WINTER 1964
HIGHLIGHTS
OF 
AGRICULTURAL 
RESEARCH 
VOLUME 
11
NUMBER 4
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, AUBURN UNIVERSITY
I-IG-LIGHTS of
Agricultural Research
A Quarterly Report of Research
Serving All of Alabama
VOLUME 11, NO. 4 WINTER 1964
How TO CONTROL WILD GARLIC - Key is to Prevent For-
mation of Bulbs and Bulblets - 3
UREA - A PROTEIN SUBSTITUTE FOR FEEDING COWS - Can
be Fed up to a Level of 35% Total Protein 4
BORON FOR COTTON PROFITABLE IN ALABAMA - Consistent
Yield Increase from Boron on Sandy Soils. 5
GETTING STARTED IN FARMING - A Report of Study on
Business Arrangements of Beginning Farmers 6
EFFICIENCY OF NITROGEN SOURCES VARIES- Differences
May Show up on Alkaline Soils .- 7
FEWER BUT LARGER PRODUCERS OF GRADE A MILK -
Trend Typical of American Agriculture 8
ToP COASTAL MAINTAINS MILK PRODUCTION- Delay in
Cutting Lowers Forage Quality - 9
WOODS BURNING AFFECTS SEEDLING SURVIVAL - Fire Con-
trol is Necessary for Small Tree Growth 10
ALABAMA CATTLE FEEDING AND FINISHING -More Effi-
ciency Needed for Profitable Industry -11
LIQUID FEEDING OF GROWING-FINISHING HOGS - Pigs
Liquid-Fed Gained Faster in Station Tests 12
POULTRY MANURE VALUABLE FOR VEGETABLE CROPS -
When Applied with Commercial Fertilizer----- 13
HIGH ANALYSIS VS. Low ANALYSIS FERTILIZERS - Shift to
High Analysis Materials Creates Problems ---- - ...14
TREND TOWARD LONGER LIFE HAS SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS -
Affects All Areas of Community Life - 15
ANNUAL FLOWERING PLANTS FOR HOME LANDSCAPE- Fit
a Seasonal Need in Many Home Plans -- 16
Of L4 CO C?- Since establishment of this lawn, the homeowner
has kept a watchful eye on appearance of wild garlic. He treats
them individually using a kerosene-creosote mixture, which is one
of two treatments recommended by Auburn University Agricultural
Experiment Station when there are only a few scattered clumps. As
pointed out in the article on page 3, wild garlic bulbs may not germ-
inate for several seasons. Winter is the time to kill this yard pest.
Based on research by its author, the article reports on how the wild
garlic develops and spreads, what chemicals (herbicides) are most
effective, and when and how often to treat. Successful control hinges
on preventing formation of the bulbs and bulblets.
Published by
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT
STATION of
AUBURN UNIVERSITY
Auburn, Alabama
E. V. SMITH--
BEN T. LANHAM, JR._
CHAS. F. SIMMONS ..
KENNETH B. ROY
E. L. McGRAw .....
R. E. STEVENSON --
Director
-Associate Director
Assistant Director
- --- Editor
--Associate Editor
--Associate Editor
Editorial Advisory Committee: BEN T.
LANHAM, JR.; R. R. HARRIS, Associate
Professer of Animal Science; H. T. Roc-
ERS, Agronomy and Soils Department
Head; J. H. BLACKSTONE, Professor of
Agricultural Economics; AND KENNETH
B. RoY.
New aad 7imely
PUBLICATIONS
Listed here are timely and new publications
reporting research by the Agricultural Ex-
periment Station.
Bul. 305. Boron Requirements of Crops in
Alabama.
Bul. 312. Sulfur in Relation to Soil Fer-
tility.
Bul. 313. Growth of Pine Plantations in
Alabama's Coastal Plain.
Bul. 324. Potassium Requirements of Crops
on Alabama Soils.
Bul. 345. Father-Son Farming.
Bul. 348. Relationships of Marketing Meth-
ods to Costs of Assembling, Grading, and
Packaging Table Eggs.
Bul. 351. Hog and Pork Movements in Ala-
bama.
Cir. 137. Producing Fence Posts from Thin-
nings.
Cir. 142. Procedures for Calculating Pro-
ducer Quotas and Prices for Grade A Milk
in Alabama.
Cir. 149. Crop Varieties for Alabama.
Leaf. 52. Building A Pole Barn.
Leaf. 71. Yuchi-New Arrowleaf Clover.
Free copies 
may be obtained 
from our
County Agent or by writing the Auburn
University Agricultural Experiment Station,
Auburn, Alabama.
r\ ~uilrciily r\~~Ju
4r,
At left and right wild garlic was controlled
by broadcast applications of herbicide in
December 1962, and March and December
1 963. Center, no treatment. Photos made
January 6, 1964.
M kN XA \M% Nil n, ist5' itX III 4 illt
l0c(11 illl \ XX 1(1 il XII al dl \ i t 1 tli ltitA
,lil i l ill'ialo c ill t his til ktX tp ilsl,
1(tii tIli ti l a titit(h gtlsiiit
Nid atur ofi Pl latomm
is el Xcttctll.\il o
1
ioit iil Xt OX fo l o 'X
XX ff\Vtilt to con(htl Pvlllk Xtiltr of uhII
lid itllbe olatoistekyo ic
It lit' co t ll t I tl i' it t d li i to4 reitlt f
atese arh I iog.- lSii 121sitil Ail-
turl ilttilt I llit I t ilioX111t i 'ltttt i
Howur tof Cont
i d (Ya111' itt IX ill 'lt'8,s lisii tlilits XXIlII
inche t ol T 2i t It t il] ilC ll( III
'ZI 71"~
4'
How to
CONTROL WILD GARLIC
D. G. STURKIE
Department of Agronomy and Sods
is aplplliI't
50t F.
At Auhuro most bolbs ill tests \\(,i(-
climillatcd the first vcilr. All blit it fe\\
of the willajoilig bulbs were killed the
secolld \cilr. If plaots itre I lilt] wrolls.
broadcast spril , \ applicatiolls will plob-
A& bc llecded lot- at least 2 vears.
Scattered plillits that coiric 111) latcl, Cztli
be treated il)dj\idllilI1N. It is iloportillit
to be \\i1tchlill for slich plants every veill
and to treat t1will its thc\ appear.
Herbicides for Garlic Control
Materials illid rittus per application
that proved effcctive (90% ol loorc coll-
trol) it) 1962-64 ine:
I~aiX lli 15
'T rs sbltI
pctrt acre"
2)
2)
23
.2
'l est 151' ill11 ii 8 I'r IiisttlX 'II11 XXl IZtcl
poundtls. It XX ill teur 1111'ilitttt 50t gral.
XX i' per1 acret tot XX it plantts, 3-6 itt. tall.
liThis 18 i lilt(, otf abouit I pt. p'r Pt0 sq.
lateo sillillth. pert i'll. \aXte 'is XXde h Its
XX i llI till' tI'1liiltilil is aboveX I
How Often to Treat
totiX tilicts illtX 1 M11 liilt t as ipit oiiit
Il'ill it t iltktXX I i attt icItin afll IlX5 11 ts
211101' ttpill have itcginiltti t its s ill
bl11t XXeor 11111 ali'Iit a foilrI. Plant
till olt~ii ~t iltilvt XXr iler l kill befot
XllolIXl to,itf isil Th fist silts toN
c is 111 g i ll t iitIll ltttt' ll tot 1)1 IX iits illX
butlts Xilit Apr il X n t a lcto f wiXX XXotk
These beef cattle at the
Piedmont Substation will be
on urea-supplement this
winter.
