VOLUME 14, NUMBER 1
HIGHLIGHTS
OF AGRICULTURAL
RESEARCH
ALFALFALFA
damaged by alfalfa weevil
unless insecticides 
used,
see story 
on page 
3
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT
STATION
AUBURN 
UNIVERSITY
-~L~CC - ~c~-~i(lsP
I_ LI I 
ILL -- ' r. I~L 
= -- I=-
rrr I L---- ~I
SPRING 1967
HIGI-ILIGI-ITS of
Agricultural Research
A Quarterly Report of Research
Serving All of Alabama
VOLUME 14, NO. 1 SPRING 1967
'3-"'
Zn tes issu e.
THE ALFALFA WEEVIL AND ITS CONTROL - A Relative
Newcomer with Control Measures Given 3
CONTROLLING NUTGRASS (NUTSEDGE) IN LAWNS - Pest
Can Be Eradicated with Some Arsonates 4
CARCASS DIFFERENCES PINPOINTED BY YIELD GRADES -
Accurately Measure Value of Carcasses 5
WHAT IS STATUS OF COTTON WEED CONTROL WITH HERB-
ICIDES? - Effective Chemicals Available- 6
EIGHT GRADE A HERDS USED IN DAIRY RESEARCH - Lo-
cated at Various Experiment Station Units 7
DEALERS' KNOWLEDGE OF PESTICIDES- Keeping Informed
As a Service to Customers Important 8
CHANGING PATTERNS OF FARM EXPENSES - Production
Expenses Are Major Farm Costs 9
SELF-FEEDING FAT-CONTAINING MIXTURE TO STEERS - Re-
sults of Steers on Coastal vs. Feedlot 10
CONSUMERS NEED MARKETING INFORMATION Too - Study
Reports Influences on Homemakers Buying Decisions __11
SOIL CALCIUM AND ROOT GROWTH- Deficiencies Cause
Serious Reductions in Plant Root Development ....... 12
BROADCAST SEED FOR BEST SERICEA STANDS - Seeding
Methods Compared for Effectiveness 13
LAWN GRASS DISEASE CONTROL - Is a Necessity with
Most Turfgrasses in Well-Balanced Program-
INDEX TO ARTICLES- Published in Highlights of Agri-
cultural Research during 1966
ATKINSON - A NEW TOMAT VARIETY - Resistant to
Rootknot Nematode and Fusarium Wilt -
14
15
16
E. V. SMITH
R. D. ROUSE
CHAS. F. SIMMONS-
T. E. CORLEY
KENNETH B. RoY
E. L. McGRAW
R. E. STEVENSON_-
Director
Associate Director
Assistant Director
Assistant Director
- -- - Editor
Associate Editor
-Associate Editor
Editorial Advisory Committee: R. D.
ROUSE; R. T. GUDAUSKAS, Associate Pro-
fessor of Botany and Plant Pathology; J.
L. TURNER, Instructor in Horticulture;
T. DON CANERDAY, Assistant Professor
of Zoology-Entomology; AND KENNETH
B. Roy.
PUBLICATIONS
Listed here are timely and new publications
reporting research by the Agricultural Ex-
periment Station.
Bul. 373. Research for Soybean Producers
summarizes results of latest Auburn research
on soybean production, harvesting, drying,
and storage.
Cir. 136. Nitrogen for Dallisgrass Pastures
in the Black Belt relates how nitrogen ap-
plications can be of value on dallisgrass
pastures lacking productive stands of clover.
Cir. 152. Spacing and Rates of Nitrogen for
Corn presents detailed data showing how
close spacing and high rates of nitrogen
work together for high yields.
Leaf. 68. Biology and Control of Spider
Mites on Cotton in Alabama describes the
increasing importance of this pest and re-
ports results of control experiments.
Leaf. 73. Atkinson, A New Rootknot and
Wilt Resistant Tomato Variety announces
the development and release of the South's
first commercial tomato variety that is re-
sistant to nematodes and wilt.
Free copies may be obtained from your
County Extension Chairman or by writing
the Auburn University Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, Auburn, Alabama.
Published by
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT
STATION of
AUBURN UNIVERSITY
Auburn, Alabama
t* RIxll-'il
At left is plant damage wit, alfalfa weevil
larva; center, field of alfalfa where fore-
ground is 
untreated 
and background 
treated,'
and at right is typical alfalfa weevil damage.
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The ALFALFA WEEVIL
and its CONTROL
MAX H BASS, Depar'liiei of Zoetogy-Entonwetogy
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Differences in fatness of these carcasses showed up in proportion vm
of retail cuts and percentage steaks and roasts. The fatter car-
cass at left (yield grade 4.7) had 42.5 %o steak and roast cuts and
65.2 'a total retail cuts. With yield grade of 1 .8, the leaner car-
cass had 52.90o roasts and steaks and 74.0%0 total retail cuts.
jll(-, iod lias t llilio n of\c ls.te ilt d eths ~ii tili
stitlit'- hlilt lios t ha t',1i io sicss o f the e l tilsiiti 5\ '
I'(55 e \ eilt riit itit si tt lrs , tsst' 'I li' stit fatrs deta
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t \is~ ofj)iii etili its total ill fcit itt ilts tt(,s (Fad 115 D UFMNanilCCe
t ictp ot lttit pi,\ tti'c tdilts stemtk \\i~ i lts ) t ith i illria ll-'
Aubu sud\xi thattt ch\e .0 cuac oi tasses.lc. hi
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itse illse iirll of tilii cltt oife t bect. 5 ept i ls se
till'ess \\). iiliud hitde stea brittci iitiis cutslile x s tttt 5.1(i
60 Its Fiti dsicitice ili- aili's1 l .iiuii photo andes esipecitisfic si
50slt artei' taic iisi) tihe 'lo\il a isiijaliiade:tt'~iitit tt
30 I grd 
ilittttt it~~s tiiist ,uist'is t(t (ia si'chiti 
hei
20 ta cti tt
529..0Ef 
I
What is
'ow
2 2LB 25 LB
Effcct,~cntcss of herbicides for cotton '-'cd
control is illustrated here. Untreated check
I 1 i il l li II P ,il~\ l I lilk \1 J plot (let is contrastod with plots 
treated
Stat s o \\.I]lillcl oth\\(t 
ald d\ liolStll(,with 2 
lb. per acre of Cotoran (center), 
and
Statu of ~2 lb. per acre of CP-50144 (right).
Cotton Weed Control
with Herbicides?
