VOLUME 14, NO. 3
HIGHLIGHTS
OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH
AGRICULTURAL
AUBURN
EXPERIMENT STATION
UNIVERSITY
FARM SAFETY...
accident rate 
high,
see story on page 5
II 11 11111 1-~ ,_L i , II--~-s ~,
FALL 1967
HIGH-LIGHTS of
Agricultural Research
A Quarterly Report of Research
Serving All of Alabama
VOLUME 14, NO. 3 FALL 1967
lot% de64t c,4te0op
REACTION OF SMALL GRAINS TO DISEASES- Most Practi-
cal Control Is Growing Resistant Varieties 3
LABOR: A PROBLEM ON ALABAMA DAIRY FARMS - Wages
Below Pay Scale of Factory Workers 4
FARM MACHINERY SAFETY - IS Necessary to Reduce The
Death and Accident Rate on Alabama Farms 5
GROUP FEEDING OF CONCENTRATES TO MILKING Cows -
Saves Labor but Has Problems 6
How FAT IS FAT? - By Standard Height-Weight Tables
One May Be Overweight but not Excessively Fat 7
CONDEMNATION OF BROILERS MEANS Loss IN VALUE -
However, It Is Necessary to Assure A Quality Product 8
PICKER VS. STRIPPER HARVESTING OF COTTON- Strippers
Low in Cost, but Pickers Better Adapted........... 9
STATE CONTROL OF MILK PRICES - Evidence Showing
Need for Changes Be Presented at Public Hearings .. 10
REESTABLISHING FOREST STANDS IN UPPER COASTAL PLAIN
- Is Possible Using Three Species of Pine 11
ANNUAL GRASS-CLOVER MIXTURES FOR WINTER GRAZING
- Longer Grazing Season than with Single Crop 12
PROPER COTTON HARVESTING PRESERVES LINT QUALITY -
Methods and Timeliness Important to Grower---- 13
MARKETING AND STORAGE FACILITIES NEEDED - for State's
Expanding Soybean Production Industry
MANAGEMENT OF BEEF CATTLE IN CONFINEMENT-
Affords a Way for More Intensified 
Land Use-
WORMING COMPOUNDS FORHOGS - Fail to Increase
Growth Rate 1
14
15
16
E. V. SMITH
R. D. ROUSE .....
CHAS. F. SIMMONS-
T. E. CORLEY
KENNETH B. ROY
E. L. McGRAW ...
R. E. STEVENSON -
Director
Associate Director
_Assistant Director
Assistant Director
-Editor
--Associate Editor
_Associate Editor
Editorial Advisory Committee: R. D.
ROUSE; R. T. GUDAUSKAS, Associate Pro-
fessor of Botany and Plant Pathology; J.
L. TURNER, Instructor in Horticulture;
T. DON CANERDAY, Assistant Professor
of Zoology-Entomology; AND KENNETH
B. Roy.
1Zee_ aned 7ime4y
PUBLICATIONS
Listed here are timely and new publications
reporting research by the Agricultural Ex-
periment Station.
Bul. 374. Family Camping in Alabama pro-
vides information on campers and camping
that could be used by campground operators
in planning and operation of facilities.
Cir. 153. Observations on Species of Cypress
Indigenous to the United States describes
natural stands of different species of cypress
found in the Southwest.
Cir. 154. Energy Levels of Gestation Ra-
tions for Sows covers results of nutrition
studies at Lower Coastal Plain Substation.
Cir. 155. Crop Varieties for Alabama lists
varieties of field, forage, and turf crops
that performed best in Alabama tests.
Cir. 156. Chemical Weed Control in South-
ern Forest Nurseries gives results with sev-
eral herbicides in nurseries growing pine,
cypress, poplar, sweetgum, and sycamore.
Leaf. 74. Tomato Fruitworm Control is a
report of experiments on control of this im-
portant pest of tomatoes in Alabama.
Free copies may be obtained from your
County Extension Chairman or by writing
the Auburn University Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, Auburn, Alabama.
Published by
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT
STATION of
AUBURN UNIVERSITY
Auburn, Alabama
11~1 1~ ~- 1 1~~1111 1
REACTIONS of SMALL
GRAINS to DISEASES
ROBERT T. GUDAUSKAS
Department of Botany & Plant Pathology
DISEASES of oats, wheat, barley, and rye are numerous and
destructive. Ofttimes, they are the chief causes of limited
forage and grain production in Alabama.
Many of the important diseases are caused by microscopic
agents, such as fungi, bacteria, nematodes, and viruses. The
most practical method for controlling small grain diseases is
to grow resistant varieties. Such varieties are resistant to
attack by disease agents or tolerate a disease to the extent
that yields are relatively unaffected. Some of the small grain
varieties recommended for planting in Alabama contain
specific factors for disease resistance whereas some do not.
Even the "resistant 
varieties" often vary 
in susceptibility
from area to area because of difference in type and preva-
lence of the disease agent, environment, and condition of
the host.
TABLE 1. REACTIONS OF OAT VARIETIES TO SOME DIsEAsEs
Variety
Northern Alabama
B ruce ------------
Carolee-
Coker 242*--------
(Joker 62-42-------
Coker 66-24 -------
Moregrain
Ora--
Roanoke ----------
Sumter-- -
Sumter 3 ---------
Central Alabama
Carolee-- - -- -
Coker 242*
Coker 62-42
Coker 64-35 ------
Coker 66-16-
Florida 500'*------
Moregrain-
Moregrain 62-11
O ra -- ---------
Roanoke----------
Sum ter -----------
Southern Alabama
Carolee-------- ---
Coker 242* -------
Coker 62-42 ------
Coker 64-35 ------
Florida 500 -------
Moregrain --------
Moregrain 62-11---
O ra* ------------
Roanoke----------
Sum ter -----------
Sumter 3*---------
Suregrain ---------
* One-year data.
IN ALABAMA
Crown Helmintho- Septoria
rust sporium leaf blotch
leaf blotch
R
R
R
R
R
S
S
S
S
R
S
S
S
S
S
S
R
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
R
s
R
R
R
s
R
R
R
R
R
R
s
R
R
R
H
R
s
R
R
s
R
s
R
R
R
R
R
s
R
s
s
s
R
R
S
-- R
R
-. R
R
-. R
- R
R
-. R
-- S
-- R
S
-- R
-. R
R
-. R
-. R
R
R
* S
-- S
-- S
-. S
S
-. R
R
S
S
B
S
-- S
-- S
R-
Loose
smut
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
H
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
Yearly evaluations of disease resistance are made on en-
tries in small grain variety tests planted at 15 locations in
the State by the Department of Agronomy and Soils. This
report is a summary of data taken from these tests since 1963.
For a summary of earlier data as well as detailed descriptions
of various small grain diseases, see Auburn University Agri-
cultural Experiment Station Cir. 147.
Varietal reactions to diseases are presented in Tables 1,
2, and 3. Several occur on small grains, but only those that
are most common and damaging in Alabama are included
here. Except where noted these reactions are averages ob-
tained over a period of 2 to 4 years from the various locations
in the State. A rating of R, or resistant, means that the
variety has thus far appeared unaffected or only slightly so
by the particular disease. A rating of S means that the
variety is susceptible to the extent that appreciable damage
has occurred when conditions were favorable for disease
occurrence and development.
Since these ratings deal solely with disease resistance,
they should be used in con junction with the list of varieties
recommended for planting in a particular area.
TABLE 2. REACTIONS OF WHEAT VAIETIS TO SOME
DISEASES IN ALABAMA
Variety
Northern Alabama
A ce -- --- -- --- --
Andox*---- --
Blue Boy -----------
Coker 61-19---------
Coker 65-20 ---------
Georgia 1123
Knox 62--------
M onon------------ --
W akeland-----------
Central Alabama
A c e ----------------
A ndox --------------
Blue Boyo ----------
Coker 61-19---------
Coker 65-20---------
Georgia 1123--------
H adden----------- --
M onon -------------
W akeland-----------
Southern Alabama
Andoxo ------------
Blue Boy -----------
Coker 61-19---------
Coker 65-20---------
Georgia 1123--------
H adden----------- --
W akeland-----------
TABLE 3. REACTIONS
E1
Powdery Leaf Septoria Loose
mildew rust leaf blotch smut
s
R
R
s
R
s
R
s
s
s
s
R
s
R
s
R
R
s
R
s
EcR
enS
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
R
H
s
s
s
s
s
R
s
R
s
s
R
s
s
s
R
s
s
R
R
R
s
s
s
s
s
s
R
s
R
s
R
sls
R
s
s
s
s
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
OF BARLEY AND RYE VARIETIES TO SOME
DISEASES IN ALABAMA
Variety Powdery Spot Net Leaf Scald
mildew blotch blotch rust
Barley
Borsay*- - R R R S R
Colonial 2 --------- 5 S S S
Dayton------------ - S S S S S
James R S S R R
Wade- R S S R R
Rye
Bonel*---------------- RR
Elbon---------- -- S S R
Emory R S R
Explorer --------- S S R
Weser R S R
Wren's Abruzzi S S R
0~ One-year data.