V
II
UREA-a protein substit~ute
for FEEDING COWS
W 'B. ANTHONY, R. R. NIX and J.G. STARLING
0 part i of Anial Sce e and Wiregrass Subhstation
[. M I x A 
i \Ilit Ni 
.iNI\[\(;
cI S I I i t it s tII lis lii I t c Ii 1 ii ol i IxI
I it I t'c iiit x 'it ii t 'li hixs I i (( I Ii f rc
ilielI z'li iti s I1,1 ildi ii t \ ali 04 l oi't. tic
xtne k l('ciiiil ililatix i' pli Ills xf \i (ix
ple11iii lit fill I ittit' iiii lic('i).
Precautionary Measures
It 1111i. 'I'll' 11111 (I Iill c('I (liiitiili illo
till (I' kiliti ( liiII l'( c11io i ttilix Idl
11111'li i xti t l l x(i lltc i t i i p icca iitl
lxI il'ct'xxd x xxi Ii wI ill is ix o I ci, ii ix
rtpi k ]I.\11 (i111 iii /c I i t( x I nc iii iii tit'
t 11 I liii ; III Ii) I llli IliS x illti itt' tix'(
xil ll i it 'llx 1il il('l ll i t o ldi iii 111 i
1 
ts
t~ixt s ix isil pl lid tiit lixti xx Hit t'rit
I ocii ifll~tt xxcs ofi iitii\\ a lx cal it
lsdis llo tlit tilto it lit cr \\1 itl'iiIl it
ii ix tivflli tilt i x o ul it
1  
xxd iitl i'
flilto ii t tl itt lir tiii' k ill lilt ( ii ti'c
l i t'll\ ith i '1ititr l il ( xio 'l tilts ho tw
iti fl t l xxit iil iljl ( 'I II I ll oflll iii it x Ill ti .
ik'xx i t Iit'xt' xiiflh'oil't'itx cillIb i)( id
xx l II i lI Ii(4t ixS li . fii this ('axes tl-ire
'11111 iii li It til l d iit sli i cilli' it e ttfit(l
lilt Iii l( ('lx SIII I IcII t s )I Ikt I iI I i I I'll it i Irgc
lit k iiit'i fix t'xct'x Iiv a
Research Conducted
fliiiItopltti I cclt i ll titaii Aibii l ( xtf
1
ie
tli' Stt it ~ri I I 11 i lt iia (If iix l 
i tiltii
sh11 'li t i ix t I t o s I Ii siI f s
f ~d iII(ie lI ttr't \II(IIit e 'I' product
h('i attiutis pron'ii stplicis 57.:
nit Ill Illci deti
1
'tiil iit d 
i
itialc diIxllitt ('(lxxx (iita t'su ill iti' 
xxiii
'-iiit il ii te ilt
xxill it xt fu lx .()\\t li ck Hoc it' li li xtei'
Itatioii. A tl Ii i til tahiit. i has 
ix
(S rI 'liced it ia si r(ii c\ ic fel tile 
xaidcof il'
sl i but co ItI ( SNt i ofI lli toxt I. I Ie)1 ' oi l 
Ia
cltlililg xtipeitei itsi l tit 
tims
rate;1\s .Doe let to i~lix \tr th it fii
litli l11) i tduelt ih (ilv t ol i o it( 
\ox
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I (\ ill (In
of il I tI ()lx l e ti (di t 
1 
ot x i tt
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llx iligstiorliliix lle iitillxa tit, All-
IIiii ii i l i . Ill I iti \\ it xit ll-i l t 
i
Ih e t iit ie i s ippl lx iio (liic hil equa)1 
l
elto (S. Fo i( Ip 1IIc 
t llr
11xiiili clliix (Ax~lill0 iiiiixf lI'm i
Locaion 
iiiiiiiii
I S ( trlilg i. : ).:
\\IXill ('s2'x 2 I1I 2.2(S
'Till' xullt-Il rllil lit f~liiiis ix ([I iilli ill-
XXI AMl llilll i iil Sttioin \\, (\\ it(
CSM I , Iva
itt., il d l . 1) e ww t efcc
tll.
Prof \it xiale ed Ireass lbl
(1ii i il Ahi li oItilll (It iT TX pIlli it (Ittil
';ItTi lt t tlli l t X l wstT'Tlil
ito t e ill t lt lt ,it Tl X Xoill ll i ll tIat
sils loili cott(11 ii T tt (i Ii t tll I
Iit I I- 'ill ' it tll siol III \1111i t iii
Till! taiI'titi ll' oTTf s I TIiI(.o 11111
iociciiiTci abt 1 50 1 l ). pi4T i 1) i ilIX
II'd Titi l t(d tolii' (I'i s til esli t \k lc ol 1114 ll
a i itil' XII liiIllw Si l". i t l -iit t iti iX IT I Ii it 'Ii
AI i IlTTil Tit X c iIIT I t tilT i c I m l iii' TIi'l '111''
ill c i ll' of ihii 50 11) I .I f I siX X II. tii(I TX
lITT lii! i i fic d 1((i li!TI oticl ()I f 1111'o,.h
Fx lwl Iill it(' (TX ita t I Ti t ,I \ X t ii Tlii 11
\iil Ill I lo a ionsI sli 1I1X t
Siiiii t
Bola\i/ fill~ i t t
\ lcilX
I/iii TI I Ii I'll
I ilitclit il 1 11).
111111 I
20.210 1 95
20.)50) 1.8s
XOw l i 111 1 tht I )1 li i T X ( )~ I t Xi t 1\ 1 11,
Xsoil i ts Tillc (IT m itsil plnt %Xi}~i i t II aX I
XXililie 1n itiI liiiFo t hi I cil sol iII oi'I'it''
S(I T ici iii i sT il'fii'i' r c i it I IT I l id
t i T I AX. bl to 1111 ili bool LI Xl4ii it i
\IiX ll piX -i
1
i T il \ ik Iii coiX th ill \1,it
6 I )'tb Ti i iliX X li i XsI'lT
(S) 19 X Iit I I boll lt.
ii! X T , IltolliXs ii'lildi'Tc l Iho lillIXIili/4.
I lilt ](il 'it It ilesI XXit Ii Xiil l ii lrT
I ill' TI1 lplIvt'X
(2 Hi iii ,I ( p' i Tl) )( iil'(' f l iii t let.
:3) Pith illT I 'it litill' di XI llTl I'l.
I) 'hI iik, brItt~c' (ilk /41111 i Ia es.
JOHN 1. WEAR
Deportment of Agronomy and Soils
of iT~ii bo-o l 'i i'i' (](II i \er o slX i I'll ill
\liI)IiIIiI \\ is ill At ficl!t offi tll', Iil ii iof
tni filid loll b\ u XI X I It! I4 S96lii
I )c fiel i' ~t ,,X T tItl spITT T T \ li IT X i
Ii X(i X I *T I s'X 'X p oll TiII X X ill T t I IT I \ I i I lT
Deficiency Symptoms Described
M iii s li ()fI(' iot X it Ittd '1 t Ti T i 11 'X
IT iiti' XX iiiiti iii I.
'I iIXI' S- fililt XX I1iltoiTXill ' tX p11th
TI It I ll t tc .p a c f ])'fl h
X iiTIill bollX.
:3) 1 )Xi ~Ii ofl XilI I X IT e ill X II I I I roTlls
thit I liliITlit i i T lil it.
til( I ''A E w iXc ,iI\ IT! fi I l t il Ir
Stalks XIII)\ Hit t l l i iXXli / XXTi1
1
)ptoisIT
I Shlit IT ItT IT lllIs.
