VOLUME 13, NUMBER 
4
HIGHLIGHTS
OF AGRICULTURAL
RESEARCH
s~
:1
HERBICIDES
show promise for weed
control in 
peanut fields,
details on page 4
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT
STATION
AUBURN UNIVERSITY
WINTER 1966
H-IGHLIGH-ITS of
Agricultural Research
A Quarterly Report of Research
Serving All of Alabama
VOLUME 13, NO. 4 WINTER 1966
lot44 4ae000
NATURE CHANGES BALL CLOVER ON ALABAMA FARMS
Variety Adapts to Area Climate_ .
WEEDS IN PEANUTS CONTROLLED BY HERBICIDES - Several
Chemicals Show Promise-
YOUNG FAT BEEF BULLS ARE PROFITABLE FOR SLAUGHTER
- Grow Faster and More Efficiently than Steers
CONVERTING HARDWOOD THICKETS INTO PINE FORESTS -
Can be Done by Various Management Practices
FACTORS AFFECTING NOZZLE ORIFICE WEAR - Stainless
Steel More Resistant to Abrasion
COTTON'S UPS AND DowNs - Acreage Declines While
Yield Exceeds Bale per Acre
NITROGEN + IRRIGATION- FORMULA FOR CONSISTENTLY
HIGH CORN YIELDS- - - - - - - - - -
FEEDLOT STEER FATTENING IN GULF COAST AREA- Is Pre-
ceded by Cool-Season Annual Grazing 1
ROTATIONS INCREASE COTTON, CORN, OAT YIELDS- Re-
search Shows Practice Advantageous ]
PATERNAL HALF-SISTERS VARY WIDELY IN PRODUCTION
AMONG STATE DAIRY HERDS -1
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
.0
1
L2
EFFECTS OF NITROGEN SOURCE AND LIME ON POTATO
YIELDS- Show Some Nitrogen Sources Superior---- 13
A NEW APPROACH TO POULTRY LITTER PROBLEMS - Is the
Use of a Commercial Reusable Litter
FARM AND NONFARM ECONOMIC TRENDS CLOSELY RE-
LATED- Both Important to Farm Operator-
STONEFLIES ARE IMPORTANT FISH FOOD -Collections
Made Over Wide Range of Alabama -
14
15
16
Published by
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT
STATION of
AUBURN UNIVERSITY
Auburn, Alabama
E. V. SMITH Director
R. D. ROUSE Associate Director
CHAS. F. SIMMONS---- Assistant Director
T. E. CORLEY Assistant Director
KENNETH B. RoY --- Editor
E. L. McGRAW -- -- Associate Editor
R. E. STEVENSON------ Associate Editor
Editorial Advisory Committee: R. D.
ROUSE; R. T. GUDAUSKAS, Associate Pro-
fessor of Botany and Plant Pathology; J.
L. TURNER, Instructor of Horticulture;
R. R. HARRIS, Associate Professor of Ani-
mal Science; AND KENNETH B. RoY.
lNeew and 7imely
PUBLICATIONS
Listed here are timely and new publications
reporting research by the Agricultural Ex-
periment Station.
Bul. 362. Response of Planted Loblolly Pine
Following Various Conversion Methods.
Bul. 363. Forage Systems Compared for
High Producing Cows.
Bul. 367. Marketing Outdoor Recreational
Services.
Bul. 371. Size Adjustments of Alabama
Grade A Milk Producers.
Bul. 372. Tolerance of Cottonwood to Cer-
tain Herbicides.
Cir. 152. Spacing and Rates of Nitrogen
for Corn.
Leaf. 65. Warrior - A Bruchid-Resistant
Vetch.
Leaf. 70. Serala-A New Sericea.
Leaf. 71. Yuchi-New Arrowleaf Clover.
Leaf. 72. Performance of Peach Varieties
for Commercial Production in Central Ala-
bama.
Prog. Rept. 84. Rainfall Distribution in Ala-
bama.
Prog. Rept. 85. Early Thinnings from Pine
Plantations.
Free copies may be obtained from your
County Extension Chairman or by writing
the Auburn University Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, Auburn, Alabama.
Growth of boll clover from Mobile, left, ond Dallas County 
on
January 17 at Plant Breeding Unit, Tallassee, ilustrotes 
winter
production differences between strains of the reseeding clover.
N AIU11 l A) Ni SN i'505 I to ibe at N aiaile alix iii the e'ffor11
to dlevselop better adapted strinsm of ball cloveCr.
Rlecent Auburni researc elsu-raests thait ball clover 
is c-han g-
in g to prodoce n ess straini s oni \labaia arn i . 1Thiis rapid
natural selec-tioni of tx pes best suited to specific climiate and
soil cnd itioni s inas be a ireasn for ti e adapt ahilit, 
of t li
aniiual reseedilig clovxer.
Ball clover ss as introduced tromt Tiirkex- as P.1. 206769 
in
195:3. The or iginal introduction xx as planted 
b)y % the Soil
Conservt ationil Serxvice niear Selt a, ani l s I t)5q(lid 
t plalit-
inigs camec from tliis fieldI. Sin ce (0115idletale N aiiat 
ioll liO\s
exists in thle cloxver, it was siispected that local 
str-ains. or
ecotypes, tnai have deNveloped inl older reseciiig 
pastulres.
To illvestigate this tbeoirv. ball (loNver seed sx as collectedl
I romi eight fieldcs in eel I 0al adl souithei n Al 
abam a iiii test
plan tin igs. All eigh t c-idlec t ioo fields xx ei 
itt itial lx plainIted
w5ithi seed from the Selina fheld, and all had reseededl 
5 to) 9
Years. The seed wxere p~lantedi in a N ielcl trial at the Plant
Bleeding [T nit oeal Tallassee ill ceiti al Alabama. 
Observ a
tioinal tests ss (re plaiitecd at the Gulf Coast Substation, 
Fair-
hope, antd Tennessee Vallex' Substation, Belle 
MIina (soliert
ant ihorthieln Alahamna, respeetix el ). A spaced 
planit nur11sers'
swas established at tile Plant Bi eediiig lI-Tit 
tii cetei'iililie
a moucnt od Nvaria tionl xxith iii each seed source.
Late ati l 11 I grcisx-th Of Ilall Oi fl( 1111 th e 
x irfiil 115Seed
sources dliffered gi eatl '. As shoswni by data in the talble, seed
collected fir01t the txxo soithel ii loc-atioiis prioduced largest
plnt hY Dec eiiber 6. Siiiilai r esults xxere objseirved iii tests
,it the Ctulf Coast and Tennessee Valles subhstatiois.
Best wxiiiter LII udliitiot xx ,is cobtainecd wxithi plaiitiings of seed
collectedl ineai Mobile. Hi~ox cer, it had somnewxlat greater
f reeze claliiage. Tile Flomnati li stiraini als 51 1roin soiuth erin Ala-
batna, mtade less xxiinter gross tl thiani the Mobilde stiain. Seed
collectecl at Flomatoii x\\ere f rom a pol-]~ 'l ydaiiied site that 
is
exeessix clx xwet unitil late spiig. This condition taxvors 
a plant
ty pe that makes iiiist of its gyroxx tli iin sprinig.
Earlsy xxinter f orage p~rodctiti iwxas similar ainiot 
ig plaint-
ings front seed col lec-tedl at the six c-elitral Al abamiiia 
Ioc-athinls.
Sprinig foirage priidlctii of all etntries 
wxas satisfactory', A-
thin gl i stra ins friom pooirly d raiined pastu tres 
xxere soim esshat
less plroducttiv e.
Flossering (lates of the (cIoNver eiitries wxere similar, 
except
thle Moibile straiin xwas ab)out a wxeek earlier.
Spaced plants xxere studliedl fromt each of the eight 
seed
sources. IndIivicdual plants wxithini each seed SOciice 
differed
PERFiORM~ANcCE OIF BA'LL Ci
U NIT, TALtxSSi-
IV:
Origin of cilox 10
Southern Alabama
\lililc
F'lonlatilt
Central Alabaiiia
l)ttllas Coltvs, No. 1
Catrrolltoni -----i -- -
Dllats Cooiltv, Nol, 3
AIoi(,utgax illo'
as LII STRIN iS, PLAT sx 131cciiNd
EN iNtE 1965-66
ofl Ha It Iltt 1)i \ fltago' 
acrc'
e'ediligJ l)occ. 6 latt. 17 Total
No. Ill. Lb1. Lb.
-5 2.6 896 :3,964
6 1.8 4tt0 4,185
5 .8 242 :3,787
8 .9 167 :481
6 .6 ill 3,80 5
5 .4 4-5 :3,386
9 .4 20 :3,537
5 .4 tI) :3,462
Nature Changes
Ball Clover on
Alabama Farms
C. S. HOVELAND and W. C. JOHNSON, JR.
Dept. of Agronomy and Soils
in ark ecl N in xx\itnter produ1 c-tioni , girowxth1 hal it anld 1)1111 iniig
date. A xx ich' raiige itt plaiit siz'e wxas fouild iii edel seed
soilrce. II i is cer, seed ciollectecd f ront theot 
h 11 ert loc iationl s,
Mo111bile andc F1101atl ii, produ(c1 er a high elr proporition Iof plants
haN itig ltigli wxintei lrodicctioi.
Sexvera l facts aiie ohsviouis 111)n1 resiul ts obtin ed.
TI) tere is a gireat cdealI of gei itic xvariallits inill illet-
eial ball] closver.
