VOLUME 12, NUMBER 3
HIGHLIGHTS
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION,
FALL 1965
AUBURN UNIVERSITY
H-IIGI-ILIGHTSof
Agricultural Research
A Quarterly Report of Research
Serving All of Alabama
VOLUME 12, NO. 3 FALL, 1965
ARTIFICIAL SEEDING OF PINE ON OLD FIELDS- A Popular
Method but Often Discouraging 3
CHEMICALS FOR WEED CONTROL IN FIELD-GRowN NURS-
ERY CROPS - Four Compounds Promising 4
ABC's FOR HOME USE OF NATIVE ALABAMA FOLIAGES -
Given are Detailed Steps for Using 5
FARMERS ARE CONSERVATIVE BORROWERS- Almost None
Favor Frivolous Use of Credit 6
VETCHES AND NEMATODES- Warrior Resistant to Three
Important Root-Knot Species 7
CONTROLLING BROADLEAF WINTER WEEDS- Can be Ef-
fectively Accomplished 8
RANCID MILK - COMPLEX PROBLEM FACING DAIRYMEN -
Rancidity Development Described 9
PROMISING CONTROLS OF NEMATODES IN CHICKENS- Pros-
pects Good for Effective Remedies 10
MANAGEMENT VS. CROWN AND STOLON ROT- Makes Dif-
ference in Coastal Growth__ 11
TEMPERATURE CONTROLS GERMINATION OF HARD-SEEDED
VETCH- Necessary for Reseeding 12
PELLETS- KEY TO FATTENING ON FORAGE? - Promising
Results with Pelleted Coastal Bermuda 183
MILK PRICE CHANGES HAVE VARYING EFFECT ON CON-
SUMPTION - Demand Not Highly Elastic 14
RESTRICTED VS. FULL FEED FOR BEEF COWS - Some Cows
Can Tolerate Restricted Feed 15
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF INSECTs - Shows Promise in
Controlling Insects 16
00 tf Co ,T- Artificial or "direct" seeding of forest trees instead
of planting seedlings has become a popular practice in the South.
A study started in 1959 at the Lower Coastal Plain Substation was
designed to determine the effectiveness of different techniques in
direct seeding of loblolly and slash pine on old fields. Shown here
is one of the experimental areas of slash on the Substation. Details
of the study are reported in the story on page 3.
Published by
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT
STATION of
AUBURN UNIVERSITY
Auburn, Alabama
E. V. SMITH
BEN T. LANHAM, JR.
CHAS. F. SIMMONS _
KENNETH B. RoY ...
E. L. McGRAw .....
R. E. STEVENSON ...
Director
_Associate Director
-Assistant Director
------------Editor
-- Associate Editor
-- Associate Editor
Editorial Advisory Committee: BEN T.
LANHAM, JR.; J. L. TURNER, Instructor
of Horticulture; R. R. HARRIS, Associate
Professor of Animal Science; H. T. ROG-
ERS, Agronomy and Soils Department
Head; AND KENNETH B. RoY.
PUBLICATIONS
Listed here are timely and new publications
reporting research by the Agricultural Ex-
periment Station.
Bul. 329. Oats for Forage and Grain.
Bul. 335. Crimson Clover in Alabama.
Bul. 350. Seasonal Variation in Prices of
Selected Farm Commodities.
Bul. 354. Procurement of Corn in Alabama.
Bul. 356. Rural Land Ownership and Use
in Alabama.
Bul. 358. Costs of Packing Fresh Peaches
in Chilton County, Ala.
Cir. 147. Diseases of Small Grains in Ala-
bama.
Cir. 148. Farm Handling and Marketing of
Pecans in Alabama.
Cir. 150. Directed Growth of Ornamental
Plants with Chemicals.
Leaf. 66. Forage Production of Winter An-
nuals Sod-Seeded on Dallisgrass-White Clo-
ver.
Leaf. 71. Yuchi-New Arrowleaf Clover.
Free copies may be obtained from your
County Extension Chairman or by writing
the Auburn University Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, Auburn, Alabama.
IMF('M !,T )U
IIl *'rd IJLd
Labially pine seedling at left 2 years after
seeding and at right is slash pine establish-
menit by direct seeding.
S ith hi )9 XIllt lX c too 1 Xt l t l d li
tttiIl t 195t9 it llo t \\a ' t ai iii lli lit
IIm ii ( t ist idII thlt i' iii t i lltJt. ti
lito X 11111 XX til t I itilcw~ ofi f(I I t
jcilli(i , l 111 ilt i S oit (d' 
1 
ittl Ii t
1,(It XX d ii 'tt i i' I lt ii lc d it t o] XX (t
tii~\ 'iii lik il l d h
1
t till itt \it s it li i l
ti',tli (It it1 Ilmilt Soui IXpc H'ittt
it0 S itl Ii ill -' iiX 1(it) \\I', II1 l it fil i ti 10Ltl
XXt sit iilti \e t tlope aul i fii u X ftieltd
(iiill"it iti iIIA it t iillm thuod oll > a t s Idt
hid it il ii li I le of~ hi tlit' tXXli
pIXmili iit l c t 1 11 Ills Xt'lt It I1 I I ' r itt
ARTIFICIAL SEEDING of PINE
on OLD FIELDS
L. E. DeBRIJNNER and E.J HODGKINS, DeprmnofF esy
W. J. WATSON, Lomer Cooaa Plai S .stio
I I I ) , pel Act c \\ ith it lohliIIIIIIII cstZiblish-
I 11CIlt I ilt I( i I,, t 2 t )( A ) s( i I I( T's
[-'sil w t I I i's st ill Idill (1, the ( )l I I \ i I It -
i I I )I c I ('s I I I ts \v( re I I ot I I t I I c 1966-6 1 sce( I -
i I I as ill t I I c I-cd f i I, I ( I Ti I I ) I I I . At t I I i,
locatioll \ (-ctatim I its predoillil lit] Itk
1) ro o III s cd c it it (I t I Ic "()il \\ as oot
droll"Iltv. At thc lim-se pastow ilppill-
elltl\ 1)o "itu prepaliltioll Illethod \N its
slifficiclak colopIctc to lvdilce collipcti-
il"T \\ its (1( )11(, ill \m (,it iber, Tal )1(, 2.