2 I T o "(,(411!I lldcX.
('XI I hii iil it' ITT 
I,,
I I ) 's (di IiTTti Tii ( ITTTi 11111'
Careful Application Suggested
r l iS i ll 1tT' I 1 )1( IT .X \i ill iT Ii t 
ili (I , 1 1 1 i i
(Ili tic i 111' 11111t I'liXt I Tt /ITl.t
i'll ( zi'S~t2 I ('pIca ilT ;idi XXhi3i t 0i
11). o Ti cil I XXilt!Iiiid b llilt1' l' icl I hi\ 1lin
XX itilizI ( Ti o 't Ite i'it1iii'i it 3it 
1
i )iI of-4
FB-6 ',i XI 0.iil' B),~i ITi itl11iIc i i I ic ti llT
I). i t 111 i Ii114 i i ill ITl( I 2tt5 II)
hcX I II Xl i lilT'l it I i , XI' I IIc11)ic d( itI i iii 111111
XXit! I I T rXi 'I I'l ' I tIX X(.; It l Ilt:I li tII t il I
I i . a piii ll T I ))1 lTI ITit ('11igh
I ), i I k ( 11, ( ' 'I,)l 111'' 11 I I I ''(, (
7"'-''w' Z
~:
Ilk 4
-I
otil %(it \i . xiiN tiii - ill tfitrilltii
'itt l att ttiiti ii it lii tii t 1w a it ofixxililt
itI l-iil cs t s (d i Ii l ii l itt il t tiit till-i
c Jlti'r I it iii xi ws a t iiugt te i xx ~i tiix
farm i x i c'iit i iii iti Ilt inc ii sk is i'
la o ,al itl t Ixiii xli, d a ltitti. xxuich
an ti iir iwitt tlt t'oitt ilk i. itul p il
for t i't i it.tvilliat t w ls la
'ig t l ttit xi i I i tlics l tilw l t' \ae I ll ii
c mitt x illtit st (1 9 b~ i liw f l11
GETTING
STARTED
in FARMING
B. R. McMANUS and
JE. OSBORN
Dept of Agriulural Economics
(2) tutumet twitti tcic t b\ i igietiitt
tioitt i i i'x ii''i ll oft~ it Ii it t i ia ii it
Tenant Arrangements
t Ctititg ti x tottr' lItt ix it aI)C ng11iti
xwiiiilh( tituttti (i toajitcli \x t'iuji xx ix
slit i of lax gi ltttucitat it-11 Also tit
Pll i ltix c lc is i l \ i ,ll~ a l c
tiito exp it it lit tgtl ii:tu ttiittia ith it te
illiti ' tilt it iii-c c it iliii d ix \~t tt i it
iii (It i tild it it i~ ttit t itrxid c t lti t lit xii)it
.1ll lw ('11 it i t t x it 'i i i i til
,i w % it t ,ii N l .IT i(d Ll k ll
Port-Time Farming
l t ti i t ltttitt itt'l i it t c t tm ItiN l1t
hac I) Famlily ist dcia c Ia-11
tal iii]~ t \'\ l l it v itt' I :3\ ) ii itec t lit I
t it it i l Ii iil ii t i \r i t t i lt ( t'. Iitjt
pauiill tx it ii I iul)iti i l pil x ittI
i i ll-,1 s (d i ittI. tx ii liti Itli i i to it t t \ itttsl
xiii i I. lxii
xiiNix I xiii
itt tiNNiNi.
IN : iiiti. ix 29
x1x963 X iixi
T\x pict it arituigilntt
I' ittwr-xoii
'ITtiaitt
0xx tier----
Pairt o\xx nt
[ihorci
I'it i ((tit
48.4
-37.9
6.9
:3.4
:3.4
'I xmiui. 2. I'AML xxiii ANC Xxxix x'x IVE i xj ix)
ii ti ixio. X xix 1963
( ;jittx lu
Pc (itt
1 xl K BEL I SOLiS ii' iiiii t
Stilt', ii oi ma ti ali ii I ,
56
c
4
ticc litti.
lo t t tti tx ii, i me tiii itsi li it flowt-,
Large N Losses Possible
Si loI i ix ix t t p tilt Bltp S ibt at ini
sli(ixx xx~t ax c xx~c (d lirgitior plaits
NC \Irc Iate N oitroen Proved Bes a
putxoitxi stitac of ix xdiie olsxix
im, \\illm i \\ it r Ii s l ssisall ll
Soill'1 It N clii ii, i Ill-
196(2-6:3 t I(itst'
1i, 1,
Nit tiittti. i'ut
40 l1b. N
ii it it ii liti xi ftc
,\ml l. l mN slf
A i li li il ilt'iat
120 l1). N
(I i'i',
1 90011
2,8001
2011
230
2,900Il
1, 1111
2,6011
:3,2001
3,5001
.5,000Il
:, 9 111
3,60011
4,500II
900II
3001
II00i
1 ,0001(
2,2001
1 31(1
:1,111(1
1,6001
3, 10011
llt litix
xi i
'3.3
44
l00
3 2
59
73
001(
45
55
8l4
Lu sh forage growth like '
this is possible only when
enough nitrogen is avail-
able to the crop. Even .
when adequate amounts
of same nitrogen sources ,1.
are put on lime soils, desl4,
ficiency may occur be- . .m
cause of gaseous loss.
Efficiency of Nitrogen Sources
Varies on Alkaline Soils
C. E. SCARSBROOK, Deportment of Agronomy and Soils
H. W. GRIMES and L. A. SMITH, Black Bell Substation
tI'm ittx 'x A1I1litix xt n Suft cit'xt illsii
c1ii i ki lii ,litttiititiiii iItll i it 1c i i So lt
xttl. \\ t to a l c itx xxfttr axit io ,ito
"i .ti el aill l ti c x i t'Ll \e it't' itx f iiii
ail Citix. id \il o iu ltac d
li'lt(, hi t xx" t'r li i it'it tilg'llx'
xxti litlioanlin i 1 tiate uxt'u i i x'li g 1;1 Iii
tlvex g 1 xclt ix ci u'ilt iicltit'xx of in lgh
moit~ixi ('iiirIt'l lc i e 4 it ltxx u
ait'xihilt tt l o ium C Titi'itu t th tl i cc~~
tt)r 1311111 lit, vb' acie o, jitiitog ,ixx
oftuua imiitlia tigiux 'it x'axfll 1lte
1
r ati t'-
I
11
xxw c Cix ts it' resltx of iieiit'u' li,it
l\iulds' ito I 961,litc lsix t' x i I Iuu' aI 'sIIIo
Wl ',bt r it I 161.11 !il i\ tilt id it w'.se
Moisture, High Temperature Involved
A\lliiuitiiti loss it'llits ilx xxi itl tiit'
Iitttd ttt'ii ip iti ii i is i~' h igh 'ISl tloss't \illt
io t 4i ill I lit'l xiit itt'ilx i ist'i ii it I
xx th s ili to n' \ iS~ jl jlo S i )r1itill
1itxt' itt11 tii tsit liix tiit t ca c ll iii it
ilut ii (it's i xlii t i t i i igt is appl do i
iiill t ihe it so i 1 It1 tcr ittiii \ l i 
1  
("'cape
iitlit't' itbs r c iii tilt' soiiiicl o
lsts, ptiltl t' Silx.x it tittitt a i
(tliitixi of iit'it'i iii iixt'i i a p liedi
FEWER BUT LARGER
PRODUCERS of
GRADE A MILK
LOWELL E. WILSON and KENNETH H. COBB
Department of Agricultural Economics
THERE WERE 40% fewer Grade A milk producers in Ala-
bama last summer than 10 years ago. Yet milk sales were
almost double. These are significant changes in the State's
dairy industry.
In the early 1950's, there were about 2,000 Grade A pro-
ducers in Alabama. By August 1964, the number of dairy-
men selling Grade A milk to distributors had dropped to
1,197. Despite this sharp dropout, sales were up nearly 100%
mainly because of larger dairy units, increased production
per cow, and installation of labor-saving equipment.
Study Made of Alabama Producers
A study of supply adjustments made by Alabama Grade
A milk producers was initiated by the Auburn University
Agricultural Experiment Station in 1963. One objective of
the study was to determine those characteristics of dairy-
men that influence their decisions to expand or get out of
the dairy business.
A prepared questionnaire was mailed to each Grade A
milk producer. Approximately 60% of the producers returned
completed questionnaires. A total of 800 questionnaires were
used in the analysis of producer characteristics.
Size of Herd
An analysis of the survey data was made by size of herd.
