VOLUME 14, NO. 4
HIGHLIGHTS
OF AGRICULTURAL
RESEARCH
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT 
STATION
AUBURN UNIVERSITY
GOOD PRODUCTION
requires high grain levels
with Coastal hay, see page 
3
.-t
I~sl~;~: " 8~9~1g 
"::";~9"': 
t;
J*;~ i~~~Ix~. ~~;=-
L"il-
~~;.... 
;(~ "-
;s ~ i; 
t 
PS; 
.
; -a : . r~ p~
-w 4
WINTER 1967
HIGHLIGHTS of
Agricultural Research
A Quarterly Report of Research
Serving All of Alabama
VOLUME 14, NO. 4 WINTER 1967
FOR GOOD MILK PRODUCTION - High Levels of Grain
Are Needed When Feeding Coastal Hay -
SEX ATTRACTANT FOR INSECTS- Potent Chemical Lures
Them to Their Death
DEVELOPMENT OF Goon QUAIL HABITAT - Fire and Fer-
tilizer Aid Growth in Piedmont Pine Woods
INCORPORATING HERBICIDES GIVES GOOD RESULTS - Sev-
eral Incorporation Tools Prove Good
CLAY MINERALOGY AND PROPERTIES OF BLACK BELT SOILS
- Describes Physical and Chemical Properties ......
WHAT CAUSES FAT Loss WHEN COWS ARE FED PELLETED
CONCENTRATES? - Changes in Starch Implicated _---
SOIL INOCULANTS FAIL To IMPROVE CROP PRODUCTION -
No Value Found in Alabama Tests
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
SERALA SERICEA As A GRAZING CROP FOR BEEF CATTLE -
Potentially Valuable Permanent Pasture Crop 10
SOIL COMPACTION LIMITS COTTON YIELDS - Is Prime
Factor in Restricting Root Penetration 11
RESPONSE OF SLASH PINE TO SLOWLY AVAILABLE FERTILI-
ZER- Shows Some Materials with Promise 12
CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT - Provides Practical Method
of Preventing Poultry Diseases 18
COWPEA VIRUSES IN ALABAMA - Three New Viruses
Identified Through Auburn Tests
MEAT PREFERENCES FOR SPECIAL MEALS- Income and
Guests Affect Choice -
14
15
LEGUME GROWTH REDUCED BY WEED RESIDUES- Germi-
nation and Vigor Affected ......................... 16
E. V. SMITH
R. D. ROUSE
CHAS. F. SIMMONS
T. E. CORLEY-
KENNETH B. Roy
E. L. McGRAW ...
R. E. STEVENSON--
---- Director
Associate Director
_Assistant Director
Assistant Director
-Editor
.. Associate Editor
-- Associate Editor
Editorial Advisory Committee: R. D.
ROUSE; R. T. GUDAUSKAs, Associate Pro-
fessor of Botany and Plant Pathology; J.
L. TURNER, Instructor in Horticulture;
T. DON CANERDAY, Assistant Professor
of Zoology-Entomology; AND KENNETH
B. Roy.
Item* aaa 7eme4
PUBLICATIONS
Listed here are timely and new publications
reporting research by the Agricultural Ex-
periment Station.
Bul. 370. Fertilization of Loblolly Pine on
Two Alabama Soils reports effects of fertiliz-
ing young loblolly pines on Piedmont and
Coastal Plains Soils.
Cir. 147. Diseases of Small Grains in Ala-
bama describes damaging diseases of oats,
wheat, barley, and rye and gives control
measures.
Cir. 150. Directed Growth of Ornamental
Plants with Chemicals tells how growth of
plants may be regulated with chemicals.
Cir. 157. Potting Mixtures and Fertilization
Practices for Container Grown Ornamental
Plants compares various growing mixes and
fertilizer rates.
Leaf. 72. Performance of Peach Varieties
for Commercial Production in Central Ala-
bama gives detailed variety information.
Leaf. 75. Goar Tall Fescue presents per-
formance data on the new fescue that fur-
nishes more winter grazing than other avail-
able varieties.
Free copies may be obtained from your
County Extension Chairman or by writing
the Auburn University Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, Auburn, Alabama.
Published by
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT
STATION of
AUBURN UNIVERSITY
Auburn, Alabama
II~~~ ~~ ~ I~~ I~
ARE~ch Il
ROP:S _______.
ci ~I\
*7 er.:d aam,0
for
GOOD MILK PRODUCTION
FEED HIGH LEVELS of
CONCENTRATES with COASTAL
J. A. LITTLE and G. H. ROLLINS
Department of Dairy Science
E. L. MAYTON, Piedmont Substation
S ATISFACTORY MILK production can be
obtained from cows fed Coastal ber-
mudagrass hay (CBG) provided the
hay is supplemented with a high level
of concentrates.
This result is from a study at the
Piedmont Substation, Camp Hill, Ala-
bama, concerned with evaluation of
production performance of dairy cows
fed certain harvested forages common
to the area. Previous investigations had
shown that Coastal bermudagrass pro-
vides high yields per acre when correct-
ly fertilized, is dependable as a source
of forage, and has growth characteristics
suited to harvested forage programs.
However, lactation performance of dairy
cows had not been satisfactory in an
earlier experiment in which long Coastal
hay as the only source of forage was
fed to supply 50% of the total digesti-
ble nutrients.
To evaluate long Coastal hay with
different levels of supplemental concen-
trate, two tests (1965, 1966) were con-
ducted using high-producing grade Hol-
stein cows from the Substation herd.
Cows in each test were divided into
groups according to production level
and randomly assigned to the test ra-
tions.
The following rations were compared
in 1965:
Ration I - CBG + 1 lb. concentrate
for each 1.8 lb. fat-corrected milk (FCM)
1:1.8.
Ration II - CBG + concentrates 1:
2.4.
Ration III - CBG + concentrates 1:
3.0.
Ration IV - Corn silage + concen-
trates 1:3.0.
In 1966 several treatments were used
but only those in which Coastal hay
was the forage offered is given here
along with the control ration.
Ration I- CBG + concentrates 1:
1.8.
Ration II - CBG + concentrates 1:
3.0.
Ration III - Corn silage + concen-
trates 1:3.0.
Coastal forage, purchased for the first
test but grown on the Substation for
the second trial, was group fed free
choice, whereas the concentrate mix-
ture was fed individually. Concentrate
allowance was based on FCM produc-
tion during a 2-week preliminary period
before each test. The allowance was re-
duced 5% each 28 days. The corn silage
ration served as a check in each group.
The Coastal hay fed in both 1965 and
1966 tests was relatively low quality
as indicated by the low crude protein
(6.2 and 9.0%) and high crude fiber
(32.7 and 30.0%) contents. Apparent
dry matter digestibility of the Coastal
hays, determined with steers, averaged
55.3 and 58.2%, respectively. On the
other hand, the corn silage fed in each
test was of high quality, being rela-
tively low fiber content (25.6 and
20.8%) and high in digestible dry mat-
ter (70.7 and 65.9%).
Animal performance data are given
in the table. Intakes of Coastal hay
were inversely related to quantities of
concentrate consumed, decreasing as the
level of concentrate was increased.
Daily concentrate consumptionii by cows
on Coastal hay plus concentrate at the
1:1.8 level averaged 22.5 and 25.1 lb.
of grain, respectively, during the 1965
and 1966 tests. At this level of concen-
trate, about 75% of the total energy re-
quirement of cows was supplied by the
grain mix. The groups of cows fed
Coastal and those fed corn silage and
supplemented at the 1:3.0 level ob-
tained approximately 51.0 and 45.5% of
their energy requirement from the con-
centrate portion of the rations.
Milk production (FCM) by cows fed
Coastal hay rations increased as the level
of concentrates fed was increased. Pro-
duction levels and persistency of milk
production by cows on Coastal and con-
centrates at the 1:1.8 level were equal
to those of cows on the corn silage ra-
tion. The rates of decline in milk per-
sistency by cows fed Coastal hay and
concentrates at the low and intermediate
levels were excessive. Milk fat was not
significantly affected by treatment. Ac-
cordingly, average daily weight changes
by cows on the respective treatments
were similar within tests.
When long Coastal bermudagrass hay
is fed as the only source of forage to
high-producing dairy cows, sufficient
concentrates should be provided to sup-
ply about 75% of the cows' total en-
ergy requirement to maintain normal
milk persistency.
PERFORMANCE OF DAIRY COWS FED COASTAL BERMUDAGRASS HAY WITH DIFFERENT
LEVELS OF CONCENTRATE, PIEDMONT SUBSTATION, CAMP HILL, ALABAMA, 1965-66
uall L~uwa L~aton ll--orn llae tAv.c
Treatment'
Daily feed intake'
Concen- Forage
trate
Energy Lactation response Av.
supplied daily
by con- FCM Persis- Milk weight
centrate tency fat change
Lb. Lb. Pct. Lb. Pct. Pct. Lb.
