VOLUME 13, NUMBER 2SUMR16
HIGHLIGHTS
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION,AURNNIEST
SUMMER 1966
AUBURN UNIVERSITY
HIGHLIGHTS of
Agricultural Research
A Quarterly Report of Research
Serving All of Alabama
VOLUME 13, NO. 2 SUMMER 1966
FINISHING SPRING-BORN LAMBS IN DRYLOT- Lambs
Thrive on Slotted Floors 3
CORN VIRUSES IN ALABAMA - Cause Diseases that Stunt
and Discolor Corn Plants 4
THE CASE AGAINST Low FRUITING BOLLS- Lower Effi-
ciency of Mechanical Pickers 5
CHEMICALS FOR WEED CONTROL IN SOYBEANS- Provide
Early Control Needed by Crop 6
THE FARM REAL ESTATE MARKET- Alabama Value In-
crease Almost Twice That of U.S. 7
WHERE Do LOCAL DEALERS GET PESTICIDE INFORMATION?
- Manufacturer's Representative Important 8
ANNUAL CLOVER STANDS REDUCED BY PYGMY CRICKETS-
Control Needed for Good Stands 9
RESPONSE OF TOMATOES TO STAKING- Staking Pays but
Pruning plus Staking Costs 10
SELLING FEEDER CATTLE TO ADVANTAGE - Improving
Cattle and Marketing Offers Opportunity 11
DEMAND FOR PASTEURIZED-REFRIGERATED PEACHES - In-
dicates Competition for Shelf Space 12
CAN COASTAL MANAGEMENT AFFECT MILK PRODUCTION?
- Only Small Improvements Noted 13
IMPROVED QUAIL STOCKS DEVELOPED AT AUBURN- Birds
Improved Through Selection ... 14
PACKAGED FRUIT PRODUCTS - Pasteurization and Refriger-
ation Retains Fresh Qualities 15
VARIETAL RESISTANCE OR INSECTICIDES FOR PICKLEWORM
CONTROL ON CANTELOUPES? - Comparisons Made .... 16
Of thC COMM Late spring-born lambs in Alabama are prepared
for the market by the "carryover" method. Researchers at the
Auburn Station have investigated the possibilities of finishing such
lambs in the drylot. This was done on raised slotted floors. The
fact that late-born lambs in the drylot reach market weights in 3 to
4 months instead of the usual 6 to 10 months indicates that im-
mediate drylot feeding is superior to the "carryover" method of
managing late lambs. Results of studies using more than 200 lambs
are highlighted in the story on page 3.
Published by
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT
STATION of
AUBURN UNIVERSITY
Auburn, Alabama
E. V. SMITH
BEN T. LANHAM, JR.
CHAS. F. SIMMONS _
KENNETH B. RoY
E. L. McGRAW
R. E. STEVENSON ...
Director
Associate Director
Assistant Director
-----Editor
Associate Editor
--Associate Editor
Editorial Advisory Committee: BEN T.
LANHAM, JR.; R. T. GUDAUSKAS, Asso-
ciate Professor of Botany and Plant Path-
ology; J. L. TURNER, Instructor of Horti-
culture; R. R. HARRIS, Associate Profes-
sor of Animal Science; AND KENNETH B.
RoY.
New a0 7ime4
PUBLICATIONS
Listed here are timely and new publications
reporting research by the Agricultural Ex-
periment Station.
Bul. 355. Grain Movements in Alabama.
Bul. 356. Rural Land Ownership and Use
in Alabama.
Bul. 365. The Alabama Slaughter Cattle
Industry.
Bul. 366. Market Values and Transfers of
Milk Quotas in Alabama.
Cir. 138. Soybeans for Oil in Alabama.
Cir. 140. Bahiagrass for Forage in Ala-
bama.
Cir. 148. Farm Handling and Marketing of
Pecans in Alabama.
Cir. 151. Sorghum-Sudan Hybrid vs. John-
songrass Pasture for Dairy Cows.