(2) Iili n i tii en tal piressutres at at par-tic-ilat location caiu sedl
llta l sel ec-tiont of ph lnt tx 'pcs 1better so itecl tol(( cndti i n 1
tlte areat. Ba ,ll clsver sceed Iharvxestedr
1 
m 11 so1u0 therii A Ia llam
fields that has e reseceded fo~r sexveraul Necars \x\ill piroduce planits
xwi th le css colId hatrdint ess, mo lre xx ii tel foraige' lrollict ion, aiidc
ai 'll licilli litng (late thant xxill strains f romi ild in ioi'tlerii
reseedtintg patstiiires.
(3) Because oh t la Itrge ainoi nit of vaiahtiln Itt5itllill eachI
sti till. it is doubtful if licullx -v cadapted strains x\\ill 
retain their
partticular1 c-Iaiact('ristics aft ei sce a Iti et (ratilli o5(f ireseed-
lug ttl a differentt enii i llett. Most likc'lxN they' wxill algainl
c-hail ge itt re'spoitse to tlc tne'w c'lIiillelit, IThits could 
pjre-
venl t cle'l ipi it ('it(f xari('tit'5 that airc' get ('tical IN stalie 
lill
dect resccdit g conidlitionls.
(4) Thle I aige dill lit it of' vatritin w~5ithitn 11a11 c-loxver pi'ob
abl - explains xxIs this clIover is aidatedti tio 55i(IeI5 dillferect
lv4% 
-
4
Weeds in Peanuts
Controlled by
Herbicides
GALE A. BUCHANAN
Dept. of Agronlomy and Soits
N I Ii \\i/ i I[N ills i'sseiitialiis -
i21lit i
11 
hndlitor ill ciii fieldstiti
td' i t ei exee col t iiie If llc iiuts xal eu
Preemergence Treatments
iti'i liii 55c cii tlitio ill ci ll iits xili ll
19)61 ill tists itl the WXiligiaiss Soitltatilll
xx ii'i tihe lolateiail \\is applitt i i tcdl'
of1 2.5 to :3 1i). aetix i lterull X'F ic
adi incti awI It i itii the s1111 hl
1 
uii
such gi ,issex axs c I iibgritss i i( gill segYilxx
Mid i the brlilt'l Weeid'is cdl lit xx ii'i
iii thu ii pu h's ililis ' ii s com5-'111
1
)leti't iiic'liectix c igwitilst suhi pests is
lTexas idict iiii Fll iit beggix i'eci.
Alttliinig oo1 ic'dlctiiiii iii x ild hix~
hi'ei iiiitcc ill \litililiu \c'u iitiii OCc
Tihis is c'hiaiterizeih Ix\ us Hidt stiiitiwi
Ot ieui'lt tplt its and ](' it ciit ot ili
tisuittix at ex iiliit ilti'i 4 ir .5 xxveeks.
Illhiili
1
)ilitil Ii f in Iii lb\ dixkiiig ix
s Iiitiui lit iiI t_ Ii it i ti he 1 itlt efcii1lilltiii c
sti dl it il s cd .iiI ilittie i i't i i
1 I T~ iii I t I 5it .Ik i I(di Ii i . It I I p iii I s
Ii ii 11 it I i t I i i l \ a i i' xs t (i\ it] I ii~ t ( iii it -
bt il 196i hhL~like 15 itteitx ~i'ic'iu
Th e ~s pe i -I't of11 tlit' s pi l l ,'hi Ii dii \xi'
Bis it l. 
xitr cl s 
l l * \g 
th at ofx 
Ic i t l i
t IIIixk etTil l i ii l ilIs i's 01hiat'\lClit1 lit'
a (ii tI tAn o itii oe I 066 diii Il(I l\ ,\C i it, jiil ii
col itholi igi xs il hi li~idl xxltcd ( t i"'d
Ta millett flw''ieiii I Iditt as lss
seci. peil i e xxlixl wi'll eti s is i ts
iacktoi giasses iiv it hi iilst i',ito xx i ild is
(\iiititll i ii] b i iis c i xc t" the
first i flo il 196 i d x li i I e ucl jt) of
cl it~ ax (li (Itas oi l I b] illiciii it I ifl fin
both, gill pi hit. .i el cilchd xxit sonl
apexil lr'1( i lt ixis t r'iii t'. I'li it' to\ iii
0.5itli .ipxx it I \ it.,; I is eci i'x wioltix
both fi'xxsir diii l I x itfsiii xxcds il'ii
c iti i I'iiiiiii lt'i i to 11a t I) I xil tii
ilti ilt tilae. 
1 
xcti tltauw~ Ip lc xx t s'i xx e '
ixilot oriiidtl this loxe i i ti a ts . Hlx
piii iliti Small x)it ix'c'i .i(cteilt-
if I \ )i't i tiii . TO~e oikitu liio Fr licct .1i
I t iilxac i t i perod u' h r iid iii i ce In
These weed control research plots illustrate
results possible from use of herbicides. Plot
at left was treated with 2 lb. Vernam and
one at right with 1.5 lb. Balan, both applied
preemergence and incorporated ahead of
planting. Check plots were completely cov-
ered with weeds.
(ide hot it i,, ilsi c'II itt li' %di appliedi
i)ostemirgilce tol 51(111. A pp
1 
i('tilou
\itldi its little' its (.2--5 11). aetisi' ilatcil i
ill I05 and 1 966. The lit' iiiisiii of
DMA) wl xitlh D)istiiiiil has ilot gTiveli all
lDaXti ii api el 1( 11)Iii. ori iilr (lit
it11 tie e111' le 1) h l,, c l~e
IN I'i %N( is
lI i. ii iixii i lt il
11).~ ~~ 
pc 5)c165 
t9 6tt6
Pll0. 1, ct.
Peii t inco poted O
ttcii11iii 1 I T:3 It
I3.iiiii 11'2 98 
1
N9
I'usf pl ait tpi-ciielrge
t).isiiii 12
( o11itilt
JPc/. 11llI.
~t~t 1)1)
Di)ati ill. 14 St 194 98 9t9
)Mixtiii. '2 9 I ) UT ) 100)
t)\ti l 41 89 1 !)9 9t9U
li ittlal liii tiisi V ii 9I 9t15 9
This group of bulls is the right age for
profitobic slaughter.
bieef ' Fut bero- lie V)ii titw bols' g4i
fasterim iits(,51 teedt niore effclt'itl.f thtil
steers.
'l'h'.e.o al ts fhilt ia),irketillt 'faill
liit's iisiiaffX (tist'iiiiitt' aia jst \o011114
sfiitlitt'i bullsk.
Alexpetrin-i coi)dflited ret'ei tiX' at
ft(e \\ii egiass Siifstatioi i of tfie Auibui
fjiijx ti sitv AXgico'iltuiii at L\einii't Stat
tioll, 5fii)XX CI ifeifoi it of trroXXtli rate
of 5 oliii 1)1IfIS OX ti thait of steers. N -ot
olk iX' (intait blls . gaillillr aid. ,111Ciifi
thie\ als 
u(isetd feetd 
iiiore ('ff 
ieieit ittl 
(I
aiiif fess filt tfitii steersi ill tfie sailie test.
Somie oif tile dtfi ilr Ill tIil i ll Talahes
Iand 2.
f'i'iis of N oili ulls ,iil steeri were('
fill fedlta st'liaiitiit hitteiiiiig ixtuiie that
(18.5: ctu miolasses, 10); groiiod C'oastal
IIOX, 2t1: salt, 1I dttiiliiiitedf phoiisphtate,
Htie bullst gfaiiil't ol the iXtciwie 0t.29)
11). pe itY f.IX f It iiioiie thitii steels ait]d
O)il 42 11). tess feedt per t'XXt. iif' (rain.
Theste tattle wer sot' ld ii ile fbasis uof
tall Cass \W (igtht al it girade. Tfhe test eattedi
for- cattle to feit' iiketetf atit graltet to-
5K"
YOUNG Fat BEEFF BULLS are
PROFITABLE for SLAUGHTER
W. B. ANTHONY, Departmen ofa Animat Science
J. G. STARLING, Wi'egross Substation
gyettiei XXittliii it re(gard I tfhat soiie( XXrci
bulls. Tfis sitiltioi i t f X15lilt iihtaiiied as,
i it'siift (of' miiwieilleit (If ttie tautasses
~it tfle par'kiii pfaiit. Bill] tciosses X i
Test tCittlt' XX _t'C Sold Iiitei tulilti aet
X ftti tfe Flteiera] Mheat Giiig SeiciX ett
foi t',irtass tX ifliitfioll. ( 'iitasses of atl
t'\ fi iii(iliti iililas Xw'eret giratdet, fhow-
I 1liii 1 PIj~IiiiiiiiXsi f)Xi iiii foi X1Fiii) ANil I "lliXli) t .ts \i Siiii'R,
Totil ti-i.
