HIGHLIGHTS
of agricultural research
VOA L 7 NO. 3 FALL t 970
Agricultural Experiment Station
AUBURN UNIVERSITY
I fi C
V
DIRECTOR'S COMMENTS
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XXXsoiIut( ProfcXsiNo of XA-riuuiTil En:07/
itI I~o o lloill and. i'i ils, XX i E. 1,.
NIC (I1lX
COVER PHOTO. Dairy cews and swine can
both usC soybeans in rations, but they need
different processing. See articles on pages
3 and 5.
SOYBEANS are an excellent feed for dairy cows and may
be substituted for cottonseed meal or soybean meal when
prices are competitive.
This was found to be true in an experiment carried out at
Auburn University to compare raw and roasted soybeans
with cottonseed meal as sources of nutrients for dairy cows
fed blended all-in-one rations. Measurements made on the
feeds included chemical composition of the blended rations,
amounts of the rations eaten daily, milk production, fat con-
tent of the milk, and body weight.
The experiment was started because the large soybean
acreage in Alabama results in times when the market price
of soybeans makes them an economical feed for dairy cattle.
It was also undertaken because other experiments (page 5)
have shown that roasted soybeans are superior to raw soy-
beans for pigs and other simple stomach animals, thus raising
the question of whether dairy cows would respond to roasted
beans.
Soybeans for the test were purchased in one lot on the
open market. Concentrate mixes were prepared with 23
parts of raw or roasted soybeans or 21 parts of cottonseed
meal as the principal source of protein plus 50 parts of
ground yellow corn, 25 to 27 parts of crushed oats, 1 part of
salt, and 1 part of mineral supplement. Prior to feeding, the
ingredients were blended in the ratio of 274 lb. of a concen-
trate to 726 lb. of johnsongrass silage (21.1% dry matter).
A total of 18 cows, 6 per ration, were used in this 6-week
test. During the last week of standardized feeding prior to
the test, the cows produced 48.1 lb. of 4% fat-corrected milk
(FCM). Throughout the 6-week test the cows were housed
and fed in individual stalls. To ensure that quantity fed
would not be a limiting factor the cows were fed more of
the ration than they would eat.
Compositions of the blended rations containing raw and
roasted soybeans were similar, Table 1. Both soybean rations,
however, were higher in crude fat (EE) and gross energy
than the cottonseed meal ration.
The average daily FCM production, Table 2, and the
trends in daily FCM production, see Figure, by cows fed
the raw and the roasted soybean rations were almost identi-
cal. Cows fed the soybean rations, however, averaged about
a pound more FCM daily than cows fed the cottonseed meal
ration. The chances are about 3 to 1 that the 1.1 to 1.2 lb.
Trends in milk production of cows fed blended rations containing
raw soybeans, roasted soybeans, or cottonseed meal as the energy
source.
In Dairy Rations - - -
Soybeans or
Coffonseed Meal?
GEORGE E. HAWKINS and G. H. ROLLINS
Department of Dairy Science
L. A. SMITH and H. W. GRIMES
Black Belt Substation
margin in FCM production by cows fed soybean rations
was a true response to the rations. In 11 of the 12 compari-
sons cows on the soybean rations produced more milk than
those fed the cottonseed meal. The exception was in 
the
sixth week of the test when one cow on the raw soybean
ration went "off feed" and her daily FCM production fell
14.8 lb. below that of the preceding week. The extra energy
from the higher fat in the soybean rations compared to the
cottonseed meal ration was enough to meet the 
energy needs
for producing the extra milk. Protein levels of the soybean
rations were lower than expected from average values used
to formulate the rations. However, the protein intake was
high enough to support milk production at the standardization
level.
Milk fat per cent, body weights, and daily intakes of ra-
tion dry matter were not affected significantly by the rations.
Roasting adds to the cost of soybeans. In view of the lack
of significant differences in responses of cows fed raw 
and
roasted soybeans, roasting of soybeans for dairy cows is not
warranted as a means of improving performance.
TABLE 1. COMPOSITION OF RATIONs, DRY MATTER BASIS*
Ration
Raw soybeans ....
Roasted soybeans
Cottonseed meal
CP EE
Pct. Pct.
12.4 6.5
12.5 6.9
14.0 3.7
CF NFE Ash Energy
Pct. Pct. Pct. kcal/lb.
15.8 61.2 4.1 1919
16.3 60.2 4.1 1924
17.0 61.1 4.2 1855
* Dry matter of johnsongrass silage averaged 21.1% and that
of the blended rations averaged 39.4% as fed.
TABLE 2. RESPONSES OF Cows FED BLENDED RATIONS
CONTAINING RAW OR ROASTED SOYBEANS
OR COTTONSEED MEAL
Average responses'
Ration
Ration intake/day
Body
FCM/ Milk 
weight Per cwt.
day fat change/
day
Total
Lb. Pct. Lb. Lb. Lb.
Raw soybeans 43.9 4.43 -0.67 2.81 33.1
Roasted soybeans 44.0 4.24 +0.52 2.79 31.0
Cottonseed meal 42.8 4.33 -0.31 2.86 34.0
* The milk fat data were adjusted to take into account any
initial differences between groups.
I\
Mli Nm A iiiSXL' IINd, VETiCH, Von
toas cionice close to eatin ig syint cake iild
hasvitng it too!
This Anhiirii desveloped variety sltts
pitom ise of' hein tg able tto prodcle at crop
lioi' graing ori giecit mouine foi 2 trl'
.\,cal's fro oi a single 
seed cr op. It has
itltio e d for t hi 2 s'ears after the oiriginial
plaitiig prloduicetd Seed iii a roitation
e\l)erinuelit at the Plain t 3I'eeliiig lt oit,
i'allassee.
The originitator of Noxva, Dri. E. 1).
I ot ilt'el vIs, had ilreaid v esttiblishied th at
late ph iilted soi lii er c rops like syh ei is
atid] sorgllili Could be grox'u alter thle
vetchl ihtad m aturietd seed. To plaiint cot-
toni or ('1111 ol time, hioswevei, it \\,as
iiec'essai'y to trrn the vetet ahead of
seedt tl fri atiotiii Tus, for Noxva to s ii]
tiuteer iii c'ittiii tot cornl, seed roust ie-
main sviabile iii siu for 2 ori more syeais.