Cir. 152. Spacing and Rates of Nitrogen
for Corn.
Prog. Rept. 79. Controlling Chinch Bugs
on St. Augustine Grass Lawns.
Prog. Rept. 84. Rainfall Distribution in
Alabama.
Free copies may be obtained from your
County Extension Chairman or by writing
the Auburn University Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, Auburn, Alabama.
/I ~YC~IL~IJ I~r1". is
U40
Slotted floors are raised 3 ft. abovc ground
level to provide air circulation under floors
and to facilitate cleaning. The floors areFI SH N p
con structed of treated 2x4Xs placed on e dge
and spaced 34 in. apart. Excrement fall s
through slots making cleaning of floors un-L M S I D R
necessary.
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inv,-Born
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A
FIG. 1. Healthy' Icft and diseased right)
corn plants of the same age.
till \( \ W ill I ~ II IlII' l (Ill 11ilT! I(.
i( l l ItiNN (( (I11 I i liL IIIi' h
Ill \1 dc1p1 ' til I( I I)h ii TI l
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Certain Insects Transmit the Viruses
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FIG. 2. Shaded counties are those in which
stunited, discolored corn was observedl last
year.
3
CORN VIRUSES
in Alabama
R. T GUIDAUSKAt ndt D W. GATES
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These low bolls were left 
by a mechanical
picker, causing lowered picker 
efficiency.
76e 64'ale ,4 
aeaa~
LOW
GROWING
BOLLS
I E. CORLEY, Dept. ot AlJticultluflc
Eulgilleelill Coop. USDA, 
ARS, AERD
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Chemicals for
Weed Control
in Soybeans
G, A. BUCHANAN -dX RAY DICKENS'
Dep-or-ne-I of Agrolloroy .,,d So-ts
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Effectiveness of herbicides is illustrated by
weed c ontrol in photos. Untreated plot (top)
is contrasted with results from 4 lb. UC-
22463 (center) and a combination of 3 lb.
CIPC and 2 lb. amniben (bottom).
Interstate highways and housing projects are
occupying much of the previous form real
estate accounting for a part of the increase
in value.
A l [)i I \\ i (tl I . lil ' Il
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till (1 N 6 t X I t)I, 11
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The FARM REAL
ESTATE MARKET
J. H. YEAGER, H-~d, Dt -p o Aq cutltwot EcoloIIlc, 
an~d R-.1i S.-d OJy
I \ I i \ I H I \ i I", I \ I I I )I I; \( li I , \ I \ it \ \ I 
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Where Do Local Dealers
Get Pesticide Information?
LAVAUGH4 IOH-NSON -dJF D(JNKELBERGFR
~I ot( []\I)[t u FI n il ihui I l'Iii 'u t S1h i11 t ~ ) 'k
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<S
Result of controlling pygmy crickets in annual clover fields is
shown by boll clover comparison at Tuskegee. Insecticide treated
area (right) has bettcr growth than untreated plot.
Annual Clover Stands
REDUCED
by Pygmy Crickets
C, S HOVELAND E. M. EVANS and C C. KING
0. paitmint of Agirony and Soils
M. H. BASS, Dopf. of Zoolo1y Entomooyy
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Response of
TOMATOES
to STAKING
W A JOHNSON L M WARtE i,,ic
JL. TURNER
Deparrnet of Hort~cuture
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Tomato plots above are left, not pruned or
staked; center, sta kcd but not pruned;
right, stoked and pruned.
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I , , I ( o I i f
A LABAMA'S BEEF CATTLE ECONOMY
can be bolstered by improvement in
breeding, feeding, and marketing!
At present it is mainly one of pro-
ducing feeder cattle with emphasis on
production of lightweight calves to be
marketed during the fall at the end
of the grazing period. Sales of calves
under 500 lb. exceed 50% of all cattle
sold through auctions. Feeder calf pro-
duction will continue to be an important
part of Alabama's beef cattle economy.