..
-a problem
on Alabama
dairy [arms
K. M. AUTREY
Dept. of Dairy Science
till XI i' 'II(I (l) i oillibl' X of
tc eIll' .\e('iit i(' XXIX p illitw rltll ofI n11-
XXI'ilsl' .il o pr XX ( iki lI.ii rlo\It l 5.51) of XX
Toii ;t(X lt II\ 26w l itbo si tioll o11 il .\it-X
XXIX 111t iir ((111(41' ld .S2) ( i 54)) p l Xt'.
IIIs (it r(vi1( X. e \t 11lco
(lili (11111' l o i XX d1(41' 1 i ti'. ( liI).i .11111
(iiPI Ali k (I X i(4'Xf- l 1.1) li ( ii' lN
XX '('IX ) rep o Io ito (Iltl i ollii abou 1.11'1
4w fillcs ll \ g s l iL T a
\ itli w ixelgi lito e 1Ct lit a 100i00imti
1( (i llil IX I 1ll\s1 iti( t (illI j lii itilli I
1~tlliCl itlid l X (i oflki X of 11l('XX itil
XIIw C(X il l i' al impo at iili ott l i duX iioltl
IX~ oi loil s IIoXhu 142f)C tiI ii reX-I
the(1 mikrs 81:1, a (i Io ;(c t~lt XXt' lii
Ei iioit l( Icel.X~ 1i li of t n ii(is i less ii(iiii-
lii XX ii' ii i )lii l iii iliii('ti i if tlit(X
d ir\li IC aIi dC III~'i( th i lii X Iil~ suc
s iiOu l i ulit I1d NH ilte X he \\oi(4 Iiii t(i
hin ut ili I' I i i e iii X XX'll i i i~bc lii ii
tI t(' ti I \I I XX I Ii ('I) iIi(I I I I f r1 lXI rdCC
lo\ ita ilitit px\fl illiiiX Iliil XX0
iiitii laborX(-' ((i itu lliii( iii X i
(.. h i\ig a c p aie o i(
C i l iio i\ of( ((II i li I Aoliti (ilt fulI
noi i 111 ('Ivie Iit amow I m Nii 31I i k i
Q'.
1
iitt' dli 11111k.
"We( i I i I st iili (Io to (i lo itt it.1. i X i3'X
(11d, I coii' \IX olilIll
ei 1. I t I : XX H ii\ o XN i o I tXi(I Io\
p ic of Xmilk." I (ii I
1)30-S5
')50-'s_))
olii X
It's ci
I Ih Iac o
1-4 XiAIX Ili'Ii
I 4)(
lic (I
1 2 .3) 4
6 :3
5 6
3t6
26
210)
2) 2))
42
18I
5 250)
il mac xet ~r 40) -od atoid
ditilll al o)1II siuffers all iinjti v that dis-
tt'he far kill 200) pehlel IXerx mfonith.
Tis ix te acctiden1t 1re(or( ina 1)it vi I'n
pepl 19111ult 111in h pl
Ftiii 1(T is thle thirdi mos't tiaiigt'i 0
ii Iilitiol x l th (11)1 industrxiesI tha Ii(41
Farm Machinery Accidents
lal (4ext Xillld fl-'i h oladie arthie~lX
lil19Xt tXXi) ttttfleclItc of, ' fi i dli ,141
to,-l iI lix j~(1 ill t\\,(I Ot (I (XIX lix H\,(
fatal fili I acc91ideiltX. T1he mVost coIlliiOll
kx pe ot tractorituc1ttlit ilX lolx es oX erl
till Iitlt4. ITese upseX(ts ii It h1(1 till tIl (
bo0th ildckX adi ll',11 i to filet sidet. 'I nlilni
thet tirator'( over ,il(XX it\ Olatii timesx is
ilXXOtltt'( XX itil ditches9x rillit,IIX anod
(xicefieX11 ldcli( speds ('\119xin o(' i backl-l
Tractor Accidents
tlito itilc1idittitsa ilxiiil iaxxilit't
liXX zit1th tilic' XIoX ti il fr 1tjl(llt', h 11o
fills.
.. (lilt of li) 111 m il~tc l('l v lttl(f19llts
took filaccl Ott fliXXax XI ill (111,1 i(1,(1'.
The SMV emblem should be displayed as
shown, Locate on the rear-center of a ve-
hicle at a height of 3 to 5 ft. This position
is best for eye contact and is within normal
auto head-lamp beam.
I'
The SMV emblem on the
rear of this tractor warns
motorists to be alert for
E. S. RENOLL, Departmn~et of Agricutural Engineering
lAt 111(1 0 Accidc
St ilitL c p.11 X llg XX l- It il''2 l
T Ii//l l t to l111 .X
1 
s It 1/'1i1
f'.ittl i l ft ll hlt 111 ItIY 7,1I
Hull 11 (il i c or flp il tI I 1
S1tig low Moin V hcle
li ffix' ll ilor tfx ttx 1X 9 tt' ft
R llt) X m e l fIt t--h-fhi-- --~l I86tt 1tlt
il(, 't ll ill' thatisli tIlle a o tlithct rear
I to ii li xxii i I 11 ll xl i f)
ttio igheuil.a tio(l \il
flulrxt',li ti irllX e XillX I til,1 tll'er S N tll e
ill
1
'
111  
ix d llits 19iiX ho 1111 Itit i III Ii ll
forlI'i 1)11tilt tl'Ilt of \llide I~l'that11 tIlt'
1
iitiil 1111. ip el' t i 1111(11 xi 11 111 ll' 11 t'l-Tl
We111 (I.r ft I, ll after1 it ito \ t s~ts il
xsblit hilc pecpto1111drspls
ii t's i of lli(' l ll ill' Illi i q IcI 11
Group Feeding of Concentrates to Milking Cows
GEORGE E. HAWKINS, Department of Dairy Science
~\
L AO xitiii ts ti i It'iist'x ita high lit'cc'iitae oif the totaul cosxt
of pitdcingi' iiiilk. [itit a ecuilt suriiix tx Ailabama 1)1 HA
cilvi meu it xx\ixs hoiidc thal t a liortauge of' (italitit't Labor ix
Z1ii1itLi tfiiir mtoxt xeiouti pirtofltemsi
Labor Savings Sought
Betcatuse tof the et'il i labli xfiti age.,ix itlicI art ill
tel c'tecf in I eecliw Iit id n( iimliw~gi it'ii t putictd'cli' tht Ig
reuixe oxxl. if itilc a oul 1 c'c'l igtifctcc t ateare to
of f'cchIIig ijIliji ctullx aceta tiiig t) m~ilk flioiilitttiii.
Souoc prtoblems xa mie ii l\.pnre ap iet fir i gi tliup I ced
ii g tf 'ritii i . 'Ilf i t c't I i~ r, tixc it( il in i xt agreSix'e , ()x_
iii cppottilit\ tci clliiitc the fcedti llli. tehxpeuuii
illir lt'xx aoeriv ix 'ulunlihx. It ix (ict'i .il ille. liiixx tx t tliat
g0011 topIccciod ilk- cld he alx mit ageot ix to xSome alix coxxs x h
promoting eoiijetitioli at tiuc' fet'd trolugh.
( ioxi p o'ccf iii g xxoo Id hb' t'xpttec to Illcrits .i x mll. lplt ci
tioii of, xlit' iif thei' moxt ai cxix se toxxs xl it heud 1 ht'e~ut
xoefi aliimilx x t\itll eat moiire th li~iiodc'i toiixtutitlill fe'tdfiio
pr acties. Coox erstx . xtlit- coxx p tf1olihlx xx oioltlf etliix t
extra feed tti hotl t at.
Mleanx are axvaiable foi oliniiziuw a ix uiicxii ahlc c'ffcctx
of gitm p feedhing of ce n c tratetx, piiai il\ I ix gr liii g cowx
,ucic( ingii~ to i I ) hee otf milk produtionu 12) hmlx' 
xiz(,
3I) igc' atu i ft4) aggri enexxii,,, it[ feed II ougli.
Effect on Production Studied
An tili ii t ni itx \glicliiidt Expe riminlt Stitllmt
stucix xx\ixs (floll(, ti dtell uit liiixx gi tmp feeitng of tcoliil
triltts idtf d lalIcta.it iii t' ol Ii 0' ill -ixx tIi at xxert' grou ip
ted rigfag'x. Sixtee'c oxx il tIiIlt Ulivx rsitx ieu cI that
xx ere prodcftiiig 29.5 to 42.7 11). tof IC\I 4/( fait corr ectt't
milk) daily mxerie selc''ted axs text ai iinulx. Thcetx x xxcut
paired axs ex l cits a ftaib)1e 
cii the bas iis tof axvcra gce cfilY
6
FCA( m\ idi ax erig bolNx tight. Subhxeijiitl thie c-x% frlint
each pair wxeire aitsgiw itlilftlo"lv to olme oflW lxo hts that
I eceix ed thiro e0(eiittatex ax, at grtMi
1
) or a itit ifiials.