Ti'le test xx as begitti iii thec fall of 1967
xxleo 10 I ) . per acre of Nosva seed swer'
seeded iii staniiinig cotton stalks. (Till
stalks serve s cls a Stuppor t crop foi seed
pr'iidiu'tiiin.) Itiid-liars esteul saimples iii
sp)1ii (g t1968 shiowsedl a seetd vield of
1440) l). per acie, ai i c Ii aid Seed pei-
ceentage xx as 83%. This s vielt of' Seed
ss as iuic'irporatetl 6 to 8 iii. deu'cp into the
soil. aiiit [ivec treatmlenits ssc'e Stiutdiedl:
A - ectch grain sot gli; B1 vetclio sit
heat is: C 2 s etr rtitatioin of veteli suix
lieaiis-cottoti ' 1) -2- veto i'otatio oifii
s ctclisov'leitis cot ii; anti E-3-year ro-
tatioito i tt itc sos bIeauisctoi c-(ottii
4
Summii01er c'ropls were C 1ert iIizecl a) plaiint-
iuig xx dli 26 11h. P atidi .5)011). K pe t'i I .
III addcition, I2 1)l. N x%,ias appiliedt tio
the gi aili sillgliun, coii i aid cottont.
Thetre ha~s lieei It diifflihctulty ill pi'tpaii-
itugy thle landc or gettitig i aStaiic ol t(le
tlittttti c iii Setd. (u'ttii soiglitliI s ickcls
\xxF H''c euat' iiuit mtd iiil tl i Iot 968 antI
1969, buti extt'('l\ (tt\ xxxeatliet ill 1968
r'cciuc't su Olean x ieltls. No c'ittoii andt
Coiii cro \\'itX s litossil e the birst sear
btc'aiuse Novsa seed cites iiiot m aturiie
iiiitil cetitly Jul l1e, tutu late fori pliitiuig
c'tttil iao cI cll Goiod s Ie s oif cottot
No'A SEED: YIELDiS ANDi IBOW CROPii YILlS.
BHu' iAtNt 1jNIF T
1B. s itch sit' hi,iis
(. si tc sox bu'.tius
\. seh I Sos )telttIs
('111
cottitit
L L
w
Ihasx ci lps
t1968 ) 1969j \ tic I it' 969
511Ini 57 bu. 5) 1 u. .5801lb.
16luuu. :37 ho. 27 iii. 460 11).
2,231 ).
72 ])it.
17 1)t 42 hItt :30 I)tt1 S tM 11).
- 70 
iii.
2,350 11).
971 0 \ 'lc
2311), 400 11)
15011li. (-0) 
810I). 8201) .
,Si'i'ul c ittoti N ils].
NOVA VETCH-NEW VARIETY
FOR ROW CROP ROTATIONS
C. C. KING, JR. Department of Agronomy and Soils
J. W. LANGFORD, Plant Breeding Unit
By mid-January, excellent growth of Nova
vetch had occurred after reseeding in cotton
(right foreground), soybeans (left fore-
ground), and corn (left background).
ilo" the \rOlttiiteei \-(tell 
Ci -op tiii lieti fiit
green ma iii re.
Staiid cotuits takein iii late faill bthl
veal' S slio\\red (hat 
alll ti etiiittS lat
1
satist ,c'tol , v veteli stal its. ( T]he photo
\\,its moade ilo m~id_,alinlais \\li(,l \Itchj
\x as (6 to 8 ill. tall. ) I los (5 r. ti tie
55 as eiitisiderable stil loss dttiii Feb-
ruiaix frontjita disease, S t'ltrot ilija Iif/i /o-
1I1ioo, x htieli attacks mn ('001l seatsotl
le'giumei s. TIhIe disease aha ted its thle
\\e(athti X aried ali
1  
II' riX iig platits
retsvtretd. Bys the first of Apr il, \\hlct
plolts were tu rn ed for phti tin g Cott ott
aid( eo'tt, tlhere ss\its 21,2 tolls iof ve~telt
gi eett sx tight per actre.
AlIth oough the disease d a iia ge d all]
tieatoinetits both s eai s it \\ias lolre se-
t ill ii leist' \ tteli staindts. Liioited
gi til iiitt he used to coiitiol gloss il
of tht 5etea anid rediuce tilit disease
\'(,tell seedl ,iel ds raniged Ii t 15))
toi 880) Ili. per ace, e slili is ,idt'iloatt'
for fil ireseed ittg. All s ctel seed pro-
dlIiced \vais incorpol)ratedl inito the soil
pr'ior to plaitig g aiti sot glilil itilii
5115 eat ts.
Thetse iresuilts establishetd that Ntis
vetch i xxill r eseed tilii cleatn ciiltivsaitedl
Sllitir i1)ps if' alloss et to pr oduite
seed at least oince ever s 2 sears. Es al-
itatiotls to be iiiade inl fall] 1970) \\ill
tleteilmine if the Seed s\\ill reiiiaiit S illile,
ill (tie soil (or .3 s\ears.
A limiitedl111 (p oits\ of Noiva seed ss ill
as aviilablle fori platiing ill 197). It is
suggested that inlitial seetligs ofi Ntiva
s,(,el folioss at cleall eiiltts atel crop,.
( otiii i is pr efer retd 1becatuse it pi itsides
at better I'Suppt tofur seetd pi tt lie tio
xii xssei, 1968-70)
IN, 21'; oIt t~ ills 0 t\ 1111 fitisio it i. ttoo',
for swh\X ldil' ( li) to 25%'r of at pig c'lcejI
to :330% of tile totl clist of' the rticou.
I ittil ha btiIX ll~le~l illipolttllit to XXX i II
fplotfites bi)(m.lle le('('lt iflaciiel d le-
Xeoi t'ltel it's have I'ltlile it posible to
41I OXX it process tlot tilt 99:, tof the(
irt'(.ll l,fretito' I l th fitllin.lIX ~atl
till' wr app lls at e icd it 13(
4
ta,\ ci r(
ag IIt11 lldcttd Itil-liltc XII'dbtll (:38
elici~tjltl solre ofIXltl ptefill XX 1111'.
fo XXX itt' ttempts~~X llI to 5 fee i soat\
lwlll li iill i 69 t iIX\I ftore \ tIlilt
thetat til
11
]it.~ I(os.iPil
Soybeans in Swine Rations
B. G. RUFFIN, Dept. of Animal Science
V. L. BROWN, Lower Coastal Plain, Substat ion
PialX II ; ill Ii)ll I IlcciXe it i
Xo ii' (ll) iX X('I i litt io l t ttose Iill
iitt Ili' I l-itic~ i tilat X il l X
Xilled l I dtl il.olpI
tt tli XX tionii'tt its li Gro lIE1
s 0i I )11 e i t I I\c IX iX v i IIiX I t( II I r
(I 111111
ii iii
tPig peIrforman11ce
FXi n tl ) tt 1).1
iti XXI iii.