G. A. BUCHANAN, Dept o
Aqlronorny ofild Sojis
1,1 It \i tIili ofi l C i kitt ii t,,at til
lit,] ~ ( iti l illti l Ii ll1it (iicI hi
1
Priod oplonIdti\o Herbcides dc
6'c t l \ ki t f \ (v s ( lto l d l~
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it F tiu tit-T i idc ( I ( i t ( iF Ft It it
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Experimental Herbicides
Preemergence Herbicides
Tliici .St 
itt it tit l 
i I )(I iii l 
Fit " '
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4
Eight Grade A Herds
Used in Dairy Research 
by
Auburn Experiment 
Station
J. H. BLACKSTONE, Dept of Axjxicitlo 
Ecoi-o-uuic cu-d R-o S-
K. M. AUTREY, Depoiiuuixelui L LDoiy 
S,e,i,
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This Grade A herd ot the North 
Auburn Dairy Research Unit
is one of eight Agricultural Experiment 
Station research herds.
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t I, i I, I \1 LXPIAU\I I \ I Si
DEALERS' KNOWLEDGE
of
PEST IC ID ES
J. E. DUNKELBERGER and
J. L. JOHNSO7N, Dept. of Agriculuralno
Economi~cs & Rurcat Sociotogy
pest111 iiilipt'.dudc 4.1ll e oi l lii ,ctjii ii 71e
111 lioii 11117er,
It ix xlirtlilil ili)xlll s iblc' lo pesf1'ticlide
li p si i de 
7,  
ciix th ir, fii i cxx ciliti cii
iiic 711ia iixiiiiti ad q ix. k o\l-(, o
tit xx eil t productsix b l 11( xit l i tl tl )
prccll'(Iolhi4 and l'C~~tliaitil ihi7., he '\ i htI-
H17 .11 ii\ti11i( it A t 7,7 i 1111 it' (11 Farm-
ersiiic' ll,l t tto i'i liii lil)i uiic4 oexil
c l'x 7, iit' o )ii ,lnitiucixt 11,7, ti ti c iiik
i.ixe iiii4 ci 111\ til ( .1 ill it'iiic o tl)l . itt
8l d l s t i, ss(
TM 1RTE ,CI
FOLLOW THE LAB
17, \7, .ex i'ii .1, a1ll iitiiiiiitx 7,7, o oillcii rap-)
11111ill the 7 171 lii t t I i'i li 17
Dealers' Awareness of Image
Ill1I it xticix c\ l ii c ti o (. a11114.ll
i't~iil i'xtic.icie iitiii' i' ill Ae ' l .iti
c'.titi l lima7,, recll'xx ot the ihict tha~t xiilic
of ll or Li tiltstolciX 7,17, tI . ii rith deli li
pe i)iciit til l el11i~i 1 x.7 ii .ii ll-h ilit'
xx t'ii' ( to Cwlix c'iilifc'itillabout til'L7 I lx
t ' lixl il iii aill t o Iel'l l l d Li ciI i t .1ti Itlls
toiillil' i li i d f xxs .1,p1,11 olb11 'l it 11
It "itillple (olltlillw i of ;L [w %% 1)(-,tio.-id(
product to citch do, itl(',T lot stild . Sc% cl .11
of iwstioi is %% ej ( tlicii asked 
(. ;l werl I il [o
thc plo'llict. Less thall olle-third of fill'
dczllo, I.s illilde partic-lilill llotc of M icit \
and ()ill \ :3';, midd ie(-all 11w nittmv of
the t(,Xl(. prohl( 111 illelitiolled oil t1w
lithel. Ill spite of then imareiws,, lot- the
fleed to 1.1hels, deillers thelosekes
did llot pa\ slifficielit 'ittelitioll to ill-
forillittioll about toxi(,it\.
Knowledge of Pesticides
sill(.(. illml , N jwsti('id(' (11 toloels wk
oil tll(. lot- il(kicv, llo\\ do deillel:s
ritte ()it l)(-,[i(Jd(- kiio\\le&,(- A test (;I
pesth-ide kiimdedge used (-ollsistim,
01' 20 trll(-I tlse, 6 111111tiple elloi(v, alld
ope I l-e I I( I (I I lc t jol l". Tl le t est \\ ks de-
sigiied to meitsilre Ifeneral kiio\ded(r( of
pesticidcs Tildwr thall sjwC.fli(. hiall(Is.
Tlw o1wil-elld (Illestioll" approximated
Hit. (,ttsto[n(-r-d(,iilci relatioirship 1) , \ ask-
it)(, fit(. (1( illel to remilinwild ti(-iltill( 11ts
lot pititwillal lw st plobl( llls.
'I'll(, higlwst possible test coiv \%its 33
(,oii,(,(,t ims\\ers. Lo%\ ,,(-oi(,s of 1-11.
me (I ionj smi-es of 12-1,, inid hiorli scorcs
of 1' -33 eildl iwc-olinted lot itpploxi-
Iniltek olw-third of the dcid(.r . \lost of
t1w (I(,id(,l.s had sollic 'Yetwial kllo\\l(-d"u
of lwsticides, blit IC\% l('(vi\('d "wores
that slw(wst( d it hi'di h.\(d of millpe-
tell(v I "al dill(r t he", To littCl jitl.S. I I 0\% -
t-\ e r, pestio:.ide I leeds ar it hill t It('
State ill ld s mlo, (1( alers ('re ( lilite kilo\\ I-
ed"( al de of 1)(-',t problems aild tl eatill"'llts
o,-cminnoii to their area, bot lao.-ked it broad
kiio\dedge of pesticidt's.
lic.sult,, (A 11w kiiodedir( test iv\eiiled
that fit(, Illow iliforilled dealers \%ere
tho."(, %\Iio Iiii(l 111(, lill'("(T dollitl volliole
of Iwsli6dc sid(."'. tll(-N
also [ooic liktd.\ to \ic\% pestio,,id( s as all
illipoltmit eliterprim, in t1wil total busi-
lws operittioll. Ob\ ioll"I , the (4-alel S' at-
titilde to\\ard pe"twides alld t1w alliollilt
of pesticide silles ilru relitted that
det( llllille t1w tillie illid eflolt the deill( r
is \%illiiig to ( xpeod ill keepino, \\ell ill-
forilled abolit pesticid(' prodoo" aild
their lises.