Prices for feeder animals, particularly
calves, should be studied for possibilities
of increasing income through grade and
weight improvement and timing of pur-
chases and sales.
Price relationships for feeder cattle
and calves of different grades and
weights were determined in a 1962 study
by Auburn University Agricultural Ex-
periment Station. That year was one of
reasonable stability in the cattle price
cycle, making possible dependable price
comparisons.
Higher Feeder Calf Prices
There were considerable price advan-
tages in producing feeder calves as com-
pared with production of heavier feeder
cattle in 1962, Table 1. The widest dif-
ferential or margin, $2.60 per cwt., oc-
curred in spring. This reflected not only
fewer marketings but also increased de-
mands for calves to put on grass pastures.
During the fall period when auction
receipts of calves were greatest, the dif-
TABLE 1. COMPARISON OF PRICES PAID FOR
FEEDER CATTLE AND CALVES GRADING GOOD
AND ABOVE AT AUCTION MARKETS FOR
SELECTED WEEKS, BY WEIGHT
GRouPS, ALABAMA, 1962
Week
Above 500 400-500
lb. lb.
Dollars per cwt.
Feb. 4-10 - 22.92 24.81
Apr. 15-21 23.83 26.43
June 10-16 23.82 25.95
Aug. 19-25 ---------- 23.68 23.89
Oct. 7-13 23.35 24.16
Nov. 25-Dec. 1 - ----- 24.53 25.56
ferential shrank to 810 per cwt. in favor
of calves. This is still an attractive mar-
gin considering 
the number of calves 
sold
in the fall. There are, of course, factors
other than price. Relatively inexpensive
weight gains are possible from grazing
or other homegrown roughages, or both.
An added 200 to 300 lb. of such gain can
more than offset a lower price. In addi-
tion price differences within the year
were much less for heavier cattle, mak-
ing the time of sale (or purchase) less
risky. For example, in 1962 the differ-
ence between highest and lowest aver-
age prices within the year for feeder
cattle above 500 lb. was $1.61 per cwt.,
whereas the price differential between
highest and lowest for 400 to, 500-lb.
calves was $2.54 per cwt. For producers
who can provide winter 
grazing or home-
grown roughage, or both, fall purchase
of calves for later sale the next spring
or summer would provide both weight
and price gains.
Grades and Prices
The effect of grade on prices of feeder
cattle is shown in Table 2. Prices are
TABLE 2. AVERAGE PRICES PAID FOR FEEDER
CATTLE AND CALVES SOLD AT AUCTION
MARKETS FOR SELECTED WEEKS, BY
GRADE, ALABAMA, 1962
Week
Feb. 4-10
Apr. 15-21
June 10-16
Aug. 19-25
Oct. 7-13 .....
Nov. 25-Dec. 1
Grade
Good and Standard
above and below
Dollars per cwt.
24.01
25.99
25.28
24.20
24.17
25.59
19.58
21.25
20.04
18.83
18.46
20.11
given for all cattle and calves, comparing
animals grading Good and above with
those grading Standard and below. Price
differences per cwt. in favor of Good
and above ranged from $4.43 in Feb-
ruary to $5.71 in October.
When it is realized that 45% of the
FEEDER CATTLE
M. J. DANNER
Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology
WP-
Price differential
at large auctions
VVM Good and Standard
Nov Deabove and below
Dollars per cwt.
Feb. 4-10- 0.44 0.55
Apr. 15-21 .54 1.08
June 10-16 1.32 1.07
Aug. 19-25 .51 .73
Oct. 7-13 ----....-05 1.22
Nov. 25-Dec. 1 .......... .51 .88
' Large auctions were those selling in ex-
cess of 25,000 head of cattle and calves
during 1962.
riods studied, prices for comp arable
grades of feeder animals were higher at
auctions of large volumes. Smaller auc-
tions did a better job of pricing Good
and above cattle and calves than for
lower grades when compared with large
auctions. For example, during the Oc-
tober period when sales were seasonally
large, the differential for Good and above
feeders was negligible between auctions
of different volumes. For lower grades
of feeders, however, the price difference
favoring the large auction was $1.22 per
cwt. Standard and below feeder animals
brought higher prices generally through-
out the year than similar kinds of cattle
and calves sold at smaller auctions.