Stl ill ificitt iol I of 'wed \\ its (.1 it ical i or
h( it I I specif s \ Iwil "cc(liog \% it', per-
I ol Tiled iT I Fcbruilr\ , evel I thol It'll still Id-
.11-d lilhol ittol \ (,(,I- Illilliltioll W"t" did oot
illdicatc tli;kt the SLIsh pilic llccdcd stritti-
ficiltioll. Tlwrc \\ils Im ;t(killitilac to t1w
11101(1 (Ollillmilk liscd latc 
wilitcl scedill(r
mcl fill] sec(lilig
Sitc pl-cparittioll fittcosit 11111st ill-
XiiiLE 2. 1t '1 it ( .i Ni St iX IX\X AM ltiti I SI 11*11) PiNt', Aii i:ii 2 ' is i',oi 11'iT
Spit lI
ILAWiiil\
I ii ii ii
Ii ii 1111l \
It mliii'
511~ Ii
ShiV~l
Slashi
Sli~l
pXil Iitiltit
til 111
t'it1111r
IX I till ii
\o\ 11 li
o\li tilt
itilwl
Stitilil ii
Sttilitiflc
Sti di lit-*i
Stt i li
pi~tii c'
0~./
2.9
1.81
:3. 1
'lst", ilcracIsvee Ilit e sot
1II I v t C I , 't\ I
I X I (11 )t l I ) l(' St
Si XXIlI tiI'X 111I1)o
1t1 )\ IN l v t mi X I : \i
(w Si
Sitc plcpar;ttioll
1959-60 planting
dkkiii,,,
1960-0,11 plillitilig
Suptcmlwi dikiw-,
No cmlwr btirniw',
ti'
Tllc (Tellcrally to\\ Cr si In i\ ills froill
S L I i \ I \ A I A I I I i I t 2 thc 1959-60 SCC(l it WS its C011 IIMI Cot X\ ith
1.1)111) L(mlolj.) m) 
tl I(, I WiO-6 I scediiigs 
poibithk itre at-
\m Slll-
Is km) .2 Y1.1mi's 
triblitable to to\\ 
rilildill] ill I'cbrilill-Y,
LDINC \Lirch, and April 
of 1960 14.9 ill. ill
1960 itild :31 M ill. ill 1961
Sill \ i\ ill Scptellibcr 
diskill(T gilvc supelior re-
[m c Saild lit'd I)III-iiiii(r 
it,, it sitc
sults o\ ci No\ cmb(
1 tlll( hill lit ]d p epariltiol 
I loctilod f or (,\ el situiltioTl
Pc/. Pcl. Pct. (ACCI)t the 1960-61 seedimrs at the red
field. T] I is pit rt icl 11 ill- sitll ltioll rep I
1.6 1 .I I 1 .6 sel I tcd tI Ic I I lost I it\ ol-ahl (, col I 11) i I I itti oI I
2.1 0. 6 T.5 to -c 
i I t I I r, \ e or c t z I t i \ c co I I I I ) e t i t i o 
I I , I I I
soil Im diwct "Cvdill(t ill this stll(l\ .
:3 .:2 5A 20.1 Stratification did ]lot afl(vt sll(.(.(,Ss 1()l
1.7 2.8 20. 1 cithel 
loblollY or slilsh pille \dicil 
secd-
ClViISC its tIIC C0IIlj)Ctitj\ CHCSS ()I tIIC 0l-i(1-
illill \ (,( Tctiltioill ilicivilse". 11 illitial vc("e-
titti\ c cm cl is (l(,TIsc itild pi-cdomillil I Itl \
composcd of illl\ thill(f Awl thioll broolli-
Sedge, preparatioll of' thc site loust ill)-
prmtcll that lised to]- row crop (-Illti\ it-
tioll. Ill ildditioll, thol-oll"ll "ite prcparil-
tioll call hop-m I' sun k it] 1111del- drought\
collditiolls. I to\\ c\ cr, I to l. i 1111 c r c I I t I
droll"Iltv soils, it is sillcl to 1-ch, ol I
s('('dliIl(-, thall dilect sec(lillor
Uor direct Su(,dill(r clitmer fore"t lillid,
latc \\jIltel i1ppliciltioll ()I stratificd sccd
is (-olimmok reemlillielldc(I Im hoth lob-
hdI illid "Lish pim"". Tlw diltil from this
.,tll(l\. tcIld to jlistil\ (,Xt(,Tl(lillo, this rcc-
0IIIIII(Illdittioll to old fichis. Dilt t also ill-
(li(.;It(, that fill] scedilo, 4 1111"trittificd
secd \\its its effecti\e.
L M Ii ii i u li X 'llttX\ (41 tat p)11111 i'(
l Ii I I Iil I X m ttI ('1 s T11111 ii i't', Iii f).\it
btiti ill i~ iiit llt t) Aill. 1it'iIii -t 1 iiu L ' cri
s iit\ itX - li ii lti i (I rllilt t itt ti l t o i
(1( t' lil, i I it'( po i litit l i ( i i ~t ' it t (I
i21:1is Ii. ,st 51% XX( it ti~l(S 'IttXX titi
tith ( ittiXo, t I 1(I I iI, liii I lit ill
4il], 11s ( pp i e o m lii
ItI ill( itjtia it i XXto b ttl a iii i X'i' lt k i i
liii d ii il titbi. b (It c l itll'ih iti',
Dct I li ias ,it shortii lif ', 1-6 ' %\ ilt' ,ut
i4'
Chemicals for Weed Control in
Field-Grown Nursery Crops
H.J AM ING, J. L. TURNER, and W. A. DOZIER, JR.
Departmen of Hortclue
Nario\\ Ic led \\ioi ii ii -cr stck itt/i
XXht II I i~X itit \\ o d I' Ulilt ui tok'b
XX ii tt .tlI , pci'.it (i111 11 ( 1ii 1i t , Ill s\ tI/i.
(L) Net c weeds in untreate~d piet. k Plot
treaC.ted April 28, 1965, with 10 lb. per acre
of Casoron wettable powder.
Ii~~~ it i I l i t'i ill ili ,1 Ic
X it 1 I ll. At \\ ;itt .
,(ir ( 111 ii r (.lilt Xi i i tc S t t c appili ( il''
ti lto4 1 ii X Pl (itt ats tof itiiiit iti 'ti*
Ii 'I t X i I i
1
)tik iii s i atw fti J)1 illa
ttI ii lt itti i ll X ill ('ia l t ill te i l tt 
1 
ii
ijil. It i',tX. p h d it i - .lw t
TI c f lifl' XX 1). wr l.t t '\Iiithttil i ie i.il-
1111111 ilte is ap le i( rtt d 1- t
I li dl/t
St (;(;vs[1 1) l1vium 11)1,:s Foll 1 1111 1)-Cloo\\\
I ccds ( oll I rolli'd
Most illililial \N(vds Sill1il/ilic
Crahglils,, and mmic bloimlluaf, I )it( thal
Nlo t allillial ( :am)rol I
\\ ood \ miisui\ stock, it(-\% lillcl , 4'AaNklic(I Most itimital L iasscs ;tit([ \\cak Ticflitit
p1mits, '-dadioltis (trial ha is onk ) bloadluak
All %HAM \ Is \\ I. \1, 111) ill llithx (' phlit"
that (,ioll b(i lised to ilwivilw t1w beillit\
()I its 'Jd('.
This Iwillit ifiu tl ioll (,;Ill bc(fill ilt I I( ill
b\ trillispI'llitill" 11'Iti\ u shrill s, tre('s, ill I
i I w s illto tit(, ll()Tll(. I i I I I( I'w it I)(-, o f I )v
(.1itt ill,, foli ur(.s ;tTId fl()\\ (.rs for hollic ill
I ill W(1 I W] Its. :]I It i\ ill it I(r iliitll\ (d t I Icsc
I) Ll ('i I I I I esl I It ill ()I the
llat Iit's tl 1)(,itllt\ off tll(, S till(, illid V itio ll.
(1()IIs(iI\iII,(r imd I ('plitlitill" tli('S(' IlMi\ c
pLtilts call do Itillch to Iwillitil hwill
illid 11iltiollill roadsid( s.
Amid wr possible Ilse fill. ]lilt i\ (, plitilts
is to (.111ti\ itt( wlcct(d (m pI ()-
(11161w hdi;w( illid brillidws 1 m. illilsscd
i i tit i k( it i or . it I )it i i i i t i s k i to m I I fill its
so )I I I If LIA I I I I; Llyl I( d iit, ST I I ilitX, 1. I Id 1 CI W (At I 10(
I(d i;t,,(, I )I it I Its. I 1()\\ c \ isit illof 11( )1 ill
arl ists liit\ poillt('d olit the hit
()tll(,l fla t I\ Ill lt( l iills th a t ill (i II()t it\ itil-
ilhh, Colmlwl ciall \ .