Caircass datil
D )o slil pitt. tliCIg(
Lit ll I-( l jet . il
t 81) \ (tot.
llhtine Illiiber
B)it kifat
.53
6.5.8
2H1
li0i
1.47
:37 1
69.1I
.30.5
1.35
:39.7
57.2
1:38
1 .9J 1
1.1046 1
5:3
G63.7
2119
!)3
1 .51
:3:35
71.7
301.7
4.41)
:39.01
56i. 5
1. 42
2.0)6
1.014201
5:
64. 6
212
99
1..51
.36
62.2
1901
1 2
1.21
:3i 9;
69.5
1.50)
56. I
1 .18
1 .01.395
.58.42 71.59 72.88
52.34 66o.50l 68.23
1637 245 11 igsi ac th l((X it il tt ed 
so 4lltll ill i riIIX
t 's bill Ii titt'r i til'lit h4iliX A ('0 41 I 
iii',vh a
II as til' XX ict i X i 27% aiX ltii~ii 
tfsoill' i ) b
,ith :3.50/, (to o t i 
11 
ued Gro tIlp.id tcdc
I-cccivcd ~ c~ik lel l ill (l ill toI the .littt tea ll
blit the 1 .4 1 til l p 11(1' raion11 fied G ip~Xi 11.11This
th t'lc ( ifi,('ai gtl t', GrIllI (IlItpis iiaov i thos
te .51.) l ill itiltr it'li t it lo 11 11
1
11Xpig
so3 bel I t itt itaf fth XX w tIw;ll" Crou ilIV,
It,\ itsl ti 114c whic was )11 27 t l X\ It itt 1.5t4.11).i
I(A , u~n- i gs f eit il ( i t 
he ra io oiXXii i
XII',dfol thirt ed~sII So~bitia d X l' , l ati iil 
\\t
Itch l t so wlliiii.\(( 
IcIic d Ie
EiifcTs ot., Fi. ' VDING Ili.,xl Till, vll l) VuI.I-V.%I. So)Ilv.\\S
TO PI(,S A s A SO1,1VA 01 PloOll-AN \M)
' Tcll pigs front (,ach treatnicnt furnislied (-iircass data.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
in AGRICULTURE
E. C. MORA and G. G. BRADLEY
Department of Poultry Science
co)It e IX di ill ( X oti cl'f. I loatr i(t('XNll X
It XX 111 ik flI ttj't ( lc il 14 lit Iill 1111I
ftill' 'ill ('l('lof't I ll 11121liclifI ill I~ot
iliX cllIc i1llt fXil l ttXa l(114i I I' t ill'
111 i lll lll'211111 of p C it. fi' l 'sn ll'litiX
ill icr I' Xtsilsillcivac l14, k~ ] (il
I L l'(tlit co1111odl ( illtlti)(' iN l~l t ( 1 vIll
of6 (Ik 11(i,.S J(( J~ Jj Jr 
(1 .i l 11i
Withill the past , year, aglicultill-al sciell-
tists sa\\ for the first tillie the vil-liscs
Milich cause Marek's disease of' chickcirs,
all illfectiolis and costiv Inaliollmit dis-
casc. 11ccoallitiollof tll(. virlis responsible
lol this ocophisin ellabled the scielltists
to xxork oil the development of im initi-
chickeii neoplasin vacciiie. Most tcch-
1)i(lll('S developed ill this research call bc
applicd to the stIIdY of hilloall ciloccl-s.
Allilllill scicntists llse the clectroll Ini-
croscope to diiianose discilses, i(l(,Tltif\
the callsiltj\c agents and to detel-Illim,
discilse ptocesses illillost ilt the level of
Illolucliles. The results have beell illost
For illstillice, diseases once
tholl(flit to be orgallic ill liatilre, slich
its SOMC Rlspirator.\ diseases, were lomid
to bc ci " Iscd I)\ orgallisills sillallcr thall
bactcria but bigger thall virliscs. This
illfol-loatioll, originating ill agricultill-ill
laboratories, was effectivek, liscd ill the
dia(rooses of hillylall discasCs.
The electron 
microscope 
is
an invaluable tool in agri-
cultural research.
liX( of tf l(('ectrtl I 101(1os('oficilf tech-
fIleN il the( Nt I (IX of p)llilt Ntl l(t ill-c
Mid1 fpilXiofogy ili ill the( (liagiXINe ofi
pflllt (fisciae fplocetscN. For iiaitx Y'ears
flial it i IC Xs were uIsed ils t Ile( speci-
menCIs of cholice ill till, Xtii(X of vii IN
ill il)o 1)('p il]illost ait eesitX ill 11411
(dioI II IllieI'0X120
1
e ha~s (oLle ilXX NXXXitil
SiT. f the . fie fItltil SIci li oRi
Njlati Ill procIedufire's CXan1~ ilt III Naile f)O)(
('~Log. I p e Cl 1 Xieell la tbte \ila ie Ifl
sIllidarl f ill fiX' taill ci' Xlleo il ire
NCop reql c it ilstlpleit l iX (1' abu 1/50X
iiill~ thic l I'l( pagl' ill f suchlt~t al
'pitolwo~X requfitNs hevertlli~X dav 1( fo poc
t('Cillr.lo\\etX r Ilkilli4 cIllilil lihe sizt tilt
t)fllilfiilt ill If v ll) beli suiedg il fthe
gI apllliw illls trililll proide a111 XXitl il'
litde t'~toot\al fr ' ''btililll( XXciettistel
al('l 1)11i ofl' reseXch~l. Sfill NI iiiil'relleeN
Xfitlt i X I it' c ll'ellts Xj lllf/ist XX itil tiltd
\cllllit ll'XX ltll~ iflafilcg itfiuhlit
eXtl~isio o lt igttli sop\ 1)12 I EtY Xlletll
istlltrIFl lIic tctro t ltilcroco. ft' \.li It
th l stfiille ra thialet coll be I phNoto-cf('
Wintering Brood Cows on Limited Hay 
and Supplement
R. R. HARRIS, Dep tiito Atirn Scietic
V. L. BROWN, Low C oaso Plt'ii Subhstation
W. B. ANTHONY D p o it ,t ofAii,".1 Scic C
ml I;\ d w lit ii i t\ ( F(ill
I I I1( 2 I i il't i ) IX IFl
F''~~~ t I I li i t I
Iii ill S(IX'lio l ")I[(
i .11 i F Fl Ld it I tl X,1 p m (l I i '11 I
hi lll h ill I i lii Ii Xl i I W t . i
i F Il IF I I Iu I I t i I t N I ll
FlNit ii 111 iii ili I 11 li I I I t
Iil i i 11 N Xliii t ill p] ( I.'