Alabama cattlemen should not over-
look opportunities for increasing income
from feeder cattle by timing sales and
purchases, upgrading animals, selling at
heavier weights, and selecting markets.
11
Alabama feeder cattle sold through auc-
tions falls in the Standard and below
grades, the possibility for increased in-
come through improving grades is ap-
parent. The most important factor in-
fluencing grade of feeder cattle is the
extent of beef breeding in the animals.
Certain mana,gement factors, particularly
nutrition, influence grade also. Thus, a
maximum potential exists for sellers of
Standard and below feeder cattle to in-
crease dollar receipts as much as 25%
through improved breeding and manage-
ment. Overall increases in dollar receipts
for feeder cattle in Alabama could be in-
creased as much as 10%.
Volume of Auction and Prices
The most important sales outlet for
feeder cattle and calves is the auction.
It may be possible to increase sales re-
ceipts by selection of the auction market.
Price differences that existed between
large and other auctions in 1962 are
shown in Table 3. For all weekly pe-
TABLE 3. PRICE DIFFERENTIAL IN FAVOR OF
SELLING FEEDER CATTLE AND CALVES
THROUGH LARGE AUCTIONS*, BY
GRADE, ALABAMA 1962
It;t;:Ut;l CitLLlt;
~E'i
P
1
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CO'(NSU'NIFZ DI)E>1IANI) 
101,
BILL MILLER, DLepatiLLLLLL oI A(I icu it al ELoLLLLLLLL LLLid R-1 o,L LL I LLL L
HUI3ERT HARRIS, DLj-,,- ,fL LLL I HOLLCLJLLL
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_7 Samples of products were attractively dis-
y played in test stores. Would-bc consumer at
right examines product.
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CAN COASTAL MANAGEMENT
AFFECT MILK PRODUCTION?
G, H. ROLLINS, D
1
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, XIII mill, -l l/, Ii I Il
IMPROVED QUAIL STOCKS
DEVELOPED AT AUBURN
JR. HOWES, Depotxuerit of Poultiy Scietice
W. D. IVEY, Depotieu of Zoology-Euomrology
How quail are hatched and housed for Au-
burn research is illustrated here. Eggs in
one type incubator are shown at left, with
partially hatched tray of eggs in another
type incubator at center. At right is bank
of cages being used to house bobwhite quail.
Althouqh hatching procedures for quail are
similar to those for chickens, equipment is
specially designed to accommodate the small
eggs. Coturnix quail hatch in 16-17 days,
whereas bobwhite eggs require 23-24 days.
I Ni I [I. lili II. i I Ii i l I Ii lI I
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Samples of pasteuri zed -refrigerated products
at top, left to right, cantaloupe, pineapple,
and grapefruit. At bottom, left, peaches are
in special machine designed to rotate con-
tainers during pasteurization and cooling
and at right arc apple samples.
ti iii1, PPPIiPP lll t i j l Itl
pil ip /p Itil I uI'
pitik ll j1 il f t c i i ll
( pw l \ 1 1)1) (i i I I I'l P 1\ I Wir I . It
PPo P ild (di ti I p f piimll pp
PP\i\,ip~p , Ih ill, lot iPwP Il \I ll
P4 'I
Packaged Fruit Products
By PASTEURIZATION-REFRIGERATION
HUBERT HARRIS ndi JOHN G, KAFFEZAKrS
Deprt m ee f Ho ilIf-
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'55
S.fr
55
55
VARIETAL RESISTANCE
or INSECTICIDES
for pic/deworm control
on cantaloupes ?
T DON CANERDAY
D,sor.,Iull of Z..IloVE0E.i,II
' -I i i PH Ik k [A i I)i~lli i lil liliN
Siktit ik i iit IF 
t tiii~i i
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