The datit it) this stll(l\ lv\eill (-ollsider-
able \itlii(tioll Zillloll(.r pv ticid(- d(- llers
ill t1wil. Wchillcid 1,l)o\%lcd('(' of pesti-
c id(-,. Ample kim wleclou \% i t s parti(,iilitrk
liwl illoy allioll" dealers liit\ill(, ollk it
sillidl \ollllli(. of pusticide "alc". I I ()%\ c\ (-r,
t1w illiage Il(-ld 1).\ the jw',tio.'ide ( I
llwl, \\Ilo (ollsidt'] t1w deal(.1 to 1w all
11 expert" oil 
"lidl prodlw(s, 
is the ,al)w
for ill] deillers regardless of bil ille"s \ol-
illne. sloall deitlers 11111"t lem(,llize Illis
fiwt mid mitke greah-i (-fioit to keep ill-
formed ilholit pesti(ide".
-Ai Iiiil ()" Ai \ILFl-BLLIO~\ 
xhii I Ix
fiti ilio ill 19(65 it,, p~ ilictioii expenses
Tis \\it it a 114))! il 1)1~~o the c(ost oI
prodcit ngt c1lop. 411(111(1 (li od Ililet dli
taxesh loil rll 11-(1 x f\. ili etoi (il) hot
llordiw d ebtil iieOfil l i et to flo1411 (40x
Hel dliid .4x I'lle latter e\pe0is M'ie io 1)
mlhiii~ refrre t11 is "I 96~t."d tll (1 lot
ill\ ixthe \i ()]ite poduc(11 tionl Ii 01 (Ilx li
0111)icikiX 1)11 slx('110 e1)ll(1ulitemll I)\
Iofa l 001.ltlill or 'S14 ti m5ilili \\itssiit l
th amomit spI 1( foii
4 
ferilizer andW lciml
\ i1tl theliXigs s~illic (Fcill Alahil di ll
rofile ti\ .1111 ( lf)0l tioilF aif d) i l llits
857. lpais~i~ Fill I i\ct(33 odcio c
Index
(1957-59 =100)
1201
E71950
3.
CHANGING PATTERN of 
FARM EXPENSES
JH. YEAGER, Department of Agriculturat Ecorionuics and Rural Sociology
Ii 1 50 , fos 1)X \'tit IIa Iiti l( iIo, p,--h
\\h~ilitdO llId' 1965 ilt Itnmie to9(3.5.il
See \\its (0lii of fool fteii' thiat reg-
lirliI(rs froml 195f) to 1965. Other ('\
(fOnlt Xiaxtenb tati'' deile \\ere.l feli 963 a
id IIF iddc llte labrliX('fdil' let 4 IlilI to
no1fil(dXI landlo1rds I'.(i ,fl~~t.3~
Totiallxo fuitr paid toilX dx xiiil1 t,)ill
(4i10. IntNres i oi FIX ' 410 i/i I('
fai(i i l ,I l I I la g l fol- opi t . fili i t\1 ills
iiwi-c ie 52); \ I li 1511 \l W'th ilbi IX :3'I F
=~ 1965
t00
98
X X
Iti 'i
'FF1d
SIFI.
Fci-tilFc ll di
hli
i . FS F"11F k
I il F-t lii FF1
B(tilF" Fl FI
'tpiF atol oFF1t
)1 I! FFFi
t  
F F
t F F i 'l I
[11)1F "t \F
\Ft lcilt tFF FFFiF-
f IFFIF I liFI iFI'.(
\ 1 1c f It( FF1Is
Iotl
FIFFIIF d 'im
N5tt 1955 I 960(
-9.5
5 1 I.9
4.4
:32.1
.31.0t
4.2
26.0
54.2
I4 1it
69. 0
6. 9
:3014.4
114.0)
6i.7
11.6
4.
51,9
1 -5. 7
d1.is iinfant . Ite\i o Fpt it ilx r (i allI
87Illii 1 o95ff.ll Ie icles il
F hItjlIlO ).ii till Xf)l o e e ss reult11( 11111l
iii ll9.1 Ijil, 196.5. ' ofi tit l tililt 1(1
Ise .i(x 110 li ef u the ['ta Xl1lit cot.Ili o t l
pice pa)11 ,idf 1)1 liIFIine liv a,11I ll 'ilo e
It llrc i pIreisei ntf' 11ed p rt 11 ill tile ir r
,I\111110C lt ith 141111111( States Indexes(1 I
of1. pixo.' paill till' specfict (01 li are n' ot5 l
it ftlit I- Ala b1141 hti 1i i i t..1 '
lil eXl 511011 rax te",1'it itl l. il to la t. iiidr
homi N 50 [tio 19(01.eX' 11Th i la it ha t \\ )1
I 'f i tt 1 l lcr a c wh Il (il l Ile to ill ii.' i oi i l
11111111 Sif' t o l( Fiti Filla I IFa ill i,1 ,1illst
Feed Seed Fertilizer Livestock Wage Rate Farm Mach.
This chart shos~s pric's paid as production expenses by farmers 
throughout the United
States in 1950 and 1965.
1 I X!,11\1)1 I ( lu, IiN Alxli \ \1 \ I "\ I i \I 1 ' It
PASTURE, as a major feed ingredient,
is one sure way to increase returns from
a cattle finishing program.
Research at both Auburn (Alabama)
and North Carolina Stations has shown
this to be true. Tests at Auburn involved
limited feeding of a concentrate mixture
to steers grazing Coastal, whereas the
North Carolina Station used clover-fes-
cue or white clover-orchardgrass as a
grazing forage.
In these studies results showed the
most economical amount of supplemental
grain for finishing cattle on pasture was
about 1 lb. of 
grain per 100 lb. 
of body
weight. The labor-saving aspect made it
highly desirable to use a mixture that
could be self-fed on pasture and con-
sumed at a rate of 1% of body weight.
This necessitated the addition of some
material to the grain mixture to limit in-
take when feed was kept before animals
continuously. In the North Carolina stud-
ies salt was added at the rate of 10% and
was effective in controlling intake to the
desired level but other factors caused it
to be undesirable.
Additional energy is the principal need
for finishing cattle on pasture. Fat is a
concentrated form of energy. This makes
its use desirable. However, when feedlot
steers were fed faatat a level of 10% of
the diet, their feed consumption was
markedly reduced. This indicated that
the addition of fat could be a means of
limiting grain intake for steers fed on
pasture.