Plitlit milWl ii[Is that Ilil\ appcill-
ill,, to Illilm ill I ists illch Ide ill-ious pill(is
loll"Icill itild spi llcc, Pinto's
"labra Allwl 
wall 1)(,Zlllt\ b(ii-I 
N , I (,tt(.?,-
Imsh 1% oiiiii, mtkleal It\ di"im"C; I, \ ill Mill,
11111MCS, "Mitlicl it \\ 1\111\ I tlc I 1)('l -
ABC's for Home Use of
Native Alabama Foliages
HENRY P. ORR, Dept. of Hortcicuue
scii lrtot coxxi'' li x l11 xs eiii Hir I bacli i 
s
f irk h( N l i i k t iuii , Iw x.mia
Iiiiiii ix.ia \ iix ii i t h llil ii it ('1' d iii~
Aeix fi i iif gl xti ii A ithiiiii 'x 8(1 Iit
il)'!(iI i x lid)) IH'io( i codlix.s s up xlc l 8s
i
516
Varied use's of native fotiage arc illustroitd hIw . II Southern magnolia con bc used for
line or mass effect, and developing fruits add interest. (2) Spruce, or swamp, pinc corn
bined with three yellow chrysanthemums gives on exotic Oriental flavor in a Japanese
usabata. 13) Elegance of silver candelabrum is accented by spruce pine and red carnations,
t4) Formal arrangement of American holly foliage with daisies and chrysanthemums com-
plement classic lines of gold and white metal compote, 15) A group of swamp natives con
be decorative in a pewter-washed copper urn, Common bald cypress provides the lacy
fringe, redbay the blue-green complement to the container color, and possumnhaw viburnum
the focal point. (6t Adding four daisies to the number 5 grouping makes it appropriate for
special occasions,
of, Xx itt'i xi!l ii h xii a ol ii! it thi i lii of,
vi bi i ix l i lppilli lu to iix )111 )i Cu
phii I'x])i ' i t i I will o in xii ii i ~i
xil I I i t i t ) I i xI' 'u ixit ii C I it (T . T I s i I(r i-'
I i i (, 1 1)Ii I I ( -11 s lit tf 1 f I ' i itc i i t
40 i F. coolx i ii iiiiiiidi ott x i t ulix i ii t
cooltii ii i ]);I ii! iliiii is it theli'i Iit ii i
4] i/i' ll II i tir i c oill ii 111' (oii ti i l ii
lt ill i 'i'ii t l s iii ' tall i be i sl i ito'i ' dita ix
f iailk s b\ s iifi ill plt i c i las and itii
o li . P1 ii t I iii] ix t til iil, 'lw ls 
titx,
s ) i 'i xIm ld uiiix xx! I i c iIt id itc ii i ll
till . N' Ix ,il x (4i toIlie ( I i'i oii l i tii's x\ lI'
Ii iii ]mI (ii tai Ii I i I l " 1ti f ii \ (,I siu ti' [I i 
t ix
Ii xs,( I \\it II t I x)( , hI iu' xxI\ ill 'xi I d ((It ift ui I ' s
(of l ti ' lx i i1 i i ' I Ii xx( - it IIc m ill I) i s 
xiili
I l iiiit lii' "I'x]i i iiildu f () I xx Il -cs I iiii i'
\i i'i' t t o ith s ' ii! i i t c1, ~
FARMERS ARE
CONSERVATIVE
BORROWERS
JOHN E. DUNKELBERGER
Dept. of Agricultural Economics
BORROWING MONEY is a serious 
question with many farmers!
The economic depression of 
the 1920's and 30's caused
most of them to become conservative 
in their attitudes to-
ward borrowing money. They 
had seen friends and neigh-
bors lose their farms because of over indebtedness, 
and didn't
want the same fate, 
to happen to them. For 
many farmers,
borrowing became an evil to avoid, 
except as a last resort.
Since then many changes have occurred 
in the. American
economy. A new generation of 
farmers is now in business
in Alabama. These farmers are finding 
that many public
and private agencies actually promote 
borrowing money and
ready use of credit for expanding 
one's farm. or business,
buying household appliances, or even 
financing vacations.
People in large cities and the suburbs 
have been found to
be quite liberal in their attitudes toward 
borrowing. To what
extent is this also true of Alabama farmers?
Majority are Conservative
Results of an attitude study 
of 126 farmers in Clarke,
Fayette, Monroe, Montgomery, and 
Tallapoosa counties in-
dicate 'how farmers currently regard 
borrowing money. Only
9% were completely opposed to borrowing 
regardless of pur-
poses. The largest proportion (51%) favored 
borrowing only
for farm and business purposes. These 
two attitudes can be
classified as conservative by current national standards.
A somewhat more liberal attitude toward borrowing 
pre-
vailed amon,g the remaining farmers. They favored borrowing
money for house improvements and appliances. 
Three per
cent of these same people also favored borrowing 
for such
luxury items as pleasure trips and vacations.
Conservative versus Liberal Borrowers
Results indicate a considerable difference of opinion among
Alabama farmers about borrowing. This suggests 
questions
about the personal and business characteristics 
of farmers
with different attitudes, see table.
Farmers with liberal attitudes were more likely to be
under 40 years of age. A higher percentage of them 
com-
pleted less than 8 grades of schoolin~g and rented their 
pres-
ent places. They were more likely to be actively involved 
in
organization life of the community and to hold an optimistic
outlook for the future. This optimism was reflected in plans
to increase size of their farm ,operations.
A liberal rather than a conservative attitude toward bor-
rowinlg money was also, more typical of men with different
types of farming operations. About two-thirds of the farmers
with liberal attitudes were on farms of less than 100 acres,
while less than ,one-half of those of the conservative 
view-
point were on small farms. Similarly, almost 40% having a
liberal attitude had a total gross farm income of less 
than
$500, whereas those of a conservative attitude 
were more
likely to have a total gross farm income range 
of $500 to
$2,500. Moreover, a liberal attitude was also most pro-
nounced among farmers with both small total 
capital in-
vestments under $1,000 and large capital investments of
$10,000 or more. Farmers with capital investment ranging
between these levels tended to have a conservative attitude.
Other considerations relative to difference in attitude 
to-
ward borrowing money involve amount and source of total
family income. A liberal attitude toward borrowing 
was
somewhat more likely among farmers whose families have
low incomes (less than $1,500). In contrast, a conservative
attitude was more pronounced among farmers with family
incomes between $1,500 and $4,000. Farmers having a lib-
eral attitude were almost twice as likely to have nonfarm
work providing additional income than were the conserva-
tives. Also, almost one-half of the farmers with a liberal
attitude had wives who were employed off the farm for all
or part of the year.
Meaning of All This
Attitudes of Alabama farmers toward borrowing money
and the use of credit indicate a strong conservative tendency.
While urban people tend to take credit buying for granted,
a large segment of the farmers in Alabama view it with
skepticism and almost none favor the frivolous use of credit.
Farmers with a liberal attitude toward borrowing tend to
be young men attempting to, get started in farming. They
realize that they may have to borrow to obtain a place of
their own or to expand their operation. At the same, time,
they have little capital investment to lose in case they
default their loans. They also gain additional confidence in
their ability to repay from the regular nonfarm income they
receive from either their own or their wife's off-farm em-
ployment. On the other hand, farmers with a conservative
attitude tend to be older, better established, and dependent
solely upon farming for their livelihood. They are not in-
terested in risking the loss of money.
SELECTED CHARACTERISTICS OF ALABAMA FARMERS WITH
CONSERVATIVE AND LIBERAL ATTITUDES TOWARD
BORROWING MONEY
Characteristics
Personal:
Under 40 years
Less than 8 grades ..........
Renters
Active participators
Optimistic outlook
Increase farm operation
Farm:
Less than 100 acres of land operated......
Less than $500 gross farm income
Median gross farm income ($500-$2,499) --
Under $1,000 total capital investment.....
Total capital investment ($10,000 or more).