Average number of cows in the Grade A herds was 78. Of
this number, 61 were being milked in October 1963 and 17
were dry. A total of 278 dairymen, or 84% of those answering
the questionnaire, had herds of less than 50 cows, but pro-
duced only 14% of total milk sales, Table 1. About one-
fifth of the producers had herds of 110 or more cows; how-
ever, this group produced more than 40% of the total milk
sales.
Herd size distribution in 1968 was compared with herd
size distribution in 1959 (Auburn Univ. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bul.
331). The comparison showed that during the past 5 years
the average number of cows in milk in dairy herds increased
20%. Also, during this period milk handlers have become in-
creasingly dependent on producers with large herds for most
of their milk supply. The 1959 study indicated that herds of
89 or more cows produced about one-third of the total milk
supplies. In contrast, 'herds of this size supplied about two-
thirds of the milk in 1963.
Several characteristics of dairymen indicative of changes
in number and size of herds were compared. Average age
of dairymen in the survey was 48 years. Generally, younger
dairymen operated medium-sized production units. Average
age of dairymen with herds under 30 cows was 50 years, or
slightly older than average age in the other groups, Table 1.
8
The analysis showed that dairymen with large herds made
more use of technological advances in milk production than
the small operators. Use of production testing, artificial breed-
ing, mechanized feeding systems, and pipe-line milkers in-
creased with larger herd sizes. Dairymen with herds of
more than 50 cows were more likely to adjust production to
meet market demand as indicated by the percentage of dairy-
men purchasing milk base.
Average Daily Milk Sales
The trend of either expanding production units or going
out of business is further shown in Table 2. In 1958, about
one-half of all dairymen in Alabama sold less than 550 lb.
of milk per day. By 1968, less than one-fourth of the dairy-
men sold milk in amounts under 550 lb. Average daily de-
liveries jumped from approximately 780 lb. in 1958 to 1,350
lb. in 1963, an increase of 78%.
More than 50% of all dairymen selling less than 550 lb.
of milk daily in 1958 went out of the dairy business by
1963. Most of the small dairymen staying in milk production
increased sales substantially. Although some producers in all
size categories left dairying, the percentage declined in larger
herd sizes. Only 14% of the producers selling more than 2,200
lb. daily quit dairying.
Because of a heavy dropout of small operators and the
concurrent expansion in milk sales by those remaining, total
number of herds selling under 1,100 lb. daily decreased be-
tween 1958 and 1968. Number of herds selling more than
1,100 lb. daily increased 75%.
Summary
The trend of larger and fewer production units, character-
istic of American agriculture, is occurring in Alabama's dairy
industry. Larger herds make it necessary for dairymen to
purchase labor-saving equipment. Smaller producers who
cannot afford such equipment or who fail to increase herd
size are likely to drop out of milk production. Thus, the
Grade A milk industry in Alabama is becoming concentrated
in the hands of larger, specialized, and more efficient milk
producers.
TABLE 1. CHARACTERISTICS OF ALABAMA GRADE A MILK
PRODUCERS BY SIZE OF HERD, 1963
Size
of
herd
Under 30_
30-49
50-69 ----
70-89 ---
90-109 ...
110 and
over ...
Total
Total
Dairy herds milk
sales
No.
99
179
176
125
69
Pct.
12
22
22
16
9
152 19
800 100
Pct.
3
11
16
16
11
43
100
Av.
age
of
dairy-
man
Yr.
50
47
46
46
47
49
48
Using 
Using
ng iarti-
dpton 
ficial
ductionbreed-
testing 
.e
ing
Pct. Pct.
28 63
30 62
43 70
45 64
49 72
61
42
68
66
Pur-
chased
milk
base
Pct.
7
8
20
24
20
24
17
TABLE 2. DISTRIBUTION OF ALABAMA DAIRYMEN
BY DAILY MILK SALES, 1958 AND 19631
Year Under
550
1958-
1963
Pct
49
22
Proportion selling specified daily amounts
550- 1,100- 1,650- 2,200 Total
1,099 
1,649 
2,199 and 
over
Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct.
82 10 5 4 100
82 21 11 14 100
1 Average daily milk sales during base-building period (Septem-
ber 1 through last day of February).
GEORGE E. HAWKINS, GARY E. PAAR, and JOE A. LITTLE
Department of Dairy Science
D Eil I'' Itt) I\ II -v t'st't fogt'ti tel I III Igrx s Icows. \\c uil
it of thitt ' e i ll til l -I ) igt' lt ill I t'tf ii ditit' pfr1(1 odagt'
hiol oikii (Ililwi cows. ssla 'Ot iot i 5(tit
Wt' ll ildix tte lo i e t.iid Cosl h Agnciiloa produces
II~ll i i N o. f II x .is r tilt oillx 1 it h t is1 ( o liot l( c h iot i
Jill cc of it J t d loriw fo's~ ti .hi cl ax cows l. ts tf '\i
To lt51l(c ioilw tI t't llt''t t
1
iil li ciIi(tfit.al l i o if t' s ca ' fo ig
tiito t Ilifil' j il ows, i tI N.et dot!e .3.CI 4Ilideoil 15 CI ast alh'
Tf he teostl lii'lolltlltgr i i six aiiffStY t'tic llS .i'sl ( 7tdc
jistwc'tl to illt t isi iotto sto illg t'xl hi desib8 le pI (ti ll tti\
ILXx \0.11gt' tlIiil ill1k 01tf1tCi fit ('0111 tii ltilt'if~ '5 x
tt's c i ll lligt'\\ tl li li.s tx f 3 . o hi h to. 7.1 litN .
I7ow igesfl pi't iii o tc it' otf tI ic 15il stIN Iii\ pit,
I Ia pi )i(stit I
I )N
49.8
48.2
48A3
46.5
4 9. 9
5 0.2
18. 9
50).2
19.5
511.8
565.6
51.3
51.8
52.7
48.6
FEN '
IIT'crtts/
1001) l.
:36i.7
:3 4. 6
:34(6
:3..1
.36.8
.37.9t
:3 5. 9
'37.5
3(6. 4
318.4
47.10
.38.9
'39.6
411.5
:3-1.9
I )i IilIv
'CXI /Co\%x'
L 1).
:35. 2
.3.2
35.2
:35,0
:3(6.:3
.3(6
352
.31.9
.32.1
30.6
:37.1
:34.8
3(6.1
.34.h
:365.4
,j
TOP COASTAL
MAINTAINS
MILK PRODUCTION
No I I and 12sh w ti IIIo iij . ., 1 g'\7 t SUT 1 A 1ut
(Ilixi til t'ttxxs led~ Nti. I I ill Ix ic xx \\it x s cu~t 27 dtfax
(9111 lbr. I it I111) coxx olilkillT Icd , ti itst' lcd (>1115thill ix.
xx i l u lt o N .1 w'iixx bu ' 5.ct ll to i1tlitx 
is
t' ld hay l rcd t't istcowstt' d x it ofittll ttf s le V t'ti tvits't
No.il 115 Tix 1k'rcts \\1lb. itx x igt t flit50 11ix). of ilt'
io aw ittx 5-o 1. li ttci lil't piod Thi (s lii.ol '1ol
litoriti ~ la'iog 1t h tlgo ihoslt p d lIctol otifx xxp t' ii.\ Casttx a l
Ila\t' tI t' xtiiittt5 a xxttll fliil il a s ili os t mt Nl xilait
,losltx of1 t'e diirll it' i ll x lioti 2 p oil it t'io ll ('tie dx iffer1
cttf a I'NIL \\I r i so iaellilk.o lt f NE c lsll
glass tc l ia\ ll i(9 ofll o thit'p'iii c 'INi itili's tft Xlit llhl
Itt ihc t' \ lv jilliatol I c\e, ha11( i lit' it(iolENtt~iligs txtrx : x t's
foimil prduciot \\th I iowc 1 6 .4 o 9 .2 ,. hus t9
I)z\ mattei (-onWiit of ImNs rimg( d froin 89.0 to 92.91, .