1965 test
CBG + concentrates 1:1.8.. 22.5 14.0 75.1 43.3 97.7 4.08 1.1
CBG + concentrates 1:2.4 17.2 22.4 58.9 39.2 88.4 3.99 1.0
CBG + concentrates 1:3.0 13.7 26.0 51.3 38.5 86.9 4.04 0.9
CS + concentrates 1:3.0 13.4 22.2 45.1 42.4 95.6 4.14 1.1
1966 test
CBG + concentrates 1:1.8 25.1 15.5 74.8 44.5 91.2 3.77 0.8
CBG + concentrates 1:3.0 13.9 24.8 51.0 38.7 88.6 3.73 0.5
CS + concentrates 1:3.0---- 13.8 19.7 45.7 45.1 93.3 3.97 0.5
1 CBG - Coastal bermudagrass hay; CS = corn silage.
2 Feed intake expressed on dry matter basis.
Sex Attractant
for Insects
ROBERT S. BERGER
Dept. of Zoology-Eniomotogy
S E cx xii ii l'A F i i , iii sillt iii death
lit inisectIs that lt111'lace f arl 
' il ixop!
ii sects' repriodclictivec iiistiicts are 
ble-
iii g explonitc'cl ) li einitol o lligists5. 
P1 tci
Ccicals piodcedccc lby insects 
to stimoti
latc' al c attract their oppoicsite 
sexes aire
bii(il ills tiglit'cl axs poten 
tial aigenits
Groin iig puiilic concii en iovXer 
piesti-
cidle c'liitiliii Iltilli of1 fooid, 
feed , sail,
1111(1 xxd \\ter aic in~crecasinig 
resistanicel
oif' inisects toi ii secticicles 
hlaxvC caused ire-
search ers [Ii ex plore poissile 
safc'r ii i
more'Cti c'c'ctix C corll s.
Miec appro'lach taken i liT 
eintoloIi igists
itod( ciie'mlist[s is [thec search 
foii cilii icals
lhigTli attractiv e tol insects 
[flat inigllit lie
uIsced to hiire themn toi [their 
des ti-lctilil
Aiowii, the morlie prlillisiiig 
loles are
cliiilJ)iiiii c pirodul'cd 1)s 
tlie in~sects
thicinselxves thant arec k ii \ix 
i s sex at-
tractaitts ior sc'x pl Id 1Thiii Cs, 
Thicse ex-
ti eunc' actixe c' (lllpm in c airC 
gc'oiera] ix
pircocucecd amid r'leasedl li) 
iiioe sex of
thll slpecies to excite aind attiract 
thle
lit]her sex it illati iig tilli .
Thie xii]
stainIceds ar' aittrahctixvC to) iiidci 
i hds of
ol ll iic, ori ill solic iiistiiices, 
i fexx
cilisel ,5 irel atedi Specie's. T Uif 
oct 1111telx,
tiles, are pilseilt ill XCIX 
liitite iiiiliiits
mid1( thle i l'i t itx li il in'st cit tlieil 
is Ilii
kiilix i. F'or tli'n to bec used 
ol i pratc-
ticall batsis, [ilie sc'x attractauits 
10(1st lie
iden Itific'c anld t lic sx itlictic 
comiipouniids
piroduicecd. Thus fill-, sex c of cthtlesc' 
siili-
staniccs hlixe iieeii idfentified.,
Cabbage looper moles lured to synthetic 
sex
ottroctant.
t llti-a Exjic'iinillit Station (fi i 1 tile
List :3 sears hias iestiltecf iii ilfeltificiltioni
tici synlthesis of one 
of these corn-
poun~lds, the sex attractiit 
for the cahb-
ba1ge Iope mo)C n th . The I arix 
e or loopels
011 tI is in sect are c'0ommo 
pests ton iic
ted'cing oii leaxvcs of v 
egetables, cotton,
sox heiis, aind( otheir cr 
ops.
By collecting about 1 0,000 
of [ile sex
attaca t f~lll~c i g gal iis locatedloi0
the tip) of tile abdomen1 
ii of' female cal)
lbagC looper 10 otlis, approximiateixy 
10
m 1g. (ia sin all dr op abiout 
itle size of' a
millet seed) of the purei 
attiactaiit wxas
of t afii ccl. The chiem ical 
st ru ctu re iif tI e
p
1 
casa lit si liliii g. oils attractaiiit 
xx as dc-
tei miiiiec to lie 'is 7-dlodeceivix 
eaetate
bs x ariol s chemical firocedtires. 
W\ ith
this kinowxledge, sevetral 
oun(ces of1 tile
,ittilactaiit wxas synthesizedl. 
Lahoi ators,
tests showed it to he idei 
itical i all re-
spects to tie nciaturiial sex 
,itt racti It. A
st ndY of' tIiCllen 1('ical stICti 
irl c filrqie
Miliits ne~cessary fo bi iological 
actisvits
insoln~iig at series of comnponds 
iiiciic4r
poratlioig x i iious strilet ral 
cl oiges i d
cattecl that the 
parenit siihstaic 
wC sas lix
far the most activec.
Sexvera] othler species of moiths, 
xxhiichi
aire i1 i tile samec sul iti ai i 
as thle cab-
b age lolper. are also1 attract 
edl fI the
c'omfpounid (. Thicse, aIl)11g 
wxit]h the ]liost
plants oil wh iche theiy atre 
tisual], f'ounld,
arce listed iii tlie tablec. All 
species ex-
cept the alfalf a loope i occiir 
ill ALa-
lillil.
Studies ilii-(li cuit tlv 
iii dci xas at
Aubuni maid iii sex cial othiei 
states to
(leterin hiI oxx the at tractinit 
mi gh t lie
uised fo~r piracti cal coni Itiril 
ot cail lage
loolpers. On e lictlliod woul 
lcie to apl)
ply the att ractiit ill 
('(101i naticii wxithl
()xcinioil i n isecIticid(es 
ats local ized
treat men ts to coils at pi 
t ill of it field.i
The iinsects wox 11111 e attracted 
to this
simall ticated aiea ilid 
be killed. It
wXoul] ciIilt le iiecessa ry to 
apply inisec-
ticide to tile remnain der ot 
the field.
Siince ienficl I parasites aii 
c prelliitoll
oif thte pest xwoiild lnot lie aittracted, 
[Lx,
xxwold be spared.
Auli itrigiilg appiroach 
has I i to
cdistribiute the atti actait iii the 
field tol
the extent ithalt it in asks att ractaint 
1 ei ii g
gixvCl off by iiiimatccl moths. 
\iahes le-
comei coiifusec aiicl are nolt 
alile toi Fiiid
the females.
tictiit has slioxx Ii coiiisidlelalle ]]i 
lii
sI' is ili clrliiiatill I xxitli 
lighit traps.
Pi aceinci it oif ti i at tract aiit ol 
i gilt
traps5 lhis increased thle inumber of 
miales
Ilililt ill tite tiraps as mu1lch ts 2( 
flild.
\ phia ciitI x the attriactani t s timuil ates 
the
lrnoilis to i-v, gettinig them up mi ot of 
the
plant xxhere thes see thle Ilighit 
itil ale
~iti ,cted to it.
The use of chlemical atti actilts fits 
iii
xxeli xxithi othelr liexx, appiroachecs 
to inl-
sect cluitilil that i biicing investigated
iv scicitists. ('niisider iiii' (effor1t 
is
I iiig devolted to dcx ciine of' ctltcliii
]Il)iii ds knownix i as ellemlisteri hoil its thiat
xxill sterilize illsects. If a libiit ('olitalil-
iiig thle attract iu it and at cie leistenii 
hlit
wee placed iii tile field, tile loiile inlitlis
wxo~uld be aittractedl~ to thet lait and1( 
('I-
liereci sterile, Ainy fematles wxithi xxhich
these ',ter ile iiales mate xxould produce
iiifeirtile eau~s. Thiis irepresenlts at slut ofi
d1(1it-s nurse f" v'xariat in of ti ic sterile-
]]tail [chliiiliC, Xhic I \\'it s uised [to ci ad-
Raite tile scie \ cx xliinI 011 tll ' i( South-
ilsteln Un .ited States. iii this pril41 )i
scieww xxnm flic's xxere reared inl tile lali-
ora toiry. steril ized wxith ii i cieai iraildiia
tilil, aiic releasedl ill the field. Success
of, this soirt o~f 
1
prograi clepei ici Iiii
floodiiig the popiulationl wxithi sterile
males to iniiiiinize tile effect oif fertile
iiicli genoi s in ii cs. WX it]h iii sects xic it s
the calbibage Ililipel x wer' the iC 1111ibe
ofi iinsects ireach tieecidiiis pillport iis,
it is iiipractical to rilii and( release' siiffi-
(ciIt i 1111Irs lit stll ile ioales toi achieve c
('0oitrol. TIherefoire, tie iciaes iii iiattore
atre the lilids thalt must Ile sterilized anid
cal ible thirouigil [lie use of at goioid ait-
tractliit.
Sex attiactiits of lithe li' isects iici
ar1thuropoids are' also SI)1 i g invs 'tigit('(l
at Aufuru, iicluilg tlisc of' thic Siiuithi
xx stein cor bo1111 rer', the ccitt lii 
ol lxxonri,
the coittoin leafxxii i, ai c threec'c specic's
of ticks.
Il HAi lii IX ' ) IN i Aiii xl i 
cis 7-DDECNi A ii xx X F 51
CahI h114I
11itil '1ci
NI llu
'I'll 5, Ic-
Unlit's,
lilorvla LIille
cliIIfoiia
At left, unburned pine plantation. Note
ground cover is mostly woody vines and pirne
litter. Center, annually burned pine planta-
tion. Quail food plants are abundant here.