tiFFF it ii F
i F Fii I tilt i i iit II 1 1 1 1 i 5l F F i
F i li. I l IN i 5F Ilii ti F I i iI
II I IF Ii )o II It F I I I li I I Il
FI I I I il Ii I~" ill Ii t Fi
II t 2 F 0 a I F Iii, I itF 2 I I I F
Fdl t it (;]( Ill ) Ii i i NtI X
1i F 2 2 1 1 2
FIX 1( I tIlX 11 X I i I i t Fd i .F ill
1i 5 1t 
11 1 
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h l It A (d [1 1 tI F FI I I T 1 Fi I t I l
Ii tI l l F i -05 it .i I t ct) I it d 5FFY
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t
I II 111111 ii iF i 1ii Nil ~ 11 1
iii~~~~~~~ ili FiN i i ItII Ii I I XX It (i 'Ii
5i 1t XI iti I I i INI
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F tF l
IN I It Fil 11 FiiiiN I c I ( Iii li I t I I
Pi' I (i
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F i I]II Y
lit I i\l 11 Xli llii 
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I .111 5 t I i ( , IN I I( ) I
I di I I I I
X~~iN Ii iI iii I~ i iti FX il
Ii'' cl I F it X I I I Xl N ( ' i I i I Ii IX
I 1111 l N I iii 1 11 1 1 It iN [ 111 iF t F
i I II X 1111 I Xl I I I I Ii i I
Ii ('i Xl ii i 11 1Fl I( , 1 1 ( tii I ii i I XI
XN Ft ti Iin Ful 1111 11I 'i
I11 tI ilili5l
Costs and Returns
of
Market Hog Production
THOMAS A. HUGHES and SIDNEY C. BELL
Depart(ment o f Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology
M(iou. 'Ii fil)(Xdi, f liX 1)(1(111 raised oi XX (IX (10111'fIX -XIsfiis( I
till el ltX so I/I' of,1( fa iX ('1 lli of t ii. I(lliI'I Oilrs 11)of
(111(01(4d 111,11 lilt Iiito lo(.mpov d ro
22 reth hog((1l( (Il'X(1tepis is ooX itpill' a- sourceIXIII' Ill il co i (1
oII lifall'I('It
XXor iti formaXX1Ition il cost mid0 o r cto1) o l m' (Xt -cX ('101 (((i (if
ti i. o lil stkf'vXhs Xc d aI sto %\it 1oo Ix (t i 'l
htll' ii i1) Ag iulturl' (11(111) wil ((1 8 i o(47 toi dele iii e (1 osts,11)
iis IliII('(i XXoucioii lll i ti) li ('( 1111bico Ie thxllv t (-( l III 1)1
wlix, sollic I)lo(lll(-(,I-s were illorc effic-liclit. The lo\\ cost plo-
(hicers \\cre inow effictiellt thall the other t\\o (Trolips be-
caose the\ ( I ) iitili/cd their fixed facilities inow, theleb\
redlicilig fixed costs, (2) obtililled it bettel, feed efficticill.-Y,
illid (3) had si('11ificillItIv bettcr labor efficiellcv.
Cost of prodlictioll \\its S16.60 per (-\\(. for ploducels lilt-
ishilm, lim's oil collcrete, compared \601 S."18.79 oil (11\1ot.
This saviiig x\iis pinnarilY because of' lo\\(,i- fced costs. Pro-
(Iliccrs finislitimy ho(rs oil collclete had siollificitlit1v lli(rlicl
illitial illvestil)(111ts, which lesulted ill (freater fi.wd costs.
1Io\\(,\cr, their lower costs of Iced becituse of better Iced
cificticlic \ oil collurete floors illow thall offset the
fixed costs illid reslilted ill lo\\(,T, totill productioli (() t,.
I CO I \\I) BI I I BNS PIA1 I It I HAI I Or
Solt) [oil F \ Jllllllkl l,
Aucrugf, por Sld (I10
to" 'Itti'',
I (lt iltipplXIt'l
I It llw
14t.ic -ilci I It stlock
1111111 "1 t((. itl \ciltil('
'I i ( I it I I.
FIvtIirto v(iI1 S
XI "illiti I( V ditilli I Ii ''I
22
1252
8111.71
.- i3
82(.24
8s.22
-392
-.58
1. 1(6
114
21)
.2-4
.20
I-8
1 6
12
6 1
S 15.86i
.56
.It3
-3.19
3.32
174
'.2 1.54
9.51
.51
1.14
2.35
.23
IS
12
-I3
S 17.52
-71
S 1.55
's 19.(07
9
S1.23
21)
2(01
.1 1
(2
.7
.S 71
'-I 16. ) I
6
259S
81. 1 1
7.7 1
.377
1.21I
.201
.29
I S
24
ti6l
8 15.117
.49
50
8 1.015
St16.72
2-47 :3.48 :3.1-4
4.5) :3.78~ 2.79)
- 2.12 -S -. 3(S I.3
'I
HEiRBICIDE MULCHL
KEEP 
DOWN 
WEERT
IN ORNAMENTAL-
KENNETH C. SANDERSON, Dept of Hortiultur
Goad weed control from 2-in, mulch of sawdust with 57 g. dichia-
benil incorporated per cu. ft., right, is contrasted to the heavy
weed infestation of untreated plot, left.
Ilcliciidl' 111n ic. \Cillxnoxe nore eilcix I illx %('el i l I II
titoi tiii 011111l tri(ltlill'ltx. C'omintionstjl of' 2 ili. of xaxx duti
ill (lilchllil'i (ri ave th(e bes't \x (ed ('oitlol, axs shioxn bfy
x(''l('Ox ci age,( figllii ex ill Nox, ('liibei 1968 and October 1 960
1)()\\r\l \\1j :li]l)S ill o jl lill) (,o t ill p lio 
ltill(rS is it tilll(,_
coiistiniiii(y imd iw\(ir-endfii- job foi- gro\\cr, lioldscillw], iold
llollle ('al-deller. But it us it llcc.(i. Silr\ chole it \'Zillic of Ill(,
plillitilig is to bc loililltililled.