This ii, s;tlll(. \iilll(. ai, -(Ill llit.v m(h." ill forage t( sting R-ports.
4, Z
1I 'A((il XX(M1II X XII II (hilli\ p iI 111'
ll'sc l' i II((i (lit XX od (((15 ili (( to b i
fill' pl
1 
os 1 o1' (f 1111lijil \i t 1( X.I i t toi (il
cicI 5till 11tibc Irdic I XXIll' hot(XX ill ('((Ill
o rI li' I( I or c l Ill it X ( i ts. I l ] o\ c 5 phist I('re9
Expertiment Eil~ stblisheIld wod
lt ti l d Jil ' t j fill \ r I'~x ill ill
i in ti t Ii, h i'l 'I I II cas v lhix I'(iil i I
er(1 XX\ IXA('IXliilt iiiiX io(ll til' ('N
to10 l it li,( 1 e fp li d c h liil
Treatments
f ire lt xx clil 111111 XXpX ~ l o 111tils c'11 1(
tii li x X ill '
1  
tiwo dii'ps XX l Is i ilil 111(1
iII JIIIX I' to the1( plot of oi li(I hg XXas ol
ill ate Jl iixll( th sclid X f fop ti 1>111'ai
lii fi -( XX 11i~ tIX ot p ar 111 t ofIX t h dX
\Xils bu ResultsmTall\lid ooe bc
Puc (it XI' iliig tX('11 li \\,it c i ngI farn'
XI'l' St.ir pa'irt oIf lt s vils bo r nediup
S il d il o fr ill sp t of1 a(1 llt(i 1lt'1( 'Itiiii
1
i(I
%
0_)"1 19414 868 1 1027 27
1948 10,:308 12,2t08 5,358
1959 20t7 285 420t
Noi
fili X
A o.
2,500t
6,708t
75-
2 1944 63 8 It06i t) 4.3
1948 546 t13 6 7,72 6,167
19.59 .375 85 28t0 470
2-4' 19-14 1-)
19-18 I6
19159 1.5
tI h Li
ItI 1261
01) '200
I 1
1 88
1I,19
AI
WOODS BURNING
affects SEEDLING SURVIVAL
G. 1. GARIN, Department of Forestry
Figure 1 at left shows results of annual burn-
ing with a hot head fire. Figure 2 at right
was burned every third year permitting some
seedlings to survive.
to ('ir 1)it tilIX' XXr 1'It dlX d high ()it
Xtl- c X((illost ot the. silill dli l (X1 '
Iii 1. .secdiigs XIII XIX ili tik( first fire'
X\III' I i('(fII(litN killed fIX subsequeniI'it
f1(ies. O i lt t bi~ illl ic 2 lilil ft.o ly
i3tirii g itt .')-Year iilter'i d \\is XX e1ss'X
('dls \\ XX u l it firl' a it ii (XiLI t~d ii 11111 li'
of X(9i'(liI(4 ittiioe it dhelighlt 
ofi 2 ft.
M io 1'. AItioii(d) ilinl of, t(1(1 si'i'(
igsillrl k1) il4X. itusilli lii fali Itll'
glc~il~ld X t((i fXI till 'S IIIo of X
1
211 Xl)d
H Iii S~~tol KIn ll ItiNISi' ( NXI
Lnsii t~ pr~iotce frio n I fi reIiii
Sed iog I\S II apctic i sustia uilX
I) .)
;fi (-Stillilt itt WAY , 1111111- h l tlto ,i)
i ss ithi t is I 1)I I l tI i 115 11 li ti i ll
1411 S (IiS l pm l( lll li t 1w o ( wlt II
If il (i I , kvil illl Dl S i~(
\liliillit l ilw S W11 lwl I
fl1lil\lS hiS 1 )1111 Itiili~f l
I IS tIllI~ it lli cit t(i 1(vd i
il'sl wo,)1(1 si/l.iIhIi 1IISIX I
(dI tilosc kvi 1111 ittt( i ll Al
Sii ci lilt lIi11111w 5i lt i lt sis
M~) it i~illu i Ilso kii ss 1 t IS(
leil bectl( 01 the s iiiisii s I
S l)1 (.tl( vil s w a i
OwliiiI l it I i lit kvIIs l
ex~ie w 1100"il \-1(
ot Il 11 ld Iltrfl
il id llifks w i f r l ,il
\t is e fidwlitil m c
(ill
1 
ii
I hut wh I 111 I
Itti II
liii II ill il I
( ldIst 1 t. i
Mliid( j i' 11 1St .I
FINISHING OPERATIONS
IAN E. HOLMES and JOHN A. LEE
'poi-menl of Agricultural Economics
1) lo illl IS tlii II clttl( I t il ig i v, llS ilil e i1 0 i I m ii II 141Ilc I lilii ils limiiitced tiliw 
poii itiii
Idi I zcilii S I i iii ilci(, \ il,\\ III (I Ils idicd iliti ~ h r thli 
\ I If gul Ii Ili oi I(v ill a 111 ii 11
a Ig ia l IlI ( lasi ii \ i I iiS iigi 11)AI it illlg in4 
111 If lcils - Itlit o111 5115 c If S t I Itli
6I t l (35the 18-d l a52th lll t7 l mv l~il i cilps 1 ;iii iiC illi 
S c5 t il g itlect
ils p o t tmlld i t la e tet5Sillidi(cl\ilfe 
Irl g1 t liB cl.lios t IS,' ClIIal Ilil
2 w\ t l ltM \\t, 5 7 2v table 
we cd l c2.2 11. ( 1St IL I\. lillt C iiii il -
11 iit( trt cs ( a2 t i lla ct6 
1 Silii 151os r ld l tI S ili.74 i\C- y css t. C) 
ltu
tF w ( s \,*, rtnIl o\ \\t)l o5 
26% es i tt off ~ (j s, I Iltl SCSjI\ P il 19 i( (l is.I 
5 11).
I'll. 27d Ilac 
22 filttw- to~l ir d . r u o ts p i 
colltild of 
11
iiui Soll wil t.il I
HIM es ii.C o u to 1.5t( 
tN\ ic 26w ler- l lsu for (it
1 
I I (Si l t ori o111 his g till-
pol 
1
)Ie. 
( ili~e o a l m ls il h o di 
id t cide feed, S l it It 1 illt,. 
, i l i f t i
Tiig A I (fill1 
uiiiiiis iA 
This hih p rc itw o ilflciiust 
lwrit v ilsiig til
Uh~tMI)) ;3ttI-5t1 7.5-5t lilvili,4, l il(2) tili othergli mstsci is
Oi~~11 
111 i 
9 263G 
l l A Ii (l st )1 lii ldl 
\II lll(
tlit 188)l~ 22 286ll 1t irupC, Ato ilxdiflili i jiiil hltj\\,I(,pi t
hvdloi A imi in i II 11sc Ilill( l\titi S liii,
1o. .9529 .7 28 
7318 20ld ill l 
li lllittil- foll sll Cll costc.
59) 2.29 1:36. 1.1.3 ol t olil gct I II lii cas t Co s iiiu I a (deio
$24.35 9e (-\t Sold, 9o-)ih S26
t
1
i . 2 2) 243 126 
) 1:3 tli I i t iij 115 gi sitiii e - *21. 74li-c\ t 
c) h
t. .27 9 .3 22 2 63 si ii s lill S il S IS lii iilltI ie'll ot
Low( ext llt il \\o ic-t ls: ric
LIQUID FEEDING of
Growing-Finishing Hogs
HOWARD F. TUCKER, Department of Animal Science
LAVERN BROWN, Lower Coastal Plain Substation
Gains Determined
Another test was conducted to deter-
mine why liquid-fed hogs gain faster.