At right, annually burned pine plantation
that received one application of basic slog
3 years before. Quail fc-.l p -ii i. J,_-
mnont ground cover her(
o~i~1f liatiX 1
XX tilit litt i li t a d b c nto.d 
it
M1ost spec(iesr of lilix C lliit' 
titdlt
re'pildt~ t) lttitliti4 aire iftilttfi 
ta it fill
Bill111 o I 114 pole XX~ d t lt illl)' (Illit
1  
itl
\iaX oher 11 thait imivi iw ls ,td-hccit
it-1,1 1 ll ie' cd l t r iti t lii e i 
t 
(f0tdX X (ac(titlionisI kept (IiIXXit. 
rii,
sritua~tion t XX fit a gtittd (.o(,I off iftitstiX
Loictelfi ill srtiXd cot tiile e'liet' of at
itai ( itti r tt (iX n I' \ idift) 
the( Ait-
Viiit \criigt fal hutittilf poitti X 
otti
illlticcci t' Ofi bic-olorici t'pe~d ~ piCX('it,
itt' XittXX tIl illI tilet abcihe.
3A~t iti tat 114XXcte Xith h i iffctitdito
* ~yiA
lid'
a a~ 11
uevelopment of Good 
Quail habitat
In Piedmont Pine Woods
DAN W. SPEAKE, Cooperative Wildlife Research 
Uaif
tioi lee a(Xc ttatinied I ci e is conisi deired
Ill adit io t oid X initliciilig qici Itti ti
45 
t
f oci i td area'td groi u c orag
by ttititiiod plant i lil itc (' dsct (oX ('t
ccbtt t h e ifi e tia lir t Iiicti'iX
iltiile ili de licirt.e aea (; ~ ii toil
plots ice ticliz fctiiitf baic sla oi t it(
XXe ittt itid examine o I iliitabi i'X i titt
fM it s.i
1
iictti iX)((/t c ittt' I'
Pct. co'eoge by qvll
food-produc,rg legr 
33 5
30
23 0
20.. . . ...
16 4 .........
10
6.4
1,2 
2,6
Unburned aed Fertil,eed only Ferilized only Burned only Burned and FertHi rd
Unfertihied n ear of 4thi Yr after 4- year yea, of 
41h yr after
4 year Av Fertilization Fertilization Average Ferfilizafiarn 
Fertilization
Effects of controlled burning ond fertilizing on coverage by quail-food-produicing 
legumes
of the forest floor in young pine stands of the Alabama Piedmont 
are shown here.
F. ii UAI PO t LAI I VS )\fIIMA
ALABA1A PAMOVI c i))it i s
SMILAH IX(A'A' FOH l 1(1 \I.s
I I24.2.A HI Iiwd atimiml \II'
li ( llt 1 A
"A 2000A UhitI itt \vt
li i 0 . i
:313 2(01) (iIclc ~fX i tit n
it flot
50 (6)
27 :31
1:3 1:3
bulie 11(1tilici ctttctititon Itt grkiX c to iti
[IrtIX ictt4 ',tclliti s o ilitiXc I ii'ilficl(X XX ifIi
tilic~t tlig. XUttti i ccl Xccl i htc' 'iif IX 
itiX
\)I sclifich miti4itXXti requre n of tikt 'frt
impotan spiec,(die ( ill' tiiol cit il 
('I' c
M 7) Ii ctfic' i'feli1iIe iti-ip itt pctt 
ol lii
I l' ec ill'itiol t'c' fo ti t co to led hili lilt
Incorporating machines used in the cotton
weed control study were (1) Sidewinder, (2)
Gandy, (3) Lilliston, and (4) Yellow Devil.
I N xm i 2. lii i( ON oi m1)1 I ( X) hI , I XNpii
X% cid/7.5 ft. of
\o. No,
Not '.1111)1)
12 iit'l
2 iiic.iit'
5 inllics --
Incorporating
Herbicides Gives
Good Results
W. T. DUMAS, Depat~rment of
Agrcutural Engineering
XX Ott') .li ((I XX 111(1 tt (I-isoil
tis eXIXXX 'I a(I t'oe ~ itiX l"l liileti Ti
((iV XX -ttiol ('I iti'i li '~tlliflz ' heI cd
loss' XXi riX lid \oI 8 tt'XztXol .1) (XXII I
]l\'it teu n SIII I l tili X iiX o po I il I
tqi pm n. T ~ d iii Ii141 11i i . l ol ii l iol oti~lX
6t% o b s ie sil q i illt i l
,iiid ilt tihe M\iiiX Me'ilitjoli He-I
I to\\ depth of 111(11 oI (itl~i Tie- ehhao
iteeldXX199( eoiitrol. st.iIltI iti1 \i(
oI Iottol \it XX,( XiIdied (;il (te ioiX X81 ( I
tliiii applieto( I tile SoI i1 I .it'e otid ill
1901 J)0lit~ '2,9 1. 2, 
:3, and .5 iii. (leep,.
T]111e Side\it' XX io t)o\X 19 r I drie rot 81'X
t ,fleI XX is lisedl t ioi ((01hi(i'itjoli.
All toolX \\er ieqll\ ('jiiiX19i11tiv X C19t liet
tie( CalldX\ ol tlie (.i8X 10811a) X"oil ti led
I Treilii. TisO rlited(i li a treat(1)11911
( It ti
1
h ,ii X81ll s iii Soil, ll] tolsX X 't
X~III k efc.1(19.y h : es eas
t'ttcfallii
1
ol o at
N4 I i
\o 'I"Ic~l
Nofll tillcopoiI e
h (Il I to '5 ill. deepi gave b9ietter1 wXeed(
XX ('It iiii apliit'it bllefitX hri 11 ilitoll
polatilig to dlepthis greater1 tiili I ill.,
111)1 XX 1911 ther'e .11 iX teti'iileiiti elfeetX.
he .3-ya X'19 s I XI iiitLite that I iii.
sii) bei (li tihet i I in ii till mi 5t ill t it
Xiix it il deX t of9( ttwopoitin Tri
('19l ThiTive 111(11(1(18(111(lltrX.1 with-
li lditit'd su'1111te appicto pXrov(1XX(ideits
,ifl' ettt of til'hefitio a li ticet' XX 1to].
I it iolls a ) i lle o' p lcain
40t 2,598
:30 .59
78 2,7 SO
22 594
.57 2,.247
401 S6
50) 2,4:39
67-
I _480
('5 500)
99 2,125
(hl (1811, 1 965 (16 LtiX il 90
NIl N'II. Cas
Loimi.I XOiI), 1964-66
iX\ cit(1
BI Iict'l (;.1 iXX
N'o. No.
T.Xlil l, 1. EFFECI 01" 1 INCOBNMA I 10\ TOOLS ON WEED CON I B01, FBON1 TlUl-[.AN
Weeds per 75 fuct oi row
I 11( orpol at ill] 1 tool
A dallisgrass pasture in a landscape setting
typical of the Black Belt is at right. At
right below, trees felled by slump 
of the
road bank show the fluid property of soils
that contain large amounts of 
montmorillo-
nile. The cracks, inset, are a characteristic
feature of montmorillonite clays.
_''0
thet State.
soills is f11111itlill iliti' (it 
Solt (-]itx lofll
till complfosed of 'erx fiile 
flill-ti('J('x
Difficult To Plow
diltiI 5 ' c il i tIfc S io til 
to 111 sti K\t
teilid,. ioll oft'\i tikii5111 
il tit cItlilt k
IBittii ;, Its, 'tle i o l\\ ta ,t 
' it ta 111
t iji, o o till ics is 1 11111 ii'lio 
Itt' f 111to
0,1(1st Hoiiui(t oif- O xtilfii 
(if toilt'
lilli ll lil 1f it'. t'oasta
1 
l ai llx iit i fI I
cootlill S ils Are Eilosivetofll
liallx Iod Mtt' (I .\ xxit'l 0 
i l ldti s1 ill ix
Soil "'tjtt**1fit. 
drfiit
514/S. ill.
( ktihheha (flit\ I -
Slinlir fit\1:
tcillfilth Mohtlbiar I'loxx. \i ui'i. I ):
Clay Mineralogy, Chemical, 
and Physical
Properties of Black Belt Soils 
in Alabama
JOt B. DIXON, Departmeni of Agronomy and 
Soils
Acid blitcl, lielt soils ic(lidic morc
hille to ritise tlic p1l it gj\ell ilinolillt
thall (to Salld.\ of dil.\c1v soils that (to liot
coWaiii large amounts of nimitinorillo-
llitc. 'I'lle,\ also 1equire illore a\ilililblc
potilssillill to illect pliolt (,I.o\\tli lieeds
thioll (to ino-st otlicl. soil". ["of cmillipic
tit(, a\iiiL,,bIe potassitim lc\cl of it soil
testim, "Illechilln" lol. col-11 al)(I (Trasses
i's 80 to 160 11). per. iterc for acid Iflack
helt soils and 60 to 120 11). I-icr acte for
(.lit\ Soils of tit(, Coastal PlaiTis. Plillit
mitricias (to iot leitch froin Iflack Belt
.Soils as tit(, \ (to Iroill silit(IN Soils of the
Coastal Plaill".
Both Acid and Alkaline
Acid and alkidille soil (vpes of the
Wilck belt oftell o(.(.tll- ill tit simie field.