LIi I "'I idi'
Bull',
Lh IIt I'( .1c t]t(
17 3
16k
2.15
L twateI
ti, :tli]
17:3
51
I i iitid
k)1lk'
( ioiiti ot
'k.LiI
12
1~
Wt5
2) Li6
Co'i o
'It , ' ,
('lc~v s \N t., f1), 5S2 6 1iS 551
Fa dtI~eu' t2th iib iol 0. 1 0.2 01.2
Ili] ,( Sq'S ill. I .1) i 12 1O (). 0
k itliti 5 ud l)tit , heut fat, -1 ~2 2. 6.L
\I~i flud oi'2.5 2. Li6
L D i irde 1I1. 1 1.2 1 1.2-
I i z I I I .,uiI , 1 t1, . o o oifu l I 1 1 i I i l l t, X I I'l .111 til i til l( t 1 1t,, 1 I ,] '
t's ei Lii] euI carcasses fithildi('afs iieeii
itteiitifit'if as t'ai't'sses oIf bllfs fiX toler
pfaceiieiit. flie t'airtass, tdat, 'Falife 2,
5IiiIXX tfitit bufl t'aitcissts hil less iiuitsjtle
fat iil es's iiiali li1t tfiaii steel,' 'iai (.iX(s.
A m~ajortlfflereiiee XXas fil ritleXe ari t.
Tilie fintaet tout carctasses hitt fTY m3 oirt
feaoii eitt iol tfhe i if)eX e tliui steei tcar-
eatssels.
,Flit oifiettis e of tfis reseavel \fitX s to
ffilit it X \iX to use fill siipeio lii iOXX tli
a'te aiitf ti tases Meirit (If, Soiiiig bhit]
5
.
Siuttess il eti'ldiiig' des ('I)iiilit Of Set-
iitrX \ tf cilai ittei istit's ill .\oilog bhulls
XX itfiliuit loss iif' suiper luior ((XX tli fotiitiltl
Iiis beieinf)i patiillX acttomiplislied. bX use
f ulls it'e shbown ill Tiables I anid~ 2.
'I'e( esti ogei treaitt't blls (lot pei foi uiet
.ifso hiait o(i Islsigfit tIXetopiit'it (If see-
the fii tst'litI (If ttestitclts Xwias oiol is.
I hoest itoiuuiis XX\t'ie afi-ca ' atfs pu)fitiiatf iug
ill otheti tt'sts boiff tcakes X\ti ( triitetl
,it birithi XXitti cstiogt'i. 'Ihfe tri tiltot re-
iultetl iol afiost t'iiuie ittrdaf~tion (If
t'\Iiztf chiatacter istitcs. 'Thfese Csti igeil
.iiidtitu tt'st filltX tclt'Xetl d(-t f)iiifS X\t'i
't t XX itf estrolgein ssitfi oil]\, limijtedf
>1it't'('55. Ifhese nat) lie fbuifls wXerit st'\iiilfs
jiitsteuit foi- st'Xerl XXeeks, hut it'tui it
[o ilorika be(ftfore tfe", fat] finisfit't tfit'
letdig iodlt. Thlest' eyf(i iiiitl I-('
'.lilts suggest tfat oits\ ull cakesX tao h,,
SMIilttss iif t'estr,(tt't \\X1 it (sti'mi'ii.
T ii iE 2. C. iw_\ss I ) \ I \ i oii 'I'll I-.\ I 1 1) , 1) t \ I li I, I 1 1) B I 1,1 s k \1) S I J, vils
IHIOXW 10 CO \ Xi ll a i IIXX ill0 ith liekt
in1to i pil( fiiiext xx as the qulestioni ill
linid xxle litaI t'eli ]li p1lijee t XXIX star~ted
ait tile Liixx Ci o iaxtal P1,1111 Suilitatiioli oi
the Auibiii ii1UiiX ersit\ AgrieiltiviI Ex-
Flie Itit-atiololl11 tile sttidx x\it ixt (lix\
ridgre x\ ith ll ai~ djimnig xsolith ii aein
xlope, at ilii tol ('lillill s1 ite' but at pool-1
hiard oo t sxi ite t. Mloxt of tile "ii, iif thle
(Cuthibert seiries, tiiiisixtetl of 9 tio 24 iii.
oIf fiine sitx \1,1 l ilt' a\(i itiiibiiil iif eom-1
paite te iXlii\ itix x. lFilt' emxit~ for 1iext
ttliiiitetl iif tit'i sek, gTril iit I airdxxIti
lexx tilail 4 iii. iii diameter xxit Iti xittt'l ed
larger trees. lie speciiex \\ere iii ix~
upllandt oaks ii id Iiiekoiiex.
Plalitilig ii idtileet xeeii, (d p. i
xx lx do1ne1 ili I )etl'llli'i 1959. fIlit, tit at
tile pre\X iloI spr1ig, \x-ii itl\i , ii old 11(
1)111nilo tile tibisIX and1( tiiluii 1 litte iii
xt'tlliligthI 11 strip 1 (.5)fre liii the(litlilt
XiiT'hX lolbSilll see Xe coil -t I'gIX I , h
19 S r o t rlXxilet il ilex tio\(] lltfit ti mit
lill Stati~n; ileksl
4
ash ixe wierncot
1ecte ex l'l IllX itl ileb xiille iif out llt Lth)
tiillt I til' edl'lings XX \il (i o iii' til e11
111 11 , xii
2. i i i i.111 111i Ii
5. (:1 w(k
Stlir ill
Pt.
8.5.8
58.5
.56.0
.3 3. 5
7 2.4
59.4
:34.9
19.0t
29.8
17.0
Converting HARDWOOD
THICKETS to PINE FORESTS
E. J. HODGKINS, Department of Forestry
W. J. WATSON, Lower Cocata P/on Substation
I 'eigit
F').
11 t0
10 0t)
8.5
61.
9.5
8.,3
7.3
6.t0
5.4
4.4
Sill- X1X ill
Put.
4A)
2.6i
t.O
7.1
4.5
:3.6
S.tt
t. 9)
0.tt
HeItighit
Ft.
7.4
6(.0
5.0
4.8
5.2
4.8
5.8
5.4
2.3
4
(L) Hardwood thicket condition on pine site; (C) planted pines in
third growing season among hardwood regrowth after burning plus
6
herbicide injection treatment; (RI the planted pines overtop the
hardwood regrowth after four growing seasons.
xi l m eigrht Im (,%X'i v tret'iiitiit.
1 loxx tx ti the till dloes itot incelude tlie
res'ul1ts fro001 il ut lld(ozedi plot wxhieli,
unlike all the othetr ploits, wxax onl a deep
Lalkelid sanit. Onl tlisx plot, plaiited
slaxh ioue siirx ix t' 6:3.6Y ( it s co1mparedi
x\iti :3.5% / for loblollv: seededl slash hatd
it slill- ix al of 4.8"" its ennmiald x itli
1." or- seedled lobhill v.
Fl enolix eitiig liai't~x od( tiliekets onl
Xili (IX l 1011 idigex and Slop1
1
es to p~lantedl
lt'r)] of pilfleilacepta~le hitloaillg.ts ll
tilitg it] 1)111ililig. aind iolng and poi-
soniii . Folr planting slashl pine. biilldoz-
1114. ai1111d t.uittiiigr and 1)111long ale till'
~iteIlptaf le treatmnltx. It ix thought, hioxx
xithat thle burn Iin~g antd polisollioig
ti l',tiliellt xoul 0111liaxe n'ixin i exults xx ith
both piiii4 if the hl io ths -(ilig ha ei iit
bu)11i t t teeig i b rix had ](01111 (loix(,
after(IC litilio ed 'sta tofIO~ irlllghiru (1)
plaiitiiig stratified seed iii earl lx\ Fehriiarx,
a x\\elill fimed seedbetd.
YEI Xli 1 11 PLATE ANDi XXIREGIiit-SLLEiEi
Plalacd
"I'llc top figill-c of cach paii j. for lobloll\ pille the bottolil fit"llre is for sliush pille.
S UCCESSFUL use of herbicides, 
insecti-
cides, and fungicides on the farm de-
pends to a large extent on application of
correct dosages of the proper chemicals.
The list of chemicals used to control
weeds, insects, and diseases in field crops
grows each year. These chemicals are be-
coming more selective in their control,
and more care is required in their appli-
cation. Applying too much chemical can
result in crop injury, excessive residues,
and costly wastes; but applying too little
will not do the job.
With introduction of ultra low volume
sprays in which quantity per acre is
measured in ounces instead of gallons,
the application of the correct dosage is
becoming even more important.
The nozzle is one of the key parts in
a sprayer system because it controls the
application rate. Any wear of the nozzle
orifice (opening) will cause a change in
application rate. A study was conducted
by Auburn University Agricultural Ex-
periment Station to provide information
on nozzle orifice wear, and consisted of
the following laboratory tests:
(1) A comparison of abrasiveness of
the herbicide diuron [3-(3, dichloro-
phenyl)-1, 1 dimethylurea] formulated
as a wettable powder (DW) with diuron
formulated as a liquid suspension (DL).
(2) A comparison of wear resistance of
brass, stainless steel, and aluminum noz-
zle tips.
(3) A determination of the effects of
orifice size and pressure on orifice wear.
Comparison of Abrasiveness
A mixture of 1 lb. (active) diuron wet-
table powder (DW) in 25 gal. water was
recirculated at 40 p.s.i. (lb. per sq. in.)
through 6 brass fan nozzle tips, FS 7-80'.
The tips had a rated discharge capacity
of 0.336 g.p.m. (gal. per minute) at 40
p.s.i. The nozzle tips were calibrated at
beginning of the test and recalibrated
after the first, third, and sixth hour and
every 6 hours thereafter. The diuron mix-
ture was drained from the tank each 3
hours of recirculating and a new mixture
added. This was necessary to prevent
the particles from wearing smooth be-
cause of continuous recirculation.
The entire procedure was repeated
with 1 lb. (active) diuron liquid suspen-
sion (DL).