Group I was full-fed a dry ration; Group
II was daily fed an amount of dry feed
equal to that of Group I, but as a liquid;
and Group III was full-fed a liquid ra-
tion. The performance of pigs in Groups
I and II were very similar, but as before
the full-fed liquid pigs gained faster
and were less efficient. Pigs on the full-
fed liquid ration consumed 0.7 lb. (6.2
lb. vs. 5.5 lb.) more feed per day than
pigs receiving either of the other two
rations.
LIQUID FEEDING is a new term applied
to an old method of feeding.
Actually the term is misleading in that
the feed is not a true liquid but rather
an indefinite ratio of water to feed to
form a slop. Renewed interest in liquid
feeding has arisen for two reasons: (1)
The Europeans have suggested an im-
proved efficiency with liquid feed, and
(2) feed of this consistency could be
conveyed easily through mechanical
feeding systems.
Feeds Compared
finement conditions comparing liquid
and dry feeding methods. Results
were obtained at two locations, the Main
Station at Auburn and Lower Coastal
Plain Substation. Pigs were divided ac-
cording to sex, litter, and weight into
groups and then randomly assigned to
each treatment trial. Full feeding was
accomplished in all trials. Fresh water
was available at all times. Pigs were re-
moved for carcass evaluation or market
at approximately 200 lb.
At both locations, pigs that received
the liquid (slop) rations gained consid-
erably faster than those that received
air-dry feed. Feed efficiency was only
slightly in favor of the dry-fed group at
Group
I
II
III
Treatment
Full-dry
Daily ration same as Group I-liquid
Full-liquid
the Main Station, whereas at the Lower
Coastal Plain there was no difference.
These results differ from the generally
accepted positive relationship between
rate of gain and efficiency of gain. Feed
wastage appeared to be greater in the
liquid-fed groups. This may account in
part for the differing results. Hamphire,
Landrace, Duroc, and Hampshire-Land-
race crosses have all shown favorable
response to liquid feeding.
Feed eff.
Initial Final 
Av. daily Feed/efb.
weight weight A.D.G. 
feed (feed/lb.
gain)
Lb. Lb. Lb. Lb. Lb.
48 177 1.64 5.5 3.34
43 179 1.66 5.5 3.29
43 188 1.77 6.2 3.51
Carcass Evaluations Made
Carcass evaluations were made of a
representative portion of the market
hogs, Table 3. Hampshire carcasses from
the dry and wet treatments were similar
in all measurements. Durocs fed the
liquid ration had carcasses with less
back-fat and smaller loin-eyes. However,
percentages of lean cuts and of primal
cuts were similar for the two treatments.
TABLE 8. CARCASS MEASUREMENTS FROM HAMPSHIRE
ON LIQUID AND DRY FEEDS
:a an m- II alSlaughters
Treatment 
Pigs 
Slauweighter
No. Lb.
Hampshire
Liquid
Dry
Durec
Liquid
Dry
TABLE 1. EFFECTS OF LIQUID AND DRY FEEDING
OF GROWING-FINISHING HOGS
rural~xpe~rmenr 3rInitiala
Treatment
Main Station (4 tests)
Liquid
Dry
LCP Substation
Liquid
Dry
Pigs Initial
Pigs weight
No. Lb.
32 50.7
31 50.6
16 55.3
32 55.3
Final
weight
Lb.
205.2
204.9
205.3
200.2
12 200.3
12 197.2
8 190.4
7 195.3
ON PERFORMANCE
Feed eff.
A.D.G. (feed/lb.
gain)
Lb. Lb.
1.82
1.69
1.77
1.60
3.59
3.50
3.92
3.93
AND DURoc HOGS
Lean cuts
Back-fat Loin-eye of chilled
carcass
Lb. Sq. in. Pct.
1.33
1.338
1.51
1.60
4.27
4.27
3.44
3.78
52.0
52.5
49.7
49.7
Primal cuts
of chilled
carcass
Pct.
65.9
66.4
63.4
63.1
Results
Pigs that were liquid-fed gained con-
siderably faster than those that received
air-dry feed. This was attributed to an
increased daily consumption of the wet-
ted feed. They also required slightly more
feed to produce a pound of gain. Car-
cass measurements were not affected by
either treatment.
12
TABLE 2. EFFECTS OF LIQUID AND DRY FEEDING ON PERFORMANCE
OF GROWING-FINISHING HOGS
-1----- -----7
I- ~-
PROPER USE OF poultry manure pro-
duced each year in large quantities by
Alabama's poultry industry can convert
a problem into a valuable asset.
Studies at the Auburn University Agri-
cultural Experiment Station for many
years have shown the importance of or-
ganic materials in intensive vegetable
production. During the past 3 years re-
sults have shown poultry manure to be
an excellent form of animal manure.
These studies have included rates and
sources of poultry manure, and method
and time of application. They were con-
ducted on both sandy and clay soils on
which both summer tomatoes and fall
crops were grown. Records were kept on
tomato yield, grade, earliness, fruit size,
cracking, and culls and included both
current and residual effects.
Results are given only on effects of
manure on tomatoes on a sandy loam
and only with rates and time of applica-
tion of manure. These results extend over
a 2-year period, 1962 and 1963. The
manure came from a five-brood broiler
operation. It was applied broadcast 1,
3, and 6 weeks and in the row 3 weeks
before tomatoes were transplanted. Ma-
nure was applied to summer and fall
crops in 1962, but to the summer crop
only in 1963. An 8-8-8 fertilizer was ap-
plied at the rate of 1,500 lb. per acre.
It was divided into two equal applica-
tions, one-half applied immediately be-
fore transplanting and one-half applied
about 4 weeks after transplanting.
Average total yields, marketable yields,
and percentage marketable yields for
1962 and 1963 are given in Table 1.
Data on total yields, cracks, and culls
are given in Table 2 for 1968.
Comparisons were made of effects of
commercial fertilizer without manure, of
manure without commercial fertilizer,
and of both fertilizer and manure to-
gether. The yield of marketable tomatoes
was 39,161 lb. from commercial ferti-
lizer alone, 54,756 lb. from manure
alone, and 58,845 lb. from both com-
mercial fertilizer and manure. Percent-
age of marketable yields for the corre-
sponding treatments were 71.5, 70.8,
and 71.2. Marketable yields therefore,
were 15,595 lb. higher from manure
alone than from fertilizer alone, and
19,684 lb. higher from manure than from
higher where 6 tons of manure was ap-
plied broadcast 3 weeks before trans-
planting than when applied 1 week be-
fore setting. There was essentially no
difference in yield from applying 6 tons
of manure 3 and 6 weeks before trans-
planting.
TABLE 2. AMOUNT AND PERCENTAGE CRACKS AND CULLS, 1963
Treat- 
Fertilizer
-8-8-8 Am nt
Manure
Application
Amount per acre
ment BefolU re
plantingMethod Cracks
No.per acre per acre p k. Lb.
1 1,500 (
2 1,500
3 1,500 6
4 1,500 (
5 1,500 6
6 0 (
1 Exclusive of cracks.
2 B is for broadcast.
no manure when fertilizer
added.
Application of manure t
reduced stand, plant vigor,
Marketable yields of toma
58,845 lb. where 6 tons of n
applied broadcast 3 weeks b
planting; yields were 17,024
where the same rate of manu
plied in the row; yields wer
TABLE 1. TOTAL YIELD, MARKETABLE YIELD, AND PERCENTAGE 01
MARKETABLE TOMATOES, 1962-63
Manure
Treat- 
Fertilizer,
ment 
8-8-8
per acre
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Lb.
1,500
1,500
1,500
1500
1,500
0
Yields per acre
Amt. Application
per acre Before Method Total Marketable
planting
Tons
0
6
6
6
6
6
Wk.
B
B
B
Row
B
Lb.
54,774
75,136
82,656
80,797
60,745
77,873
Lb.
9,161
51,683
58,845
57,172
41,821
54,756
'B is broadcast.
B2
B
B
Row
B
9,990
16,3
17,049
13,088
11,981
14,713
Culls'
Lb.
9,370
13,562
14,707
11,830
12,691
Percentage of totals Total
yields
S n per acre
Pct.