Management Systems on Grazing
During 1963, 1965, and 1966 yearling
beef steers weighing about 640 lb. were
assigned to treatments designed to test
the effect of certain management factors
on animal performance. Twelve steers
grazed Coastal pasture without benefit
of supplement until July 15. They were
then placed in drylot, and fattened on a
blended mixture, Group II. A compar-
able group of cattle remained on grazing
until September 1 and were fattened in
drylot, Group I. Cattle in Group III graz-
ing Coastal pasture were self-fed a high-
energy supplement, containing fat, until
sufficiently finished for slaughter. They
10
were never fed in drylot. The control
animals, Group IV, were put in drylot
and full fed a high-roughage blended
fattening mixture until slaughtered. Com-
position of the fat-containing supplement
was: 80% ground shelled corn; 10%
CSM; 9% stabilized animal fat; 0.5%
dicalcium phosphate; and 0.5% salt. The
most common blended fattening mixture
contained about 58% shelled corn, 25%
grass hay, 10% cane molasses, 5% cot-
tonseed meal, 1% mineral, and 1% urea.
Animal performance data, as an aver-
age for the 3 years, are reported in the
table. One surprising result was that cat-
tle grazed the full season, until Septem-
ber 1, gained slightly faster than those
grazed only until July 15 (1.33 vs. 1.19
lb.).
Cattle in Group III required an aver-
age of 138 days of grazing plus supple-
ment feeding to reach slaughter condi-
tion; however, animals in I and II re-
quired a total of 199 and 155 days, re-
spectively, to reach the same slaughter
grade. All cattle graded Good-Choice ex-
cept for a few animals that graded Stand-
ard in the most recent year. The quality
of feeder cattle used in 1966 was not as
good as that in the 2 previous years and
also an error could have been made in
judgment with respect to time that the
cattle in Groups II and III were ready
for slaughter in 1966.
Cattle in Group IV were fattened after
an average of 93 days in the feedlot.
These cattle had ADG of 2.71 lb. and a
feed conversion of 918 lb./cwt. Feed
conversion values for Groups I and II
were 1,021 and 986 lb. for feedlot fat-
Item
Initial wt., lb.
Begin. feedlot wt., lb.
Final feedlot wt., lb-.
Days grazed
ADG grazing
Feed/cwt. gain, lb..
SELF-FEEDING A FAT-CONTAINING Mixture.
To Steers GRAZING COASTAL BERMUDA
R. R. HARRIS and W. B. ANTHONY, Department of Animal Science
V. L. BROWN, Lower Coastal Plain Substation
Group I Group II
grazed C.B. grazed C.B.
to 9/1 then to 7/15 then
feedlot feedlot
638
807
994
127
1.33
72
2.60
26.54
26.7
1,021
640
734
936
79
1.19
76
2.53
25.58
24.9
986
Group III
fed HE
mix w/fat
on C.B.
Group IV
fed in
drylot
640 639
900 891
138
1.88
17.84
10.0
531
93
2.71
23.66
24.9
918
tening mixtures. However, considering
feed conversion on total gain basis, cat-
tle in Groups I and II showed conver-
sions of 537 and 662 lb. per cwt. of gain,
respectively. All 
groups, IH, and 
III,
had access to pasture that was not con-
sidered in calculating feed conversions
on the basis of total gain. Cattle receiv-
ing the HE "fat" supplement required
531 lb. of supplement per cwt. of gain.
On the average, they ate 10 lb. of the
supplement daily or 1.3% of their body
weight. Feed consumption data reported
in the table for Groups I and II are for
the drylot fattening period only and that
shown for Group III is for supplement
only. Grazed forage was in addition to
feed shown.
Limit-feeding did reduce the harvested
feed required per animal (1,380 vs. 1,-
910; 1,893; and 2,307 lb.; Groups I-IV
in order) but the feed cost, excluding
pasture, per steer was about $50 for all
groups. Returns to pasture, labor, and
management were $31.89, 
$20.65,
$24.08, and $8.11 for Groups I-IV, re-
spectively.
Appraisal of Results
The practice of limit-feeding supple-
ment to cattle grazing well-fertilized
Coastal pastures has merit. Data col-
lected from the study reported here, in-
dicate that the inclusion of 9% stabilized
animal fat in a supplement will effec-
tively control intake of the supplement
to about 1.5% of body weight, even
though cattle have access to it continu-
ously. "Managed grazing" of Coastal may
not result in improved animal perform-
ance. Results to date are conflicting, thus
more research is needed.
Yearling steers placed directly into the
feedlot and full fed high roughage
blended fattening mixtures consistently
gain 2.5 lb. daily and are finished for
slaughter in about 90 days. These cattle
also generally make efficient feed conver-
sion. However, since the feed cost per
unit of gain is relatively high, the oppor-
tunity for profit is normally less than that
of the other 3 systems tested.
ANIMAL PERFORMANCE DATA-3-YEAR AVERAGE
~------------------- I--- -II -- rr
~I I ll C-ll l III~ I~ Ilr VC- II~C-ll IIII1IIC-
RUTH A. HAMMETT
Department of Agricultural Economics
and Rural Sociology
CONSUMERS
AT LEAST ONE PERSON in every Ala-
bama town or city family has the respon-
bility of spending that part of the income
set aside for food!
Usually that person is the homemaker,
who considers it part of her job to plan,
purchase, and prepare food for the fam-
ily meals. Whatever her proficiency, she
manages the family's food money.
Food buying decisions are never made
under exactly the same conditions. The
quantities of food purchased are directly
influenced by per capita income and ed-
ucational level of the homemaker. Other
influences are stage in the family cycle,
size of family, age and sex of family
members, and amount of entertaining
that is done. A change in income, in fam-
ily size, health, or even housing may
cause drastic revisions in buying habits.
The satisfied homemaker of 3 years ago
who looked upon a trip to the grocery
store as an enjoyable occasion is now an
unhappy shopper because of higher food
prices. The picket lines and the boycotts
of 1966 did not lower prices, but is was
a sign that consumer attitudes were
changing.
Few homemakers have formal training
in food purchasing. Most depend on
childhood memories, influence of parents,
trial and error, and an unorganized ac-
cumulation of information. For most sit-
uations the homemaker considers her
own experience or cookbooks sufficient
marketing aids.
To be a skilled manager requires de-
cisions based on knowledge of other pos-
sibilities from which the most suitable
or advantageous is chosen. Much specific
and general information is available to
producers, processors, wholesalers, and
food retailers for making decisions. These
people have similar interests, whereas
the only characteristic many homemak-
ers have in common is that they buy food
for family use. Providing food 
informa-
tion, therefore, involves selection of suit-
able methods of reaching certain types
of homemakers if it is to be effective.