The coliecttate alloxx ailee for the gi oip~ ledt lot \\it ax etia
to the xuo it the iiidix Iial allo\\itaoe \% hell thex vx tie fedl
iii(lix ilallxv This wit ax5 11). ofl c'oiieiit tt lt the firxt 2(0
1i). of V61l plux 1 11). lot- each a((itiiiid 2 11). oif FCN
prodiiced dail ,\ Alfalfa liax x \ a\it grou(lp fed at the latte of 80)
11) per (ft\ to each eighlt c ((x lot., I hiatdittn the( .oxx x ill
eac hi xxtiegrouip fed iall of the em-1 iiqy ia hex xx o 11(1cat.
Avilage dild\ etailophio of 01 icentriaaex b". test (tixx
\\it axbfouit tile xaimie for the twxo gromipx: 1:3.8 1l). foi- thtoxe
fetI itidix itAhlx aocf( 14.011 li. for tt(
0 1
(
1  
led amlialx. V('\l
1)1 tdliictjiili ci oiclx io fl~ia ft'edli"a i lage(l :11. S lh. per
CONN cholx xiis pait1'Md xx itli .;tW.6 I1). fl (tilgll]p let'tillg.
1)iiiii periods ill xx licl the cotxx x\x\ere iliidilalkfx ed, per'
xixteinxc i of (\I p octjol \%t xx G"' Thsaxlples\i
x93 x hNleii coiieeiitratex xxert' r tip ld. ci aie x tI
Pit)(liitiii rxptioie of(o\ \Il h It hige d 1-1 it tIC Iced-
mui xx'xtt'ii toi the ithier tiiifivg the thre e text peiodsti is at
gtftod jouficiator of tretmetnt effectx. WXhen groing trm grolip
tt o i tldal fel i . ttil of liilei ('((xx s ilcretaxt ( ill pro-
dcctioi i. (Iill\ til s xx t't all fiiicleaxt' xx eIi ehligec Irtoln
MIilk Lat perceiilpig axveraged' 4.74 aoit 4.88't7( rexpeetixvely
thuil jug iiicixid aiit gi otip fetiiig. xhoxxiiiy Ito tdefinite
teffects Iiol mulethodif il eediitg( eioiic'it alt'. Ill ctrstlxt cowxs
xx cit iitiiellxk fieax ut at the t'uucf lpeiod ottx f iiidix idiull
feetfiiig thali aftt'i gi hf) fetcliiigr. W\eight gaini axveraged 17.6i
Midl 1:3.f1 11). fori iliii utiil alit g tll) ft'etlug i rexpectix cl.
Dl~f'eiicex ilili(x bokxxif tigtpiliafitlxl rtexultedl liiiiu eliiiigex
Study Identifies Problems
iiiuuifs ogxtf the \oltirn p iltot xtotl\ xogixrt tfiat thiere
.ii' fplitlleilix axxi( iatcl xx ith giou 011 i'iliig of tiiieclti atex
to h, x t'oxx x. It ioal rs~i that proucilutionu of .xollo ('o\ i Nxx xill
tfecrease iuiiileu gi hllp ledilig, ildtboogh at xioall pere'talgt
xxill ii critae tfii miilk xYit'ld. ]i tfe o tiudl t'pti ted, thet coxw
xx itli the gIeaotext dcreease tof I' ( l iiiei gitiii) leciug xxitax
oile of the hiighext prdcr xt athle hegiiiu iig tf' the test.
Ill lallge herdfx xxer ii'u t i til~i igx l bei loit'mde xx iti rauuges
iif op1 toi 1(11. tf uiilk, .iud xx6it silt at id iggi cxxixeuuexx olf,
ctixx x takei finto .iecoit. 11(y~ teliu of eoiieiitratex liiav
bec feasxible. Pulblcllx tif guttuup feecuig tof concntatesit' 1)).it
lbe liliiuioi.'ec xx0 Itli hig prothicillg cotwx xxxlitre eouue'utralte
alloxx ,otce afpfroaelies cafpaeitN of ailipetitex. \\ithfi xuoall
hco tlx ill xx ilil g iixpiiig potetiial ix limuited, Iltxx txcl gronlp
leediuig" il~ptai x ii11
1
iaetieal.
Xddfi tio iol .i 1exearch is iwtcecld to learlo best iii eli iiits tf
xepiaratitig etix s ftir gi tiil) fet'uiiug.
l'iuo tiutxuxtL. oi Cotwsx ti i) (to iN iiti ii
I NDixiMllY AN INO ix Hit i'
i ut
1
ix i d llaii x iiiilp
VtCuNlu cha/lie 25t1) . li
:31.81
1.74
47.A
310(6
4.M1
1 *i.
HOW FAT IS FAT?
ELIZABETH S. PRATHER
Deportment of Home Economics Research
IS F lIt V 1 DI] VRL N( lx, ht\\ecit o\ ci \\eightl aitd oxet ilt
Ho (ok1(1f\( ir ~rfl? W a Ii adsrabile
a iiiit oif' fat? D~o womnii atd nicioii differ iii dlesirable to ili
iioint of budY hilt?
Thiese ate- tjiiesttitix that Ill itritiot iists aiicl dclttrs arc- frc-
qi ie itv las k ed. To ii i ixt people (ix crxs igidit and fi at, 0or obiesity,
zirc the same. Hlows ceci it h as I eeo Si Xl sil tait i i i liMcliiall
maxliC be overweighit accuvdiiig to, ttildat d hcight-x c iglit
tables aitd 5 ct iot lids c excssix e :itttttiits of' bods f'at. Siitcc
ox eriess i x, oi obesits v, has beci i slt t55 i to hxe (letrimittaiili to
healdth a01(1 Ititig life. it is cdesiralble to lose excess Lit. [lo\\x
cx er. if (lierc is lil exeessix e od f151 at, ali ii lixi duall shotlild
A studsk at Aidiir ii lix ctsits \gfricilttrad -eru niclit
Stitioti is Isciitu couduc-ted tos leterl siut the perceuutage of
liia iii xxllel tftniil um ( to 60t .\ceais of alge ,tuud to buld aili luev
leniv e, cdxx\ s et accur~ate \\it-\ to irtelxisicr fat iii hiim11aiis.
Tot aeccuriately x x iihtate the aiounst of iluci fat requires
Special a 
1
pparat itcis ti i qipmfen tt. Oine techiq ute lbeist g used
at .\ttsii ii ils iixes (letet ioutitti it of'~l bd ciltinite. x ili ix
11incdl Iff d Its aiii apilit is thait c-ttisists of txx i cii ec-tcl
clhaimberi xt fo(ril a closed s vSteini. TIhe "stlhiject' sits ill onec
chamlber foii aSpecified timexslieu aii it icteied iialittit\ oii
I iililt, 5 ~iii im of th I "cSitbfject" is c-xdcil ated.to ind hod5 ft I
nlitix be cxtitiltttd \60 itli itti accirac i rout bock x otlri
at ci xx eigltt dixti.
130(v tat inav also be predicted but wxith~ less aecuracs
fl t i aticis ltdvilcl\iieasi ri etits. xlicks ax sk (il lci, di amleter
of' Shlder hlii p.,t t ci c et, at cl ci rctixfe reit ce iof SochI areals
i chest, hip, \\itist. thigh. cxidLf ili- diii.
Stud (ies it
t 
tilie itlli iit (of, clistribu ititoi otf, fat have5 c x ltoi
thaxt abtltttt hilf* of (lie iodl \Lit is locatedl iunder the surface
of thec SLilt. thet c-flue susc-istietn11cits tof xkititoll ait \x\eli
eca isell spots i. abe itsedfrcu p ccli ct it ofit tic relIat ise cdegr ee
of fatniss. Slituttlcl 
iiteatsireinei 
its atre i elitise1 
cix ie\
1  
iS e
iil eaxil (fetet isittet. Siitcc it hast feeni shl \ i tis 'it at ft
acccVis it
1 
alt(" is t cliffc-i etit sites accL-tuC-1lixg to sx ai ciae, it
is iiec-exxslt tot dci xe etjttatittts foti estiniatitig falt byx thix
tecIi iii a i titi gttuip-s tif dlifferetit xte aittc sx.
Spe(cia1 cial ipe I-S has~ eci'it dIs eli Iled tilt Ii ax lbe cisecd
to) measure tftckitess of skiifitolts. Otte oftthle best sites ftir
xkitttttlc Inceixtttleictt ix it btack of' arni iiclssi dx etsxe ('thtle
shotcldler atnc tip of elboss - Other gocod sites iiic-hide thle skitl
oil tile baxck just btelows thte Sholdticer blade andc vatrioits cixie
tetS Sushl as htip. Shtouler. attc chest, hliix ec c iusefl ill
(letet oisiit luc fo uildl.