Total family income:
L ess th an $1,500 --------------------------------------------
Median ($1,500-$3,999)
Both farm and nonfarm sources
Homemaker gainfully employed
Attitude
Conser- Liberal
vative
Pct.* Pct.*
7.2
46.4
11.0
27.5
34.7
12.3
45.8
25.0
51.4
10.9
29.7
23.4
55.3
37.0
44.9
43.1
34.7
64.7
39.1
34.8
25.6
39.5
44.9 53.4
39.2 24.4
36.0 63.3
27.9 45.5
SMeaningful comparison is between conservative and liberal
attitudes for each specific characteristic; percentages do 
not add
to 100%.
VETCHES and
NEMATODES
N. A. MINTON, Crops Res Div. USDA, ARS
E 'D. DONNELLY and R. L. SHEPHARD,
De~pot ,,I of Aci Arnfy ond Soils
('l11,11 l';\ i locIll('It S~it 11(11, is I ci'X l i t tol tilc o'' l tilt' li\s
is hIigik iX Xl l t ib it' to alli fiXc I' fI tit', ((It hi ((t Ilc'llItIotit'
Differ in Resistance
ti' I (((X iii fl t N tiIt\I('~'I( o d ltd ilit'tilll lil t (i cig i i ti t lt t
lilt' I-cXit'liX f \ech toI. ,f cro -iotn m lo cS e is
XX Ili r \(111 was il il i i k l eit'X Ntil l it t it l I - 'Xis lith ill
ilgc, icreil loot, of tt( o h oot notclc wer SeI't'it'Xllil
(IS e p oosX o r r\ 1 is asscite w.11 :3 w lot -
\lwli Xil iIX (Iol o *3. i lr r \\-it 4.11 rjo to tt of3.6 (
otheroX vcci c 3.11l 3.7wl ill3 3ilao cilfo' d i. I l 2:3 i
Nti~ol Waro acsa thl)co - t1 .3ips la33)l .3.1 t 2o.3i
Hairy and thre~e othecr vetches we're susceptible to oil five root-
knot nematode species. Left-Note severe galling on hairy. Right
-Warrior was resistant to the nematades most commornly found
in Alabama.
11111t'1 is o til X' tXX olit Xp('('it''s o t het' X oil, ahn i esi F) o l.~t
toer theseX ne(t(iltoc arcI 1pres(eXnt( t C'otto Out ('0111. t t tt
11 t)t l j) XX 
OX (le s lld l~ t C o t 
t l ti ' ss t I 
t O I X tog b o th 
Slrt e Il l)n
)llilit Ill ot I lil oc)lllltdell TI s tit( I(, th l~lt crp It'll c tlti ('
nutmber ofi these t\oece ll tit' So~iil Xlll~\ il pt'lllllif it possXi b lei
to gro vetc Puttlng eults t tol Work ol11
I mpor1 l t nce f (~tr llt I \e'IItchi'X ill .itrtit oll 1)11 ti I l XXi altl 11 ii11
'Ilil I(lt Hial an o tl ~t~il' sil lill ite \011 to 1I t'e IX t, 1111I II root
('lttci Il ( I \Ilt tillII I m ic thc pre iou it l tt XXi (I' Itti It i ll it
lbu ilt (' till I hig It'll ltit IX i i l Ill thi ro'(II o tw'('Id ill
V.
Controlling Broadleaf
Winter Weeds in Lawns
Y ( lii i ,I t () k A it i ixii., its I i i I I I
x ti xxI tcr \\ v(Ils ii x I 11 (to I m I I. I) i'll(
Thu n'ii I11 iiixx li xx titi thIlt f c i xill kill
ifI" li Iiu. l t lit \ xx Is it Ii ii 1it tilli t' sli tu c i itcitt I op
tlII t i \ 114 ('I ItI Ii xx t(,d ilt t' cI-i I sw s C i cil kille r
\\ joiitt' xxi til liiiiltstilii i ii 4 I 2
Iitll I ilt lix itlil r il oiii llS x i s' St i \iug l t oi ' i
liii I. \ dil ts lix i 11111'e al lz tit I ille A
f iii isit iii I iii xx \\ iti x tills thil iiio\ ititi i ii i
(1t1 is I iCt'55 x\ i ti. ilst pti ll v i i it i l li t l ii i 41
tit ' sii ~ 1 iI iit(It ii Ciiid itild ri l , I(- ii si i iill
ski lic'i )il () 'liss lici \' x(ii i sit .ixt (i iixx
( (,(Is ~ ~ ~ ~ ('n ,ls itiI l )q- 1 -)
oIut iti it'it ii I' t lx ill t o"It l t tillt' o'i f1
uolts. pu' i it litict li licitili t)iiiii(I ifi
of11 s i4i55t'5 ,s Nill l iiiii il ti'~ 1) ixx li x\ . l
illilil i iliol of 2 \ iii tl~ \\ iiiii' biii i till t'i'p ,ii' )
It~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~t ii xxi'a t l( olwT~lol ft~ld
8-lto o rd ( ( i\ 1 
f tw ( 't. tW ( l
Bermudaograss lawn here
was treated to control
weeds February 8, 1965.
Em Plot on right urntreated
and plot on left treated.
Photo was made March
15, 1965.
D. G. STURKIE
Dept. of Agronom y nrd Soi/s
(i 5I Il lix xx tliiii it ul iilit it fot
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hunt fo ilix(Iiilill Si. I
I sji''lii it i ii .i tI 111(k
P\i1i1lipl li's iil i l l I I Is x ,;i t.
RANCIDITY IS A SERIOUS dairy problem.
Just ask any dairyman 
who has had 
milk
rejected because of it.
Rancidity results from hydrolysis
(chemical decomposition) of milk fat
by an enzyme called lipase. Off-flavor
results from short chain fatty acids that
are liberated by hydrolysis.
Cold milk, when aged, shows varying
degrees of milk fat hydrolysis, designated
as spontaneous hydrolytic rancidity or
lipolysis. This development can be in-
creased by altering the milk component
on which the enzyme acts (called sub-
strate), by shaking, agitation by air,
temperature treatments, and homogen-
ization. Induced lipolysis is the terr for
this type of rancidity.
In parlor and pipeline milking opera-
tions, induced lipolysis sometimes occurs
to such an extent that milk is rejected
because of off-flavor. Generally the cause
can be found in air agitation of the milk
with foaming as it flows through risers
or other points from cow to bulk tank.
Where air leakage is not immediately
evident, rancidity is often blamed on
such factors as rations fed cows. Pasture,
alfalfa leaf meal, and other ration in-
gredients have been credited with elim-
inating rancidity on many dairy farms.
To determine effect of ration ingredi-
ents on development of rancidity in milk,
two trials were run at Auburn. In trial
1, three groups of three cows each were
fed these rations: Ration 1 - continuous
grazing on Coastal bermudagrass, fescue,
and millet pasture, with a 16% concen-
trate fed at rate of 1 lb. per 8 lb. of milk;
ration 2 - alfalfa hay and silage, plus 1
lb. of concentrate to 3 lb. of milk; and
ration 3 - Coastal hay only, plus 1 lb.
concentrate per day.
Milk samples were taken weekly from
the weigh jar at morning and evening
milkings during the 9-week test. Half of
each sample was immediately cooled in
ice water and held 48 hours for use in
determining spontaneous lipolysis. Re-
mainder of the sample was agitated in
a blendor to simulate air agitation, then
cooled and held 24 hours for measuring
agitation - induced lipolysis. The ex-
tent of fat hydrolysis in the samples after
incubation was determined as acid de-
gree value, see graph. Rancidity result-
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Weeks
Rancidity of fat from milk of cows fed test
rations is shown by the curves. To be meas-
urable, differences must be at least -0.687
for spontaneous and -1.704 for agitation-
induced lipolysis.