The comparative abrasiveness of diuron
(DW) and diuron (DL) to brass nozzle
tips is graphically shown in Figure 1.
Wear Resistance of Different Metal Tips
Diuron (DW) in water was recircu-
lated at 40 p.s.i. through 9 fan nozzle
tips, FS 7-800, 3 each of brass, stainless
steel, and aluminum.
The progressive wear of the nozzle tips
is shown in Figure 2. The degree of noz-
zle wear is shown as increase in flow
over initial flow.
Orifice Size and Pressure
Tests were conducted to determine the
effects of orifice size and pressure on
orifice wear.
The diuron (DW) mixture was recircu-
lated at 40 p.s.i. and at 20 p.s.i. through
FS 11-80' (1.012 g.p.m.) and through
FS 7-807 (0.336 g.p.m.) brass nozzle tips.
Results of these wear tests are illus-
trated in Figures 3 and 4.
Summary
Diuron wettable powder (DW) was
more abrasive to brass nozzle tips than
diuron liquid suspension (DL).
Stainless steel nozzle tips were more
resistant to wear than brass or aluminum
nozzle tips. Most wear occurred during
the first few hours of all nozzle tips.
Orifice wear increases with either in-
crease in pressure or decrease in orifice
size. This emphasizes the importance of
using low pressures and large orifices
when possible.
FACTORS A flecting
Nozzle Orifice Wear
W. T. DUMAS
Dept. of Agricultural Engineering
- 40 PSI
---- .20 PSI
6 8 10 12 14 6IS 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
TIt4E (HR)
FIG. 4. Progressive wear of FS 7-80' brass
nozzles when 1 lb. of active diuron (DW)
in 25 gal. water is sprayed through the noz-
zles at 40 and 20 p.s.i.
All tests point up the importance of
frequent recalibration when applying ag-
ricultural chemicals to field crops. This
is especially true during the first few
hours of operation when using brass or
aluminum nozzles to apply wettable
powders.
S16 -
DW
--- DL
w 12
0 I
ze
3 
6
J4
2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
TIME ,JR)
FIG. 1. Comparative abrasiveness of diuron
(DW) and diuron (DL) to FS 7-80' brass
nozzle tips.
16 BRASS
---- ALUMINUM
14 STAINLESS 
STEEL
2 /
0 2 6 8 O 12 16 18 20 22242628 30
TIME (HR)
FIG. 2. Progressive wear of FS 7-80o brass,
stainless steel, aluminum nozzles when 1 lb.
of active diuron (DW) in 25 gal. water is
sprayed through the nozzles at 40 p.s.i.
16 - FS7- 80
-12 ---" / --'
6
04
2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 23 20
TIME (HR.)
FIG. 3. Progressive wear of FS 7-80 and
FS 11-80 brass nozzles when 1 lb. of ac-
tive diuron (DW) in 25 gal. water is sprayed
through the nozzles at 40 p.s.i.
ca;"
COTTON'S
Ups and Downs-.
J. H. YEAGER
D ept. of Agrictural'o Economics ousd
Ruiral Sociology
ilt I CHOt' i l)i Ilits fiat
1 
its tips itl iti dits. IIthittigi-
the leilfing sititte ofi tat itl ittoitit. It is still at maji r stlitit
Wh iat it't' stlittt of the ti ttlds h Xat t\ i iitils ill it't('agi e.
lit I1866 \~ii i i ititi 5 titi tsttti o)_1tft00t atiis of ct-
tioni. Acrea'~ge' it treased stt'atltl i t itil 191 1-1 I'S ss i tilt( holl
Ilt I1966, iitiit 575,00ittttatI'(s of t'cttt 5 weet hatiestitI.
flis is the 5i''itli stmallest tt''iv t' itt f100X t(i s. 'fla sitillIst
ativa ee itvttsste d X\\its 5:3t. 0 it. tcf tI~tres ill 1 958.
ft' ati ,i X io t 1930, X'iel iof i it cottt)lb. did hi i at it'
XX1c asotvtert fiall er 44,o 1i5t 1tt)t per )it'tc We i 95S itt flvdit'e
fit'( ilt't e XX :3a s fl andills tilt 10ttittI fil i t' clXX lt t X it a g'e
Potio oftiti t( XX o as l ti r 1923 ftlX it tti tIX 
fIX tril('li iXl iw
'cl-o1 ild P
t
's otil et'ilisalthlsigXel's. anlittlg fitts liii tll'
utXIt S~tit' f~ei' vitlditi X Sieltit x )0 1) Co pit thuswl(
s\it,' 1941. istil14 , ~ 0 -1) are il1 5 ,itl i(
peX t're itts X'i~iest olXe it'r'.l-'l suiet lullw pui
s liie I 5 it1, a illt illills st fttilt ls lit'' ld ttt tit ll s I a i ati ii i ii
tarint 193\tlttt'X tes' tri pet acet omt it tied b.\ tipslilt- peiodX"ts
li't' ttt194 X1 it. hssiX iiif it iitt~ pruuttt
N5)6 \\as5 tit(' tidl crop blo\\X 50ttt,0t00 biis.' As ('ioli
18inAlbial ~ t' t'o'e front ills ior til 55i0,00t a pt Sh
Prcc 0, 1 keX I m '13 ax eri fortli (fc t't l ito lli'lcl so 1111(1(
.1il ('d f~ItsI I tiX lit't pi00s tthttt' 5L 'iti tit e ss el~e l l
i ti i t i t tii ttse rin t i ''ts Ii~e toi Ialmostit :35 itt titiit'
t itl t 9 et9 .B\ as11 iIci I 9 S p iti droppe to i ljit Ixti 
dster
t(,Hot' l \a sit lt i ll xiii f rec rd tSiin [ it' loss t 9st ~ti ti ipl
it\a ( 1 .7 p ittiijt w itte 1 v "594 liiiti s 2 t'~n' lwI t \\ecalt 
2J9,
5
Sill Ie a(( pi lts 1 t1).t as'it Xait'tl fi 9 6 t i
t 
1
( littt of l the I i t't atil i tilt reitI s fi o i pe a i tjti 
ttio it ii tti
I t'eifds in I 6ff, 54t.s til t 1 a\ t 1.2 eit iis it't' t itltp s~
thf host \fasIoo i t't't'ip S. Is \l itti l it Ttlwj t Ittlpt ttntie 
haso
\\tt it S-11. tilttiis ill ilt4 [iit () ilt t2 \ it ts i tN 
- an N''tiif f tl
citti ti it tips.te193 96 ,ad 95(-o
'a t till ]t'('t )(,Itt io pr it li ls to b l ii t ili c oC i tihiC CX 
II
Million bales
201i 1' ' '
Prod uctiocn
10 -I' 
-
0
1660 70 '130 'g0 100 I0 '20 '30 '40 '50 '60
NITROGEN
IRRIGATION
formula 
for consistently
high corn yields
C. E. SCARSBROOK, Depor of Agronomoy and
f lllili(.A X ION Xi X)Ki x iOSSiBIi11) N lidx of ('I 
1, i ta
\ei. Will viClds call be1 Ilia1(Ilerk iiC.1ii CXCX XI it iri li'itt
Ix IxCe illow ig 0th ad(1Cuilate fertil ization I pr oper si1(I,
M~lsal CX v ~ 1(( exeiet )i\(, sh1oix to IrtlIii 
1111( Xrii/
islot 12011iXCCl~itc .\k II(11 XX .X ltt C\iCte 
i N pid to).til
XX') CI I ill) I ilt i l ifXX .18 .)(Is .T~ iill re ut 1121( 
ilax l t a ted 24
pti 11111 11 111211, 2iic 11 11 of i fi i o e XXax 
at tl((' e iliil1
( 011XX xiin rveadt12(ic itetxx eC i, t o11 tllitllg 
aild( \\itX(,I
sta~ges \\]el 11111 i)ia ts hadl f1112 illosx criticaIl 11112( 
for \\it .1
Ab)out two r(1 it10118 of1 2 iii. each21, 
puoil Obl ,)X 811llki-i XI
requliredi (each1 X Cl. liwi-crasedld of1( ) at IcIst 1(6 
Im. per it( I
is requj~iredl to) 1iIX theC 121)8 of two 0irigaI.ltions, ajcCIordilg 
to 11
eXtililitCe repor0ted ill Mlississippi Agr icultual. \)I Exp iiciit 
Si,
Avei lge Y ilIds i l1ii)) ixs 1 49) bu1. perI i11211 wer 1212 
)11 \\ it'
the1 WXilegrasxx Subsxtationl (See gl1a)li). Y ields XXn CII 
0) \XXit
Yilds~l reore CI1)tC( from 111 9-iII. spacin~g ill 
3-1t. roXX x (it) 411
p)1oits 1)er ac(11). TheIre XXax it 
1
)llgcssiX 1 lossx ill X iCelI its d(ii
Xj)111i11g XXit lix 111(1 whe112( XX 112 1 tt I). 01. 101)12 Iliti 11)412 
\\ XX
f11111 9- 12, 1.5, awl( 1 iII. spaIcings 
wXere 149. 1,37, 12>
id 115 bii., rex
1
)CctiX CI
Lo(lrIIia XXit ax (t seIrioxs IregardIlessX ofI 
Iitro(1lii ri te ' i
xpat1im duri11) the 2 Xer of1( t1 
e exper~j12imenCIt. (Close s[p(iiwI
reslted1 ill 811a
1
1l dlx ars ( an XX 21e (ea1s per stallK. 
lf-i/l
from i1 I)1XXo 9"0 itt hig) of11)1 
1-9/10. Wher 1112 112 ((i I,(I
clxills ar CXtiC(IIICIX xiIllf.
thle Folloditioll SeedI Storkx Farm 
Thor1)1sb) (see gli lph
Lodg(1~ing) ill I XCIII amoun)lIted to 
30) to 40%, !)it it XX 11 I(-
thiml 10t% ill tlu otherI 2 X (111. 