Hc'xitlts fttitit tfhc pi-setit Stuods itdic-ate 1, I tha~t Sttadar
bcigtt seig tatbles do lt ahiss i s gi ati tie picture (ot
degfree (If fatliess: iil (2 habt 5 lhee titie, intuics . andc
as atiibiIit txv otf Sp-ctial .ppai ati ix atre linii itecc ftr ext un ait ilig
btucl fit lose tof xkiliftilcl ciliietet . itch cir-clillIofe (e'tic-Cts-
itrc'iweius artc oif in ,itic-il s lfic.
I1 t f
(Top) Apparatus used for determining body s'olume. (Center) Meas-
urement of a skinfold thickness at the triceps. (Bottom) Measure-
ment of shoulder diameter.
Eveti iavI (ft I 1001 this resec c li l 11 pros ide cliicially
uisef ul c~aiuiton thIat in d\ lbe uised tox predict thI e degrree 
of
faltiless oii 5 \\ilueli oil the biasis of' tii'astireiniiits of siifulci
tltickiiess, Selectedi diiimeter. t111d ciruliiiiieic itee ealsur-
Jolen ts.
.701
Means LOSS in VALUE
MORRIS WHITE, Departme
1
nt of Agiulua Ecnmc an Rural So.ciology
Is iN ) X li ii IN. t li ~i to i tiXde trlio\\cls.~~t
l\i ill 11111 I t c thes lii 
t 
1 lii' ill it ' l01IX
I (litl i111111 ti ut XI i itIXiiX. ijiiiLov
illitlii tIll Ilill kit oiiit it's l iti l proid ift IX
,I~cc )t' ilci Isiiiii li Ilii lthIetI slili lIe
d111id I XI tcli tIt I tiil Ii o tiX ll tii'ii", itti
iitll It t it o I (otdXI' ilittiol)4 l (111 11 I thic
XXIX I iiie li lld 11) Ii ii( lil ii the \i Ii
(III -v i Il Wi t, (hop iiIll totali p '.tild i l-it
1'111-a d poli ,
I1,581I
L32
11_5
62t1
1,: 14
,'.4
9)( t 551(l
I 26t t I
1(1) M 5 5
1 M90 t ((15
L:.
1
t t 11f)T7
2.459( 2M(7(0
.1(1)S 7j I(
1 31.5 1I 26W)
i'l 5 S.1
XiiiltI' 01ii I l itlilt\ )loIlit till til-
XX itl tl d li lt I l d1)' li i tt)(
1
-d i I 'll Ill
pasth1 I 6 X c iiis IliX itm ti 2.51g per-
rit ofi IIId lliiti l flt Ifiii I
11 'iklle wi l liil l X i ll ltil lttt Ai biX till I
lith t~ll iiiIlt11 ll' o ii ( Ilsli ill l966 1will(i 
lte 111 III Lt'i t t\(i t'lhe ii i ll I
I'll-X. i 11 ii'tItill -ikI Xl l's ii 2):,i -illtfi
NorthXXI (itti I I li XXt.i ii14 l l l '
of XII' d l I lilt il I tt' lilii'i1111111 of 3.5''id
1.171
I,257
'2,0(26
7,735
1,201t
1,47
1)54
1)
I.7117
7,0170
1.75Ts
7.I
I 1,5 1
I1.55's II
7,57 1 7
8.0
I :37
1,4001
~7,iS
t .2 IS
7.1)
1))4
5S96
,50
2.t1 t2
7 .6
I ( 76)
I" 219t
1 577
1(5.5
7,55)
:3 l))
It) 224
1))
107-
XX I' xll .iX' tc 9, ; flllt t 11111 c1lii t io IX ll,
Ailil~ili. i XII 11 Iep ie i ti
1
It a i lti lii
\\1 ,]11 I ill e ofi i t)'
1
2 .iti c1111 111 li ti X ill
CONDEMNATION
RATE 7.
Io cl it t i til i \\er i ttibt'c t
I I ()I t I( ' , I I 1 1))1 ( i( it I 4' s1111.)
IT heII' il s li if 1)ti t I It dii I ( it I I i I I o I 1o
I liw bet %\1 eI IX I (1111 it) I1( 1 1 I W iO c t'll
(i' s AXI l~' I ill ll iiIXtill lii" I fromII
ct Iceii liii till i ~ is \ , ae111111 tliI X X X' -i l
i is titi o ii i Ill\ i i c i i tls l illl i' iii \i
both \ iiIll b t [it( , Ill rIll (Itl 'f c il-
i i l i i l 
ls i t , 
' 1 1 s p ut t 
lia pill 
i t e '
lii0 i 1111111 i~to s i s l i tt Ir ii l iiki ii iii-
XXI'iii t lilte 11 co tiiiiiii i fIX tit, r mX i d 1
"\I SItt illdletl'' lite il'tl less tlt' lX iits'tO
ti ll' fron ti ll i itill Iilli IX Xi 'l (('54 t) 44l
ittidA NUA \ii., t11 , ~l( i L~S S
AlwilVALU Lt. l )v iier ;ld llilt\
Ho si'11il~ailt ( 21ii~e Iw
Wcct Wi2 mi 1 66iiith pooii0
Of~~~ ~ ~ 00l(11ltiol eils o hs al
\ 7
N,
The average seasonal rate of condemnation tsolid line) and loss in value tbroken 
line) for
broilers in Alabama, 1961-66.
Picker versus
Stripper Hfarvec
T. E. CORLEY, Adminillotio,
1. W. KIRK, AERD, ARS. USDA,
ilx ii Lt'( acit't'ided picltkers nlot t
retaltilx . liitiit~ stuieis tiititug~ 19T45 36
itietitifitti pitili'ms thtat pi ex eittdt striip-
facilitit's lt stirippt'd ct'tii, i 2)x eittie
liss X\iili' 55 \\iilitt lol. il t'ottoiili to p'll
ill(, 55 (it' iltit t tih' \giiciiltitrdEial Fig
Bi tsh Harvu'xestt'i (stippr uttiatid itiss tittitti
Ill(' iiti Jthu It-'trc pic'kteis xxer etii't.
xx ius iisi't t atll tists. Iliatts yirexx ibinit
'33)t. tall.
Detailed Comparisons Made
li tilt stipimy~i xti sits iittt 115i pick-
1963 id 4 bleits ill 196-1. IT'e ctttoli
LTSI) \.
It't I I
G Iillx tstl ht, ,it.
ti t -c i, cx
Stapli', 32ttid ill.
I .utfx ht t'ttts, clit1.
[,it - silt' ith lo."t
196:3- 1964
lit kitl
Mxi
23.1
:2.:3
28.530
253081
3.3T,5
2901.45
93..9
:30.753
714t) 3
3.3.2)
Left-making first picking September 8, 1965, right-stripping on October 12, 1965.
s51tick nilcI J ti w, iti id t\% o4 ft it ii i i c
ll 'itt (e C e1)0 t l t le t' (I I kllt
illg coilfit isitt iist't :3 balets eiei i Itn
first jljekitig, second pit kit 1 .1 iti di itp
ping10 iii citci ottfl 'th fiteldis iii 1965 atc
1966. Y1ieldt irecitrts \\(tiel takt'ii ittn toil
sts ofi iive poi i)(tsit i lI I'11 ftite)id
1966. ill ci )t ill 196.3o ila ttc fiiild. a
fit st 
1
ot'kii iii lti'tx %ice oiie lt t
ftst fisttt ti tit' an fI)i.\ \itS tillll
I W16. Exec tito i iii itsta Jeiiillit %il
giiitt test . I lt' 'r ioliils itilt' poolc7
test 55 ci t' \i ctl ittitigmiit lit' w
firtst pitkingi lll t at ('itesuit . itristt
I t)i5
I'i( kti
921 ttt3
27.6 :36. 4
:14.0t :34.1P
26.7 1
246.26'
314.55
280.):,)
28.34'
258.7)1
292.60l
Sti ippti' txxittc-
it At I
2,4t08
536
2:3.1
7 6. 0
3.
It) 12
i8t).(3
24.0)2
1t 1:3.65
1,85:3
6 1:3
3:3.1
31.0)
I68(6S
114.50)
25.801
140)A )t
hak t ti ti
MIitt I(It) SIl- h 94 I-6.3 S(:0( )6 (,0-171).
l--33.3:.3 19654 \till I'' '3))551', 1965 NMid I" '' N:) 2t. 16(i Ntid I" 2 1.301)
srt k oat lithe t ci di iltiozilil 7 li i dci
Marij chintae Diffnces Reveail, e o
\\t fitkdg totti t cxi liltaid Spialli
clil txe x itietits ti 'be pblie iiw lbi
irkiug lot thess i tatliii' t x tctt' ox t
#1,t' . I isse c eii r ,,itltti i i a iii tI
,txc 1S' itShie t'st't i i er iik'l titu4 i x iit
s iiiit'\12 i g i, itt'd g2 1ii i , 'i\\ tti's ]jlti
M2 ackine igrece Reveaiedig ~ialt
tut 11 tii ii gt'itscot o i t
155 
tli l i ze ill itcs
iith icked lii iitt'iix ti tiii i ist de
S I BIPPER \ Ellst" SPIMMA, PH kl\(,
STATE CONTROL
of
MILK PRICES
LOWELL E. WILSON
Dept. of Agricultural Economics
and Rural Sociology
A LABAMA'S MILK CONTROL LAW, as
amended, provides for fixing milk prices
to producers, dealers, and consumers.