RANCIDITY OF FAT FROM MILK OF INDIVIDUAL COWS RESULTING FROM SPONTANEOUS AND
AGITATION-INDUCED LIPOLYSIS, AS AFFECTED BY TOTAL DIGESTIBLE
NUTRIENT LEVEL' AND GREEN FEED
Rancidity, in acid degree values
2
.
Cow Forage Spontaneous
no. Calculated TDN levels
80% 100% 120%
1 1 0.80
2 0.65
2 1 0.35
2 0.29
3 1 0.59
2 0.58
4 1 0.64
2 0.69
5 1 0.23
2 0.16
6 1 0.76
2 0.15
Mean 1 0.45
2 0.42
TDN mean 0.44
0.56
0.47
0.28
0.18
0.21
0.45
0.84
0.11
0.53
0.26
0.43
0.89
0.47
0.33
0.40
0.62
0.76
0.81
0.41
0.47
0.29
0.39
0.26
0.19
0.39
0.39
0.64
0.48
0.46
0.47
Agitation-induced
Cow Calculated TDN 
levels
mean 80% 100% 120%
0.56
0.39
0.39
0.49
0.29
0.44
0.47
0.40
10.42
10.20
8.85
8.09
9.33
8.60
9.24
8.84
7.56
10.98
12.47
8.97
9.64
9.28
9.46
11.11
11.50
8.50
6.44
12.15
7.36
6.62
8.12
8.92
9.95
12.63
6.79
9.99
8.36
9.18
9.20
10.04
9.91
4.80
8.74
8.65
7.49
6.60
5.01
9.15
11.96
13.30
8.72
8.75
8.74
Cow
mean
10.41
7.76
9.14
7.82
8.58
11.02
9.45
8.80
SPer cent of recommended TDN allowance based on body weight and milk production.
2 To be measurable, differences must be 0.148 for spontaneous and 1.387 for agitation-
induced lipolysis.
Forage 1 without and forage 2 with green-chopped alfalfa.
RANCID MILK-
Co plex Problem
Facing Dairymen*
R. Y. CANNON and G. H. ROLLINS
Department of Dairy Science
ing from both spontaneous and agitation-
induced lipolysis was not affected by
ration.
In a second trial, short-term effects of
variation in total digestible nutrients
(TDN) and inclusion of green feed were
studied. For this test, six grade Holsteins,
30-60 days in milk and producing 50-60
lb. daily, were assigned randomly to six
rations.
Rations were calculated to supply 80,
100, and 120% of the recommended
TDN allowance of each cow, based on
body weight and milk production at be-
ginning of the experiment. Rations con-
sisted of grain concentrate, alfalfa hay,
and corn silage, with and without green-
chopped alfalfa at each nutritional level.
Each cow was fed a different ration dur-
ing each of the six 10-day periods. Milk
samples were taken from morning and
evening milkings on alternate days and
rancidity development determined as in
the first trial.
Results from trial 2 are given in the
table. Neither variation in TDN level
nor inclusion of green-chopped alfalfa in
the ration had an effect on spontaneous
or agitation-induced lipolysis. In fact,
variation among the, individual cows was
much greater than differences among ra-
tions for both types of lipolysis in both
trials. This animal variation in suscepti-
bility to agitation-induced lipolysis could
account for rancidity variations encoun-
tered.
Control of rancidity on the farm, as
indicated by these tests, depends on elim-
ination of air leaks and control of ex-
cessive foaming and agitation in the pipe-
line system. The amount of care re-
quired will depend on the susceptibility
of the milk to induced lipolysis as in-
fluenced by cows in the herd.
e Supported in part by a grant from the
American Dairy Association.
New Promising
Controls of Three Common
Nematodes of Chickens
S. A. EDGAR, Poultry Science Department
N EW EFFECTIVE REMEDIES are in pros-
pect for control of the three roundworms
that most often infect floor-reared chick-
ens. The three continue to plague the
poultry industry despite availability of
a few drugs that have proved effective
against at least two of the species.
They are the large roundworm (As-
caridia galli), cecal worm (Heterakis
gallinae), and a tiny thread worm
(Capillaria obsignata). Life cycles of all
three are similar, with the worms in-
fecting and growing to maturity in the
small intestine or cecal pouches. Eggs
are passed in droppings of infected
chickens and become infective within 7
to 14 days under favorable conditions.
Severe infection by the large roundworm
can stunt growth of chickens, impair egg
production of laying hens, and may cause
death. The importance of the cecal worm
is the part it plays in transmission of
blackhead (histomioniasis) caused by a
protozoan. Although blackhead is com-
mon and an important disease of tur-
keys, it is of less importance in chickens.
The cecal worm should be controlled to
prevent blackhead. The importance of
the thread worm has not been clearly
determined. Yet it often has been the
only disease agent associated with poor
producing hens.
Properly spaced treatments with pip-
erazine or continuous feeding of hygro-
mycin have resulted in good control of
the large round and cecal worms. Hy-
gromycin in 9 to 12 months renders a
premise virtually free of infective worm
eggs. Neither drug has proved very ef-
fective in eliminating the thread worm.
Although the most widely used drug for
cecal worm treatment has been pheno-
thiazine, treatment often results in not
more than 50-60% elimination.
Studies at Auburn University Agricul-
tural Experiment Station on the large
round and cecal worms as disease car-
riers have confirmed the work of others,
but mild infections for 28 to 55 days
consisting of 29 to 181 tiny thread
worms per bird did not affect growth.
* Financial support and supplies of CoRal
and Bayer 9002 by Chemagro Corp., and
provision of Mintic by Ayerst Laboratories
are gratefully acknowledged.
10
Under floor conditions, chickens often
become infected with all three worms.
Therefore, tests were conducted at Au-
burn to determine the effect of multiple
experimental infections on growing
chickens. Results of two such tests are
summarized in Table 1. In the first test
chickens infected at 1 week of age with
an average of 31 worms of the species
28 days later averaged 105 grams less
in weight than the noninfected birds.
In a second test of 21 days duration,
chickens infected at 45 days of age,
averaging 66 worms per bird, gained 192
grams less than controls. Growth was not
affected until about 2 weeks after in-
fection, at which time the larvae migrate
in the intestinal wall.
Numerous floor trials at this Station
Treatment
Test 1P
Noninfected
Infected---
Test 2'
Noninfected
Infected
revealed that one treatment each of three
to four successive broods of broilers with
piperazine at 5 weeks of age or continu-
ous medication of three or four broods
with 10-12 grams of hygromycin per ton
of feed resulted in near elimination of in-
fective worm eggs of the large round and
cecal worms from litter.
Recently tests at Auburn resulted in
a high degree of elimination of the
thread worm. Sample results are sum-
marized in Table 2. Mintic caused 94 to
100% elimination of the thread worm,
50-69% of the large roundworm, and no
elimination of the cecal worm, Tests 1-3.
Lower levels of the drug were less ef-
fective. Piperazine phosphate resulted in
excellent elimination of the large round-
worm, and good to fair elimination of
the cecal and thread worms.
In a 2-day treatment, CoRal caused
59-86% elimination of the three species,
and 7-day treatment with Bayer 9002
resulted in 72-100% elimination.
Although the most effective levels for
treating with the last two compounds
have not been determined, prospects are
good that new effective remedies against
all three of the most common round-
worms in chickens will soon be available.
Worms per bird, average
Average gain, days after innoculation Large Cecal Tiny
round- worm thread
7 14 21 28 o worm worm
Gm. Gm. Gm. Gm. No. No. No.
90 202 360 536 0 0 0
78 153 274 431 7 7 17
168 290 420
145 167 228
0 0 0
18 4 44
' White Plymouth Rock crosses, 7-day-old.