19.2
21.0
19.4
14.7
17.4
17.6
Pct.
18.0
17.4
15.8
16.5
17.2
15.2
Lb.
51,929
77,709
87,961
89,248
68,851
83,456
had been An opinion is prevalent that manures
increase cracking of fruits and increase
the row culls. Data from 
these tests do not sub-
and yields. stantiate this opinion. While 
the weight
itoes were of cracked 
fruit was 9,990 lb. from 
use
nanure was of commercial 
fertilizers compared with
efore trans- 14,713 from use of 
manure alone, the
lb. lower percentage was 
19.2 from fertilizer alone
ire was ap- and 17.6% from manure 
alone. The per-
e 7,162 lb. centage 
of cracked fruit was 
the same
from use of commercial fertilizer and
manure as from commercial fertilizer
F alone. The highest percentage cracked
tomatoes came from use of the standard
fertilizer rate with manure applied 1
Percentage 
week before 
transplanting.
marketable In total culls, the largest percentage
(18%) culls came from use of commer-
cial fertilizer alone, while the lowest
Pct. percentage (15.2%) 
came from use of
68.8 manure alone. The percentage of culls
71.2 from use of the 
standard fertilizer rate
70.8 (1,500 lb.) and the standard rate of
68.8 manure applied broadcast to the land
70.8 3 weeks before transplanting tomatoes
was 15.8%.
13
POU LTRY MANURE valuable
L. M. WARE and W. A. JOHNSON
Department of Horticulture
I
1
rrTac %- W I
High Analysis
VS.
Low Analysis
Fertilizers
LE. ENSMINGER and J. T. HOOD
Deportment of Ag ontomy and Sois
OD \li N5' "I HAiii'll its loolk iiiiith likt'
thiost' st' 20) xyeairs 1(411. But thertiet ilt-'
iii i)
1
tili 0ti dilfe t tiiccs tfhalt t'li illt bet
Ill thit flist, 11(st fillixtl fet'iOizers xxt'ut'
Illill' istt oriii l' iiiilit' (i II s i lt is i dt
coIiti ille ii i l oililii I i it'5 lfi lic riii i i
fli(il dualsiti tifiatri's X ifit' oii ts oflit
Sillit i tll illa IS Illi alx I t i hit'' (f tilf i
lli t ll i ll 11ert iir slis ifl il\se tiii Ict s e
f (0I0f1itt's lit (IllT Tbhis Il it' th:N
tto b lis Io xti the h tur' -- 'Ilitilltt lit'
is eminatl-lionad edlngIjr
(4 'l I Mi i 11 11 
1i I pio 
s p h t es i 
l -f ciit't' i 
\i
of ii ph s hiii f is~ lit's theitt' ti x tilig t rtli
gxiiml ii d xx hoSiii horus iti till ll )1 liliiill
14shtshveh(1 olo ob x
( ( i [ ) I I ) . I , -.( ) , , I ) ( I it( I ( ) ( ) I I ( -( ) t t
('I I I I i I latiol ) it I (i givell belo,,\ :
Pct. gcrm-
illation
t ntiuiftcd clwck 100
Molmaillillollillill phosphatc :35
Diallinwilitill) 
phosphatc 
2.2
Ordillilr\ qipci-phosphatc 9r)
I )iallillmitillill phosphate 55
Hf ect of iffliolollillill I)l lospl littes oil
toot" of cottoll scudlill(Ts \\11cl) placed
directk liodur the seeds is illustrated ill
the photo(yraph. Dialitillonillill phosphatc
Calls(ld Illorc dilnla(,c thall molloittil-
illollillill phospliatc.
Secondary Elements and Micronutrients
Lo\\ allilksis icrtilizcrs oitco (.olltaill
appreciable alliollilts of the sccolidar\
elellielits -- cillcillill, illilglicsillill, illid soil-
fur. This is becillisc slich fertilizCTS ill-C
Usilidl , \ inadc froill ordillal\ superphos-
philte - a olixtilre of illollocillcitilli phos-
phatc illid cillcillill sillfatc - ifild colitaill
sollic doloillite its it fillcr. It seems reil-
sollable to expect that colitifilled lise of
Iii(,Il ilililk-sis fertilizers, \N hich colititin
lilt](, 01' ilo secolldill-N. c1cillelits, \\ ill ill-
clc lsc the liecd lot- lillic alld other 
Sup-
p1clocilts.
A comparison of loo(Ttime effect 
of
iloilliOlifillin phosphate itild 
calcillill phos-
pliates is showil by dilta ill the table. 
DIII-
fit,, the last 4 years, lJolillied plots 
pro-
(111ced lillich less cottoll \Nllell 
loolloilill-
I 111 1I1I1I I i IITII I "I)IIi x lst i i f I i it c,,
il i vio Ilii o '1i t(f the listi ill s hi ti' its els
iilifc frlss O li llt't'55 fl o11f) 111it' 11(1(1
ils , il l iftoughil~~ oidiy' one a it i lt l f o1f1 I
fillc t\a I lIt. list (f 1 il l he i 1111111 ( oI( f itthe
xxIell ioIlelit. I it('tSSli ixee Itiii' i( fit So 11 ii
flliissfilt' fli o llt'i l ii (i ist iad lioii bcii
ix i f i tfoiinrs retoiSi111 tt lS
i it hori'iio atollitclii ofi t' c olir4i Iilx 011
ioitt' ifio'stiiit fill sis it ixx iii i ii(ii'
SAiIIS SOlfix of t it \ rock p hiit'iatt
Ui FiCt 0" t16 YEARS 'h~t' sE Of-' \IONNtIxi xiNIU 
xiHOilSPHATE1. ~i A 'M i C 1 xi fiIlOSPiIi i
(IN Y0 iii S OF (t (OIN (1 N NloLiK SANDt) 
OAMx Soil.
It Ii lii 11111li AltSOURatl
1111 it cItli 1111)1151 Ipitti
Stc t tf to \ i it fi
.Stil l I1f First 
La
1
st
4 \ tars .4 yearsl
Lb1. L h.
5.6 7) 252;
Ski6 14t9 39
.7, 89 3142
5 6i 76 ' >4
I l1illetl
St 'Iii I 
1
tttti } it'it
Fii'ifl t unccist\. a'i'
so 1I f f1 Fiist 
La.st
4 \tars 4 \SIls
Effects of ammonium
phosphates on cotton
roots are illustrated here
by these 
comparisons 
tallmo
got 60 lb. P-0 , but
source varied). Comport- _"40
ments from 
right; 1-no 
%'
fertilizer; 2-all from di-
ammonium phosphate; 3
-75 'a diammonium
and 2500 monoammon-
ium; 4-50 06 from
each; 5-
2 5
%o diom-
monium and 7500 mo-
noommonium; and 6-
all monoommonium lphos-
phote. 
ff l
THE AVERAGE AMERICAN born in 1920
could expect to live about 60 years. A
newborn infant in 1964 can expect to
live 11 years longer - to about 71.
This trend toward longer life is a
significant U.S. accomplishment. How-
ever, the growing number and propor-
tion of aged people in the population
have social implications. Many people
reaching age 65 can look forward to
many more active years. But occupa-
tional retirement at this age is becoming
mandatory for more and more, forcing
them to reorganize their lives.
Trend Toward Longer Life
A good indication of trends in life ex-
pectancy is the proportion of "senior citi-
zens" (persons 65 or older) in the popu-
lation. This is shown by the following
census information:
Census year
1960
1950
1940
1930
1920
1910
1900
1890
1880
1870
1860
1850
Percentage 65 and older
U.S. Alabama
9.2 8.0
8.1 6.5
6.9 4.8
5.5 3.8
4.7 3.5
4.3 3.1
4.1 3.0
3.8 2.8
3.4 2.7
3.0 unknown
4.83 3.8
4.1 3.0
Data for Alabama and the United
States show similar trends. One slight
difference is the lower proportion of aged
persons in the State. One reason for this
is the traditional value placed on large
families by rural people. Until recently
Alabama was predominently rural and
this value was strong. Also, the migra-
tion of Alabamians to other states re-
duced the proportion of aged persons
relative to children and teenagers.