Herbicide lnuk-hes ofl,(il it 11(i\\ approach to this \\(icd cmt-
tiol prohl(im. aod it method 
thitt chiniiiates bitck-ble;tkillo,
haild \\cedilla. 'I'lic'se 111111clics ill-c produccd b\ incolpoliktilig
it SIMI]] illiloullt of lierbicidc ilito loolch lilitterial. N1114 .1 1-
ill'r \\itli this Illixtilic (,i\('S it]] the mkalltwcs of nollullill"
alooa with efficiciit weed cootrol, imd \\ith his" mulch itoll
llerbicidc thall it' lised aloll(i. Herbicide 111111ches \\ill colitiol
\vecds at hillf tll(' depth of' oldillio.\ Tolilch. C(ittilig (lic joh
dolic \\itll a Small ililloillit of licl-bicide is dcsircd, both for
(IC0110111i, tlld to ledlic-c dimiccs of clicillical polliltioll.
llerblcidcs Such its diddolwilil, dipliellilloid, itild Iliflillalill
call bc os(id. Applicd at it coostioit depth, th(ise herbicide
mulches dcliver it kijo\\ ii ritte of licl hicide. Thils, ilo f ill-thel
citlibratioo is oecdcd ill applNim, l'or clicokc colltrol.
The liel-blicide 111111ch 111(ithod is especiall -v Suited to Its('
oil il-l-C('111ill. slial)cd pholtiligs th:tt ille colonloli to orilit-
111(illtills ThC 111111ch is Sillil)l spicild to it collstillit ( lepth
ilild the application ratc is correct. Applicaticio cim 1) t, dolle
A itll\ tilla, of Ncill-, but plittilig oil it) cold \\cittlier geocritlk
('i\cs best results.
lic.search \\ith the nictliod ill Aiihoro has iii\ol\,(,(l illcol-
poratioll of dichlobellil into two lolilch loilterials, sawdlist
kod proccsscd gill-bage. Ilicorporation rates \\cru 114 iod
57 (r. pci (-it. It. Mico applied its it I-iii. imd 2-in. molch, re-
sixictiveh . Mixill(T \\its dolle ill it cclocilt loixer bclolc ill)-
plicatioo. Also included \\,(it(' muldles \\itlloll( herbicide illid
use of' thc saine herbiuide \\ithout imilch.
Pottcd liners of Ilitilitod box, Kurinne iiz tlcii, Chine"',
jimil)(ir, Burki\ood \liburoom, 
Chinese ]loll\,, Show j , 1111ilwi,
i 111d P litlllidill alboliitile \\cre nolk-lied imille(hitick ill(c)
plillitilw ill 1111\ I ) 6 '), 11(ilbicide licittiliellk leitpplicd
it \(,it] Loci b\ litkim, ill hloildcit"t dichlobellil.
Il ) lii Int I
5 ii 1 st, I ill
Siut \,l II'St. 2 i IlI
S\.x i iiSt, I i_ 1 14 g. lii hifilii
Sitlxx (ltt 2 i i i 5T u.,. di( lllIiiif
tIlt Ibiu~. 1 ill.
;ill i 2 ill
xxIl'sizeitl'l diliiiiiico i 'ei ill its
9 I
2:3
301
I
17
IIcvei9('
Au (ill
10It
76
46
21
'35
9t
(,to\ ix ii llid (iltii lo)sses
illolitis ix s ax pae \\iill l xitfi
an \x ti l',tiocli t xx\its tfil 2.9c' fi uin the 1i il. xa\ixx s \f \ xitfi
(il(' 1111 ill ii.
gelt ii~ lw~beicide iii icii xxerie :32 iii. Plant fli-eali 
ax ciilgell
ci sxxlist pliit llluili ;old p it si-ca xx ure xvit the
Nox 11115411 or iii.1hu
S~ui ii cl t 2 ill.
Sixxdost I iii. 1 14 g,.idi lilitilli
Sixx ist . 2 i i t.5-7 g. Iich] iiii
I. ii ligi" I ill.
(;;iil '' 2 ill.
9.J6 26. 1 5.7
2 9.7 :3 1. 10.5
:3:3 ) 7 :3.5A 3.8)
'3 7.9 41.5 5(0
.33.6 '3S.7 2. 9
.3S.1 _13.5 5.7
:301.8 :31 .2 210.0
29.5 :32.7 26.6
26.7 :3:3. 1 12 It(
".4 .
4 t,
s~ijp ~
4
.~ ~'. ~4~I
it
~'Iih4., "
) '.5' 1'1
5 9
('5
CONSIDERABLE CHANGES occurred be- 85% had ranges, radios, and televisions.
tween 1960-1966 in the level-of-living of A majority of the households 
had items
families residing in low-income, rural most directly 
influencing their physical
areas of Alabama. Families were 
quite well being - piped water, 
mechanical
optimistic about their prospects 
for the refrigerator, kitchen 
sink, range, and
immediatefuture.bath 
or shower. Two other items 
pos-
sessed by more than half of the families
Information supporting 
these conclus- 
were automobile 
and telephone.
ions is provided 
by a study of the 
Sou- Between 
1960 and 1966, there 
was an
thern Region, concerned 
with the de- increase 
in the possession 
of all items
velopment and mobility 
of people in except 
one. The largest 
increases oc-
low-income, rural 
areas, including Ala- 
curred for bath 
or shower, telephone,
bama. The Alabama part of the survey automobile, television, and piped 
water.
was conducted by the Department of Thus, two items thought to be very 
im-
Agricultural Economics and Rural So- portant in a family's well being-bath
ciology. or shower and piped water-were among
A sample of 136 families responded those with the largest percentage in-
in both 1960 and 1966 to questions re- creases. This is an encouraging indicator
lating to the family's material level-of- of improved housing and improved liv-
CHANGES in LEVEL-of-LIVING of
RURAL ALABAMA FAMILIES
CALVIN VANLANDINGHAM
Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology
living. The homemakers perception of
the family's level-of-living past, present,
and future was obtained as a part of the
1966 resurvey.