Sitiliples of Soils takcil lot oil tests
11111"t be takcil \\jtll cill-c to it\oid Illixilig
of contrasting soil tYpes. 'I'll(, red and
,ik wij i , t i tiv tipit' ix lxf.,)(ioltl
tht ofill I' illotit lllt I M i l itan S (ilof.
Prosae hiiad Go Sa l Y ies .Mx
i it i i' t di Soil t C ttjt (4ltitt , aitit
dii s ilt o w riiurl n tril p r
What Causes Fat Loss
When Cows Are Fed
Pelleted Concentrates?
G. E. HAWKINS, Dept. of Dair Sce e
I iti1Nt; PIAA Li 11 ii D CiOltti it S lxto diii x Citxxx hilax bueti
xxd sxtuiedicil tite I. titled Slates,. lcport of ith i' ic-
xiliili hlxc cetlied x eff il' lectx oiilt ititictil tttilutlixt
imm m iilk f at PCIi tI cit
Six cid st xiiii' liix e heeu i di icat Atit ititl~ I lix i\ xilx Ag-
dci(il i lti ]to\x fil percliitlge ix iutic teil b\ pell'ti'd coiii
if I tIiuI t l tagi iiitl tatt itud 4eix s tudied ii( t I
to ycx ettimyt. pilleted ciuiijitut li
Corn Had Most Effect
lit tile firt S tud\ it xx ixs fIii o ild t I I l ii) ta 1111 t i\ I i,
til csxi ihot li I fceititIgr ( ltlhlli, OfIIhiii h Ix t' (I i tIl
l)ll t(' AS. t(('0i1 ii i high o
1 
i ulxA i1tl iitii ill xtciffct
cotlitlt ) Il lit ~lcitiu Ilii th reittili io ii at xx ixs gi tilt I
xliti the i itti inicluded 49J' pellelid titiI i 1, I-2 u1'ctti Iix''
ntah a itt :301'; auliat it \iu thim i lii Iit xx\its :
3
5, iilu
cot itI l5 Y iitlieed ticil, iticl .5M, iafa ltx v (si'i
Ai uuthtl e st xI i atctt ,I toill ciii i1 itl ccii . l dixtillil
utt iii
t 
gi .ii Is l:l)CS at teed ltxx% ill xil Idi, fed ini pitli~ti
tlt' e titdlov me iiilk cl lti liii I 1 3tt6 I t l uiiitta ;1 tile xxitli
8
,I t iIt \\ 1( I I tx x I t %( II k It 11ii' pl~tltud ,tl II I c01 Itc'11 til atc
lixtillxs of ftem. stiiliixs"1( ist~ ed'i that the xtticli coil-
oxcuiit ]lidt\ c til milk tat dep cixii. ( ltiix(ijiiil\ i ll adii
htmdl tial x\\a titIndl ij \\ liw I rittt ii led %% etc 5'/,
tlei Cottt i il. 1), 1leted. Pet cllav ittico milk tat ditite d
stiialtl \% ith iliclt iig p11)p)( it il oit pilt'i' cot ii it] the
liktio11.
lit title slitd. tlie ispiixi lto pl~tlitii cittciiat''x \\ its
lii a It itiittt ot 25% , allitiila licix , 25'; etrii 
xiltagi'. 10ttK pcI
pil ed xxil itti iw i l i hi ft'e c(tll1 sitlitw \\a repl~taced bi\
Relationships Found
xiitii'i au
1  
itilk fat pit ci'iiligl', xxt~ jlit at pcl ceutiwc dtrop-
1)111k cix (*tii litit iof starclh it I I( il(l in the~ t)(lll'l(i I itioit .
it til ouillittil( r iltis ix ocut'extit. litl( statli cotltito lad
itt tg sipffttitit eli' l m iilk tat pci cci okc.
it apearsli liiii thiexie reuiltx that the' reut'cedl mtilk tat
p' ccliiagi' thiilt ucciti ted xx ith Ii i'iilig Of xiomeu pi'lli'li' il t
citlatix xx ix axxiociaitedtx \i cliiioi' ilcxil theiill.(
pilliftiog. Tlisx liiit ltxx xllil feedill ii iellill i pdI
litedi ee Iceltit',xx ittlci tic it cttcctix c xx d to pie l cxtu l i
ii iiie the Ia li Iat l i I utii uxiuitiIx it~scae \i t kied imi
t'ed illiuiifiwicll cxlto coititilc xiiici lu tl i utl select
i'fi'd xtllo clix cittuciltuialix xx\ix, gr-ealcl tc iel itiiltg Jo-
tuki xx its txx\ cxtl \\ xx liii I high ofIi IalitY zI patI I I i' I x ax xu~plu i IIg
att licaxt 25' ofth Ilc atitti. Therieforte, daiixneil uiu\ ireduce
lie eftect oif teeif titi xlu lix cot icetli lix tx b\i I ) ilict eiiiti
tiheJ pl Itlitil iof hart xxci rtligluaiw' iil i t ahtil i. iid
2 ) rxsirict it 1g t1 ic atioti it t 1 g IJA 1 i i Ixga/Cil' i tof piri-
ilt' lcxx thu t 25',-o ithe liiill iitili.
[]lic pcllttu silxl dlix- cotuuciut rte pc ili wed Ilt I itt ilk
itt1() delxxitioli b\ cii Igili 1 ~t('iiliii 11111 il ill I te ii ittutiI. ITh
chit~r reultedi i li theI ioduiii of xi' smai pl i xxii
'xlilk Lit uoittit
ss itcod PeItcd
19', tit1
oit)
I'tli'iiiiit'it 2
itt , 111
itd tot dl.
INii( I xLAIN, SOIL xx tl cultuies of liactei ia to implroxve thle
soil and( increase crop productioin hits 11a1( I ectrriig 
appeal
downsl tliioligli the sears. Biut theie lis lieeii little 
scieiitific
ex illelce tol suppor11t use oif such prla.ctices.
Farm11ers aind IhloCe gaidee rs xxai It soils th at are Casi ly
xworkedl i111( th iat wxill supl\ miiiistiure an m11IIitrie 
iits Ifoir gooid
cirop growxthi. It is genllrlllx icoigi ilCd thiat 
ioiiiigimism'.
il'C ill I ortal It f oi Soil prod iletix'itx '. S1oe release nu trienits
tiles, and1( siie b rin Ig ill I litrilgel frnt iiI thle air. It 
seemis
reasoiiab1)1e th at addiinig these iicr~loorgim115111 should un -
proive pooi soils ainIl iiiake good soils bettei.
Sini ce thec lisci ixerv of' iiitrolgel i iiw bagI ~cteria ailbioit 
7t0
('HI s ago, einterpr isinig biisiinessmen hiaive marketed 
xvarious
kactcrill culture s for. ii licilaltii o (f the soil. lII recenit
years the Biissiaiis liix e iiiociiiated illions' (It acres 
wxithi
A: l lotobactr ii ll oes thIlit t iiis xx 1111( end1( the i leed for 
ii
trilgen feirt ilizer.
Soil ii oc il tio ii m0aterials occalsiol ial l appeair 
oIil the
inalrket iii ul abinona. Claims are inade that at pairticu(lar 
pro-
duclt x\\ill irest ore the balan11 ce of niatu re, rev itlizie 
the soil,
i111( ma lke 1better soil and cropdifs. Oie such (11 ii (1(11in 
xwias
tes.ted iii I1966 ixv Auibui i iviersitv Agr iculturial Experi-
F ieldIC" exel iii iits xxt'e (Oil dllctCd l M\1,1abro i 
lie sii ' vx
1oai ai~t tilie Guiif Co'iast S id taItilii. Fafi IiopC: o)11 Decatilo
siitv ci ax loam n at the , ciii essee i'al ex Sulbstaitoni, B3elle
NIili; a a l( oii Lilcedale xiti N x l ax loaml A thle Pirattxville
Experient ieldd. F~or the experimien ital treati iicot, the
liquid culture \\x, aspsray ed onl the grouiid at 20) 
gal. per ar
al iad o f pll t ill g. Coimpaiiisoni plots xxere hii died 
the samec
except that tile ('lItlireC x ix Omittedl Sox beanIS aid con1 
I
xxe(re gi (lx i at Faii-hope Mi id c'(t toni ani o11u at tile 
ot her
txx liIocat ioins. I ertil i/Htioil, (c1ltixvation , ani i n sect 
conitirol
practices xx ec cariiriedi ouit ais re(omOinei lded for best 
driol
5ilds.
x~. wxeathler reduiedl cioirn piiductioii at Belie \Iiii, but
(roodI xiel d,; xx eie In ade theire xx itl (IthI er c'ropis. 
All sill d
xxerie giiod ait othiei locaitioiis. No~ diff'rencl(es iii cio Of) roxxth
wxei'e .ipparcit 1 etxse ('i noclated'( ld1( lili iioco 1,1ted 
p lots
s-~ ~
5'
flay A'.Z~CI~
a
,I, "
~ \
- ~ N '. . '
(101ilig the growintg seasii or inl finial x jeld. Like mast
pr evious attempts to imoproxve the soil i 1( iincrease crop
plroduction 1w addin g iciroorgalnisins to the soil, tliis in-
oculatjoii wxas wsasted effor t.