A recent food marketing study is con-
cerned with response of urban homemak-
ers to 3-week educational programs in
newspapers, on radio, and in retail food
stores. In each media, themes were the
nutritional value, purchase, and prepara-
tion of broilers. In the retail food stores
survey, 27% mentioned the themes, al-
TOO!
though 42% of the sample remembered
seeing the display; 17% of the newspa-
per sample and 8% of the radio sample
could recall identifying items.
In each case, awareness of the educa-
tional material, and ability to mention
more than one item increased as per
capita income or educational level of the
homemakers increased. These family
characteristics were also related to in-
crease in nutritional or marketing knowl-
edge, reading a daily newspaper, read-
ing all parts of the newspaper, and use
of new recipes. The most responsive
homemakers were those between 35 and
44 years old, those with per capita in-
comes of more than $1,800, and those
having 12 or more years of education.
While 42% of the homemakers in part
of the survey said they were satisfied
with their food buying ability, 80% listed
one or more sources from which they
would like to get information. For most
homemakers, newspapers were the pre-
ferred source of information because they
could be read at leisure and clipped for
future use. A spot check of the food sec-
tion of several newspapers showed that
more than half the space was used for
prices. Of the remaining space, 12% was
devoted to stamp coupons and consumer
lures such as prizes, about 7% to recipes,
and 0 to 5% to food articles. Other space
was occupied by nonfood advertising and
single food advertisements.
Homemakers said they would like to
see more news in the food section about
seasonal foods, preparation methods, bal-
anced menu suggestions, and usable rec-
ipes. The food advertisements could de-
vote more space to identification of
"specials" by size, 
brand, and regular
price. Many noted that the same foods
were advertised every week, and were
often foods they did not use.
Radio is depended on for news and
music, but repeated 1-minute taped
broadcasts of food information might
reach certain groups effectively. For
homemakers at the lowest socioeconomic
level, personal approach through existing
agencies may be the best answer. Dis-
plays could be used more effectively in
helping homemakers with food choices
in the store.
Much research needs to be done in
what constitutes good consumership, and
how to educate consumers when the in-
formation is most acceptable. Effective
communication will require adjustment
in the homemaker viewpoint and im-
provement of educational methods by
the expert.
If consumers are to be an effective
part of the marketing system, they must
be willing (1) to spend the time and ef-
fort necessary to get the most for their
food dollar, (2) to understand enough
about the nutritive values of the food
groups to provide their families with the
"balanced meals" they say is their goal,
and (3) to remove nonfood items from
the checkout tape before complaining
about the size of the food bill.
11
need marketing information
~OfLCALCIUM
ROOT GROWTH
FRED ADAMS, Dept. of Agronomy 
and Sci'
xx',\t i ()l is t~lill\ 
liifiie it detx Ielec 
th1a1 affct tit loohtt
l1ciiilti' riot xillii iiiii hus. 
Thlux applit'x bhii to xliiIatt' 
soils,
xx liiti call lie feirtilized'claxilx 
xxitli tiltciliii aiuul to 
xiihx'iilx_
Calcium in Subsoil
ltt't'iiixe oft iii' xpeial t'ti'tt 
taciitiii hiuix .ii root (rutI 
hI
\ 'x' l xa thie isl t roioiti fae 
to th't'iliili illt iiiii th
tci ISxibisoil".
lliei toui xi' siicd ii leIl 
xx~ool lix i dtiii t pox li iii xu(iliiil 
('
a x iil iuiix gi (iixxlailtl ot xx xteii 
_2 ) \\ iti ilt itiii l
stiorc't ill the Siihsoil ie iit 
ac'exxible to (t' tcrtp iiiilixxs
rotiit gi oxx into tile xliblii 
(3) ('it Clliiil it Ib' addedt'
to xSibsxiilx iSt'sdix ax, tii xurii 
c sio'xtilx. 4) (:ialt iiiiii ixiu"lbli't
litiiii tlii xtirfate xioil lx rotis 
taliiiit unix e tolx -i x ,iI xit 
liii
thlt 1xx teiiu tto tn' xibihll 
. 5) houoltx r\tli ill xlihixoilx 
ix
dite i ili al xtlilx i'ti 
i '\
1
i'l~ c lit'i i' iOe s'ubsil re-li
"iixx ( l' of ]( ti(, ilx itiuae 
xoiliil i xliliIiit 
ie
l soiixx xx I eie lli'tul iii 
ielcilii iitic iilliti iki aniiieii
Xiiiiiililt t i alil' tpal ciiii 
i ll t'x \\r tixi jriii toiiiua
iot gi iix Il \ iii clted xxi xiihxoi 
iilht l gietx \iiii'
thli SO 11i pe'r ait o ii 
x ilalile t'dlt'iiui xx\x\it',Ieetlu'il 
i
(;ituixx illii (t iiisro Si i1iu i\lx 
i\ x Lxi 51 .xxi S\\ii
Phuo ihi lii1
Bitltix tc
lot it ' iiix t hi
10t0l
161i
85
12
105
-91
to1
23'
75)
'Rioitx iitt in li'xx thm 2 ilux x
Norfolk simd ' N loam, hut the Dicksoi) silt 
loitin ietillilcd ilt
Icast 400 11). per acie. It, additioli to ()I
ilbilit of calcillill %\it,, also dep-lidellt 
t'll it\itfilabilit of illag-
Ile."fillill, potil' ."illlli' alld allilliollilill). 
Le\els of these wete
collsidcred to(,(-tll(.I- \\ith calcillill, 
aild it \\as follild that root
(11-o\\tll occ-Ill-led Ill 
both Soils %dwil 
calcitilli Illadc 111) 
ilt leit"t
15"; of (If(, combiiied total of 
ill] four imOicitts,
Allak."e.s of sc\critl strollak acid, 
Illdel-tilized slIb.v)jls
SlIm\cd that il\ailablc calcillill 
" c , ollstitilted 20-:10"" of tit(. follir
Iflitlit IlIltI'iClItS HIA idl( CtCd 
CitlCiLlIll iI\iJliIbilit'\. Therefore,
tit(, fil1lihited root " 'ro%\tll oh.scr\ed 
ill thesc acid "llbsoils %\its
liot ciluscd b.\ calt-illill delicielic 
it \%its "llowil 1) llbseqllellt
c\perillielit's to be callsed 
1) ' \1 toxic ailloillits of suhlblc 
illuilli-
litilli. "Hills, tit(- pioblem ill acid 
subsoils is iiot c tluillll) de-
ficiellc.\ blit lo\\ I)II.