Level-of-living is a measure of the
material well being of people- in this
case, a family or household unit. This
measure is highly indicative of the so-
cial and economic status of the people.
Studies have shown that a family's socio-
economic status as measured by level-
of-living is related to the adjustment,
satisfaction, and general well being of
family members. Thus, one goal of de-
velopment, especially in rural areas, is
increasing the level-of-living of families.
A family's level-of-living is measured
by determining the possession of certain
material items, such as an automobile,
piped water, and television. The table
shows the percentage of households, sur-
veyed in 1960 and 1966, which pos-
sessed selected items. More items than
the 14 contained here were utilized in
1960, but analysis indicated that these
were most important in measuring level-
of-living for these rural families.
Items most often owned were me-
chanical refrigerator, radio, gas or elec-
tric range, and television. For example,
more than 96% of the families owned a
mechanical refrigerator. Approximately
10
ing conditions in these rural areas. There
was a small decrease in possession of
daily newspapers, and only a slight in-
crease in farm or trade magazines. The
latter is not surprising in that a number
of the families had left farming for non-
farm jobs or retirement.
Even though considerable improve-
ment in the levels-of-living characteriz-
ing these rural Alabama families has oc-
curred, a need still exists for further im-
provements to close the gap with urban
residents. One area of need is that of
reading matter available in the house-
holds. Only a minority of the families
reported receiving any kind of magazines
or newspapers. This lack of reading ma-
terials may be partially compensated for
by possession of radios and televisions.
Another need is shown by the fact that
approximately 41% of the homes still
did not have a bath or shower, and 29%
had no kitchen sink, in spite of the im-
provement noted. In fact, about one-
third of the families possessed 7 or less
of the 14 items. Thus, for many rural
Alabama families, level-of-living is still
low, even though it is improving.
In order to determine how families
viewed their past, present, and future
well being, each homemaker was shown
a picture of a 10-rung ladder and asked
to place her family on the rung that
best represented its situation. This was
done for the present when the survey
was made (1966), 5 years ago, and 5
years from now. Analysis of these data
indicates that homemakers were quite
optimistic about their families' future
and rated them higher at present than
they thought they were 5 years ago.
Only 40% rated their family on one
of the top 3 rungs 5 years ago, com-
pared to 57% in 1966, and 66% who
thought they would be on the top rungs
5 years in the future. Conversely, only
6% felt their family would be on one
of the lowest 3 rungs 5 years from now,
compared to 12% who rated their pres-
ent condition at that level. Actually,
only 3 families felt they would be worse
off in the future than they were at pres-
ent. This optimism is very important in
that how one feels about his or her
family status may be as important, if
not more so, than the actual status.
Several conclusions from these data
are possible. Rural people in Alabama
are characterized by relatively low, but
rapidly improving levels-of-living. More-
over, they are not pessimistic about their
future. At the same time, a significant
number of these rural families still have
very low levels-of-living, which indicates
the need for further improvement.
CHANGES IN POSSESSION OF LEVEL OF LIVING ITEMS
Item1 1960 1966 Change
Per cent Per cent Per cent
Automobile-........................ 59.0 76.1 + 17.1
Gas or electric range----------- 75.4 87.7 + 12.3
Piped water -------- -------- -- -------- 56.7 72.9 + 16.2
Telephone ------- _ ................. 35.8 54.2 + 18.4
R adio ---..--.... ---------------------------------------. 79.8 87.7 + 7.9
Television .......... --.......... . 68.6 85.2 + 16.6
Mechanical refrigerator 89.6 96.1 + 6.5
Bath or shower----------------- 38.8 58.7 + 19.9
Kitchen sink ----------------------- --- - 63.4 71.0 + 7.6
Vacuum cleaner 27.6 41.9 + 14.3
Daily newspaper -- -44.0 41.3 - 2.7
Farm or trade magazine ------------------ 48.5 49.0 + 0.5
Magazine for women 26.1 34.2 + 8.1
Other magazine -- 37.3 47.1 + 9.8
A History of Horticulture at Auburn University
DONALD Y. PERKINS, Department of Horticulture
TEACHING OF HORTICULTURE dates from
the early days of the founding of Au-
burn University (then the Agricultural
and Mechanical College of Alabama).
Although a degree of autonomy was
achieved in the formation of the Depart-
ment of Biology and Horticulture in
1896, it was not until 1903 that Horti-
culture was recognized as a separate and
distinct department. In that year R. S.
Mackintosh was named Professor of
Horticulture and Horticulturist and H. 0.
Sargent became Assistant in Horticulture.
Professor Mackintosh served as first
Head of the Department until 1910
when he was succeeded by P. F. Wil-
liams. It was during Mackintosh's tenure
in 1907 that courses in horticulture were
first formally described and numbered.
Research in these early years emphasized
variety testing and cultural experiments.
Williams was head of the department
for only 2 years before his death in
1912. By this time the department had
grown to three members. Serving with
Williams were J. C. C. Price, as Assist-
ant in Horticulture, and H. M. Conally
who was Field Agent. E. P. Sandsten
replaced Williams in 1912 but left after
1 year, going to Colorado where in later
years he served as Director of the Agri-
cultural Experiment Station. Under Sand-
sten, the first course in food technology
was added to the Horticulture Cur-
riculum.
Sandsten was succeeded in 1913 by
Ernest Walker, but again the Depart-
ment was destined to lose its department
head quickly. Walker died in 1916 and
was followed by G. C. Starcher who re-
mained until 1922. When Starcher as-
sumed leadership of the department, the
staff had grown to four. Mr. Price was
then Associate Professor of Horticulture,
C. L. Isbell was hired in 1916 as Lab-
oratory Assistant, and P. 0. Davis was
hired the same year as Field Agent.
During- the decade 1910-1920, which
saw four different heads of the depart-
ment, it was Professor Price who pro-
vided the stabilizing influence in both
teaching and research. Some of Price's
students were to become distinguished
in Alabama and other states. Among
these were P. 0. Davis, C. L. Isbell,
Otto Brown, Lyle Brown, L. M. Ware,
and W. D. Kimbrough.
A graduate program leading to a Mas-
ter of Science Degree in Horticulture was
initiated. Early graduate students of the
Department were Otto Brown and C. L.
Isbell, who received their MS. degrees
in 1916 and 1918, respectively. Price
left the department in 1920 to become
head of the Department of Horticulture
at Mississippi State College.