All Grade A milk producers, processor-
distributors, and stores located and sell-
ing milk in Alabama are regulated by the
present act, which was originally passed
July 1935 by the Alabama State Legis-
lature.
Under the present amended act, au-
thority to fix milk prices and otherwise
regulate the fluid milk industry is a
seven-member Milk Control Board ap-
pointed by the Governor.
1 
The Board is
authorized to supervise and regulate pro-
duction, transportation, processing, dis-
tribution, and sale of fluid milk products.
Licenses are required for milk producers,
distributors, stores, milk dealers, "bob-
tailers" (sub-distributors), and cooling sta-
tions doing business in the State.
The law's major feature and one of
most public interest is the price fixing
authority. It requires that evidence
showing need for price changes be pre-
sented at public hearings before milk
prices may be established or changed.
In other states, price adjustments follow
milk pricing formulas and usually less
public attention and publicity are di-
rected at the milk industry.
Producer Prices
Milk producers are paid according to
use made of their milk. The highest price
use classification is for milk sold in fluid
products designated as Class I. Alabama
milk producers are currently paid $6.63
per 100 lb. for milk used in Class I prod-
ucts, Table 1. About 80% of total pro-
ducer sales of milk are used in Class I
'Recent legislation changed the Board
membership from six to seven: two milk
producers, two milk distributors, one con-
sumer, one member-at-large, and the Com-
missioner of Agriculture and Industries.
10
products. Wholesale and retail prices of
all Class I products are fixed by the
Board. A special classification is made
for fluid milk products sold to U.S. Gov-
ernment agencies. Class II milk, often
referred to as surplus milk, is the amount
in excess of fluid milk uses. In Alabama,
most of Class II milk is used in cottage
cheese, ice cream, and ice milk mixes.
Wholesale and retail prices are not fixed
for these and other manufactured milk
products.
Wholesale and Retail Prices
Minimum and maximum wholesale and
retail prices are fixed for 14 groups of
fluid milk products, including homoge-
nized sweet milk, chocolate drink, but-
termilk, chocolate milk, skim milk, and
cream products. Prices for sweet milk
and cultured buttermilk in the various
containers are listed in Table 2. These
products account for 78.6 and 10.8%,
respectively, of fluid milk product sales.
Transactions Regulated
Control of milk prices can be effective
only if all transactions among licensees
are regulated. Thus, effective price regu-
lation requires broad economic control
of the dairy industry. The Board has the
power to make and enforce rules and
regulations covering transactions and
trade practices among licensees. Price
rebating and discounting of regulated
products are prohibited by the Board.
Also, special services, gifts, or other con-
siderations that would make the act in-
operative are illegal. Effective control of
trade practices, which tend to circum-
vent the objectives of the law, has been
a serious problem in Alabama and other
states with fixed wholesale and retail
prices. Where prices are fixed, price
competition can not be legally used by
milk handlers to maintain or gain a
larger share of the market.
Funds to administer the law are ob-
tained by assessments on milk producers,
distributors, "bob-tailers," stores selling
milk, milk cooling stations, and fines.
Most of the funds are derived from pro-
ducers and distributors who each pay a
license fee of 1 cent for each 100 lb. of
milk produced or sold in the State. The
Board employs an executive secretary
with a staff of 10 supervisory and office
personnel. During the 1966-67 fiscal
year, the budget of the Board 
was $150,-
000. The office of the Milk Control Board
is located in Montgomery, Alabama.
TABLE 1. USES, DEFINITIONS, AND MINIMUM PRICES FOR GRADE A MILK, ALABAMA, 19671
Classification Use of milk' 
Price per 100 lb.
(3.5% butterfat)
Dollars
Class I Fluid milk products (include sweet milk, 6.63
buttermilk, chocolate, cream, and other fluid
products )
Class II Milk in excess of Class I and Government 
3.903
contract uses (cottage cheese, ice cream
mixes, and other manufactured products)
Government contract .............. Milk sold to U.S. Government agencies-not 6.00
subject to orders of Board
1 See Alabama Milk Control Board, Official Orders 1-67, 2-67, 3-67, dated March 10, 1967.
2Definition of products in each use is stated in official Order 2-67.
3 Class II price for June 
1967, usually changes 
monthly.
TABLE 2. MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM WHOLESALE AND RETAIL PRICES FOR SWEET MILK
AND CULTURED BUTTERMILK, ALABAMA, 19671
Item
Sweet milk'
Wholesale Retail
Cultured buttermilk'
Wholesale Retail
Cents Cents Cents Cents
H alf-pint--- -- --- -- -- --- ---- 8 i- 
4 6
Pint - -- -16 18 11 13
Quart 27/4 30 22 24
Half-gallon 531/2 57-58 50 44
'Alabama Milk Control Board Official Order 3-67, March 10, 1967. Home delivery price
may be 1 cent per unit above prices listed.
2 Same prices apply for raw and pasteurized creamline milk, sweet milk, chocolate drink,
whole buttermilk, and clabbered whole milk.
3 Same prices apply for 
skim milk with added 
solids.
Retail prices 
are not fixed.
X,\X IWLI-I' XsANW SI 'oils ill \.lltiliI
Colii atY arte qite in tel tile, alnd su bject to
ralpid erLosion . Generoall * \, t ie\ are (DoII-
sidcredit to ])(-oil(, to tite Norfolk and re-
P~lint of AIlbamai,. ILLilt epatst, IoiLgI.I
pinei fores''t (dominaIted the landscaLpeI)L. Also
1)1 XC Lt XXer some 5001' 11)1 I pinie-hal ii
XXoo f)o1res Cts.
Vir giLL l'orsts \\ ere cu~t CaLk iX tisX
cclittLr\ an all AII.tt'L1
1
t \X\X as I tild Ltl
tisX,~ r it lLo 4 - Ii ro ILXcLrops. ()ll\~
thle L elatiXe iXtt poti)LjlX L ar Lil\X beiig
LL5Cel forL cilLIti X at1ILL. Ah)aLL dDI itd areasi
hiiaX rc I t L C tol folLst groXXtli. Thie atizis
bu)111 or1 LII i'X IX ili-gL.Ldld havXe bhi
CLIUiL L1'OLded lld lIL e d C ICX C dft(
?3) iIXXtli of1 scIu Il d\od LI(XXILIXcoLLL'istilig i
LmosIt cL~iLCIX ii v 11 of tu iiLI adpost Oa~k,.
XXit it .1 XtIt'Lilmg ofI differient Dak specie.
o~thieL 11,11 iIXX , 111(5 11 llle L pi ll. Suhel
ILL'ilS ,Lre LLIl(IILuctlXe C Ind~ arC difficiult
tol bllL" back ilito pilC cLIXer,
( )i LI e Il C Ltl it. iviL tILee speie of)ClX
inesC IlIIgIeaf, Iiilill'i anIld lL XXsh were
planited e\J)CLimetll , \ ill I1942. AlII XX\ere
1,.20)0 treesX to tit( creIL. LoiLleIill' alld
p ile to 11more Xiuthl'I\ piLs of' the State.
Slash1 PilIl' is it tree noLted for ra~pidi
gLIXXtli XX-]tile it is X LiLLg, maLkinlg it a
(L i 1,1l~e spcies 11 P
1
o ullmX 11(1I d 1 dIC-
tioti. ThreC t\le ofX LI 
1
linitinlg site XX Cii(
LL't Dii iiI 11111t I (I ctilX .11 C( fieldsi, old
ablldo(Ill fields XXit I l c v111XILiig trees,
and~t XX L(Itlolts XXi it IIcDliidlabh ,illi rLx il
caililLI '111,11 Iliil's XXer cLI11li efore thle
lplillitil Ig XXil bL eglille
[LII years a11teCr pllitil ? tles6iC LI I Lg
tIee \CX X L il i L1, ttoie. I3CXLLlts are giXveln
ili TatbleI ILL ltditionI. the XtLILotl set
IlA figILICes 5ILIoX treeX 2t0 XCII Xafiter
plalitiL g, Li .5 X ClIts aifter at pilIIX 111(
thiLIiLII iLL 1l15-1. lit Table 2, XiCI(I ill
cLIIrdI at thel time ofI thuioi hug is listed
.11111 IgXXitli the X ILLuCe 5) X\Cars filter, LIr
20) (XLIX afle t iL ),1 tiLng. At eacli iLIXCL-
[oLI: Xit XX .1 difficult tL) tditiL~giisl be-
tXX elI the( p)lanted lon igle.LI adIl lolllyI
pillIs illidt tIveX of tILL' XsameL species pres-
('Lit its t resltI oI llaillill rLeproduLction.