LodIging \XX11 ill)! re2lted t,,
1ase1 oCil(I test resulI ts xXXitl ir1111gatedl cor1n, 
16(1 11). per .11 I
soi te2stC 111)1)1111111 1 ito l f rlt 
pho ph te pIilh 1111d ]fP21 CC ill
appljiicaitIilx has provX b1lext. Drl x1Nlciiig ofI 
alilt 9 6l
:36- to 4(1 il. 1ov isX x i XI'gete(1.
40[
120.
100 I
Yield, bu./acre
160 r Wiregrass 
JUL
1964 -65
irr.
irr.
i rr.
.................
..................
..........
......................
i rr.
60 ......
40
20
120
lb./acre
40
120
100
80
Nitrogen applied,
Yield , bu./acre
16r Foundation
Seed Stocks
Farm. 1957- 59
irr.
irr.
rr.
......... ....
..........
...............
............. -
irr.
i rr.
0 50 100 150
Nitrogen applied,__lb./acre
How nitrogen and irrigation work together 
for consistently
high corn yields is illustrated by these 
research results.
Yield, bu./acre
160 -Tennessee 
Valley 
Substation
140- 
1956-60
120
100 i rr.
80
rr. not
60 not.
40 irr.
not
20 
....
0 60 120
Nitrogen applied , lb./acre
200
- .............
C k 4 41
U
FEEDLOT Steer
FATTENING in
Gulf Coast Area
R. R. HARRIS, Dept. of Animnal Science
H. F. YATES and J. E. BARRETT, JR.
Gulf Coast Substation
LOOi-l xi Ast)\ xxxi Al, iii ti'. fiollilsxt'i
1)\ a ti x hift faltteiig pcriodt is anl eccel-
('lit sxX'xtc'il fori the proldutctioni ttf siacigli-
Stocer calv es gfi /il ig cili
1
)ps stic'b as
liltx citix cr. rX d' IX (415 iti t'loe oir rX ('
c(Ame r, u~sually iti ailct lteast 1.50t lb). cliils\
fur- the( periodc Octilb'l 51,. Weni ie'
HI us d f romn atii 0 tl'( cltIe'c
itIaiX stiitcdcloftr fiiishlilg io Wuendecd,
lBt'st'rct lsilig v ariationls tif tilis ss-
ternt Itas b~een ill p~rogrecss alt tbe (Gult
\ glictultt al Expfer'imOen t St ationil sliiice tile
late' 1950's. llt all cases, c'alves' used iin
thlest' te'sts bad grii c'll-seasctl al-
ima01 pailles be-fire b initg su bjected to
tre'atmen'its cdescribecd. 13tstilts frotm sex'
erl of lth mt iore reciit fcetdlitt fatteing
siltdies ilt-' preseitecd.
D iiitntiig ecirlier 
wxork xxithl feedilot 
flt -
tt'llligw thlere appealrec tt be at 'c'cilig
ofitt aI ilt 2 ii). of clausl gaill. ('attie sx\erce
il1ci ta xs lolcatec i i a ~til lilid de-
pri on'511 oll "drain." Slince tilese c'cttle
Stit'. aid jtil , tilt iti)t'i5 ctilln sxits macde
thalt perh faps thc' lack tif llr iluox t'ntt
In the sprinlg ott 1962. it lie\\x feeccdlot
tacilits \xias built It anoithecr iic'itil til
the' Substaltioni. T his poiitit , \pc b1111 \% as
bilt ii kill1 i ll arC 1: 11 ' citl ccl ,i e
allid air lfiii 1 i ge seemedt c excci llnt. tbi e
\%asx ilo iclti'cl shadeil ill tieltohts, hult
titillc a11tificial silc it',.l pimIls dc.
\t tilt el]ci ot oil gr]itclilg, \lcit\ 3i
1 962, cacttle xxecre cdisvicdecd into four
.9'lltil)5 xxitli three group
1
s fted ait thill'x
tacilits n c llte gillfe td ilt tilt oiiios
loit tioll Xii c'attlte \x tc f ttli fed at
Itilt'( coisitila ig f' eati corni 69~% : ('ocistaii
liax, 2 W1c s xl ix mea lht, I 10','c inlerlc
I '/c f Duirinig the ensulin g 94-ditx test.
wxere' :.35, 2.29, and 2.16 lbi.,x iihee cs
thilwt fetd at thec oiriginacl site gcililltcl lll
p1lisie 1111 llllg of tile cal-cass. liestlits of
1 .90t 1i). (ittle fed cit ft(le 1ic\% htcation
conlsumiled less total fed 2,0,i2 lit. \s.
2.2"57 lbi.: ate less feed dl, 
2 2. 11) lb xx.
24- lb.: alod requoired less 
feed pei cxx\t. oif'
'gitli, 9.12 lb. vs. 1,261 lb. 'tie iincreasedl
f eed eff icielicx \ii (fattic' at tilt ness f ac ii
its, resltedt ill ai cilee f(eed ectst pier
Cxx t. tof rai. $18 .5-3 Nxs 824.77.
'I l(se 1lestilts. coupled xx itil ttiseX a-
ttions ft tm [piesvious texts. ctonfiirmecd the
tiit'iir tillt air clriilige oii.II cin lleilt is
clefiulitekix factotr ill feedlot fattc'iilg of
cattle. t'speciaiix ill areas ttf' ithgil iliic
itv st icil is tbe Gtiif (:toast.
\1rlrinllg'' is the term ilfc( to denoiite
ilit('r)et scil of fait iii thle Ivanl; titeI is it
f air-iN high ieiatiollxii[ of 1lllinlg wvithi
cal 'cass grl-ie aidficl HIS o ttt ilt. Es eii
tilitigi ecittlce fatteincec iii tile lestcill-cf
xtuidiex at the Gulif ( oilst Sublstationl
gIil dt ( t ud CIIIice. tilt cia rc'sces \%ecre
11tralIl ll ltt 5%\eli millrhicci. ToI imprlove
111itbiiig. cilile \\as addtecd to it( ile idi
111111
Lel.trtii of test. dcix\
ltiiitiil \551']t II )i.
FattcoiiIIC fit itstti , If).
cd c ost tof 9:111 $/ cx t.
(:irccixx gradesc: (No.)
(' l i c -- ----- ---
tllihke i uc l ',Sq ill. ----
Ni nitrica gr11 c ---------
6(8
964
1,.578
84
7.16
20
.58.20
.12
9.94
to's).
-2.8
4.1
27
68
79.1
976
2.68
1,60t1
17.87
19
8
.58.23
.36
10.51
4. 9
(31111 It) I i.0t1 (III II.
Slighlt 1' Simill 5.
Pl :looml.%m:ll ol.. (:,\I [1.],: 1,4:1) 11](;] I-Hou(,l lm;v U,\1 11,1-,lm; Mixit 
m.,
Willi Cn0i.i\i:-Uxmii0iq1, 196:1-65
This group of stocker calves at the Gulf
Coast Substation has been on cool-season
grazing and are here in the feedlot for the
fattening period.
thct .3%cl 5 '.1 ilxI ar e "ris c ill te tafle~.
'IIl ic il feed It Ii oiixture, ats dlescibedit'c,
pleticiit. (6 gy. 25 11). of feed).
\o511 iia]ol diffteences 55er ('l' 0)5151(
hl('t'O~l Clttit' fed tilt txxii 1'itiAS Nel
ter tile AM, . 2.75 vs. 2.6S lb., nor- thec
Ied per tnit of gaii. 8.414 \s. 8.801hl.,
\Nias 1i l05 (d lix, addition of ch olilie.
I li cliolitie fed cattle did 11:5 ( sliglitix
hitgher' ininahig scores (4.9 vs. 4.4), ]lit
tiier \ts not 15t a igtilifiectot effect.
Soile I ititiotiistx ad\ oeate teetlii
lar ge ( 20,001 0,000 I. . llX d (oses of
5 italmil A\ as i pr otectionl agrailist 1iltt
stressx ill feud(11t cattle. ('attie tistdillI tihe
Gulli (:oiist feedlot studies i otilel v comoe
off exellent plstlires. and1. ticeiefoie.
wxouild itot be expectedl to be dieficient itt
)itaillill A or1 ei lteile (pi eetiisol. of \it-
aiii A). Nex e-tlieless, if large (loses of
"A" do hell) cattle eolbat becat stress,
then tile addtition oft this vitaonii mighlt
1)1 OX C to lbe bleneficial.
fil 1962, onie group11 of 10 steer s was
fed tile basal miixtuire cald at comlparable
gi 001) receiXved tile saine iniixtutie XX iti
:30).000t I. o f vitainii A gTiN-eo per aol-
mll (ilviX.
Ill tis 94 iv test, theire werie lio
ilajtor dliff eirences' ill animall pet foi 01:1 le
M'1 ecirciss (icltil. Caittle fed tile liasal illl\-
tliri gaillci slightly faster, 2.3.5 vs 2.2
lb.: coniixtiiec less feed per cwXt, of glin,
942 Xvs. 98.5 lbi.: and1( bad a sligbtiX loss er
feed cost pt'i of . i gail, 818.53 -\s.