Conslidlerable research has shoss ii thalt iiiicrobial 
population
of thle soil is deterined by soil physical anid chemical Coll-
ilitioiis aiid iint by ilioctilatioii. wh ether in~tendled or by
chliI(ce. Thi s is ba)sed oil ti e almost ii lix Cial dlisti litil
oif m icro()rgi isnis th rougi the air a d 1) oth er ittuidi i
iimement. T11is me alls thalt ill HIny soil, b~acteri a or- liii 10
wxill app~ear i x e lIeser conid(ition s alre su ital le for their
(,roxx thl.
lnimuls foiimatioin, release of planit witl ielitx and impioxve-
i)('lt of so~ilI striicturie are bieniefi ts of IlmicriIal actix itv il
soil. To get thlese beinefits it is llecessarv fir st to have
proper fertilizaitionl , limIIillg, tilla~ge, m11oisturii H ( ci (siol I
colitrlol, 111 did oher f actoirs ot good crop Ofnim,11ageilii t. I.U liie
thlese ('Oid~itiis soil iocillatilji is iillilecesstry, Hild wsith-
AIL TO IMPROVE
C"ROP PRODUCTION
A. E. HILIBOLD and J. T. COPE, JR.
Department of Agronomy and Soils
Soil ii l auLIJIt itire inot to le con fu(sedl xwith legum01e sed
ii 11(111anits. C omm ierci al Ilegume Od intll i its aire recomenied ~
Mlid xxidly t oised. Th1 ese B Iizohli/ baiiI lcteri lii r spec'.ific
for- theii hlost p)liiit, aoid their growxxthi and1 distributioii ill the
siiil is largely clepei idei it oil tihl fpresenc(e of the ho(st fplilit.
TiiS o,]teil i a legumne cro~p is planlited iii i solil foi the first
tiid, it is niecessairy to) Clxiie tile' presen'e (If Iiz~ioi
kiioxxi to lie eflectix e nitroigen fixers iii thalt cropf. This is
easily acc'(ompilihed lby seed in oculaitioi ixxitli selected strainis
of commiieircially1 prepalred ii octiltion. Suchi iii 1(1 l atio liii1
ecomiin ii ded for saitisfaci(toiry groxxtI i of legui ec(rops1, eilI
i biiig themn to fix atmosph)leric nitotiigei i.
'FFi OFIii SOIL INOCU LAION ON CROPe Y IELDS, 1966 Avxi-IACxiS
Pei
-coi
Iiiiiiii- 
Nio
Bii1 Bit.
acreT y ields, three crops
hloicil-
iLilt
Lb).
NoliC hllodil- Non
lil)-t 
on
Lb. Bit. Bui.
Pra lttx ilk' 6 7. 6 6 6.3" 2 1 I6.3 2,192~
Faiirhiipe 86.3 85.7 - 46.3 
49.8
B(.lh' Iiolik :32.9 29 .6 t,7.38 1,687
I Their' xx IIe iio di fferem ices tha~t could bI ai'~ttribuitedl tio th
1
' inoi
1,ocatioll
SERALA 
SERICLA 
as a
GRAZING 
CROP for Beef 
Cattle
W. B. ANTHONY and R. R. 
HARRIS, Department of Animal 
Science
C. S. HOVELAND, Deportment 
of Agronomy ond Soils
E. L. MAYTON, Piedmont 
Substation
JK. BOSECK, Tennessee Valley 
Substation
lii~ ~~L SiPI Siff115 i'ii' li /5 i ijfc fU~ iol
tff coiflfi sericeci becauftse 
it hfits fillef
ai f sfter ffStemfs itod 
il 1)11 stcfifs per1
plllt.
Thfis \ ilf fit\ ss as des elff
1
ed b\1 Dr.
E. ID. lDffficll \, Depairtfffeft 
of Agilif
flif iS i re11 tlcisff 
1)s the Statiff ll f
I962.
Serala Tested
lii 1964, Sc iaflit \\ias tetled 
ats at (fitz
1ffg (101t) it thle Pieflfffft 
Sulistiltiffli
(:fastal heri ffaffe .5ss 
\is aflso tested iii
this exper fifen t. ( 
fitstll I eceix (( im
fitiffll " 100 11i. N. pier 
acre1. Mfineral fcr-
tili ers xs e app1lied 
dc0criffg tof soil
test. Beef cow\\s adi 
thieii calvs srazed
ihe test crps
At the Teiiiessee 
V ale Slllstfftfffff
Scalai \\ias also istabilishied 
ii I 1964 iii
a 4-iti 1 (yraflil g p
1
idollick. 1Eve \\ais foxeri
seeed if)i theic' Seflfi 
ill tile fall. Mlill-
ci fl iecftiIi /ef s\s a 
ppilied 1)c isoil test
iti1 rc i ccci r cie 50) 
1l). N. lper acre.
A c'fll)parfli]e .11 d'f 
(w15o 2 atcre il
docks ) s\ias iii C oastal 
ss itli ix e wi5 ef
seeed ci fafll. Thfe 
( iiastil receis ii
llli l fertilizer hi\ soil 
test hill liftrfi
gfell ft the lt' 
of 1011li. peri 
dcl e all-
mialk1 I. Thie paddllocks 
S\iff' grf fl/d b\x
seal hmg Steels.
Results
The gi'a/ilug test at 
tile Pieliioiit Subl-
statioll is still ill 
progress. (fil iflg
capilctY and( coSS 
andii calf live w seight
gall s are gixven iii 
Tlel 1. Scifilfi fi--
I fished Morffe gratil 
ig (lxs thai i ( fiastall
2 of the :3 .,wals 
tested. Ca~lf gaufl 
pro-1
'1 soci' 1. BLI, i( 
i ILL l'KFORA 
0i 11fSs 'i\
Si' i'.iA SERIfif AMS)I 
COAS I. Ili cffc'o
Ail I [EP')l0~i\l 
ScaslSiFAHi
Cows (lass (Ii'
'till acre ftii thle
sc'ilsf i
Scrala Cfolvtoil
1965 144 144
196 06 
9t0 
67
1967 166 114
Asv. 1:3:3 108
Cal f ii'fw
aict c for tlii'
sciola Ciostal
2:39 248
112 126
1810 195
177 190)
Cattle grazing on Serala 
at the Piedmont
Substation, Camp Hill.
doted per) a11Ic %kil is fit Ix greater 
echl
5 car oil C ofistial ici 
lgilig 1:3 li. pier
acr e oxvei the ~3-YSear 
perio d. CalfI aveir-
age claus' gail i was 
slighli higher foi-
( oastal.
Serala sericea, iil addition 
to pi oxid-
tlig a hailger grailig 
scalsoli, did not
le Hire tI e 100 11). 
per itcie of' N 
apl-
pl ied toi Coastal. 
Therefore, Seral a \\,ias
almost05 equa.l tf) 
C oaistal for b eef cos
w irsill g calxves an1d 
pas tore f erti li/el
costs ss eie lowes for(1 
Seria 
Longer Grazing Season
1ff tile 'lenoessce Vallexr ilreia, xx itli
b etter soil aindc 
i ni0i stu n r lat ifi s
1
)i
1
)
ithani exists iii tlfe Piedo 
ion t, ( (fastial pro-
dluceci iiiie grazinfg 
day s id liv e
ei gift gini per ire 
t half Seral a, Table
2. H1owevc5er, ili (ff1trfist 
to perforimi-
alice oft iiirsed calv 
es oii Sci ala at 
tlie
Piedllolit Slfistiftffi 
, S ('irllif g steers
lnai(Ie gireater dailY gaiff 
oif Serfidit tif
(:oastil. Ox elseeded 
rx e fmade pofssile
earlief raig 1 oil (Coastiial 
iild Scilal.
Bv frge, iii part, aiccfounts 
ffo1 the
iliger grazinig seasof 
ilf Sci ala fifil
Coastal at the Teifessee 
\allev Siihsta-
tiof i Ihalf is obtiicc 
lledlt thIese crp
alt thle Piedilollil Stistitioii.
Serola Potential Grazing 
Crop
Thlesc (data clearl\ 
,Iio\\ th at Scii ala
serlceai is a it ilef itiall 
' v fAifiale per-
iiafcft pasture crop. 
lii compf~arisfon
wsithi Coffst1al, S(1 fla fi 
5 otld rIcyfdire less
ildSestlillelt if I iitrogei 
lfirtiliz/rl Ioi
the Piedil) 01i ica, (Iitfit 
su gges t carly
inig c'apaiit ' vInax h e 
is great oi Scia
serfcea ats it is ol 
C oaistal 11ff ii nl.
B~asedI ofil this anid 
Itlfef 55 frlL at thle
Piedli (lit Sub stti,1If 
('(xistal hias iio(t
Iflalcle thle pro'fduc(tionf 
it hasi it othier
lo(fat ion s iii thle S tate. 
TIe ic r x v satis-
factory (faily gail i) hx v 
earlin g steers off
5(1 ait ait tie Telnfnessee 
al lex Sullst a
tiffli fildlitite thle forage 
is pailatabile aif d
I lltfitiolfffil adcequate.
I iii 2. t'Liili~oi SNI 
I:, iii Yi' '. SfLINf SIEIIfS 
fIN 51ff si Si hICLS 
AND
foss iSIL ExfcfiS Si 
I HI, TENNESSEE VAL1.1. 