AX smldl aLI)IILit of- L'ri LI ILILitill co itn
Typical slosh pine as
found planted on recently
cultivated field.
REESTABLISHING FOREST STANDS
in UPPER COASTAL PLAIN
G 1. GARIN, Departmnt of Forestry
mullst beC ,IsXiIlllId.
Dspite' the fact that loliglelfl IilC X %aX
LIIigitiaiII theL 1most5 aboIILLiLLt I atilral tLrCC
speVcies. its XlLIXiXil wi X IX ICI)X the mill1-
XtLotkilig. SLiXia %\i XX, pooILrest ill theC
XX Ilo~t areaI XXer soils had 511115 mLost'C I11
XlII IjeCt tti CI'OI 111 I 1 itlISC LIf I Cli'I l .1 V X I
steel) slopes aliLI XX\here somelI (L)Lmletitio)L
iX il i lldel. all thllee field cliitioLLX liX e
Xer C aIfter tlIinimyg aItlqli~ltte stoltkiLng
\\Xt prXesent't ol all tX Its iof plltiog sites.
Soil chillige assIciaited XX itli X.1\I~ field
tciLIditiIIlis .111(1 L'oio LIX \eIOI sLX L L ite qijll-
iXN ilnd( reduI~ced gLL)XXtll ofloIlobldIX piLILe.
its gILIXXtll XXit redce Iv LlitLIX37' oil tile
1 111I'Ll- XXIIIlo 111111 its1 comare 1 I \lIL.1 Xitli
thlat oili tile I cCCIIl I IXCILtiX atiid fieldl.
LoblolX is iipp~itrC t l.\ tit( ICIoILst rehil ile
I SLut 2. Pi' LXXoo 1111 Ip~~ L i -LN (LDL I'I it X-itp pL. Il l i m I'\ mIL\\i.X(, 15 Yi:i s L I 111
1'VN Ni. Sil INXIO 1 \ CORD11 ACHIEXII 2t) YEW XIIX XI ILL ' SA \lM
I'laltLHII' Xitc
OldIII iLhaild LIII fiild
('11,11 wooX ,diliot
factir. 'I111( smil ill e its11) C dXir betyI
trees. ApparlY ('ltX. iigli'al' pine XXul be1(1l
iLI deirale spcie LI ilIt o1111' it poor
of tllis spec'ies deIL'ldts IImilV D il its rI 11(
LI sll.\ X i .. 11) gC tL L IXX 5r \ XX\ell ill sect
OiLd ?3 IXLI,Io\t n tIril1 standsX II 1oil 1 Oe lIXb
iffCilX.
LIII) (11 I 11a1( ii 'e I eeIt rate oII XIII
I MILL 1. Nt SILILI OF StIIXIX i TILL s PILL -VU 'O LII t HIP 1)1 1 I PI\t SIL ] 1051( YLL
AmII 2(0 YLXAiX X\IF11 PlASNILMi
Xge 1t) Xgc 2t0 CI At) . 20) AXg 1t) Age 2(0
\lioitiLrs
19)1
575.1
.502
Old,1 LIIl X Ioll icit
1)11 1111
:371
295
27-4
1.5-Xecar 20-\scal 151-\car 2ff\ XI
Clds 115Ir acoa
tI 16.2 1 t0A( 32.8
0) 9.4 (6.2 265.9
0 5.9 .3.8 2:3.8
Slashi
1D 5XL(,it 20\ cLiI
tliilljlllig imIXIeliiXr
stor' X.11\ t aXr11Cas to i e cov II'eir.
Slatsh p)1111 h~ad goodIL slrii Lid e11 x-
stoitkilig~ o111 rcitktlXtLtiX itid liitl 1 Iere
call lie us~ed llt pllaltiigy Xwithi goodIL re
suilts. Thlis \X\its 111) tru for' till tlt' 111Held
ilild tleaie CLI XX lolt Jplalti~gs. Slirs ii d
XX as pLoor ill blothi (1151111 ud IXX tli par-
XX IiL'l X LlitmeI XXa 115 1111 45'4, of thlat Lof
slashI IillCol the( recenItlX tcultiva.ted field
.1111 (64% of' that , lolhlolly iIlLI 5 LIILIeI
ol tile cle d ('lItIXXLLL111t . TilteLL t Ii1 rate
XX\as Cqull tol tlI.It otf11 IIIollX bulot pol1
SlislI 
1
)iIlt tllh li LX't Xluttt'XXIl v~I mider
ceIil t aill idIlL fLhiXel. nYi'bte
Dry Forage per acre lb
R RARCRB P P41R( RR
RR
ANNUAL GRASS-CLOVER
Afizlwel Ja-
WINTER GRAZING
C. S. HOVELAND, Dept. of Agronomy and Soils
F. T. GLAZE, Alexandria Experiment Field
J. W. RICHARDSON, Brewton Experiment Fietd
J. W. LANGFORD, Ptant Breeding Unit
F. E. BERTRAM, Prattvilte Experiment Fietd
\1' \ -1 '4l )ix ,I l~yI('x il11 xx liiill i tl il' x I ty, li o\ il,'
Ilill idi \ i ix' , tiheIl l ritx11' Iai,11 Itlig XX I~ll Ma,11' i
lit ctai ll,', lillatihi, l ,li X ( '141c ad XXII 's cIl lI eII'te
tIlt (Iiizlii I(Yil pet 1
4
) hialII C i l l1lx IiIiI I Iox ',I
(1 ' 'Ia s li e ci " tsilc l b lails\ 
t ~r \
Variation in winter and spring forage production is illustrated
here for different forage combinations (R is rye, RA is rye-arrow-
leaf clover, RIC is rye-crimson, and RB is rye-ball clover). Clear
areas of bars represent forage from rye, and the hatched areas
show forage production by clovers in the combination.
< i~r ,ill t lo' Sia l l io', tI att do, erx ('(iltrjiiltc' littlo' 
to till
toi~w 114' pplx I'loic \iat i. I-loIl Nox llie tlolugli Fell
1iii1' to' urai~\X ax mai
1
',l XCr(. lit AprIil, tw smaxlal 111)1lilt
of ix C p1 ('ii \X dx, toughrl i 1( I liliilItille.
( 1i lol l \i tsxd iloxt pfl ohCti\- C\ 
tj C(ll x Ill iilititx diI(i
JIMIR t\ II 1i t ldgI (IC1111iili ll \plIj ii d l it II' t t01C tillIl'
\\1i ill arm', \\'its i Iildkila r4iapid 141o\\,tih. Ill ',oloi' xcioxs
ii til',,CI Nl l toli it i orliidt\L(' ,C i ,l . x1 Ic, lh lii J i l it\i
ix) xx)t i I (.CI()\l .( ,I , Colii\ cio Cl, XX liCI pa1' l IX(14 i', ilil ltii
ilI (141 ' x ep lhll it IXtu c seI'a \\ucl Illicr It Ii'',s'
xlessH l1p it d fortt I l c XXII', I l~a) phx i c io Iltl ,1,1 ox ('I
b cllii sli ti sii', xi 11111 i it i i lliitli '. x1 fu , 111 l ii
ii'Iir~ht 4t \c,
Breitn, Ii \ XIII
lIi (xliiiT ki))ill ;[XX lo ita
3.5,Yi)
2.501t
II ).
1,7641
4,6643
'3,51.5
1, 1).
4,7 I0
4,90111
-4,1015
1,1).
5 1 7S
t' I i I1 2. Si1- xxi)" , i ,1 1 1 1 oii i \ i)ilitA i\)I, il \\ I XX I 111
\
1
litx il
ticx I II(-.r
1 
its',-c ril)oi o (Xq
L-iii ', ' sa I vl
R\ I i (',i sc ill l~ l t iii I '
Si-l . \l(it. XIMa 11,1
1, /). ) . 1, h. Ib.
(135 2,:4A1
56t) 2,2:35
1 6t
7 
1 3M68H
1.41 :I3.115
1,5')7, 3,228
1. 793 .3 1): 311
5, t Wi)
4, 1t9
2,,S: 17
8,1tI88
7.6I17
7 5761
2,5k 717, 2
I 11144 Ii, 7 1
751 5,851
RA REI
JAMES R. HURST, Department of
Agri cultual Ecocn ,aCc and Rual Sociology
tjotttttt. SillivA of l t the iildtisti X Is at stake, Xi((' 10,11; oade
fibers, ijottimii to takr' ,i hit 1e ',hiaii of tll(, fber ma ket.