819.50 tial compifarable cattle fed the
Cotton in a 3-year rotation autyielded cot-
ton continuous by 745 lb. seed cotton per
acre. W1 Cotton in rotation (-N) yielded
2,834 lb. (R) Cotton continuous (--N)
yielded 2,089 lb. Location: Sand Mountain
ubstator_ o..o 1965.
bas~iis -inlc!cased x iteds, Iliiiliteiiaiici of
or*gali c mnatter, and less (liscase?
N umerous rotatin stuidies liax e beeii
r eported, bu t fewx liax ih iad uniffo )I
tieatiiient 
of ii itrogell 
(N), pi 
I!split 
rI
(P.O.,Q), auiis p)otassiumi (K -.). N aiix inl
chided legumes. Thiusi the effect of in-
tatin 
itself could 
iint lbe 
measured 
xitlI-
out the confusii ig elI cct oif variation Iii I
niitroigen b lecause of leg!uimeis or variatimi
ill phshou an d potassiti ii.
Results of exper iments reported here
wxere coniduictedl at three locations iii Ala-
haina fo(r aI 36-v'eari periiod. '[lit soils and
test locations wxere: Decatur clay, Tel!-
nessee Valiex Substation, Belle \ljna:
HIartsell1 fin e sand I loanm, Sa nd N 1(11!!
til!l Substation, (Irossx (lie; andl Norfolk
sand\l loami, Wiregrass Substation, Head-
land -outlyinug iiits of Auburni Uiver-
sity A griciultiural Experinient Statin Sx' vs
tenm. All pilots bad the sam 
e irate of' X,
P.0,and K. K0.[lhe rate xxas suifficieiit
toi inlaitainl a lexvel of' phlosphorlus aind
piotassiumii favxorab~le toi the crop) plainted.
N jtr!) gen xwas appifed at the 1(1oxx win g
pci adre rates: :i36 lb). (19:30)1944), 48 lb).
1945-1959), aiid 72 lb). I1960-1965). The
pil of the sioil x\,as kept at about 6 to 6.5
lbx addition iif lim~e as nieeded.
1Tle experiniciital plots xxere' desigined
so thact each cril iii arotat ioni \xas gn xxii
EFFECTS OF ROTATION ON YIELDoS OF COTTOiN AM) COEN
Cropping xx steni
C'ontinuouis Ciittoin
lxxi! xcar irota!tioii,
ciittiiiicilri
Th rt'c-xcar rotatioin,
coittllioats-cornl
Conltlinuous etirii
Txx ii x car rotatin,
Thin c-xear roltaitioni,
uittill oats corli
Six Vt'ar piii iis
Substation 191.30) 19:36 1942 19418 1954 196(1
19.3.5 1941 1947 (9.3 195 9 1965
1 :3. 4 5 6
Yieldis iof
\N7 ir('giass
Santd loitaiii
\'iregrass
Te(liii. V allex
Sanid Niolliltall
A\x crag(-
\Xirc'grass
'Fenii. \'allix
Sanld Moililltilil
Ax ciage
\Xirc'guass
T1enn. X'alcx
Santd Montaini
Ax iraca
Tenin. X ailex,
Saxd trainal
WXircgrilss
'Ic-in. Va lixy
Sanld Mbountain
Ax eri4
12.32~ 1415
922 1 W
118:1 I1-
1.588 1:3-'
12:31 1 11
1254 1:3(
1421 1 2'j
1641 1:3t
14:39 13-
1479 16W
1.522 131
1824 15
16t)8 1.51
of Corin petr tacre, 1) isi is
1767
1155
18:36
1586
1722
1 36 0
1874
16.52
1893
14-47
1986
177
48.7
.40.4
47.4
48.2
39.4
62.2
49.9
55.7
41.4
.56.8
2418
17.59
1946
204 1
2:39 5
20)04
2174
2191
26 19
2174
2133
24(09
610.2
45.3
74.7
601.0
58.9
57.2
81.4
6.5.8
75.6
68.1
9:3.4
79.0
each xyear . IIIit]]l cases stalks x e fct
oil the plots; oil]\ the oraiii and seed cot-
ton xx eie r em oxed. No legumies xxere
growxn ill the i otatioiis. III stuidies inxvolx-
Inig I egi nies, still 1 arger. xielcl i icireases
xxT cr ibtaii iec.
Y1ields of Cotto ainidi con un der crop-
ping sx stemis of coiitioois cinlture, 2
x'ear, roitation s, ii c :
3
-viear rot at ion!s are
gixei i in tile tab le. It I'pract ical lx' all ill
stai ices, axverage 'v ieldrs oIf ci ttii aid corni
xx ere iiicreaseci 1x i v otation. Thle av erage
increases froin the 2-x eari rotatioii 
vere
2.2 bu. of' coirn and 128 1l). of seed cot-
tell, \x Ile those from the 3- x ear irotaitionl
xxere 9A3 Ii!. if' corni and 281 lb). of seed
co tt on. Rlesul ts fromii tue last 6 xyears oit
the exp~er imienit showi~ iiici eases (it 
5.8 ci)L.
iif ciiin anid 150 1). bif' seed ciottoni frtlil
the 2-year I otatioii, andc ii creases of 19.2
liii ot corn a ii(I 368 i11). of seed co 
ttoiln
ild s ofi oats xx\ere in!creased bxv rota-
tiolls to it ililucl greater cxteiit thiaiix 
e
those (if Coittoni aind corin. Althioughi libei-
all- xfecrtil izecd, the oaits ill coi!tiiioi 
ciI d-
tuie faiced coiiilletelx lix)' the eiid 
of' 12
\ear s. Oats ill ia 3 x'ear ro(t at ion! ore\\ xwellI
throiu1ghoiu t thle 36 Vefil experinient. Ap-
parenit] x oats caiiiot he gi iix i contiiici
iiiislx on the same are(a siic'ssfl 
llx lite-
cauise of' xvaiou is siilI- bin e dlisea 
sex.
flotation is desirable for high yields 
of'
coitton land corn and is at motst 
for oats.
Ic-Tess liii lid lnruxii \c Ciioncte (t1 
on
ilti slipciol of01 thie late Frcd( 8tixx ar't and
J ohn Iloseck, Telilecssci Vallcx Sublstationi:
Bi. C. ('blisticru andt S IF. 
C;i',scitalaii
1'. \\ilson ,inil C. A. IBridll WXiiiilla ass
Sublstaition. fIlu ir xis~tal~ii cIs _,ItcI llNl c_
kll)\\ lcdcd.
ROTATIONS increase 
yields of
COTTON, CORN 
and OATS*
Paternal Half-Sisters
Vary Widely in Production
Among State Dairy Herds
NATRAJAN SRiNiVAS and GEORGE E. HAWKINS
Department of Dairy Science
A ixio\i x x)\, iouxxil D)111 text fi 196
)iiltiiil itl),:366 i1). of milk allt :167 11)
if huittut lit. Th'is ix, 12 6 11) l. Lxs ilik
jut! .5 11). 1i'x lift tlia ite iitjtiiii u cI
ag.Sin(C i)iIxI ix aiai~bC fl'ittiliCii
Ii (('c(liii of ii liljim da (il (iixx x iii
:ioll iii t ti top sire xise ix ll Iiltixxi ijil x pro
Ili('tilll 1) l tifit iailx bred clitla liaciixx
Tox xlc 1( ii.lit ()Ii thIis Iixxx pl ixtluil
pioiltiij an Nll \ iiill L'u ix ii xitx Ni.Yi i l-
iila EiIxpci iii ci t SLIto 111 xtlxd xx\it" dxiii
Ailaama i DIII N lairdx xiired lb\ the xitllii
)III, ili iil I cxiiipire produhlctiiii of
thlixe NA~lbiima cioxx x xx itl j thieii pitti ijiil
I lixt isw~ lx ill] tl 1.S. I )I11 l (lx.
StIxl iti11 if Iljtio itii Ix 11.111 if lit
1
-Iii ic
clixx x iic ('(1 lxxI lixill ill aitificiaii ii ixeiljil ii
loinl studsl. 
