2,328. 
By using 
his off-farm
0 6 20 vacation time for farm labor, the part-
9 12 7 time farmer could increase returns to
$8,268.
Under the price and yield levels used
h economic and sub- in this study, beef systems were not com-
isons for being in the petitive with cotton, soybeans, and hogs
)le 1. when all enterprises competed equally
study farm had 952 for available resources. As beef 
systems
onsisting of 854 acres used increasing proportions of open land,
ps and 98 acres usa- the large 
and small farms yielded de-
y. The cotton allot- creasing returns.
The optimum organi- Stockers were more profitable on
ible enterprises were large, small, and part-time farms than
returns of $59,828, was the cow-calf system. Since the cow-
469 for land equity calf enterprises were high users of open
d 100%, respectively, land, the requirement in each organiza-
systems used 50 and tion of large and small farms to utilize
d at the 100% land all open land caused cow-calf enterprises
s were $45,121 and to enter some solutions that they would
ly. not have entered without this provision.
TABLE 2. SUMMARY OF ORGANIZATION OF LARGE AND SMALL ACREAGE FARMS
Organization
Optimum income
Cotton (acres)
Soybeans (acres)-
and land)
50% land equity
75% land equity
100%
Optimum income, 25% beef
Cotton (acres)
Soybeans (acres)
Cows (number)
Stockers (number)
Sows (number)
Return (to operator's labor, management,
and land)
Optimum income, 50% beef
Cotton (acres)
Soybeans (acres) .....................
Cows (number)
Stockers (number)
Sows (number)
Return (to operator's labor, management,
a n d lan d ) .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Optimum income, 100% beef
Cows (number)
Stockers (number)
Return (to operator's labor, management,
a n d la n d ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Large farm Small farm
57
785
288
$59,823
$62,646
$65,469
(Solution
infeasible
with labor
restriction)
57
359
208
772
142
$45,121
457
1,325
$18,604
$27,115
$28,040
$28,965
19
187
7
305
70
$23,346
19
117
13
513
47
$20,650
34
1,036
$12,342
14
19
241
140
-- -- --
IT BECAME a common practice in some
poultry areas to inject broiler and com-
mercial layer chicks with HVT-infected
turkey blood as a preventative against
Marek's disease because of the delay in
licensing of commercial vaccine.
Scientists in the United States and
Europe had shown that HVT (a herpes
virus of turkeys) when injected into
1-day-old chicks reduced Marek's dis-
ease (MD) significantly. When commer-
cial vaccines became available, they re-
placed turkey blood in some areas, es-
pecially for replacement 
stock. However,
turkey blood was still widely used for
broilers in Alabama during this period.
Initially some thought vaccination of
broilers would not be economical. How-
ever, it soon became apparent that vac-
cination with turkey blood reduced
broiler condemnation losses and that as
little as 1% reduction at a cost of 0.60
per dose was economically feasible. Com-
mercial tissue culture vaccines soon be-
came competitive because it was found
that less than a full dose (1:4 to 1:6
dilutions) gave good results and the po-
tential use of MD vaccination was many
times greater for broilers than for re-
placement stock.
Research goalsl of the authors were to
make an inexpensive tissue culture vac-
cine for the broiler industry of Ala-
bama and to evaluate the effective-
ness of it as well as other vaccines and
turkey blood for the prevention of MD
and tumor formation in broilers. When
commercial vaccine became available,
vaccine production research was discon-
tinued but studies on application and
evaluation of vaccination were intensified.
Prior to the practice of vaccination,
condemnation for Marek's disease (tu-
mors) was higher in Alabama than in
any of the 10 leading broiler states. The
1 Supported in part by a grant from Ala-
bama Poultry Industry Association.
severity of the problem in Alabama 
by
the winter of 1971 is illustrated in Ta-
ble 1. A small but increasing percentage
of Alabama broilers were injected with
commercial vaccine or turkey blood from
June through September 1971. Increas-
ingly more were vaccinated each month
until more than 80% were vaccinated by
January 1972. From September 1971
through August 1972 more than 75% of
the vaccinated broiler chicks received
tiIl-CX k bnl d -- n d 
d-';Tr i hi i d
LU..y LJ/UUU , anU U
cept for 2 months, A
TABLE 2. EFFECT O1
VACCINES AND T
BROILER CO
Lots Birds
No.
11 __
202 __
15_
342--
No.
169,850 Con
3,018,020 Con
222,029 Con
5,548,989 Tur
TABLE 3. CONDEMNATION OF BROILERS
VACCINATED WITH COMMERCIAL VACCINE
(DILUTED 1:4 TO 1:6) PER DOSE,
REARED IN A HICH MD-ExPOSURE
AREA
Lots Birds
No.
40--
16-
217-
200-
Vac. k sTotal
No.