C:ottoni pt 0(iiers ill Alabamfla atid the eittire Souitheast
it ie anl equtalX prcsstiw piroblem -roinpetitioli fromt otiher
cttion 'Ti0XX\ i0 areas.X The ice 00 or- ito\ OXil(,X so1 theasteri
rttttoii quli iit emphlasizedr Itv the lalr1(e X oltlt o)1 cottoni
from; tlis' area that is, ill ((.( stocks. D~espite a shlor t Crop
ill 1 966, rotipled itft high moill rltlililtitoti. abliit oile
third of tilaaizii's 19( (.1,01)~ remiiitis itt ((C s~tocks.
Althught~ the tieeii ti- qfi~litX\ itlpi-mOX e r't is IX t0oaliz/0(,
ilexeloftit'ie t io X ]I'\ \i'tiCS i 1X )('iliig looked to a', tlir' XolIO
Ili i teliii ity aiti'X are 0 l1 ne4(jec(1 XX hili' XX ittittg l'tt
Harvest Time Affects Quality
to ito fiX r' an iiirre',erx0 (pialit 1, artris'tircs of ci tti iii
tiitXX Ieitig fplatlted. TijllX haiiX 0siti1 ,X flseet; XIIoxXii to
fpt 0Xei atiiii. A Xtii(IX oIf XX OeklX colt;;;; rhiXsitig rets
1  
tX (1
I996 fa (fIoXX X a dreCt tolatiis'ifj) b~t~XX ii gia(le antdl ',ta,it'
ad da(Ite of fiat X 0t.
Th l ie arXl o114 ti f i ott o clatit ssi~Xedf ibX ( otlitiinot ai
\Lrketitigr Servire it; lBiimitigihao attn \lotitgomr hlas XfioXX
aI rifiiite lasotnal ilorliti earli \eai fto itt 959t~t tlii tiiil I19665.
Gtrahde i;;rie illidriit, X\ liti' 100)) ha's roitt'ilXk rio-
r'liior frtiim appttiititeX ff0) Ai the friiitiiiiig tif the liar-
34.0 StoPle length 
in I
33.0
32.0
0
- - '.- .
N~
Av. Alabama 1960-1966
- -Narthern Ala bamo, 1966
--------Southern Alabama 01966
Grade index 
(middling white 
- 100)
A steady decline in staple length and grade index during late
season cotton harvest is evident in the graphs shown here,
Proper Cotton Harvesting
Preserves Lint Quality
vest seai',ti tio a iiX iif aiioiit 88 at the( cloise of' tfie Xr'asoli,
Fort stapfle letii4tli a somciiiXXbt iliffereiit pattci-ii of' deriiii
1' is shXXii 
1
xv the gi araph. Stapile lewtigi iniir ases intialX alih
theft (el0iiii0 Xliaifti iieai thie etid of tht, eson~tt. FIt I;a
peak of aboiuit :3.15 :32 iii. at thre Xixthl XX 0k ofi llarX (, StapJ~le
leclitleX to aboiit :32.5 :32 ait scaoiiti (till.
TI'im date that hiatr'',t be'gils X atje', ftiiom Xear tot X 01, ktit
the tate of Seasoli quai~lity (lerlitie is ahotit the XdllO eachrl
\ear. \X r't~rc tfiilitX otf tfiet croft does' iii; alt tht, easoalii
dditie rithetr. Bail XXeatfiret aisoii the 1966 roptf tt be
itioio;tall' itX iii\ il t . Iit thle xdiite XSeasioial dedll \is'XI
eXvideint.
lIn t;;tt t vr'ar, giade ailt stap~le rleclitto' 11)11W rilpifl\ a ter
fire firt ,tXX 'rk ill NoX enihf''t. Pot centarge of lI' idinff;g ill
1 966~ XX\as' 40%/ ]t('fot-l' \mliX tiofr I, but iirt liaei to 70",
ofi thiitat X ne'teri Liftei that date. Ili motst Xer 001', th 1 9f59-
(.6, abiout f0r7, of tlt(' crop fit Xotii Alabaai~ iid 
2 5
/,il
iioilthiiil ala \\as X i hal m'Xtt' illatei NmiXt'oltei I.
Ptrice iletr'tire itl'tXX ('oil IiXX idiliii, iaml Stict 10\XX Midi
dl1iiia iii 196 avet X Otdi 200( lpliiits, oi 2c pu 
1
ttli. \Xsilitiiill
that -\lallaota piitrouers ouildX ae hlarXve',te'i dli otto; It-
fttt ; N~Xoivebe I aini ttatiiiie the( girde, tis fpti'e dil'
State' fla-Iitr. \ilotiei S1 10t).000f itilctealX( could fhaXe cormet
giadai i;d staple' t t''iiltitig trituii oil l iai Xvest XX oild have r
laiilji't fl('l Itt alX also ) (I X i' Xtielt a'igti t l' filter pilif
t
Early Cotton Also Cleaner
Eat IXfatX est itf cotttoni cotiplid.'ifX th late Xseas(it XX eeii
couttit l, def'oliatittii. ail pfper harvesou Xi't Illthtittl., \\ ill IIillt
ill rfeaiiei c;ttoti; ieilig dfeliXveird to the giti. Tis is itipittitt
Slle lth iile 4c11llt ig k pieliresel4nai r te io t imXXoIt it.l
ltoclte oif dl il ht XX t'gfit alii price Pt 1'ittiiiiiX. Thlis cali
frot othier StatesX
gull iitimed prtoX:11)igh Xover'fitg ardit ill.' Xlll er'rroit a
ha): 1 ttX g ot Xr tot meet r'tittfetitittii fro (lth dfer ctttii ilruiX.
13
Marketing and Storage Facilities
Needed by State Soybean Industry
J. H. YEAGER, Dept. of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology
C. A. ROLLO, Dept. of Agricultural Engineering
LIKE THE PROVERBIAL beanstalk, Ala-
bama's soybean industry has grown rap-
idly. Growth has been in acreage planted
and total production, not in yield. Per
acre yields have not changed greatly
since the 1950's.
Since 1960, acreage of soybeans pro-
duced in Alabama has more than dou-
bled. Acreage harvested in 1966 was
280,000, with an average yield of 24.5
bu. per acre. Thus, total production
amounted to 6.9 million bu. valued at
$19.5 million. Average price received by
farmers in 1966 was $2.83 per bu., al-
most 10% above the average for the
past 5 years.
Baldwin, Mobile, and Escambia coun-
ties produce more soybeans than any
other area of Alabama. However, much
of the recent increased acreage has been
in the Black Belt counties of Dallas, Sum-
ter, Marengo, and Perry. Old pastures
on some farms have been plowed and
planted to soybeans, in some cases by
owners and in other instances by persons
or firms that have rented or leased land.
Reasons for Growth
There are several reasons for the stead-
ily increasing acreage of soybeans. It is
a crop that is adapted to mechanization.
Labor requirements are relatively low,
about 6 man-hours per acre, and soy-
beans can be planted later than most
other crops. Many farmers find that soy-
beans fit well following small grains,
grazing crops, or vegetables. Therefore,
the land charge can be spread between
two crops.
Much of the soybean producing area
in the State is favored as far as an ex-
port market is concerned. In 1965, State
Docks at the Port of Mobile exported
more than twice the amount of soybeans
produced in Alabama. Growth of the
livestock and poultry industry in the
State also offers a ready market for soy-
bean meal. It is estimated that 18.2 mil-
lion bu. of soybeans would have been
required in 1966 to meet total protein re-
quirements of Alabama poultry and live-
stock.
14
A bushel of soybeans when processed
yields about 10.8 lb. of oil and 47.5 lb.
of soybean meal. Oil typically makes up
two-fifths of the value of the products,
while meal provides three-fifths.
Marketing Problems
Growing production of soybeans in
Alabama is not without its problems. In
some cases markets have been long dis-
tances from producers. Storage facilities,
both on- and off-farm, are limited. Grain
facilities in the Midwest were naturally
suited for handling soybeans when pro-
duction increased. In the Southeast, mar-
ket facilities for grain handling are not
as well developed. Where cotton produc-
tion has declined, storage and handling
facilities generally are not adapted for
soybeans.
Important decisions must be made.
Should on-the-farm storage be provided?
Should commercial marketing and stor-
age facilities be provided? Should the
job be done with farmer cooperatives?
Where should marketing and storage fa-
cilities be located?
Providing Facilities
As production expands it is imperative
that marketing facilities be provided near
producing areas. Beans can be shipped
from local markets by barge, rail, or
semitrailer truck to processing plants,
terminal markets, or export markets. In
providing marketing and storage facili-
ties, both engineering and economic re-
quirements must be met.
Normally soybeans are harvested at a
moisture content too high for safe stor-
age. No. 1 soybeans cannot exceed 13%
moisture content, and No. 2 beans 14%.
Maximum moisture recommended for
safe storage is 11% or less. Where mois-
ture content is too high, soybeans must
be dried. Initial moisture content will
affect length of drying time, drying tem-
perature, and length of time beans can
be held before drying. Volume to be
dried at one time determines require-
ments for size of drying bin and size of
fan and heater.