All reciiidx 
f (xl llxp('tte 
licti I
tililix 2.50 tii :305. (lxx x it ' ixc t ii fr
l ii' ua aiiii \it, xa extiictt't to il ta
iiil Nilex liaxiwi tliicc oi- morxe dtuiglitt'i
fit eatch iil thrieet of- moirt Icid (ixxxithI
iiilkiixgy rcii dx tiijjlett'd betxx ,io Oc-
tobler I ,1961 , ijil Max I1. 19694. NAl
ii ii ~ti th riiciii ( irxxee ciiiix ci tit tol 2\
NIF F. 'N NIbaxix (txx ce (liix illkiilgx"
miitilice ii ileiit. 4F talit C1 ciriecutfitl
Wide Variations Found
Blt'iidx oii jillixt('ix xiredi ki Ht
I '('NI alix t'i. I iext blill t'il elet xxMi i'
dlicrdiltt' held toi ,lui lxid t iti Iil l
F(xAla l)11 Nlici dl.ifriiceii ix ergi
l" I(i of'N )1o(I I I t i oI II i \ I'i otfiI I Ia I i I
ljj(liiiii~rd hoi tJ,:3(it to 16,2201 11) Ti'i
x I oiiilil 6,S.51 11). dilfiici iei xx ax tili
,i'ttsx il liatiji iiiitedt. Liixxt'xt N itiatixili
hii~x alf-xixtter prutimii \\xxias .592 11)
:)Ii ixx 11. ( (',r]x bli ,,] i I t a
Feeding o]th Lre Iprlict l(]f
tx ii t e tx\lix x iit er of, xt ijitt ija
dil i (ill Ix T lot i b ij p cii \ii ix . 11ix iiig a.
iiixx oficx igt lt't'lii ant i lig ext ilidlit
ti i xx i lx 
is c t h t d 
x i i e l 
'l i if . xx ( 
x it o I
ic iix x l'd- i x its (. t 'ijt gx \;111 x ix \
I ii~liti il I lii 1111 i Il ll i t II lxi lil
3.400
2,20
2, -o
, Bo0
xit! liit t'i -ri i'x im li i illiva i'(, i~tx ll (I
Pr I\ c iii t I b p tili.lfsst
t In , it' ((lllit\ its it did( tili1l o li ii it tli'
i iittu 'i le Cl re \ii t~ a i tti x.I iilt
thlabm h vttt,\s. Nat i Racorsito
xii tx iiijtil l iiiA Iii te otif- F ( i pr
1
thucitiiil Ailthjiii levltofi ice iilik
diii hallcc x i lIx lird I I fi i i I l el Itti also
cmi Ix l ]it\ c ci, I lit i i ie opd1igl tio ia
Ni ai x I xix i l I taI( I it Ir -ite 21 ii
t I x ccl thjexef i Iix. Nciit (ii i t ii tI
aiialxix c li each (1111 i . INe 'NIili cleax
sh \c all .. iiiitix1 1,3 1) .i i flx
T het nlitetiiii.(A xiidcx il thatiix litii
(ldllidi is cr l iax pr t ile lixt i ltl sie
is istra t i it t Adjste 1.l
iZ Is
DJ Al480m
z I..
LtL L L.,i
Re.cords of Alabama and U.S. daughters ot 21 Holstein sires are compared here. 
All records
are FCM, on basis of mature equivalent, twice-daily milking, and 305-day lactations.
L I_, L IL
7 B B o 11 11 11 1
B. '. __,
Potatoes in plot No. 7 at left were grown
from application of 2 3 ammonium sulphate
plus 1 3 sodium nitrate. Potatoes in right
of this plot were from ammonium sulphate
without nitrate nitrogen or lime. Potatoes
in left of plot No. 5 were grown with am-
monium sulphate with 1,000 lb. of lime-
stone. Potatoes at right of plot were with
ammonium nitrate.
1 H 'lot ii!F I NilIll 11.1 l',('t liiid'
eli-tatil i soil ((i llitioi Is call ill It f)otiltl
A'ltet (lit'r st'fftt' of te ffec'tt oo it's)
.11(1o t'ttIllItS oi Ifs 50111(05 pricti 001
i i(l o'il it Chet's ofstrildi i i l iti 4)
soili acits n u'hi o ots. aletd tilt,
11
1
)fXdl'llilljt ol flu Xloo('i of 'lto~l
\i'th iffliti 501t'Oisis of . ) lb i
so11 i tit ol iwdt\ i 1111 of ott oes, I iii(Il t111
Ifoijl atjI-jj ofit tl~ri fliijltsIe 'ii tll'
apliedlt'i at tlill'Iit t' ( I ii andttt le hi ll ,(t)t .(1
1Ili th )lter p .1(!.'ill Ioll i( ('11( of ('it it'
'iX 114 11 o iti soii(1 lli I 5 l la c ii c ibi 111 1111
'(Iiltl ItI" .111(1 m i of X' t "
S\tt, 
\II \i-(
S01 Mt)
, i ]ill
lit,
ipliii o 15 ofI .1100 11 ). pcr11 ci oflt ' "(itlitc
111111 t t\\ titt Iatdded. 1 ii 1111111115
11111111 jiII I llit t('t( wilr Au11111 att
I ofIt 11.iIIli i iltti it 11!it iiiX it lI ('iislto
I oll 14' ] IsX o 1 Sodium111 111111e Xitl
1
iiilo' eit
4 it 51 II X 5t'ifi . 1 
it\ SilI pIf
iotal Ni. 1' 1 159 1 9)(41 \ ItS \p i
til
(i ri9 t t 62,
31 :3 0 2 11 t1) 
Wj t'1) 56t5i 4.51 4.'5(i
2 1 / 3 .350t :303 (657 6.5t 
-1.83 1.6s 10~t
12 .3 297 248 (674 6(1' 
I.16 1 (9tt) 0
0 :3': 25518 238 6.5T 
655S 5.78 5. 10.t
0 : t 3t2 261 67tt0 662 
1.t90 4.75 10
2 ,'t3 :346 299 166 67 
5.19 I~t I 0. 0tt
I 3 2 ) )'s3l ,273 660 
5 .S t o
'22 ) 15 14 Ott 1. 5.715 
.5I 1~ 1..0
'3, '2'S 176 128 604 
.55(0 :..91 1.45 7.1
13 '1. 214 
176 6015 5227 1.22 1. 11 T.6
I11I 2 :2 19 t5 1 595 I.'XI 
5.2: ) '.
I,) 2 . 247 T S (8126 57 375):).T 
15 _6 9,9
.t I 24 S4 24tt 64.3 
62"). 1.015 4 .5o) t0.t
:3/3S :31(4 267 (654 6 15 
4.3() 4.10 1tt
t. 5.) ;it tlie ((5 1('%(i 5:3 .5.5 0.39 tIS I
L.S.I). at tlw .01 I4,t II 71 71 01" 
-.9
to pitisll il 11(112 11). to till. I 11111it .11(11( 1sitrll
.11111111111 lilt itt' e l ic: 
1 5  
1.1 111 l ) t n Iiii I I s
(1.1(1 of su('I I ( -itiI tli t- ti l l 1 o 1f 1 p tI 'so
I It lil pr du e 11t IXX I'll l is of ( ' -: I i('X ill' io iil
silit e phl s XX 'Q : loIt lli'l I ritte41 itid (''1;
iti lllli ll liftrait XXphi1111 s~litl I l"oilt .11 1111 il
(ta \I (ItI et \\ XX ('It' 1111 1 plot I It ('oX i
o1ffI lit XX~ l \tt citjt tIl 111111I sp til't'' (I1 c itilii
I'l 11'litlIil('Xl II' lle the.ii pt its I
Iel bX l it . icli :I of1 tile Il) ott' i til ('I Il
a ettll i 4*5:3 Piiot
5 
i(''(ilog lititciiIll-
tlill it ii 111 ll l lilt 1( 111 \\ Iji l ro d iti' t1 Itw
.1111 (1 11111 1iltiatl' 1 Iso i ((''I 11 t
]it 95 shtlit'. i itI (linw XX ,ie app)ied l
Februat v 2''' t4 lilt I iti'1141't I ciir 11(11.1 111
Ill (I Apr.ili14. XXi iti l'\'Jdliti o .id slit\
it c(('1 I l( e t( I i ittioi3t tt'I'll( l ((I-
.itI ii 1 ~ilt ~l.1 111111lofll (Itpat liii 4.90 ho imitt
JIlts a itil .lt'illjtX XXliitil o1 f 1( t'000 il ill
'[ 11li ts X 1it at pl t 51'S I'l \I 'i 11 XX ('t dis i 
I il
0 N
EFFECTS of NITROGEN 
Source
and LIME on POTATO 
YIELDS
W. A. JOHNSJDN and L. M. WARE, Department of Horticulture
W ASTE DISPOSAL for humans and ani-
mals is becoming an increasing problem.
Traditional methods of utilizing used
poultry litter and manure from cage op-
erations are not so widely employed as
in the past. The reasons are high labor
costs and more economic means of ob-
taining plant nutrients from artificial fer-
tilizers. Use of machinery has also greatly
enhanced the handling of poultry ma-
nure; however, frequently manure is
available when it is not wanted and
storage involves odor and fly problems
in addition to expensive handling. Good
poultry manure should not, if possible,
be wasted since it represents a valuable
form of plant nutrients and organic mat-
ter for soil improvement.
Litter Material Shortage
The poultry farmer is also faced with
difficulties and expenses 
in obtaining
readily available dry litter materials. In
northern Alabama some farmers are now
trucking shavings more than 100 miles
which is expensive. Shavings are also be-
ing used more in the manufacture of
wood products and supplies are dimin-
ishing as a result.
Urbanization also brings complaints
about flies and odors where neighbors
are near established poultry farms, es-
pecially if cage operations are involved.
Composting Poultry Litter in the House
Although composting is an old prac-
tice, the continuous composting of chick-
en manure inside the poultry house while
birds are present represents a new ap-
proach. A commercial concern in Georgia
has developed a technique and a micro-
biological inoculum for this purpose. The
inoculum, "Litterlife
''1
, when properly ap-
plied and managed will compost poultry
litter and continue to break down fecal
material as it appears. In so doing the
supstrate for odors and fly breeding is
continuously removed.
Studies Conducted
During 1965 several studies at Auburn
University Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion showed that composted poultry lit-
ter eliminated fly and odor problems and
that this treated litter could be safely
reused several times, thereby reducing
costs for new shavings. The disposal
problem was reduced since the com-
posted material could be safely used in
urban gardens as an odorless organic fer-
tilizer. Composted litter proved to have
1 The inoculum "Litterlife" was used in
research studies at Auburn. This use does
not imply endorsement by the Agricultural
Experiment Station, Auburn University.