207,915 Comm. No. 1 1.95 3.27
75,915 Comm. No. 2 2.44 4.23
1,256,270 Comm. No. 3 1.27 2.82
1,057.894 Comm. No. 4 2.72 4.02
Lrigu L i JCriIu ex- mercial Vaccine 4, Table 2, appeared in-
labama had the low- ferior to the other three. Vaccine 3, Ta-
F THREE COMMERCIAL ble 2, performed best in a high exposure
URKEY BLOOD ON area. Periodic titering of commercial vac-
)NDEMNATION vines revealed that although all were well
Leu tal above the minimum potency requirement
Vac. kosis Total 
(1,000 pfu's/dose), one averaged 
higher
titers than the other three. Generally,
m. No. 2 .37 .98 condemnation 
for Marek's was lower fol-
nm. No. 3 .49 1.07 lowing vaccination with citrated 
turkey
nm. No. 4 1.77 2.66 blood than with 500-750 pfu's (1:6 to
key blood .29 1.35 1:4 dilutions) of commercial vaccine, but
VACCINATION with HVT
Helps Prevent MAREK'S DISEASE
S. A. EDGAR and Y. CHO, Department of Poultry Science
est condemnation of the 10 top broiler
producing states. The decrease in total
condemnation each month was largely
because of reduced Marek's tumors with
essentially no change in condemnation
for other causes. However, total condem-
nation for 3 months in the winter of
1971-72 was above 3%. This was be-
cause vaccination contamination prob-
lems until corrected caused increased
deaths, stunting, and condemnation.
Data presented in Tables 2 and 3 rep-
resent condemnations of chicks placed
in three areas at the same time having
been vaccinated with one of four com-
mercial vaccines or turkey blood. Com-
TABLE 1. BROILER CONDEMNATION BEFORE AND AFTER MD VACCINATION
Chickens Before 
vaccination 
Chickens After 
vaccination
Month slaughtered processed Condemned in 1970-71 processed Condemned in 1971-72
(millions) Marek's Total (millions) Marek's Total
Sept.-
Oct.
Nov.
Dec._
Jan.
Feb._
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
No.
28.3
29.2
23.6
25.9
25.9
25.5
29.8
29.0
28.5
31.6
31.8
34.1
Pet.
2.86
3.08
3.83
4.27
4.92
5.17
5.14
4.71
3.75
2.92
2.00
1.42
Pct.
4.41
4.67
5.49
6.18
6.98
7.11
6.99
6.52
5.42
4.50
3.66
3.10
No.
32.0
31.2
2.7.9
30.0
29.0
28.6
31.9
31.3
35.3
36.4
33.3
38.2
Pct.
1.18
0.84
0.78
0.88
0.96
0.90
0.68
0.62
0.47
0.52
0.45
0.483
Pct.
3.00
2.74
2.87
3.26
3.42
3.22
2.95
2.62
2.34
2.41
2.50
2.59
' Compiled from: Poultry Slaughter, Sept. 1970-Aug. 1972, Crop Reporting Board, SRS,
USDA.
the risk of accidental contamination was
greater than with commercial vaccine.
Investigations of problems related to
MD vaccination revealed: (1) vaccine
contamination by air-borne microbes in
chick-processing rooms during a working
day, (2) microbial contaminated ma-
terials (distilled water, diluents, syringes,
and bottles), (3) HVT vaccine suffered
little loss in potency during 1 hour in
tryptose phosphate broth, Ringer's or
buffered saline but significant loss in the
last two by 2 hours, and (4) varying de-
grees of MD exposure at different loca-
tions in the field. In addition to reduced
condemnation, vaccination resulted in
improved livability, growth, vigor, feed
conversion, pigmentation, grade, and pro-
cessing. Vaccination with turkey blood
was accomplished for 0.32 to 0.50 per
chick and with diluted commercial vac-
cine (mostly 1:6 to 1:4 dilution or 350-
750 pfu's) for 0.6 to 1 per chick. If
condemnation was the sole benefit from
vaccination, which was not the case, it
had to be reduced by 1% at no more
than 0.60 per dose to be economically
feasible. Thus the return on investment
during the study period was profitable.
During the 12 months, Table 1, after
vaccination was commenced, it is esti-
mated that vaccination cost less than
$1% million and reduced condemnation
by 12 million birds valued at $6 million
or a net return of $41/2 million.
15
On ~pn+pm~7pr I~/I In~rn~
Energy Value of Si/ages
fed to Beef Steers
W. B. ANTHONY anti R. R. HARRIS
Deparitncit af Antnlal attd Dairy Sciettces
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IUU N ALABAVA 36830
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PlluBn tL Ir\ IICAI i l iht i (oitl]IIl
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P-OSTAGE PAID
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF
A GR ICULTURlBE
AGR 1031
T.E. COR~LEY, ASSI. DIREECTOR
AiJEUCJ!LqURAL ADM.
105 COMER HALL
CAMPU S