Surface Soil Conditions Different
(:oIlditioll, itic diflereld ill slilliwc 
soils, tlld ( alcillill dc-
ficiclit.\ Illit\ be it problem \dlefl 
Owse Soils are \\(Al lertili/ed.
t'sc oi C-cl-tilili fertili/el's \\ill shill-pl,\ 
lo\\cl tit(' it\ailahilit_\
of Soil i-itIcillill.
A residt of the emphasis 
fill hi(ji imaksis, %\Aci-soluble
feltilizer's is that 
sliperphosphate is [to
loll"cl beill" added to filitily Soil', 
its part of Illixed fertilizers.
histeild, aillillollillill phosphilte 
has beecille a lililjor colil-
policlit of lljoll allak"i", C-c-Illplete 
fertilizers.
Rcceiit expeifinciiLs at Anburii 
hit\c showii that anililollilill)
pho'sphatc call llil\c it lli"lll\ 
(Ichillielitill c1lect oil
seedlill"s as it 1-csillt of (.Lll(.illlll 
deficicilo Sec photo) I)iltil
ill the table sho\\ that (.itl(.jlllli 
dcficiclic\ did llot exist ill till,
Soil belorc cidditioll of itfillilmlillill 
ph o.sphilte. It resilItc(I
Iroill it cheillicid wactioll bet\\eell 
Icl-tilizer itild Soil.
Earl\ root (,I-o\\tll \\its Ilorillid 
ill till, 11111('I'tilized "")il, but
roo(." killed its tlie\ grc\\ 
iiito Soil k-Oilized \\ith itin-
Illoilillill phosphatc. At the lo\\cl 
lcrtili/,er litte, addition Ill
gYpsull) icalcillill "Illfatc) o)l lillic to till' 
Soil idlo\\('d roots to
gro\\ llorillillk but sh"litk do\\vj. 
(;\psIlIII alld lillie together
collipIctel\ (olilitelactcd the 
detril Ilel )till effects of itillillollitlill
phosphilte. ThIl", it good limilig 
prograill I,., especiallY Ill-eded
\\lwre high ittialv.sis 
fertilizers ilre ilscd.
Results of tit(, Atibum tests 
estahlish thitt (itIcium de-
ficiellcl\ Illit-\ be it plohleill ill 
feltili/ed, ;wid Soils, but
l(t i l ilf 1fl ze a i
xx
F"
'I
Skips in rows of this cotton plot 
ore typical of stand damage
that occurs when roots come 
into contact with ammonium
phosphate. Since ammonium 
phosphate is widely used in 
fer
tilizers, correct liming is needed 
to prevent stand lass.
GtIcillill addcd
1),Slll if I'mic
~'
~~1 1'
~, <'~~ ~'* '7'
- I
I " '.
'.5' 1~' ~s
'14 ,'4
p.
s~*1
~'
A01"
'5
'A"'
p -
#1
V- '
Broadcast Seed for
Best Sericea Stands
R. M. PATTERSON, Research Data Analysis
E. D. DONNELLY, Dept. of Agronomty arid Sail
C. W. GANTT, Agricultural Ensgineerin~g Research
DiyisiOl USDA, ARS
ill () 111111 I'.t XIl'ii lt2 i ' 11c it' s it i l h I ill ' t (t. hl ilt IIII
ii di tt ll t i l w 1itt \ ll Litl l till' (htIit2 X.X t i ill~ . I ad iti m
ho d S~tu litr tr'tlIttli ti p ill i I' 0 sii Ille i l it 111) Xstl
I'II~ll Xt'\( Il XXI C I 'll' ii 1 X Iii a \ ik Io ;ttl ( i I tt tirs (,'t't
pi t XiieIt XXl I ll' trtit'/e rtte l \il Stt t it 1)1 IT\tll' II t he S
tSi iti I l F( Ii ijt it ( i~ Xll' I 111111 I ' It el \ i lo \ I ' l t't'ti I d. l'i
0 T
Thusc plots illustrate how planting methods and tertili aition af-
fect sericea stands : (1)1 seed broadcost, no fertilizer used; (2) seed
broadcast, f ertilizer banded; (3) seed drilled, no fertilizer used;
and (4) seed drilled, fertilizer banded.
[i I \\e\IIIII til/t ") \t II I XX \ I Ill \ I ill t'I1 (t cd To lt ((' ' li k Iim
C(M IT I li a "(.111 t ((111 ( XI itvlIIl c l ,lli i 'tITI. )XI i(' 1)1 IIi~t tl iii
pI \ t'tlI XX (11 , IIT1t 1(1e (hu \\ it", I to ( tlv l(v Il iH ill I 1wX shill
r:lX It l' ()Ii ltit " aI l X.rl lo r a k al itd h
11111't 1,1e lit viXlIe t Itt raW
i st emtl Il ili d" alo lit I'I c~ II ',ttteti 'i Iie
1 l I Too55 t et5' I i t I )5S - \\ ) I wlt I S9i55 9'e IT 59d is t I dt
',)~ 2.-5(
Not lertli/ed
, -t't 2.2(
3.00t 0.- 1)
I ')"S 0.t67
I (I 49t0.6t
25i 15 25 699 .51) 51
H ) 16 54 It 
1'1
2:3 1 20 ti 2 (i 1 5t
12 Itt I8 5tt 14 
-1-
ScIdI II tll XI(. i t w IIr \%I IU X I 1,II Il cd.I I
I' ~5'~'
-' I
.5
.5
/
V
1
LAWN GRASS DISEASE CONTROL
I A LLE D, potitrit; I Btotaniy otid Ptlant Pothoioty
[X i
1 
1 s I ()lit'sitt l I o l ss' ?4t tixi
,it\ \\itI1 I ,t t ( I it Ix titl I ill i t i \(t t )iit I -i
tills tt iii x iii ' iliiititst'.ist's it t xxI
'hi u"til(.