A New APPROACH To
POULTRY LITTER PROBLEMS
J. R. HOWES, Department of Poultry Science
a much wider range of moisture, com-
pared with shavings litter, without be-
coming either too dry and dusty or wet
and conducive to the development of
pathogens and parasites.
Aerobic Fermentation
Unlike anaerobic digestion that yields
strong odors, the "Litterlife" system is
aerobic and once stabilized gives no od-
ors. The inoculum contains 46 species of
bacteria plus basal ingredients to start
microbial activity when air, water, cellu-
lose and fecal material are provided in
the correct ratio.
Poultry maintain an aerobic environ-
ment by scratching in the litter. The se-
lected microorganisms were chosen to
break down urea, uric acid, and other ni-
Mean time taken to Mean number feathers
digest surface feces (hr.) on surface per sq.ft.
24 1 20
22 2 \ Fecal digestion 110
20 \ ...-- Feather number 100
18 90
6 so8
14 70
12 N' 60
8 40
6 30
4 20
2 10
0 1/8 1/4 3/8 I/2
Litterlife lb. /sq.ft. added to shavings litter
c Dessicated feces still present at 24 hr.
This chart shows the relationship of Litter-
life inoculum level to time taken to digest
feces and number of surface feathers. Data
are for 8-week broilers, one bird per sq. ft.
trogenous products in the excrement. In
so doing the waste materials are con-
verted into amino acids and moisture, ni-
trogen, and other simple volatile odorless
compounds.
Research Results
In several studies broilers raised on
composted litter invariably produced
slightly higher weight gains and better
feed efficiency as compared with control
birds on untreated used litter or fresh
shavings. This result may be a develop-
ment of B vitamins and antibiotics in the
treated litter. Replacement pullets on re-
stricted diets to delay maturity if raised
on composted litter consequently require
more restriction.
The temperature of 140-160' F. is
reached during the initial composting. If
the material is turned to include surface
material during this process, most patho-
gens are apparently destroyed. Further
studies to investigate the carryover of
specific disease agents are planned.
The current recommended application
rate for "Litterlife" is 1/2 lb. per sq. ft.
of litter. This is being further investi-
gated, although it is certainly better than
1/ or 1/4 lb. rate as studied at present,
see figure.
The composting of cage manure is be-
ing investigated. The chief problem is
maintaining aerobic conditions that may
be possible by occasional mechanical ag-
itation of the manure under the cages.
Composted litter appears to have less
chances of developing parasites at higher
humidities than traditional litter mater-
ials. Houses containing composted litter
therefore, may be more safely humidified
to reduce atmospheric dust.
Composted litter may be made with
shavings, corn cobs, rice hulls, peanut
shells and any other source of cellulose
currently used as litter material. The pos-
sible use of soil as a source of cellulose
is being investigated since this is readily
available to all poultry farmers.
14
Farm and Nonifarm Economic Trends Closely Related
MORRIS WHITE, Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology
NO LONGER is it enough for a farm op-
erator to be up-to-date on farm prices
and economic trends alone. Instead, he
needs latest information on general eco-
nomic changes that are occurring, since
today's commercialized agriculture is
closely related to all parts of the nation's
economy.
Changes occurring in agriculture are
affected directly by fluctuations in prices
received for farm products, as well as by
kinds and volumes of products produced
for sale. On the other hand, changes in
nonagricultural prices are becoming in-
creasingly important as agriculture be-
comes more commercialized and jobs re-
lated to agriculture become more num-
erous.
Trends Within Agriculture
Number of farms and farm population
decreased rapidly during the 1956-65
decade, with farm population dropping
from 11.1% to 6.4% of the nation's total,
Table 1. Despite the drop in farm popu-
lation while total population was grow-
ing, agricultural output increased faster
than population during 1956-65, Table
2. And production growth was greater in
the Southeast than in other regions.
A change that created farm problems
was the increase in production expenses
at a faster rate than farm output growth.
Production expenses for Alabama farm-
ers increased 46% between 1956 and
1965.
Although changes in prices received by
farmers have varied among commodities,
the average for all commodities was at
the same level in 1965 as in 1956. Gross
farm income rose during the decade, but
this was brought about by an increase in
farm output. In contrast, there was not
a substantial increase in net farm income
except in 1965.
Changes Outside Agriculture
Many changes in the nonagricultural
segment of the economy are of impor-
tance to agriculture. While growing at a
slower rate than in the previous decade,
the nation's population increased about
TABLE 1. TRENDS IN FARM AND NONFARM POPULATION AND INCOME,
UNITED STATES, 1956-65
Population Income
Year Farm as Farm 
as
Farm Nonfarm percentage Farm Nonfarm percentage
of nonfarm of nonfarm
Thousands Thousands Per cent Millions Millions Per cent
1956 168,221 18,712 11.1 $14,530 $336,269 4.1
1957 171,274 17,656 10.3 14,563 351,533 4.0
1958 174,141 17,128 9.8 16,941 350,821 4.6
1959 177,073 16,592 9.4 15,070 384,955 3.8
1960 179,912 15,620 8.7 15,733 396,539 3.8
1961 182,961 14,790 8.1 16,765 408,215 3.9
1962 185,846 14,300 7.7 17,163 438,042 3.8
1963 188,580 13,354 7.1 17,238 462,069 3.6
1964 191,269 12,943 6.8 16,252 498,163 3.2
1965 193,703 12,352 6.4 19,519 536,455 3.5
Source: Farm Income Situation, USDA Economic Research Service, July 1966.
TABLE 2. INDEX NUMBERS OF FACTORS RELATED TO ALABAMA AGRICULTURE, 1956-65
Index numbers (1957-59 - 100)
Year Farm output Production Prices Alabama Consumer
Uniteda expenses of received by net farm cs
StUanteds Southeast Ala farmers MAla. farmers 
income prices
Sates
1956 97 107 92 97 106 95
1957 95 95 93 97 83 98
1958 102 99 100 103 113 101
1959 103 106 107 100 103 101
1960 106 108 110 97 102 103
1961 107 118 111 97 96 104
1962 108 110 119 99 99 105
1963 112 120 125 100 113 107
1964 112 124 129 97 114 108
1965 115 128 138 97 129 112
14% between 1956 and 1965. Increasing
per capita income during the decade
meant that the growing population was
spending much more money. Consumer
disposable income (income after taxes)
has risen continuously, and is now more
than 50% higher than 10 years ago.
Consumer prices have not risen in pro-
portion to consumer incomes, and aver-
aged only 17% higher in 1965 than in
1956. Output of consumer goods and
services have been adequate, so consum-
ers have been able to satisfy their wants
at prices low in relation to income.
Increases in consumer incomes have
not resulted in a large increase in pur-
chases of food or other agricultural prod-
ucts. Instead, buying changes have been
in quality and form of goods. Off-farm
jobs have been created to provide serv-
ices for which consumers were willing to
spend the increased income. (Making
food "table-ready" is an example of such
services.) Many of those jobs are per-
formed by persons who, otherwise, would
likely be back on the farm.
Other Changes Expected
Careful analysis of economic factors
indicates that additional changes can be
expected, and they could come rapidly.
A combination of an abundance of re-
sources in agriculture and the revolution
in agricultural mechanics, chemicals, bi-
ology, and management have contributed
to record production without a rise in
prices of farm products.
Because farm product prices have not
gone up in relation to other prices, the
agricultural segment of the economy has
not received its share of increased in-
come. Although the farm population
made up 6.4% of the total in 1965, it
received only 3.5% of the national in-
come. Per capita disposable income for
the farm population averaged only 55%
of that for the nonfarm segment during
the 1956-65 decade. This helps explain
why human resources have been moving
out of agriculture at a rapid rate.
It has been estimated that 3.5% of the
population could produce enough agri-
cultural commodities for the nation. This
could be true, but those who make up
the 3.5% will demand a relatively higher
return than those currently in agriculture
are receiving. To adequately pay the
3.5%, the other 96.5'% of the population
can expect to pay relatively higher prices
for agricultural products.
15
are imiportant sources
.- I . ". 1" 1 _
++
+ 
1 + 
**
I
I
gI *< I
II *,.l . I
I
I
'* I
I. *
~ I
HUGH B. CUNNINGHAM
Deportment of Zoology Ent mokoy
-1 \Slt) \lt oi~sl toii lili \ \itbdidl fisih
thilt is, if \ili (y11 it\ ii ittit ilit I (poiits ill
.iti 1(1)1 t cl it oii it fu tilt( li 11)1 illiji til li t
StolieiesC 'jilt Iliist of their lie
(I o iiii it liiic it Ilriht \% ilttt. iiiW l I k
ill i ill \i ilt iik Itti ti l ii o 
]it it ill("a
Iii ilii Ik Wii (41 i itt'le t t t ciil ictio %% Irthat
ate ,i oh ]Ill itI i\ e . 'i Id s t Idi po Id s
(iit tikes.i 1 ), tli ii(i s cdl ilil ciit (fiit-
ecit Il rclo alit iiiit ( n1i t hiest k it Is
of \it c t i t I h the\ I ( i \ cpl t juit dt ( tdo
fish lu l el -c w itili t o ii iii 11 1 t 1 ii irt ito sup-i
5ic 1 I I liii1 t dI, i I(1 It e r it i)I Is]4 I ipit I it t i
c1111 I w~i)it it ii I I I 'Ia 1v k it ( lit (I It ili Itd
itt itit'. iti lii i l 1111 t-(I i itti on e i 15(11
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