In 1922, Dr. Isbell became Acting
Head of the Department and Head in
1928, a position he held until 1930.
While there were no major changes in
courses during this time, J. A. Myers
was employed in 1922 primarily to teach
landscape gardening. This reflected a
growing interest in the area of orna-
mentals. Interest was also increasing in
forestry, and in 1928 the name of the
department was changed to that of the
Department of Horticulture and Fores-
try. During this period Dr. Isbell dis-
tinguished himself in his research on the
vegetative and reproductive growth hab-
its of pecans.
L. M. Ware became 
Acting Head of
the Department in 1930 and Head of
the Department in 1931, a position
which he was to retain until his retire-
ment in 1966. About this same time the
Gulf Coast Substation was established
at Fairhope in Baldwin County, and
experiments in horticulture were ini-
tiated at that location.
During the 1930's and 1940's em-
phasis in horticultural research was on
maximizing yields on small intensively
cultivated acreages. With this objective
in mind, Ware conceived the idea of
field bins for field research in horticul-
ture to allow simultaneous research on
nutrition, culture, and irrigation of hor-
ticultural crops on several important soil
types transported to the Auburn loca-
tion. Interest in ornamental research
was also developing, and in 1936 the
first formal research project involving
ornamentals was initiated. The early
1940's saw increased emphasis given
to food processing research.
In 1935, D. J. Weddell joined the
staff as the first trained forester of the
Alabama Station. Interest in forestry
continued to develop, and in 1946 for-
estry and horticulture were separated.
At that time the name of the depart-
ment again became Department of Hor-
ticulture.
Funds were provided in 1947 to estab-
lish the North Alabama and Chilton
Area Horticulture substations. These two
substations permitted extension of hor-
ticultural research into the central and
northern portions of the State. That same
year funds were made available for ex-
panded research and teaching facilities
in ornamental horticulture.
In 1961 the department moved into
its present location in Funchess Hall.
The new facility provided analytical, mi-
crobiological, and food processing labor-
atories, as well as plant growth chambers
for precise research under controlled
conditions to supplement field research.
Emphasis in production research shifted
from intensive field management sys-
tems requiring high labor use to pro-
duction and management practices de-
signed to increase labor efficiency in
production.
Professor Ware retired in 1966 and
was succeeded that year by Dr. Donald
Y. Perkins, who is the current Depart-
ment Head.
There are now 16 professional em-
ployees in the department engaged in
its two curricula, General Horticulture
and Ornamental Horticulture, and its 18
research projects covering the fields of
fruits, nuts, vegetables, ornamentals, and
food science. Staff of the department also
participate in the new Food Science Cur-
riculum, which was organized in 1967.
11
RONALD E. HERMANSON and JOE L. KOON
Department of Agricultural Enigineering
ill Alitiillit~ b it xxx ii Ic pfo(I Ii ic ix I I I
a ill I Ix itt a 'ccep'td thti' 1(xie.
Iiiixx \(i'x it ix telt tict tiit liiiii tei'i li
oiixxtitixdt x xa iciic oifi tis'i int'
ii 1111)1 t11 (1 i ii xiiiii~r it' ll ilt', liwll l i tscl
i i iic ilec ~ilit i i i i itl i I il illix the.
xx, 00 l itti' Ii mt ii( t'ix iiii (it li i iiiii iii
(11)2 x .5)1 I" i xxit Silt45it.l tliktfil
xxisii cit ili t't'c dil ily il(, tilile a ixn(x' i
,1,\iiiti icii(iii Iioo JV\i I iiicctii t CPii'
Mint \oliiiuiici filuxtimii \ith ('(lxx ii
(lit' xx liti' 111(1(1 .1 iotltii of th lixi in 14 iiani
105 it. I. \t .51t cphio
iiil(lxii to iiili illi 4 ilit 9 liIliiii
(Iiiiiiiiii Ii iniixa ix t) tiln' A~14 ( ill xii
ti10 \ 70 ft. xxitli 3'.5 ftt. tii ptlhi HT( \2 x
'it) 1wa i fiii li xi li 111t il i slidt i liii'.
lInI iixx 1(4 ((((l' xxit x Iticilli ill i96
\\fill ii li 111i1 ill of (l2i ix s ix i i( II'
ig'sIi hiti it x ii lllti 111ix l iii xc iii xxiii'
'o\ it ti iiios of11 tIll' x(ii xi 'x 1.1111
wr \if, 71:, x' ti It. I xiII IIt. ixiniep t
hasill l )Ii l icltIlii 111ill ill ofi O wl l l i.-
hi' TO F ilc to9 Fi %\fiiil Ilii in' nwi of11
80 it fo [Iiix xiii ilt It'iiimx iix xxoiii'
alx~ mmxldw c ] lt'i omii 4lx ill' polx xx it i
dliiilie i li oill ilm t o((111 xitl x it li ii vi
Iit wd x 11 11 .11(11 xn d ii 114' iii i i' i
! ('(wIi
t ('T]
( it
(12I
he ti e t pr'iii i lliti itx I( lii to the' it'c'i l
of It lifililt! til' d h\~iii i ~ iii itt ii lic
"Iiid(i\ i itt ( 111i llii l ils( Ilied 14111 ii i(.
\oii o lix I ci I j( i111111 (4!(li ]) it n((lix ut
xi xix. imel iliItto(i cicixx iii~ lepol (1 i iilx
i ixji' conlitiiti llll iiii\' lI dwl iim i tlt
laio i ii n I w I it'ii oiii i \ ot' if I c wi ii to\\
iliiiiet Thei lit ii \ith hm ~ xixli ii
li a' ".I 'i. i.1)1 l x lii ( I 1,(1j 'I li
Ii (Ii I iiix Ii I' Iii x Ii ci( It i ii M I
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it 'it \(i
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cid1 suc .I.(itsII 2,45)1) Itr I.-1lil.h
titit' splIX 22.cl re~li 9 of sIIoIes l
it] di roo i9(i9o. iiIo\,It XillXsuti 111.1
ti il resel)1 oIIlaJ,\I ).tt I X Xi ( 1 it 1 s ltioll
ill I ili.'cl tllor I ti c111 XX il lfbici
lllI.lt 1111 p ic li per1) 111 t i ll 1 t IIIIil
Mle Ill) ,Ils I II I ('X picae (1)1 II ill 1)i~lt
l\iIvl XX Ihll' d i l 1 969 oil Station1 1)
Pi*OJ(iJ. H~iiIrgs of' Auliij t 
(Ic k iXXII
KUDZU CONTROL:
WHEN TO SPRAY?