Storage provided must keep beans as
dry and cool as possible throughout the
storage period. This may require aera-
tion during dry weather. Beans in stor-
age must be checked frequently.
Storage Possibilities
Producers who store either on or off
the farm should consider the possibility
of gains as well as losses that may occur.
Typically, many Alabama growers have
sold beans at harvest time. However,
storing in fall and selling at a higher
price the following spring or summer can
increase profits when the seasonal price
increase is greater than all storage costs.
Depending on kind and volume of stor-
age and method of handling, as well as
losses, storage costs will be 12-150 per
bu. for 6 months of storage.
From November 1965 to May 1966,
price for soybeans received by Alabama
farmers increased from $2.40 to $2.85
per bu. The next season, however, there
was a decrease of 50 per bu. (between
November 1966 and May 1967). As an
average for the past 10 years, price in-
creased an average of 
2
00 per bu. be-
tween November and the following May.
During the past 5 years the seasonal
price increase has been considerably less
than 20/ per bu. In 3 of the last 5
years, however, the November to May
price increase amounted to 150 or more.
The other 2 years there was a decline
during the same period. It is anticipated
that prices received this fall will be at
or near the $2.50 per bu. support level.
As with any expansion, there is likely
to be growing pains in Alabama's soy-
bean industry. Soybean producers and
industry representatives should evaluate
their situation and needs to make the
best decisions possible for future growth
and development of the overall industry.
AVERAGE MONTHLY PRICE RECEIVED BY
ALABAMA FARMERS FOR SOYBEANS,
SELECTED PERIODS
Average price per bushel
Mnh 1957-66 1962-66 1966
January ---
February...
M arch ------
April
May.
June---
July--
August-----
September-
October -------
November ...
December___
AVERAGE-
$2.30
2.39
2.42
2.47
2.46
2.44
2.37
2.38
2.34
2.30
2.26
2.30
$2.37
$2.56
2.63
2.64
2.65
2.61
2.60
2.56
2.58
2.55
2.56
2.56
2.60
$2.59
$2.60
2.80
2.80
2.85
2.85
2.85
2.75
3.00
3.00
2.85
2.80
2.85
$2.83
Heifers shown here are those in the con-
fined silage treatment at Lower Coastal
Plain Substation test.
li\ iii ,]\ Iou \\u 
1
) ti SI \1 hci oil it it l (
ut iti oll l it siiiil land p iiv~ i l 11 iit ii to ill
C ii i 1 (11lii (i
Oii NNlvio l e bli t of mi (' id i llt Ii
otIit t\ Ilop I i ll' co Illt ('11 I ) IllilIN-
ti('dtiiil'iitN. ( 1)11o 1 ii(lperiIl git oNN lnd
andl (2)i NI l~ ill i ('i Nih ( toII gl i o \\ it lo
gixt t'iil hrai ti op: ( ioif Il ii lwiil
AnnualiFedt Consumtion
O il( No( li l N 111), l ('11 i\ti i i ti I!
'tl'lc III i teiiiial ((olstiila 'i' xti ih
igtl atili tilN eii l Lax kv 315l
lii or s-'hI il ( iiw its t he ~ u IlIdi lagI'
ats 7Itill i iii Niri l iiii ll igIol leai II 4
lix iiN ( 11 N to 1( 4.1 of th liii N\ iii
(
1
)L'tilcilts ( i ('N ut l tIolil - iralfi Il 
iIN
aix Ix il' xx alicil it z lax N it l
filulilcll~ N x (rrii'~ llax11 I/H lb l ('\\i
l:a st il ii n a d ciigl i ll 2 li pipleliii 
ix',
MANAGEMENT of BEEF CATTLE
i n CONFINEMENT
R. R. HARRIS and W. B. Anthony, Dept. of Animal Scienice
V. L. BROWN, Lomer Coastat Plain Substation
tlil'x c.ilxe haN ain ccexx tii g"iliiii ci cp
Co\ xi s](1))IN. 1.1 ixiIl ii (ii I I ,
Pi-xl\ StiiN i ill\ 1963-65
cal.lx i
tI Ii
ot:63-64
t'i 6(1i6
965-66t
lb' ix i
Sili'
1:))t 551
126i 52 1
t15:3 5t131
1:37 .5 2 l
Forage Production
'I' ic iNNI tll lpt ilil I xx\xit,1, II ill 196(i3
thait I il iI ot xli gliiiii xxii \ I o lixo iilc
Nlllficici it xiluig to cil ix 2 .\\ u'ixx iitx
tillal 25li tiix utlilg I'. th 'lii \ ac ta
c i\ lit (1 lax i, icc i122 tii Itiiix
il' ]i' tut2u t 3iii xf 1-ix 1 tolis
xlii li l 25 i tois I iN iii 111)' I hu t 111 'l( t I ii
1wnoe thatcx I i tc :3 xer iii \( gi11)ee Nih
soil til I dx iii i b(0 lini 1 hi c it 1(i
11111' ax siI I xxll' c oit h'oigh be I ti d
hauix ill addLit ioni. N oiiiiilix it yiv
1
iiirex
aliiiit I.5 til INfu liax to ''xx litlit a .o\\x
llillc th e l (-ii t ilt iil S11\ gtl : therxxe-
ioi (, oI l 965 boti it haicll (1lx h hilix xli)
grolxix pi 166.(1 Ii ii iili \\as aiid-
gbill lii I icut ( I'lita defci eistedl
ili a96 sii that Iiih it v has l it'ii I N I) -~t
iorte it. I lix\ giilii a iidi t I 'l e li(' i rill ill
I('.oa\ta liix t clx hliix th ax i ald 7.2
lot-ti it I ll il ti~ill ii it xx pr t ill supple-i(
oiii Thiis ixx iiitpars Iato be atici xlIl
(:o til xx \ a i (I (ls loit pioll itiwel 7.21h
Ati lik e ot uiiidiio iiii it x\\illx rqix
iiixlig s\r cixcd toic priii i t of li i , v0
H. F. TUCKER, Depairtment of Animnat Science
S. E. GISSENDAN'NER, Sand Mountain Substation
pail xlI 'x
lollt 1(114'((IIii x1111 1Iwi h/i i i
tt'( c 111 )1 lltt' i(ct of I fit'I ti illo l til l-
xeiill pi xi it eI1 ts . It it t'Xel(it ill (1t' It-
it'I ce It illll ofI.I ot blt h
141 le o(III XX (I' II ((11 t )1i I' \ , 1oo 1(11 liltiogy
(pi'- x t'1to .3a ) il I/ls of a' ill I dsix'.
(.ti t \ .I (1 t (1( ob cN C , Iii it (ilti . ills Ila
be(1 i to'sltllt' it Ina lxxii ii s ( sI X it i ll-31
titi it'lxx ti iti (11 i ilIii 1(1 II il
Illo\\1(It'(I ltilt' e1111(1 i resII t 1(1( th'Ire
Il it' of kl 't' parasites (( ill 1( it' t.'(ilv
l]Ilt )it'xt'ittiii lx il Illilo hol l (ii r
I rlit (IXcr~t t o (I i lv b1tx't(,1 lifi I illt' I.
it) 111 /l i t'haii.t got ive J N . lte XI I 'ioll
te l i It.' iilt il c l c ic itll Tiii~ 14.
Ill I iii Ii t , co iii 14111i \\ I ll tiii
aioll ) ,Ii lw II' i4x test, \\ lettx i g ti it 
t i
reli It. \ro \ ,l ,tfw o\ st
lipx 1 illIX ll 1i it 'l I ttir il' s ii\\ t I e itt'
I io i itle th l i ll x t' iit l ll tI I \ c\ oriitI
dosei tilt til i/i ("ill 14 ill ('t.' '1X Il li x l 1
Eit V Sith Dict oriste i-oe rit
PULICAIN Hghihso
AgIwo turd liil Re i eorch 8 l( 67 \ 1 rial
I)iI IIlIi ()Io I tI tt( i , I ll(i t'tl , Il t l 'Xt( lll(',bill'I
l(((41 tto? % lilt'I (It'd o ill ( it s a i(X( l it d it
(clX s 10 ' Ilit' tio is hilt. litil l lilt coo-I
t I. o \ (1( 1( 11 1 1lie ii li' ii ld ' tia Is
t iito 1111w befor III Ii lt t filsIll' ti
%\I.
II).
\111(.
11ip I (I lii
Ato_,iiii \
Trial '
Nli i(((x(I
(ii'1 oil I ill
1 doses, .311 (l;iN
IIil X ii
Av. Trials I & III
Pi i I i i Ill
Iilla
11.8 -12,3.7
11.7 2 4.4
I -1. 225.7
15. 22 1.
I -) . 9
72.5
225.6
I .:37
1 :3:0
I .( 33
I J(IT
17.6 2 2:3. I (i hI
226.8
225.4
-125.6i
1.50)
1.4:3
I 510
oft Ii
PDSTAGE PAID
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Illiflislicd (olirtes\
IJllN Illd jitlllp olt , 111(liallil.