SI. A11SfIN
'i (far Steer (lN Ss per aicrc'
fiiior ~il(osol
1965 241 
1
19036 183 
210
1961 21-1 
.3:30
A\. 214 .327
Steer Is C' weighit l-1111 per Dily gain1 per 
steer-
_--ace fur sefison 11)i. for sefisi n 11).
Scri'la/rye ('oistal/rije Sertalo rytp' 
Coasttal/rye
:384 561 
1.52 1.28
264 5 ") 
1:39 1.38
295 349 
1.29 1.0)7
:314 481 1.4(0 1.24
C tylo" IN'IlL1)D ill Albamal a1re oftell
lim)iteod 1) X i shallowX rin eventill Yea CI10X~rs
XX ll)11 rinfall is abovel 0 OXelilg('.
cott) It roots 01 ((1 (oll t ritt iIll Xill--
Suedlit XllilloX root /olle 1:111 storeo IiX\
it fcXX (iLoX'X XliplNi tof m tl u rell. Plan1 ts
I'litllT l0 ie l ies e e o lltioXl nit
Sth
1
el tli1)tl tlCS \\I11)li( 1 111111il)
mi stur lll~ ies~t~ 'lltl llt' at Ie\ tli lle )0
forill ~lImpt'li rto e i iti XI ii o I.1 tX t o~ lll
X
1
i, i01 1111111 ilt' re itat li l l to )-l$o t'tt'l
ca110 et jl 5 tlat X iidi101lt prets tat me
It'Iati t IX eItt' layer il the1 sillli sil
ttr (Xorlllt'X thouhtil e~ pall'lt' ) i ti 0111 \
g-lli lact ti k 11e1r \ ItIXs of iti triX l ill
on erip (Illr 1111( fild a aue.fit
Ill'
1
lpitlg it to Xse\ l IXe I pt'tlt r1o1o1
(ytitl AIik htro\ l as
cillica XilflelllX (II 1(01 lI tiot (11111l
iti(1 tlelt iter1 t' o ofl~t It XX (' t' o and11' 11
mi stur ill lit i ft troot1111 11)1(1 Xlii llt
t o s u s i s 
A l s i t 
\ 1 1 1 1i ' 
I b e 1 le i r t 
h e1 1
l1111110 XiiX IIe ti It c ' it'IIXltX it'X 
ti
tXr i ll be usedto XX ('It pltltt't lI t
hard hovertli \ftl 6 stillS X (.tll (11105XX
1Tapro1111 illgti t tIIIliatilill ITO tiN
Pe'r twil1 11lI 'c.1
2.48
16
11
1.26
.08i
to1(( IX
:31
12
t K
SOIL COMPACTION
OFTEN LIMITS COTTON
YIELDS in ALABAMA*
ZANE F. LUND-'
Root pattern of cotton plant grown under
near ideal soil conditions aIS compaled with
that of a plant grown in a severe traffic pan.
Opel 
1
vl'til pe IPX rti.o Fl I IiX I I esi
XX stl- \\ llJ~ ts~ eto tie d i m tS 111t Mi
i)t 'tI c mitetill XX OX ,Itl. Els-t I X ( there
II ot ' ) too 1111 l letil ol \ 
rIl IX XXl soil1(
the jidd.A XtioteteiXI I ldeiX[tithe
soi1(l u to be (tIll I\(t ~lflt o otII
ilat 1 ltt Ithi XX I ll III 1111 (ft l l be
il.o rl (IiX t, il.iO t X01
, Compaction lc\el I i, 
polllcd lit a u\lmdcr, 
\ibr ited, prcsscd 
Compaction I -(,5 i, li0ak hclm the liijlc t dcllsit.\ 1(,\(.l folind ill it ficid. Compit(tion lc\cl, 2, :3 aml
arc ilitclim-diatc.
E' FFECI 0 1 ( :0N1 I'M I l0s, X \ 1) \lots I L it I I v\ vi. o \ i I I i I i ,\ ( I I i ( ) I ( lo I I () \ 'I "\ I,
Ali -1
To SLOWLY AVAILABLE 
FERTILIZER
MASON C. CARTER and EDWIN H. WHITE
Deporlm ent of Forestry
tIli ili I iI'Xt I t ('IX l IX (111 toi l,- I t~
cropt suchX iX s fores lee eeli i)X t1 il' thatIX
.iill lu to ap liedt4Ilz' iiildtilitl iii 
XiotXXiiX
ilSd elli i XIX 8 ini tli
1
"oil, tlil il oiftr X
T11iXe lIi'
1
till tlt for su ii l'XrttN ili has
II illdi ill( X e re Ic el tiIIIX.-id'
1111\ prXli e i l C-I lilii t erIXs I 'l~ (' i 
t0
(Tro% tll oet.-lirs ill fit(' plailtilla trcildl.
Fort\ additiollid seedlillas were tagged
Mid 4,It Illitleilted.
TWLE 1. A\I RA(;P , 11H(;I11 OF SLASH
I"oll,()\%I\ o FvItllI.lz Ilo\
At PLAN11m; TINO
ffiwit it.'
1lN71 2X _\XI. !.
FAPt-4 o/. tii It0 2.3 1.2
NIA\P- tie, (III 1.2 2. 9 5.01
' DifltitlllX Iiltiiiia t it 51, ieX I
each X\car.
ill itililoll(il phospate ii till ) ap-iI'
perd iti tet the
1 
fitrst gi o\XXi 0114 Xeasll
(I i ( llot s i g I I i tIIt I ,yiX et h i h
taill [X1
1  
weret 4.2 it. .itld NIAP X\\ere
5.0 ft. If ter :3 giIIXX ito' Xesi'OIII. Pt ~iolI
Xtli oil siilarie XXi 'idi'cilted 
thati
Plot at left shows obvious differences 
be-
tween the unfertilized trees in front 
of ob-
server and the MAP treated trees in 
next
row to the left. Needles on trees in plot 
at
right receiving MAP were 
longer and ap-
peared more vigorous than on unfertilized
trees.
X, P, itll \ii, level \\er 
deI'( lte'rmoined'.
\ol Xlli 11111 Iiit i'ff1 ct eo11(1il 
l' he ttibi
liXe to Ileili' atiller X These) 
fllJilreI
il i tl as toiii tls' l i toot XX Xtl'l 
read
il it ilit l fril~ 11 i ll' 
NI ler t e ti
ti (II of\ iid X.elsd 
il, c eso
Ahs 2elementslilt tXt fol i \PiiIX1)11
tj Ci X l il ill li t l 1111 i' i t 
i l \til ofi
IXill( i c i . ofI PiNe liiei LiiX Ia. i
J~~tte ~ ~ ~ I Iiio 
iiio\rl the irs eiid 
s b
TI-ca illc 
t i'l
wXt.
I.,IIfI i Ii thd
FI \I-
4 oz. /tiil
NI 1AIP
4 oz./ t rei
P) 
\I-
41 .5 t.00I 756i 10:11
It1 .9 0. 9: 3 812 10150
:3 9.2 W 95 778 10:36
T1 uAlliel)t
, Uvrtilizcr applied at plailtili,_': saillpIcs
takcii Awl flocc growiw_, sc lsoll.s. \oilc
of, tll(, dill(lollIC(IS ill-c siu llificilllt.
D II1SS Atl , CS'1ijX to tile hfiiiili
alre x itiall I ieedled
ed5(-' Ci itrol ki. it tiex die ii adeqjiiatt a
the sole clef ensiv e mleaslre. III adliitini.
di iigas alre Elstkx, iisiiallx cIdet ix oilk11
55 litil 14i\ Ci ('arX iiil t hl(igh lex ils. doi
)1 tO caulicite the ilt'ectiioii fri i tile
prmss anld lliaxe n~o direct aetionl oil
tilie \ Xli (15. It is iisiiallx lileeessilx tii
Itse at specifie (Ir-lig foit partieolil clix
falil so ee (hisieaxe I ((1icil( 0 (rill I i sils
oftein biecome resistittt toii thugs that ir'
isted IiequeitlY or (iii e'.teitetl pei ods.
Lx eii -f tile drfi ii esti oNs the disease'
TIikii ig it iiieffeetix e illi leiilig isoil
trxv culiditlliatiiii s.
Prevention by Management
sn ice disease pi eieitioui I xxith di o1gs
is i iot -oiiipletelx siltisi ictoi\ . theire has
bliil .i lug iiitei (st ill use of Iiiaie-
iiieiut linetlills to oxveircoine (hiseatse priobf
leims. [i the past \\ tll iriids \\ te
housed iii open sl ieltei s aind often
ili igTei oil i ii o iiiited solil, it \\its im
possile~ toi prex cut m0aiy d1isease5(s l)x
iiiiiiaiiieiit alone. liceentlx hoxx ,cx I
fail x entilittet, xx lidc~lss houses hax '
b eei I acceptedh ats ecoi lo Im ieal lx feastile
hciii,e of iimpiroixed pei f inmaIce ofi
lii Ic(s . Siieh Ihouses liid twloeexes to
it disease prevetio rgitil lg 1 its d shoss ii
b\x tex;t iesuilts at Aiiliiii fnix eisitx AgY
rieiiltiirald EsXpeiiiieiit statiOii.