RAY DICKENS and GALE BUCHANAN
Deparlmenit of Agronomy and Soils
rsI cs 1 kld i m 0.3X IX X 11. pert acreilt l liit
I XIlIII2. kil~INI. Ol.DxF f Oti (II \tItH 11115 (IN K(l/A ( lI II \I~ti\ IXIII
11.111' .
1 I b r I'S
P io l t aIll
2, 1,5-1
aod 5 catiscd complete top
kod/11 \(-ctiltioll ilt that tillic.
\of '1\ZliLthic fol hollicowner
i0jillill'Itioll ill. 11m, hN collllllclui
ollk. 1)(Alct forlll. al (- a\ailahic
(AVIRIF I[,(,.
01II I 1111' R 51 1\ ) 11 01t APIII IA110I\ tIN Kt llI (
IX 11,11 I . I XI XI X I96,S Io9
Balte \A
PIll l .1 1 2 I1-)
:2,I.5 I \IIihic
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0")
1125 1105
0.5 1
1 2
4
4
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HAVE YOU NOTICED that loblolly pine
trees are not always of a uniform dark
green color? If you have noticed, did
you wonder what caused the unusual
color?
These color changes are always of in-
terest to the practicing forester. He
usually sets about to determine as quickly
as possible if the discoloration is a result
of disease, insect injury, extreme climatic
conditions, toxic elements, or mineral de-
ficiency. It is usually not too difficult to
determine disease or insect injury, and
extreme climatic conditions are obvious.
The effects of toxic elements are more
difficult to determine, but fortunately
they do not occur often enough to be of
major concern to the timber grower. This
leaves mineral deficiency as the most
troublesome cause of discoloration in
loblolly pine. Of course, the discolora-
tion itself is not important. The growth
loss that usually accompanies the discol-
oration is important to any landowner,
so research has been conducted at Au-
burn University to determine the extent
and type of mineral deficiencies found in
Alabama pine trees.
The obvious solution to a mineral de-
ficiency is fertilization, and this is prac-
tically always justified when dealing with
agronomic crops. However, fertilization
must be used with caution when dealing
with tree crops. Will the growth increase
caused by fertilization pay for the ferti-
lizer and labor, and will the timber be
cut soon enough to prevent excessive
interest accumulations on the money in-
vested? These questions have plagued
foresters and landowners for many years.
Within the last few years som large
landowners, notably wood pulp com-
panies, have begun to fertilize many of
their lands in the belief that it will be
profitable. These companies do not wait
for extreme deficiency symptoms, such
as needle discoloration, to appear. They
are fertilizing to increase wood produc-
tion just as the grower of agronomic
crops fertilizes to increase crop produc-
tion. While small landowners probably
cannot justify fertilization in the mere
hope that wood production will be in-
creased, they probably would be justified
in adding small amounts of fertilizer
where extreme deficiency symptoms such
as needle discoloration appear.
The symptoms as described in this
article are intended as a tool for making
preliminary diagnoses of deficiencies. To
verify a particular deficiency, it would
be necessary to use foliar fertilization,
foliar analysis, soil fertilization, soil
analysis, or some combination of these
methods.
Now comes the problem of deciding
what the different needle discolorations
and other symptoms mean when they
appear on loblolly pine seedlings in Ala-
bama. The most common discoloration
is a yellowing of the pine needles. Re-
cent research work at Auburn has shown
that this usually denotes nitrogen, mag-
nesium, sulfur, or iron deficiency. Of this
group, the most likely culprit is nitrogen
in any part of Alabama except the Black
Belt. When the trees are growing on an
alkaline soil of the Black Belt, the most
likely culprit is iron. Nitrogen deficiency
usually occurs on bare soils that have
been eroded or where the topsoil has
been removed. As soon as the trees
generate a small amount of litter to cover
the bare soil, the yellow color disappears.
However, this process sometimes takes
many years, and a small amount of nitro-
gen fertilizer would probably speed the
process. No practical method has been
discovered for relieving iron deficiency
of loblolly pine growing on an alkaline
soil. Pines do not occur naturally on
these soils and it is best not to plant
them on such soils.
Magnesium deficiency is believed to
occur frequently during the growing
season, but it does not persist through-
out the entire season and probably does
not cause as much growth loss as nitro-
gen and iron deficiencies. Yellow colora-
tion due to sulfur deficiency is unknown
in Alabama except for one instance in a
seedling nursery.
Calcium and boron deficiency both
produce a characteristic symptom in
which the buds seem to break down
and pine gum oozes from the tissues. In
the case of calcium deficiency, the needles
will also exude gum when extreme de-
ficiency occurs. This does not seem to
be true for boron deficiency. Boron de-
ficient needles usually have a darker
green color than normal colored needles.
If the needles are dark green and shorter,
thicker, and more twisted than normal,
then the deficiency is probably zinc.
There is no oozing of gum from buds or
needles in zinc deficiencies.
The symptom for phosphorus defi-
ciency is a reddish-purple coloration of
the needles. This is the same color that
has been reported for phosphorus de-
ficiency in many agronomic crops. This
symptom is seldom seen in forest stands
but has been noted in nurseries and cor-
rected by the addition of a phosphorus
fertilizer to the soil. Potassium deficiency
also produces reddish colored needles,
but they do not have a purple cast. Also,
potassium deficient needles tend to form
a spiral arrangement around the buds.
Seedlings that are deficient in man-
ganese do not develop normal bundles
of three needles each. Most of the
needles will be single needles. Copper
deficient seedlings produce normal
shaped needles but the needles seem to
be made up of bands of greenish-yellow
and tan. This is the only deficiency
symptom that appears in distinct bands
rather than a gradual shading from one
color to another.
Molybdenum was the only element
that did not produce a characteristic
symptom when withheld from loblolly
pine seedlings.
15
Mineral Deficiency Symptoms
in
Loblolly Pine Seedlings
E. S. LYLE, JR.
Department of Forestry
RONALD H. SMITH and MAX H. BASS, Dept. of Zoology-Entomology
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AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
AUBURN UNIVERSITY
AUBURN, ALABAMA 36830
B. V. Smith, Director
PUBLICATION -Higliliqlis of
Agricultural Research 9/70 1CM
1)t i .0fi
POSTAGE PAID
United Siates Deparrtment nf Agriculture