15 
' it l t~ '11i ( '11 i'i.t tt
IlI i l vi.4 i i k it s ldil ii i lx il it lt'xx It s
tilt to .ttsA h\i t i witt. (, i )titttt itt xii
l il tit i itil t 1)4 el ttf t I (5l.3 ti el tt Ii' ii ll'
'ii te t I it I I 't'I slit (ii iii til' t i \ tit c
(' tas s I t I To i 11 ist' 1" li t t lIii 11Ix
tli it' t, tx (1 i ii ift I I I- .4ii s i t I I ,i it( .ix Is (I
I ts is s \ iltdix i-t It I\ l iii it itil d t' l.( ii
14t 1 1]i In) t IIo' 0 t ;tIII IIIC
I )I I [ I o f I( ( I I I\ I istit w it n q .( )I I I ITT( I I( I( ,t -
I( I(](, lkted ill dw kilde
Nematodes
Hilot lmli iti( oco lil(od(' ille Ito\\ Ick-
also ;I,, (titiNttl of
dkci (-: ,o[iw 50 Iw( I(-, if ki to\\ it to
pill (-'I A he ( Iitcl 111(1
I ( e ( .( h -I I ( I( I ( " ( it I I , i I I (-' ( -\ t ( , I I -
i \ I , i I I I I I I To I I I I I I I I ( 'I I I I \ I le I I I; I t ( x I ( i
c ill if lo t i I I I I I ( I I I I L I I I I I I I I ( I it I " ; I I I ( I \\ i t-
tcl I I ( )III I I ( so i I to '111yort t1w plitot.
( , I it"'s I I I I % hecoTlIc t Ill Ited, till it \ (.1lo\\
ilild th ill o lit. A I I ect I ( I I it\ I I " ,( (,I I I to
I itA I I i I i /('l . To I To pilt I to' , I R t o
Till)(oill',, o f
Ist )kIstc
It ixI 'tt It
\ (i ~ ,- ) t it
I iN \Iitii
cIltl.itiilli
This lawn of St. Augustinegrass shows fad-
ing out caused by parasitic fungi.
I t \ -t I I5 It . it t it ite a I I (si' I I (l
Non-Parasitic and Non-Fungus Diseases
ii Itp, 1i x ii ili .lot 1 11's _lit l t'
I/it i i(( t \il ts! (t 1 11 li , I i'l-
It Ik I I t 'It )it II t I lIi o ;ii I( , it It
I I4 I1 I ) til i I Iti ti i~ it, I lii ti t I (,II 1
I Ii Ii I i t t it i ) it I i I Ii ) I I ~ l II I t I , t i t t I II
M 1 tl, t ictx t iit x ' lt itw IT\
i iix t t I I Nt i II t i tI s it I t , I
oui~ttt 11 i tsitit Ill i I - i t i I I II
i t I I it ki s It II i x I t i t I tIt I it Itt Ii
I Ii',lsiti' it I t I IltII xx i tI lt' 11 I I itIttI Iti
1 it) ii t 1 ICi~ pi xx it i t nii 14I (t )it Ii tIk k it
Ii t i I I it till ii 
1
ti ii14t'i ( ii'i t it
liitit it t t i tt I ,ti it t ttitt .tI Itxi il
Al'ssl li it!l ii' t1iiiitx .d it ~'i, If itt'i
t I t I I~ t ilsils Ix li xt tits I it II II t ITI-'I l it I If il
p iii 'itt it liit ll t l \ ith ;Ii Ii.i I I it ist c o c IT It
t is 1 t'l )1 I . ilii (') tp I II
P',ti I lilt
ix i- t/t\ lT ii C I t itt i tt l Itz it It tixi t 'I m I iti I( .t .i IS ,t'tfs iitt I i -t
I . ttI liii 0 1 I II t
it t (I I r , tt ' I I I.1 I Ii Ii , I tIlt' I 7I I t I I I t
II)I,, I'SI-1) I\ ( ()\Ilooi, of 1,\\ \ (,11\"
DEMAND for Highlights of Agricultural
Research continues to increase but at a
stepped up rate. To Alabama farm fam-
ilies receiving the research quarterly but
who do not save or file, it is suggested
that you pass your copies on to inter-
ested neighbor farmers.
Animal Science
Do SUPPLEMENTS INCREASE UTILIZATION
OF COASTAL PASTURES BY BEEF STEERS?-
Harris, Anthony, and Brown. Vol. 13, No. 1.
1966.
FEEDLOT STEER FATTENING IN GULF
COAST AREA-Harris, Yates, and Barrett.
Vol. 13, No. 4. 1966.
FINISHING SPRING-BORN LAMBS IN DRY-
LOT-Wiggins. Vol. 13, No. 2. 1966.
RYE-CLOVER PASTURE FOR GROWING
SLAUGHTER CATTLE-Anthony and Starling.
Vol. 13, No. 3. 1966.
YOUNG FAT BULLS ARE PROFITABLE FOR
SLAUGHTER-Anthony and Starling. Vol. 13,
No. 4. 1966.
Consumer Economics
CONSUMER DEMAND FOR PASTEURIZED-
REFRIGERATED PEACHES-Miller and Harris.
Vol. 18, No. 2. 1966.
Dairy Science
CAN COASTAL MANAGEMENT AFFECT PRO-
DUCTION?-Rollins. Vol. 13, No. 2. 1966.
MANAGING SORGHUM SUDAN HYBRIDS FOR
BEST DAIRY COW PASTURE-Little, Haw-
kins, Smith, and Grimes. Vol. 13, No. 1.
1 nn'-a
To those of you who save Highlights
but need missing copies, back issues are
available dating from spring, 1960. For
fill-in copies, write the Editor, 110 Comer
Hall, Auburn University, Auburn, 
Ala.,
36830. Listed below are the articles by
titles published in last year's four issues.
SPINNING QUALITY OF ALABAMA COTTON
-Hurst. Vol. 13, No. 8. 1966.
THE ALABAMA SLAUGHTER CATTLE IN-
DUSTRY-Danner. Vol. 13, No. 1. 1966.
THE FARM REAL ESTATE MARKET-Yea-
ger. Vol. 13, No. 2. 1966.
WHERE DO LOCAL DEALERS GET PESTI-
CIDE INFORMATION?-Johnson and Dunkel-
berger. Vol. 13, No. 2. 1966.
Farm Machinery
FACTORS AFFECTING NOZZLE ORIFICE
WEAR-Dumas. Vol. 13, No. 4. 1966.
THE CASE AGAINST Low GROWING BOLLS
-Corley. Vol. 13, No. 2. 1966.
Field Crops
HYBRID VETCHES RESEED WELL IN SUM-
MER GRASS SoDs-Donnelly, Hoveland, and
Patterson. Vol. 13, No. 1. 1966.
NATURE CHANGES BALL CLOVER ON ALA-
BAMA FARMs-Hoveland and Johnson. Vol.
13, No. 4. 1966.