SWhite Leghorn males per treatment, 45-day-old.
TABLE 2. EFFICIENCY OF SEVERAL NEW COMPOUNDS IN CAUSING ELIMINATION
OF THREE SPECIES OF ROUNDWORMS IN CHICKENS
Experi-
ment
Birds
D
oMedication'
No.
1 8
8
8
2 5
5
5
3 5
5
5
4 10
10
10
10
1% Mintic
8.2% piperazine phosphate_
None
1% Mintic
3.2% piperazine phosphate
None
Mintic ..
3.2% piperazine phosphate-
None
0.0035% CoRal
0.0125% B9002
0.0125% B9002
Worm elimination
)uration
f treat- Large Cecal Tiny
ment round- thread
worm worm worm
Days Pct. Pct. Pct.
0 0 0 0
1 50 0 94
1 100 88 46
0 0 0 0
1 69 0 100
1 97 92 83
0 2 0
1 100
1 76
0 0 0 0
2 66 86 59
3 66 100 95
7 72 100 98
1 Mintic was given in drinking water and other medications in feed.
2 No test.
TABLE 1. EFFECT OF THREE SPECIES OF ROUNDWORMS ON GROWING CHICKENS,
MIXED INFECTIONS
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES versus
CROWN and STOLON ROT in COASTAL
R. T. GUiDAUSKAS, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology
HAROLD YATES and J. E. BARRETT, d
Gulf Coast SubstationI
C It V Att.il, it iV it \ i I D ( fitl \Ss i o tc TIl
I )it i i IX t I tttt , Ti ii (1 cttlop I i', I it l t .II
tI II I I(II I I Ii t i llcIIt i I. i I1 
1 i I it t II
otal biermud tat stlns aove arbte, spit
Ilenthw cieore dlieaseiagois. Atl co top are
athy and\Il bootto nfetdwt stolon rot l(
fungus. b oi-lla iil" III~i ''i
'I'( ii lit ill of ii ' lls( coi c i fortt' It iii It
itlit i .b ii t ofi it m iii s ct ('IIX ('' 11 (I i
l((-
t
tii, XXitt t ',t i i has, it'l ii t it oii d
col It' iot 'I'l( ic of, ititti oil 'ti , \tar
Itl itt I olt roitit itt ti tl i t', . 141.1~cr XX a'
Pi14 hlt \\cv Ittil titi'b li i illt \\< ','lit I i~ lii
flsi Ii l tillI be litt dilettssiet t XI w
:Iii ( Xit I i ti l tttitl It, it' tilil I lope.1Il
XX l'lil ploits \ lii I bhi iIXX toff .1 iiit h I, l
il XII'', XX i ll" X el ol i las ci't' cgl iill X t
ill,, XX ttlill) it th (ritMf i ht iiitol thXi
()tli.I. all \ Rs ultst lc e a l ,i
Shown is incidence of disease-free crowns
and stolons in Coastal bermudao under some
management practices.
I it ilt it (iii. .1 ci~ \\t, -45" t ilt' the
onirmi itts an 2Y'i il th tplii iii
"l i ll- ii plo t s rii tll whic gX Ilass 1 ill
it belt ii' ilii'm i ut ti'ci tdt i . t
Ai tilt dli'Xu ' i scas 1 tiIlt it4 litill It Iill all
ill t II d i Xhlit o li h oi 11(1 i i ' a IcI
li' ll ti t i tiots fl iii itt' I cii i t haid t bclt
pc11ii di ilk lt ( ii d l btit il w ii orlit I ll
XXl,,. B\ IX oltitlici I tlic t ia ii itt d1(1 Xi lil -
temperature controls
germination of
hard-seeded vetch
C. S. HOVELAND, E. D. DONNELLY, and 
D. M. ELKINS
Department of Agronomy and Soils
EXPERIMENTAL VETCH varieties now 
being tested at Au-
burn have a built-in thermostat to control seed germination!
This control allows seed to germinate only 
at low fall tem-
peratures when moisture conditions are most favorable 
for
seedlings.
One mechanism involved in germination control is 
hard
seedcoat. A hard-seeded variety could be used 
in several
ways: As a reseeding winter annual grazing crop, to pro-
vide cover on roadsides, and as wildlife feed.
Grandiflora (Vicia grandiflora) and native vetch (V. an-
gustifolia) commonly reseed under natural conditions in
Alabama. Both are useful for wildlife feed and soil conserva-
tion. Unfortunately both shatter badly, thus preventing
commercial seed production.
Seek Nonshattering Vetch
The vetch breeding program at Auburn University 
Agri-
cultural Experiment Station is aimed at developing a non-
shattering reseeding variety with good seed production and
forage quality. This work has been reported previously in
HIGHLIGHTS OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH (De-
veloping New Vetches, Vol. 8, No. 3, and Prospects Good for
Reseeding Vetch, Vol. 
10, No. 3).
In field trials during the past 8 years, some of the new
vetches have reseeded well on bermudagrass and bahiagrass
sods. Practically no seed germinated until mid-October, al-
though moisture conditions were favorable in July and Sep-
tember. Recent laboratory studies have helped explain this
result.
Temperature Cycle Has Effect
Germination tests on scarified and unscarified seed were
done in a germinator. Two temperature cycles were used:
(1) a starting temperature of 70 for 16 hours, followed 
by
90
? 
for 8 hours; and (2) a starting temperature of 4O
? 
for
16 hours, followed by 70
? 
for 8 hours. The high temperature
cycle is similar to night and day temperatures of early fall
and the low cycle corresponds to late autumn night and day
temperatures.
Native vetch responded to temperature in a manner dif-
ferent from grandiflora and experimental Ala. 73-6, as shown
by the graphs. Unscarified seed of native vetch germinated
slower in the lower temperature cycle. At the end of 336
hours (14 days), only 60 to 70% of the 
unsearified seed had
germinated. The other 80 to 40% with delayed germination
may be the reason for reseeding of this species 
under natural
conditions.
Ala. 73-6 and grandiflora responded alike 
to low tempera-
ture, as shown by the graphs. Unscarified seed of 
these
vetches germinated rapidly in the low temperature 
cycle,
but slowly in the higher cycle. Seedcoat permeability 
was
increased by cold temperatures, thus permitting 
intake of
water for germination.
Experimental hard-seeded vetch varieties reacted to tem-
perature in the same manner as Ala. 78-6 under field condi-
tions. The seed lay dormant during the summer 
and germi-
nated when cooler autumn temperatures arrived. 
This is an
important trait for establishment and survival 
of vetch in
Alabama, since moisture is normally adequate from 
time of
first frost until seed are matured.
A large number of vetch hybrids being tested have 
this
mechanism for delaying germination. This makes the 
new
varieties better able to cope with their environments.
Different responses to temperature of native, grandiflora, and
experimental Ala. 73-6 vetches is illustrated by the graphs.
12
FI
ilt~~ iiIc 1i ig.i ()1 o lx x i I n o rw Ix l i tIt i'ii IIII it's l I I i I ll i I
(I Ii ( i ' f it l lI( til lI it lui I i I. Soi it Iit I l s Tl t c llc to pl.
lIi txi c t I (, i) iimn 
1
iici Iicix th t i itilx liiixx w taxsx I )itii
i's ,iil (1iii t I I iiiio l o f iii lo*Ii i i iix)rc ctc ii.i.' i
Ic I III () ~I rl m It it x A i L11 f i liii xt 4'. \Il l1. l tI :oii ta (liii w 
o it
;1ii , i1i i;c tIoI w.t'x iii tIsti vi-i I w'lxx. lt AtcitxuitI oix ix i ixx 
.