T\lxx biIroodei rooiu ui1 oliiie 1) lit esti-
uille (see sketch') xxei ised l ite Aii-
to iiiaiiit tilltdiseaised biircds so theire
55(iuld (l i cliuiate expo(surie ofi birid(1
kept iii ft(, su'ciiid ( isoilated) rom
CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT-
New Avenue to
Preventing Poultry Diseases
D. F. KING, Deportmen of Poutry Sclence'
Diseases Given Intentionally
LIn eatch S xs\eek test chicks iii the iii-
fected ioll 0001 CX 'i pi lisel gix en es
coeeciosis, iil Saliniiiela. 'The fi rs t
lxxi diseases 55 ti ( gix cii ill fte tliiiikiiig
xx tei xx liueluickx xxeie :3 clax 5 old.
Sac' Hi ck iii ft(i fiii tc'ted roiII\ m xs as
izix\ eii It) tfiiies tlie iirial chose' iii aili
efiit to prouice t cdiseas(e c'iiicitiolii
\\heii tile' birds clxeie 53 chaxs old, tWe)
oif thiose iii the ii ifectech i onin \xi e
rixeni :3 tiiies' the iiorill.1 (lose of eighlt
spe'cies of coecidci a l)x N moiith. Th ese
birdst se'(tded tile litter at (,\xx chaxs I atoei
I aisili g reiiiiiig chick's iii the iiifecte't
roomi to ii dex lp t I e disease. .At thei~
ig'l of 2 xx ee(ks, outch biid \\XXas Cix ('ii
4010 Ascmiidia xxiii ni -oggs Ix mnoiithi.
Salillinila ts liii ninil s gkix e ill
thec diviiikiiig x atei xx lhiu ciieks x ei e
24 daixs oild.
All liridcs (rot iioiniiii tt'(l feeid
thll uilioit fte test, iiil ito drugas xx tie
iis('( tii ri ve'xt iix disease eniicitiiiii.
V aious Llaitoi x tests ant)I tlil ililosl
x atiiiiis piiu\ ecl thalt all fixe t' ii(ses
XX Cl (' prisciit iii the ii ifeete(i roomli. Thus,
fte oil\~ t hiiig thalt IiC ' ehsprt'ad of
the diseases tii te isoilate'flHocks \x as
thel S.s' eni iif prec'auitfions used.
Effective Precautions
lii 'aeh (if fte txx i tests chiceks Xx Cit
"groxxI i ii litter iii the isiulit''i ioom.
Tis (olin c'oiilcf b c ititch Iiilx
thi mnigli thit iiif'c'tetf oiri, anti tilas
pi)ox iteu almnple tippoirtimiit\ fiii disiase
spieadt l Preeautiiiiis indlnchet: ( 1It tht'
isoilatedl roioi hil at sefpuiiate duct vVenti-
hlitiii sx stein, (2) tileit xx('ie doubiloe
dloor i' tt ft (' isolateid 'ix ii enti ace, anidc
31 fte atci oit pit oil a c'h'ii laliora-
to]i (,oilt, I (,\'' 
1
)liIStjit 1 iots, ilo ci giuxreS
il h estibiule eatch timle aftei leilax~
tlit( iiitectedh ioiiii btefoiie pitig iiitii thel
InI hot fl ocks 1 lbii atinx te'sts xx ert
made at :3, 6, aiich 8 xxeeks iii age and
ft,.\ere sxet'a~ilx obuseirxations antid post-
iiiott'il i sliijiiutjiiii ofi ill] bird tila 8
xx eeks oif age tii ideiitifx iix tliseasc,
ce'pt t eoidilisis, thiceks il ftn' is ;
litedl ioin u tiaii't fre o fo oil ll disealses
thit', 8-\\(euk gi 155 lg per (iod. lII fiii first
test ciuccitinusis \X as lint foiiiiiil i(he iso-
latedi i ooinl iiiitil liircs xx tie ablit 7
oxeks tld aiiit it cauised ]to prolemiis.
Inl fte seot iiic test, 1iixx ex ei, it \x as,
xx eeks if tei echieks inl the tifeeteti irouom
xx\eire iiiiiciliaotl ,iiid eciuisetl 4I iiiiii
talitx.
J ~~Siiee clcii fisis \x\is spi eait f ioiii ill-
feeit(,([i t li siilatedl iooiin ill bitth tests, it
is c (.I Iielit(i thlt pr-occI e Iies Iolliioile
;Ui pi (talitiiiiis tlkeii xxiii iilot ih('
INFECTED ROOM C~LO-ES CABlNE ISOLATED ROOM ( u1late tol pre\ (']it its slpi ('ii. 
It apill-s
ihiuilitf il if iiiiiiu stit i, ('liil-itt' lii'
eiitili igaillst eiietidiuisi.,sp~i sIll
lie osiitsite all citfii'i diseases xx c
FEE )iiiolledi x\\ill b\lteitI mieicatiiii. ('lll
iliel ial 
1
ioliltivxiiii'ii xx oili lout liax (' ,ni
thie Atibinii tests,.
In this experimental broader house, birds in the infected room were purposely 
given diseases
to evaluate measures used to prevent spread to chicks in the isolated room, 
IPiofessoi I iiicljtlls.
COWPEA
VIRUSES in
ALABAMA
ARTHUR N. HARRISON ndc
ROBERT T. GUDAUSKAS
Dept, of Botanty antd Plantt Pcttfho/og
Leaf from a cawpea plant infected with cow-
pea chiorotic mottle virus.
\\ It ( I oX T1 ( PI1- 1( II.II" i 1
All (,o\\ jpeilx (0111111(1k (41 ow\ it i ALI
11m-(-' Xliuc IIX( x IX ki io\\n to occu 0((1 iI tlict
* lit' ilill f tice of fte x iiisc i(' ll
Aiii " \'ti14Xititi of thesex( (tAX }l('.i hasi
llt beenx f(ti Il( I txllX "I'llI X e~ix-
lli it\ itA lo-1 Xh effectisa~ti of B~~l)t
'MOX l .it X l ii( AIt i l l I atxi i ll
xt I i' and11 '(it1 (-o\\ peasX %\ (I e t i t' x'x
d i o t i ox 't li it xs I ft \ i\ j('o 'i-
fX\Itl effet '( :lii\ io
Cl lj \ )11,1 VI lt ('\[X I
(> itix al
it7 tixtx oPI 
[ \11 ot heei I 
it l [\(' l 
l"
N 11111it o\i tot o1111 i(' lit o iiat aod
Three iruslesl Idenltifiedl
(11C 111 iC ll \\ i 't I tI I t I I it i LX it 
ofXIIiii toixl'ltx.iomei the 11( iix Xej t'rI'
Ii t wa ofiiXI'itxt' i ' iii(1 ttt Xoiiio it (I
Il lil t he s it c ittI 1 11'i fi ll]~t of tti aii
ftX flit' (11.11 i'tt''fild il 'tittx('itxlt Chd-
IoI it't XX ('It': I i XI'o] iIX lil)Xt X \ it klcx
I lxtics flit' xjtiit ,~i itd lo(t' the plseit I
fllt'tlill i tt ii ti ilt i tt'ru itlis I Ittji lii i
ill i x th i Il t io lls %\X XX t (' ii' i l lit i
iIX XX I x tti irom Cil l 111)l i Il lt I XX iti [I
f\tt\ \it, tfo i XX il i lhi lall X ,f f it X BYt~u
\ii\ t'i oicit iotx illft'ljil'(i xx ifl f l Xi I
1
ti itif o iea l i tikn q)
Susceptibility of Cowpeas to the Viruses
fo t -l clittti ( cX utux Xl t tt' tti ti xix
tic" o ft coA\iil ils ((lxx 
1 
t's [' t x ll I
ceII il~i tlt' to diff IX iitlt 01 Xc isolated
t1011i A lilt' (ilti t x 4iX t' ac \ XX Hf'iiit
ii'I 1 11 Iill('jif eac(4 f l Ilix lital. tesit'd.
lt'll \lxt' lil ( Ill itt -i x i ll ) tt he ti'X ti
Itcti( ii l theflt i \i ili t i e11tipXXIXd
xoil ill uAx X llt'li ill' \itt lXXitl flt
BI lilt
1
)],\
la iXX\ ei (iix o\\tde
Will o~
Bbiai kt'
('oli Pipc111
('tlflhill i'l]p e 1 11
Bi(I )xt TeitsP
Bit'; 11h IX till i i l
Kiih [iii~\
Clico Rei peke
ClIi i I~ titlXX[it
(aioa II cky (1(
Ccixti xic ( a t t~i('lil
iia kt'x c' txd'
XXir [hfp~ If 111 xi
EX lkf k Iti'lil
Sill 'X "t Ot Itlif
xtlx(k Ipthill
i1CZiX ('"iXl
S
S S1
S S
S S
LLS S
LIS S
S S
S S
1,_S S
LLS S
1LS S
S S
S S
S S
S
S
S
S
IL,S
S
S
S
IILS
ILUS
S
('NiX
S
Si
S
S
Si
SI
S
S
S
'S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
SI
SI
S S
S S S
S S S
S S S
S S S
S S S
S S S
I'L'S S S
S S S
itt illf t(L I Illi
W HAT'S FOR DINNER tonight, Mom?"
is a familiar question!