Where Are Senior Citizens?
An important question concerning
aging involves distribution of Alabama's
senior citizens in various locations and
types of residences. As shown by data
in the table, the small, rural towns and
villages of Alabama have the heaviest
concentration of aged persons. Being of
fewer than 2,500 inhabitants, these towns
tend to reflect the rural values and cus-
toms of the surrounding countryside.
Thus, they attract the retired farmer or
farm widow who sells the family farm
and moves to the local community to
remain near family and friends. This oc-
curs often enough to create a high pro-
portion of senior citizens in these areas.
to an occupation, as well as a type of resi-
dence, it is obvious that age 65 has a
different retirement meaning for farmers
than for those in other occupations. Many
farmers continue to operate their farms
after reaching retirement age.
In some cases where retirement in-
come is available, the farm operation is
reduced to a level that supplements in-
come but allows more leisure time. Un-
der other circumstances, hired hands do
the actual labor of farming with the aged
farmer supplying managerial skill, land,
and capital. In still other cases, particu
Trend Toward Longer Life
I-las Social Implications
JOHN E. DUNKELBERGER, Dept. of Agricultural Economics
The proportion of senior citizens
among small city residents and nonfarm
persons in open-country areas of 
Ala-
bama is highly similar. On the other
hand, large cities and their suburbs
have the smallest proportion of residents
in the aged category. This is the result
of heavy rural to urban migration, mostly
young adults, and the rapid 
growth rate
of these cities during the past 
few dec-
ades. Many of the migrating 
young
adults move to the suburbs as soon 
as
possible. This movement pattern 
has
caused the suburbs to have the lowest
proportion of senior citizens of all resi-
dence categories considered.
Many Aged Persons on Farms
Aside from small towns, there is a
higher proportion of persons 65 or older
living on farms than in any other resi-
dence classification. Since farming refers
RESIDENCE OF ALABAMA'S "SENIOR CITIZENS," 1960
Residence
U rban -- ---_------------- -----------------
Urban
Large cities, 10,000 or more
Suburbs (around large cities)
Small cities, 2,500-10,000
Rural ---
Small towns, 1,000-2,500 ..............
Open-country, nonfarm ................
Farm
State total
Total
population
1,791,721
1,168,988
308,839
313,894
1,475,019
109,506
962,658
402,855
3,266,740
Population 65 years and older
Number Percentage
131,832
86,676
18,151
27,005
129,315
10,946
81,795
36,574
261,147
7.4
7.4
5.9
8.6
8.8
10.0
8.5
9.1
8.0
larly where there is no retirement in-
come or the farm is too small to support
hired labor, the aged operator continues
full-time farming as long as his health
permits.
Farming has a higher proportion of
persons past retirement age still working
than any other occupation. In 1960 there
were more than 20,000 farm operators in
Alabama of retirement age. This repre-
sented more than 17% of all farm opera-
tors in the State. Moreover, the median
age of farm operators was 51 years as
compared with 40 years for all male
workers in Alabama. This indicates
that age is a major factor in assessing the
future of Alabama's farm enterprises.
Social Implications
An aging population has these major
social implications:
(1) The aged person has different
needs for goods and services, and is more
conservative with his money.
(2) New pressures are created for
specialized recreational, health, and wel-
fare facilities for the growing aged popu-
lation.
(3) Considerable political power is
held by the senior citizens.
(4) Conservative attitudes of older
persons are felt in the organizational and
social life of a community, which can
result in lost appeal for younger mem-
bers of the community.
15
vICCIIIIIL~J UY ILLICII
ANNUAL FLOWERING PLANTS
for HOME LANDSCAPE
HENRY P. ORR and WILLIS C. MARTIN, JR.
Department of Horticulture
For ground covers: portulaca, sweet
alyssum, and vinca.
For part shade: balsam, begonia,
browallia, calendula, coleus, impatiens,
lobelia, nicotiana, pansy, and torenia.
For window boxes: alyssum, begonia,
coleus, lantana, lobelia, nierembergia,
cascade 
petunias, 
and thunbergia.
For the rock garden: alyssum, candy-
tuft, and verbena plus other ground
covers.
For cutting: celosia, cosmos, gaillardia,
gomphrena, marigold, petunias, salvia,
scabiosa, snapdragons, verbena, and
zinnia.
NEW ANNUAL FLOWERING PLANTS are
now available for many landscape pur-
poses. Plant breeders today are inter-
ested in larger flowers, new or clearer
colors, different flower forms - all in the
development of plants that best fit the
gardener's needs. You may now obtain
annuals to fit a seasonal need in window
boxes, hanging baskets, porch boxes,
urns, tubs, as edging, in mixed borders,
and around patios, terraces and similar
outdoor living areas.
If you buy your annuals from your
local florist, nurseryman, or garden cen-
ter, choose top quality plants. Younger
plants that have not been forced too
rapidly or have not begun to harden will
usually give more satisfactory results.
Plants should be properly labelled. Plan
to buy or grow top quality plants and to
continue them in good sustained growth.
Instead of buying plants after the
danger of the last frost, you may wish
to grow your own plants from seed. Gen-
erally, seed of annuals should be planted
about 21/ months prior to the time
the plants are desired for transplanting.
Any well-drained but moist sterile soil
mixture can be used. A mixture that has
been successful in horticulture research
at the Auburn University Agricultural Ex-
periment Station consists of 1/z screened
peat moss and sandy loam by volume.
Annuals by height and specific usage
include tall: amaranthus, celosia, cleome,
cosmos, datura, larkspur, marigolds
(Crackerjack, Climax), ricinus (castor
bean), scabiosa, snapdragons (rockets),
zinnia (Gold Medal mixture, cactus flow-
ers mixture and Lilliput mixture).
Medium: balsam, basil, celosia (med-
ium cristata types such as Fireglow)
coleus (Straight Color Mix), gaillardia,
gomphrena, helichrysum, impatiens, nico-
tiana, pentstemon, petunias (Fl hybrid
grandiflora and multiflora types), Rud-
beckia (Gold Flame), salvia (St. John's
Fire), snapdragons (Vacationland), and
zinnia.
Low: ageratum, alyssum, (Carpet of
Snow and Rosie O'Day), dwarf balsam,
browallia, begonias, celosia (dwarf plu-
mosa types such as Fiery Feather and
dwarf cristata types such as Jewel Box,
Golden Feather), dianthus (Bravo),
gomphrena, impatiens, marigolds (Petite
mix, Color Magic), phlox (Globe Mix-
ture), salvia, snapdragons (Floral Car-
pet), torenia, verbena (Ideal Florist
Strain), vinca, and zinnia.
Spreading or trailing: lantana, lobelia
(Heavenly, and Crystal Palace), nierem-
bergia, portulaca, and verbena.
For bedding: fibrous-rooted begonia,
browallia, celosia, coleus, dianthus, im-
patiens (shade), lantana, lobelia (shade),
marigold, nicotiana, petunias, phlox, sal-
via, torenia, and zinnia.
For mixed border: ageratum, alyssum,
balsam, marigold, nicotiana, petunia, sal-
via, cleome, cosmos, lantana, snapdragon,
and zinnia.
For edging: dwarf ageratum, alyssum,
fibrous-rooted begonia, coleus, dianthus,
lobelia, dwarf marigold, nierembergia,
petunia, phlox, portulaca, torenia, ver-
bena, vinca, and dwarf zinnia.
FREE Bulletin or Report of Progres!
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
AUBURN UNIVERSITY
E. V. Smith, Director
Auburn, Alabama
Permit No. 1132-11/64-1OM
Darkened areas on chart show ideal loca-
tions for planting new annual flowering
plants.
PENALTY FOR PRIVATE USE TO AVOID
PAYMENT OF POSTAGE, $300