I'l itiiiwlx I I lo c i t is i tifiiiicl x(,I ilss i xill ,i x iiil iis~ i c
ti jsitt' iii t c'iiiiilx hut tlti tlih-d li ( ,Io itt cxix itiiiniufee i
i litio l i l ol ili lll t c , i il" l ft
Nlw l xii c -iill lit xxod ix-'( l il i li I c't i\i iii 1,1 i c ostsi 41 io I
it il i x Ill i '\l i I i iiv it xI Ii iti I Ii t' xli lxxl Iii ill 11 miii ix re ii\O
('cil (i. 1 iilinx x, Alb r alld s\ ci-t (ox fii Si bsilt ixliBs 
ht
c\ it]] l~~cd ;tlll(. oI ~ 1 11w o i ii w l c i lt, ~ c II
P1iit' Coasta
ii x 1111 lx x on tirioi
First 10 days oiix 
Ac ,\((Ii I ./ 
Axx ((-\ 
II
211) 
9115 
2I11 
841
2.21 III0)9 269 961
w0 .ini
*
ji
S
/
PELLETS-key to
fattening on forage?
W. B. ANTHONY and R. R. NIX, Department
of Animal Science
J. G. STARLING, Wire grass Substation
L. A. SMITH, Black Belt Substation
Ai ti t\ Ii I ) W i .Bet Si I IISt iI i o', i t il tlx ix x I i(hu ii wit~ I t
tili I.I I it t lI i I c . xxI i t i (- ii l i lw lii ,c Ix it,, I i it x i l llI u s I xIII Icd
t juf t ix ciilt I t t Ii I i (til I iii' .I iilit ( ,iil iii ' ,I hi i tcr
,iith ii it ~ iton ciii i i iuixx' li ( i'il i i l ii toi (icticlli iw
iiijc ofxtii c'litii'i th it's loic ixx'cux ol 4litiivtkcl
tlt' l dIii c ,i4'. hi l ii's ('iixtcAl i f cli xtioi tiicixd
Cozlttt'. ilida
i T
F-illisIlill'-, fe( (l
HOW MUCH DO retail price changes af-
fect milk consumption? Very little, un-
less the changes are sizeable. But the
effects may be greater than has generally
been believed.
Information on price-consumption re-
lationships for milk products is vitally
needed by private firms, farmers' co-
operatives, and government agencies in-
volved in dairy policy. Considerable ef-
fort has been spent in seeking such in-
formation, but findings have not pro-
vided definite patterns.
Effect of price change on milk con-
sumption is often measured by "price
elasticity of demand." This concept is
defined as the percentage change in con-
sumption for a given percentage change
in price. Since demand varies inversely
with price changes, the demand elasticity
figure is a negative value. If the demand
for a product has an elasticity value of
less than 1, demand for the product is
said to be inelastic. In such a case, a 1%
change in price is accompanied by less
than 1% change inquantity demanded.
But if the quantity changes more than
1%, demand is elastic.
Total revenue (price times quantity)
is increased following a price rise if
the product has an inelastic demand. On
the other hand, an elastic demand causes
revenue to decrease with a price in-
crease.
Varying estimates of short-term elas-
ticities of demand - immediate response
of consumers to price change - for fluid
milk have been reported. These esti-
mates have been grouped into two cate-
gories: (1) consumption response to
small changes in price, and (2) response
to large changes.
Responses Measured
SMALL PRICE CHANGES. Most studies
have concluded that demand for milk
is hardly affected by price. Results of
an early study in Chicago during 19,20-22
indicated that consumers tended to vary
purchases of milk inversely 0.1% for
each 1% change in retail price, see table.
Similar habits were found in several
metropolitan areas.
14
In general, pre-1940 studies indicated
that the demand for milk was highly
inelastic with respect to price. However,
some estimates made after World War
II showed more effects from price. A
1948 study in the Portland, Maine, mar-
ket showed that consumers reduced con-
sumption 0.45% for 1% change in price.
A Connecticut study made in 1949 found
elasticity to average -0.48.
Reasons suggested for the lack of con-
sumer response to small changes in milk
prices include: (1) consumer indiffer-
ence to price of milk, (2) slow adjust-
ment of food habits, (8) belief that price
changes are temporary, and (4) price
changes (,generally increases) are in line
with the general price level.
LARGE PRICE CHANGES. Some studies
have indicated that consumers are more
responsive to large changes than to small
fluctuations in retail milk prices. Since
changes have usually been small, most
price elasticities have been determined
from these small fluctuations. Data have
been inadequate for determining elastici-
ties from large price changes. Often the
large price changes resulted from "price
wars," affecting only part of a market.
One of the largest and most abrupt
price changes in the New York area -
an increase of 30 per qt.- occurred in
August 1957 when three markets were
included in the New York Federal Milk
Order. Following this large price in-
crease, analysis of milk consumption
showed elasticities up to -0.6 to -0.8.1
The larger New York consumption re-
sponse may be associated with: (1) pub-
licity accompanying the price change,
(2) an exceptionally large price increase,
and (8) more acceptable fluid milk sub-
stitutes becoming available.
Large price decreases were studied
in Washington, D.C., in 1940, when a
controlled price situation was established
among low-income families. Dropping
milk prices from an average of more
than 120 down to, 50 per qt. caused
elastic responses,
- 
-1.5 for Negro and
-1.2 for white households.
2
1 New York (Cornell) Agr. Expt. Sta. Bul.
951, 1959.
2 USDA Cir. 645, 1942.
Based on findings of the Michigan
State University Consumer Panel, it was
concluded that price changes did not in-
duce consumption changes to any im-
portant degree.
3 
During the study period,
prices paid by consumers increased about
17%, and milk purchases declined
slightly.
An analysis of the demand for fluid
milk in 1,865 households in 12 south-
eastern cities in 1955-56 revealed that
price changes greatly affected demand
for fluid milk. The demand elasticities
reported were in the range of -2.0 to
-8.0.
4 
However, the statistical evidence
was not conclusive.
Limited Response to Price
Most studies dealing with consumer
response to milk price changes show a
highly inelastic demand. Nevertheless,
there are indications that, in some in-
stances, consumers react to price changes
by adjusting their purchases.
It is difficult, if not impossible, to iso-
late the effect of price changes alone on
consumption. This helps explain diverse
findings. Usually where price changes
were small, studies have, shown a highly
inelastic demand.
Growing price competition in many
markets, such as from grocery stores sell-
ing lower 
priced milk, 
is likely 
to in-
crease consumer response to. prices.
Availability of lower cost fluid milk sub-
stitutes, such as dry whole milk and
concentrated milk, is also likely to af-
fect marketing, practices.
'Mich. State. Univ. Dept. Agr. Econ. 788,
1960.
Ga. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bul. N.S. 12,
1957.
SHORT-TERM ELASTICITIES OF DEMAND FOR
FLUID MILK WITH RESPECT TO PRICE,
FOR SPECIFIC PERIODS, MARKETS
1
Period Demand
Market studied elasticity
Chicago---
New York, metro.
area -- -- -- -- -- -- -
Baltim ore ---------------
Boston
Connecticut -----------
Several selected
mkts.--
New York, metro.
area
New York, low-
income area .......
Portland, Me .........
Eastern Conn.
community ---------
Memphis, Tenn.
1920-22
1919-24
1922-31
1922-31
1922-31
1984-35
1988-37
1938-40
1948
1948-49
1952-53
-0.10
- .10
- .28
- .06
- .14
- .28
0 to
- .20
- .33
- .45
- .48
- .40
Rojko, Anthony S., The Demand and
Price Structure for Dairy Products, USDA,
AMS, Tech. Bul. 1168, 1957, p. 109.