PLANTING TIME AFFECTS PERFORMANCE
OF SOYBEAN VARIETIES-Johnson. Vol. 13,
No. 1. 1966.
SUGAR-NEW CROP FOR ALABAMA?-
Hoveland, Yates, Langford, and Boseck. Vol.
13, No. 1. 1966.
Index to Articles Published in
HIGHLIGHTS of Agricultural Research
1966
15
MINIMUM TILLAGE FOR APPLE AND
PEACH PRODUCTION-Amling, Turner, and
Dozier. Vol. 13, No. 1. 1966.
PACKAGED FRUIT PRODUCTS BY PASTEURI-
ZATION-REFRIGERATION-Harris and Kaffez-
akis. Vol. 13, No. 2. 1966.
RESPONSE OF TOMATOES TO STAKING-
Johnson, Ware, and Turner. Vol. 13, No. 2.
1966.
TOMATO VARIETIES FOR GREENHOUSE PRO-
DUCTION-Norton. Vol. 13, No. 3. 1966.
Insects and Controls
ANNUAL CLOVER STANDS REDUCED BY
PYGMY CRICKETS-Hoveland, Evans, King,
and Bass. Vol. 13, No. 2. 1966.
STONEFLIES ARE IMPORTANT SOURCES OF
FISH FooD--Cunningham. Vol. 13, No. 4.
1966.
VARIETAL RESISTANCE OR INSECTICIDES
FOR PICKLEWORM CONTROL ON CANTA-
LOUPES?-Canerday. Vol. 13, No. 2. 1966.
Plant Diseases
CORN VIRUSES IN ALABAMA-Gudauskas
and Gates. Vol. 13, No. 2. 1966.
IMPORTANCE OF PLANTING DISEASE 
RE-
SISTANT VARIETIEs-Lyle. Vol. 13, No. 1.
1966.
WEATHER AFFECTS PLANT DISEASE DE-
VELOPMENT-Lyle. Vol. 13, No. 3. 1966.
Ornamental Horticulture
SPECIAL RESEARCH FOR SPECIAL NEEDS-
THAT'S MISSION OF ORNAMENTAL HORTICUL-
TURE FIELD STATION-Stevenson and Self.
Vol. 13, No. 1. 1966.
THE ROADSIDE LANDSCAPE-Orr and Don-
ovan. Vol. 13, No. 3. 1966.
Poultry Science
A NEW APPROACH TO POULTRY LITTER
PROBLEMS-Howes. Vol. 13, No. 4. 1966.
EGG BREAKAGE DETERMINED BY SIMPLE
TEST--HOW'c-S and Moore. Vol. 13, No. 1.
1966.
HATCHERY MA . ,EIMENT ArFECTS fOUL-
TRY PRODUCTLN-Edgar. Vol. 13, No. 3.
1966.
,IMPROVED QUAIL STOCKS DEVELOPED AT
AUBURN-Howes and Ivey. Vol. 13, No. 2.
166.
eed Control
CHEMICALS FOR WEED CONTROL IN SoY-
EANs-Buchanan and Dickens. Vol. 13,
fo. 2. 1966.
WEEDS IN PEANUTS CONTROLLED BY HERB-
JIDES-Buchanan. Vol. 13, No. 4. 1966.
Vildlife
NEW DEVICE FOR DETERMINING DEER
IOVEMENTS-Marchinton. Vol. 13, No. 3.
966.
Aiscellaneous
AFLATOXIN-SERIOUS PROBLEM IN SEEDS,
EEDS, AND FOOD CRoPs-Diener and Davis.
T
ol. 13, No. 3. 1966.
ATTITUDES OF RURAL ADULTS-Dunkel-
serger. Vol. 13, No. 1. 1966.
INDEX TO ARTICLES PUBLISHED IN HIGH-
IGHTS OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH, 1965
-Vol. 13, No. 1. 1966.
MAN, ANIMALS AND TULAREMIA IN EAST-
RN ALABAMA-Hays and Foster. Vol. 13,
1o. 3. 1966.
A New
Tomato Variety
W.H. GREENLEAt, Dept. of Horticuture
E. L. McGRAW, Dept. cf Publications
cillcoult escie tile dexlpen 
ofI x
oFusariu( i ll I' itit toatol 
t \l ( ;(ie
prtbitj ti( ir l l t het Bitt'ti ti' 
las t o t
be t eleaeixtt u lc
Ths- arels h rs l f 8 \er
of x.i hud l researchl~l( fill h DeatmetiX
.Stto t o irst desci thu e d e 
ci % ti
xx ithi roox (iio txt 'jnill)d aioitt An 
ix l
iii II 1t h rt't'tl24 i th ii it \i
1  
o r ial 
tit rett i tt 1 Xt ixt iit X n o)FX 1 es-.
itatlie aiX .s e s andbredrs 
lne o
tht i utgei seeted 111)1)1 lltile Sother
('(Tilm ta \)'tt I ExhIg P i n 1(1 i 
Tt xl I PI 'i
til niixtite il ii'X \~ra
ATKI N5ON,,
It \I .1 ttle l( '( at 11(1o~ ith est ( tollaolt'
il it t(XI 11th Nid STE obc .vaiil 
tiali ill
CHa etl, So' t CarolinaasSE
th otilil areatkhl ill oh th e forlae oix
1965 ia nd 1966.tii I -tiioiIiltil li
At left is a baskAt of Atkinson tomatoes.
Fruit at right sho ws absenice o f disease
damoge and firm meaty fl esh with 
small
core.
ing Bul~tgt't alt HI oimesteadt 24.
S- d A~odt I ltl
S)eed of1 the Atkinsoin X Hiiet\ c'all he
(o'0lllxmo\ ()I sixi N\ li ii Q~t ki 
I), , SI Ilr m1 \ikl\so\ vxo I fli(\l"l'.Ii 
SO l
Vali '
I tlici''tead( 24
At k i illl
6,8 .5 .9
7.1 63.2
1.3) .56
4.1 .51
8.0) S..)
Total -\S(.ol h I(.
JAI ;t( idjl\ Icid Ha\ or
( cit] ic / I 00g.
, Via\ or alld colol ,vcrc rated oil I ( pool(-4 ) to 
10 1 best ) 'walc. Ea( 11 fi , Illc is ill]
a\cI;lg'c of foul. ratill"s. Data Were fllrni hcd bN 
1111hert Harris. Kellucth S. R\loal and
.1. C. Kallczakis Dcl),irtilleilt of I lorticultilre, Allbuill (,ni\(-rSit\ .