To the homemaker in the kitchen, the
answer is backed up by her experience
knowledge of family preferences, and
the dollars she can spend for food. If
there are to be guests, other aspects such
as whether they are close friends or ac-
quaintances must be considered in plan-
ning the meal, purchasing the ingred-
ients, and preparing the food.
Menu planning for many homemakers
begins with meat, next the dessert, other
components such as vegetables, salad,
ind beverage selected to complement
the entire meal. Since food has many
other functions apart from body nourish-
ment, meals for guests are frequently
more expensive or include foods seldom
used for family meals. If homemakers
were asked what the meat choice would
be for a particular meal, it could 
indi-
cate attitudes toward cost, guest pres-
tige, and culinary ability.
Four meals selected for study were
menus that had been experienced by
most homemakers, namely: a typical
family meal, an informal dinner for
church friends, a birthday celebration
for the husband, and a dinner for a busi-
ness acquaintance. Meats were chosen
from a list that included chicken as well
as beef and pork in several forms. A
total of 3,352 homemakers in three Ala-
bama cities provided answers.
Chicken, which is almost entirely
broiler-fryers nowdays, was most often
selected as a suitable meat for the fam-
ily meal or the informal occasion for
church friends. Homemakers recognized
that beef was certain to please men.
Most often mentioned was steak as the
meat for husband's birthday dinner or
for entertaining a business friend. Beef
roast accounted for a fourth of the total
mentions in all meals except the birth-
day dinner, for which chicken was
second.
If all forms are combined, chicken
was chosen more often by homemakers
than beef for the informal dinner.
About half would use beef for the typi-
cal family meal or birthday party, and
two-thirds would serve beef to the busi-
ness friend. Homemakers were aware
that at times cost was less important
than prestige.
Chicken was served usually because
it was economical and easy to prepare,
and most people like fried chicken. Beef
roast was usually chosen because cook-
ing failure was almost impossible; beef
was a prestige meat with distinctive
flavor and aroma. Steak was served be-
cause it was certain to please men
guests, and would bring compliments to
the cook.
There was a relationship between
meat choice and per capita income level
Homemakers' Meat Preferences
for Special Meals
RUTH A. HAMMETT
Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology
PERCENTAGE OF HOMEMAKERS, BY MEAT CHOICES FOR MEALS OF VARYING PRESTIGE AND
PER CAPITA INCOME, 3,352 HOMEMAKERS, THREE ALABAMA CITIES, 1963-65
Meat choices for meals of
varying prestige
Family Meal
Chicken
Roast beef--
Hamburger
Steak ....-
Pork chops, ham, roast------
Other-
Husband's Birthday Dinner
Steak--...
C h ic k e n -----------------------------------
Beef roast
Pork chops, ham, roast ...........
Hamburger, other'
Church Friends Are Guests
Chicken
Beef roast
Hamburger, steak
Pork chops, ham, roast ...........
Other-
Business Acquaintance
Steak
Roast beef
C hicken-................
Hamburger, other'
Pork chops, ham, roast ..........
Per capita income, dol.
Under
900
Pct.
36
21
18
6
14
5
22
39
10
18
11
53
17
14
13
3
24
17
30
15
14
900-
1799
Pct.
30
22
20
9
13
6
40
26
16
9
9
47
22
12
12
7
33
25
22
10
10
1800-
3199
Pct.
26
24
17
16
10
7
48
15
19
7
11
41
28
13
10
8
41
31
15
8
5
3200
over
Pct.
24
26
12
23
5
10
51
14
17
7
11
43
30
11
6
10
43
29
16
8
4
Average
Pct.
30
23
17
13
11
6
39
24
15
12
10
46
24
13
11
6
35
25
21
11
8
1 Fish, seafood, lamb, miscellaneous.
15
of homemakers. (See table.) For ex-
ample, if steak and roast beef were com-
bined, a third of the lowest income re-
spondents and three-fourths of the most
affluent group would serve beef if men
were the honored guests. In each of
the four "study" meals, chicken and
pork were most frequently mentioned
by the lowest income homemakers.
That meat choices were based on
practice and experience was shown by
answers to questions about actual meat
purchases. Low income homemakers
were much more likely to use economi-
cal chicken twice a week, whereas
higher income women used versatile
broiler meat for variety. Broiler meat
was a favorite with family members at
all income levels. Whole broilers were
usually purchased by lower income
homemakers, whereas those with more
to spend for food bought cut-up chicken
or parts.
A listing 
of all 
meats 
used 
by the
families the week before being inter-
viewed showed that 95% had used pork,
largely bacon and sausage, for break-
fast. Beef and chicken, each, had been
purchased by 82% of the respondents.
Seafood had been used by 44%, cold
cuts 15%, and lamb 2% of the families.
About half the women selected meats
for the special meals that had been
served the previous week.
SEED GERMINATION 
AND VIGOR OF LEGUMES
MAY BE REDUCED BY 
WEED RESIDUES
G. L. BIEBER and C. S. HOVELAND, Department of Agronomy 
and Soils
L , \1 -l -os lik %ii fil loit 1 xarietx%
of iitxilix. Newi ev\idenice indicates thalt
\\((i c j iiis prceent ililii th xoil 1Vlif\
beI 0th.' rc'ilol.
Ilcxcircli oil thtis problemi1 \\as star tedi
\\ o 1111fallot C of ci 0\\oIx tch xtauids off
I oadxidc plailtitiiix oftci t xitttd related
t()o theri plilit 
species o01 
\%cc ('iii cjdit.
Illtheixi stuidies fh rtoots iiii tops of
cro Ofiti(1 xxee scipecies xx\ere gr10111( aiii
ait 115 x ate fex't ract prpiptred. Ti esxe
extracts \\ecre the se i toi. 11mtoixteo i li
ter papert ill pctrt 1 ileli illi lch seed~
of c o\\ lix t ci atnd cr1)oinio coxver we re
ilttatiil at 7t) f,
W\ate ex ct racts ot such xxed (cla crab-
(rif. ,i \ lrg4tiiiia pcppcrx ceii aod i x en-
gi (4pr11lilxcs shl-It )k htxx ci d tgc m-Ill
tolh it il xprout xvigort of c loxx ix etch I and
ciiiitt (loxci-, Table 1. folitigiiaxx re-
diiicei gcermination itid xvigor totia lexser
i'\tctt iltxl the othect threei \xcdsi. Iiai
Id irilsx a id Kobe tc cxpi ica extr acts
il\C seel xc( et tiltatimi xli(flitx andi
iudlitii xsproiut x igot . Of thic extr actx
testeid, thtoxe ft 1)1) x %cipitt.r lox egilxxs.
tall fcttc. andi xcit icpcdeia xxere
thei leaxt tox~ic. Iii g(eneral, extractx fromt
plit it tops) xxere morel tox~ic tia thosex
Sit cc pcipip xxeedt cxtraict xx\ax xo to'.
ic tol ct (lxx lx tclt, it xx ix textcd il secd
of xix it al othier cti1
1
)x. Illi he xettcc
of Ieperee exI x ci 'trtact, xeei ( gl tliiiatilt
of' Kobc lcxpcdeia \\xiax 4 17, xcriceat lex-
pith/ai 6%, aid hail dolix ci t) Seed-
litl' (4 xtgr xx\ax xlarphlx edliccill itall
Species. \ cepilt(4 loxcrs Seedt axxxc (' iI(
toletratit tio thie lepcl)P ( ci extract.
Lxi'vi at dilute ('ittccittiotit, pcppei'
xxeed ex)tracts prtoxvcd liiglil toxic- to
T'1' xtoa 2. Lil oti, I)ti i it\(. P I't tix HEEi
txl xx "ati trciduceid cioiix lx tch geit ii
xx ixs plixitlt ill all pats of' ft wp
t
pe
t
xx itd philtI. It xx\its follnid to be liciiI
xtailc. cx cii at ihoxe i2 40 F.
A gi cciililltx text t(\ix c ia ii lilt i-
dlwci thatl pcppurerx ci liaxix it toxic.
xititiic frt lix itig lot l llt 1 thic soil.
Iltic nt tIflixtill ix xx lt cffcct pep-
pt' xxi'i'i phititrIesiduesc ixll sil lInax'v itx c
ol legumtei seed get tro atlilti. I)ticd lilt
pi'rxxciii tops~ at t197 atiii 2'X hy xx (4(41
xx mcittxied iltti l l fiertilized xsoil lc-
I iltiix. Siid g'el tllilittiil x\\as idici 
ltlx xli (d1itl' . it1) itillt e lii lai titl' 1( i 
ali
p~eriodi of it) xxeekx. ct oxxixiiw itet 0)1
that xili iiicakilllxx oi(f IlIc( p(TPC]
xxuc (ii Iiiilcx bx xoil I lIl ii0 (4alisxttt
xx\its MiC l iiixx 'i x 1ii l I (411 lii it i o11 f (Ilix
ito \\~ xits tiiiticil.
It ippiat x that cci taiti xx cci i cxiduiic
louild t ciiicc lcgioc xtanix iixxixi
xcicIoiiiiii to be lii(4iilx tox~ic to (411-
iiniat in s(4eedi atd redutci edii xptroit x t(4l
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AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
AUBURN UNIVERSITY
AUBURN, ALABAMA 36830
E. V. Smith, Director
PUBLICATION--Highlights of
AgricLultural Research 1 1 /67 1 OM
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