MILK PRICE CHANGES HAVE
VARYING EFFECT ON CONSUMPTION
LOWELL E. WILSON, Dept. of Agricultural Economics
Xi I (I ( Xlit, lill ti rll" li 1(1l i ii-
fluX~e X iNliitt) feed lig lhilt ciike front'(i
1(1111 i Ii.o \ ;r h lt 3 ). l( tc il
ailiii iii ati the) IXo \(I Coastall t' itill s iill)
stittili. i~ t t he i [al, l of1 i 195,1 (,r i(
fllr Jl I ciili \\tif' c1 llt' a'i 2' top cidl
XX ('it' liiii ilt ( tr t '-c llc it toX (It (11iltil
fo lit' Xi glllX i lcfi .'i'k
(Ill ill tit 'tl gr l ii til t' 1c h oelt a
1114 ilt .'Ii XX ilii' )t'VicitlX o ftille to x '
SiiXat'i XXd lot ri'\X l' \o v ll'. t pl.
1.~ ~~~~~~~5 holi Na vsclilolIw-~ldlyis
()til r iullp It' or 59g 445ovd I oI
Steer calves from the
more liberolly-fed dams
were heavier at weaning ,
ond maintained this
w e ig9ht odvYa ntoag e
fhroughout a growing-
finishings sysem
RESTRICTED vs. FULL FEED
for Overwintering Beef Cows
R. R. HARRIS, Department of Animal Science
V. L.BROWN, Superintendent, Lower Coastal Plain Substation
W. B. ANTHONY, Department of Animal Science
i11412 tif 24.7 1i). oif liii' but iio (8\l (111
XX (N thi7t halic period :31) iiill t ed p
tiowi fh lit'r jur 'IX X iit' i l t't i oXXI
$5t)'5 2,i7 11).5 d tilt' 1
1
)I ici dll
tilllit'- 25(1 div Xt'rieiit4 XXws ('IitN (I
tivlf .I diti onI(IS, X i to( XX.t\ 42(1 ptl. ftn
Ntt't'r e'iiXl 12'S d ' o te 4 )l. ('.\ ', ii'
ftilig i1 20Iii ilt' l (&ittt XXI0 pe3ilr
tllt' t't p e tr X XXo\ cosil t II) Il
similler at 2 x-cars of iwc, avcriwc dif-
ferencc ill the hodv \\,(,i(,Iits at 5 vcai s
of ;lac \vils less thilil -40 1 1).
Milk productimi of the is givcii
ill thc tab1c. "I'llese diltil shox\ thilt co\\s
11111-silw I it H-d roppcd cakcs (1cclilic Illit-
terially ill milk productioll dill-i1w I)('-
liods of restrieted fcc(lilior. I I o\x
tIlc still possess the ithilik to le"poild
to hish (Yrilzilw \\itI1 it resilltilig illcicilse
ill milk flo\\. Aftci about 60 dio\s oil
sprilig gi-ilzill" theil mill, prodlictioll \\its
c(Illill to that of the illotle liberidlY Icd
COWS.
Miltill-c (.o\\-s ill stroll(f lk'sh collditioll
were itblc to toleratc pci-iods of' 1-cstricted
feeding. IIo\xc\cT, cilkcs \ cilllcd from
siwh cows \\civ about :30 11). li(diter at
\xcoiiiwr (250 da\s). \Viiiter lecd cost
\\its 81.150 per 11101C lot. the op-
thimm (,roup. Nutriciits ill additimi to
dam's milk imist be pro\i(Icd the cidl
it liorillid \\cill1i1l(T \\cight is attaillcd
iii)(ler such it progrimi. Aboii( 50% of
thc 1-cplit(viliclit Felliales lvillvd lilider it
rcstri(-tcd-f(,cdm1,r regiineii calvcd A 2
Vears of zwc, \\llelcils Illorc 1:11:111 t\\o-
thirds of botcr-fed licifcrs cilkcd ill thia
ilife. Steer cillves Irolli tll(' illow liburall \-
I'cd dillils \vere heilviel. at wcalliwT aild
111iiii1tililled th is \\ c i or It t ild \ ill1tijT(,
throligh it growill-fillishilig svAcill.
diltil indiciotc thilt it llcrd of illa-
tiliv 1wef, (.o\\s ill (lood flesh could bc
\\illtcrcd oil fair to good (Illillit\ grass
hil_\ illolw provided tll('\ \vere led ill[
ilillpIc (Illillititv (20-25 11). diiil \ ). Be-
plitc-ciliclit fellizi1cs 11111st liot bc silbjected
to slich it restric-ted phill lilltil
theN arc at least 4 veitis of agc.
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
of INSECTS
T. D. CANERDAY and T, F. WATSON,
Depatnta of Zoology Entornology
R. T. GULDAUSKAS,
Deportrtnnt of Botany and Plant Pathology
III, ()\ Ix 1\( (I s i~ c td i o i ilo (I
xt-c-tic li-s t od ofii i cliitiol ii ut t it-licii
ti\( ilit s iit lii- ftil-i txx l ill( x iiii-
I tliidfitil till ft 1itti
ilfit-tito flit-tfliit xo tlwkalls xtdecxifilk
ficitig~l xlti iliil iltd t-gg atit l;t1xi]
xtiic ii it( xjicctcx of piidxtxlici-
ditiliii t disct xlii illx imu iii it i t4 lic cidix
~i s i (.11 Citk Iii lIx. ( ic it% it tt i b r cx f iitx
(>iiisit\i (,/ijcx litilicl I itt. attatkx t tiil
ft i)tli ii i ( . 1c icisso irol
prti..t pit xii liiatit k al xx it- x at is
IIei ltl ;111phi li i fi i icl ttx i iit ii
fitc i-lit-iffix Iilx Fi f l Wilt Illit]I w ts
'itiu- itiuogica ftilu al Ifitittx co.-ix-
fttiii olix ocilti-irIT) txici iltlliiiilil pI
ii ix ;tixi - itild it fl it-tiif itt i i 
a (t i
litw it l os l oo I T x iiitttt i ii i xii i x tm
itx tii o ill( titt tti fii tt xxlk r lift-f
4
t
Three examples of biological control are shown abo "C' Left is insect parasite emerging
from tobacco budworm larva; center, fungus disease of corn earworm; and right, virus
disease of cabbage looper.
1~ ~ ~~ ~u 1 ittixx 1) xt- ii x Io\ Iiix x ( (I II\SIN N P III
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lixix I It 1 3hu livi tuotu lulitx xx ifhl ilcti
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lIii u- \i \ to ix t ift l i iifliti i Iii txt i ltxii
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ile' i-iiiii II it ill iii c t ii t itt flux, 1t iiigtix
mlix iii c\ ;tulijuttillii fict-ilsx.
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iiu ixi as fitti xiiti-ixxt tillx eifaiixii
ill lih t o \ allotxiii fic-i! fptoptulationi Ix i.\
fitfif ifit~ spii ii ifth x if iis ill gIl(J( fali
tiltiiti C1 it s (,tf ] it it i x i i l xi hiS )) i i tit tIil
(Iitt tf ti- i Ix I -t \\ l i i t I x I\ A I p i i x itit i
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ct-i olt t oi i tfl- I tit \(Ifxx i ti ld II\o- illi f itifxii i i
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Tii xllll2 o il ,o Ix Iji] , IAj
TIr i I-iit I Ict
\ lIlt S
I~liaiiit i
FREE Builetin or Report of Progress
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
AUBURN UNIVERSITY
E. V. Smith, Director
Auburn, Aloboma
Permit No 1 132-8/65-1OM
0.5 10t
Ill lii \ it :3:
2.031
1.5 4:3
10.5 5:3
ft (64
,5 TY FCR PRIiVATE USE TO AVOIC
IA' [; O F POSTAGE, $300