FALL 1963
HIGHLIGHTS
OF AGRICULTURAL 
RESEARCH
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AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT 
STATION, AUBURN 
UNIVERSITY
, -VAflV 
3'lIASBSV
VOLUME 10
NUMBER 3
I(il(L~-
~
-
-IGHLIGHTS of
Agricultural Research
A Quarterly Report of Research
Serving All of Alabama
VOLUME 10, No. 3 FALL, 1963
PROSPECTS GOOD FOR RESEEDING VETCH - May Soon be
Perfected at Auburn 3
MILK PRODUCTION OF BEEF COws - Tells how Much the
Average Beef Cow Produces...... 
4
DATE OF PLANTING RYE FOR SEED PRODUCTION- Good
Yields Result from Seeding at Proper Time 5
TYPES OF FARMS DIFFER- Records Show Land, 
Labor,
Capital, and Management Are Major Differences--- 6
CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENTS FOR BROILERS - Shows that
Environment Affects Broiler Quality 7
NEMATODES AND PEANUTS - Soil Testing for 
Nematodes
Needed to Prevent Damage 8
WEATHER RESEARCH PROGRAM - Aimed at Much-Needed
Technical Studies to Aid Farmers 9
COTTON GROWN ON GRAY, SANDY SOILS NEEDS MAGNESIUM
- Yields Upped by Supplemental Applications 10
SCHOOL MILK PROGRAMS - Points out that School Milk
Programs are Major Outlets -11
SLOW-RELEASE FERTILIZER - A New Effective Fertilizer
for Home Use- 12
LAND REQUIREMENTS FOR $5,000 INCOME - Reports on
Size Farm and Crops Needed 13
SOUTHERN MAGNOLIA PRODUCES VALUABLE FOLIAGE - Can
be Grown Like Other Crops 14
ATTITUDES OF RURAL RESIDENTS - Majority of Those In-
terviewed Would Accept Factory Job - 15
GERMINATION OF CLOVER SEED- Affected by Grass Root
Extracts in Laboratory Studies 16
Of de ComL Cold weather played an important role in the
testing of fifth-generation plants from the reseeding vetch breeding
project. Most lines planted in this nursery at the Main Station, Au-
burn, were killed by last winter's -1 low temperature. However,
the lines that survived were vigorous and produced heavy yields of
hard seed in the spring of 1963. In effect, the cold weather elimi-
nated lines that were cold susceptible. The remaining lines, which
combine cold hardiness with vigor and hard seed, hold promise for
successful development of reseeding vetch varieties in the near
future.
Published by
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT
STATION of
AUBURN UNIVERSITY
Auburn, Alabama
E. V. SMITH
COYT WILSON ....
CHAS. F. SIMMONS_
KENNETH B. ROY--
E. L. McGRAW ...
R. E. STEVENSON_
--- Director
Associate Director
... Assistant Director
----- - -- ----- Editor
-----Associate Editor
---- Associate Editor
Editorial Advisory Committee: COYT
WILSON; H. T. ROGERS, Agronomy and
Soils Department Head; J. H. BLACK-
STONE, Professor of Agricultural Econom-
ics; H. J. AMLING, Associate Professor
of Horticulture, AND KENNETH B. RoY.
PUBLICATIONS
Listed here are timely and new publications
reporting research by the Agricultural Ex-
periment Station.
Bul. 327. Establishment and Maintenance
of White Clover-Grass Pastures in Alabama.
Bul. 329. Planting Dates for Oats for For-
age and Grain.
Bul. 335. Crimson Clover in Alabama.
Bul. 345. Father-Son Farming.
Bul. 346. Effect of Seed Size on Vigor and
Yield of Runner Peanuts.
Cir. 144. Meat Buying and Preparation Prac-
tices of Professionally Employed Women.
Leaf. 66. Forage Production of Winter An-
nuals Sod-Seeded on Dallisgrass-White Clo-
ver.
Leaf. 67. Arrowleaf Clover.
Leaf. 69. Performance of Peach Varieties
in Alabama.
Prog. Rept. 86. Performance of Sorghum
Silage Varieties.
Free copies may be obtained from our
County Agent or by writing the Auburn
University Agricultural Experiment Station,
Auburn, Alabama.
,r:q
A (G001) HAR Sil)siI )1I) \(,tchll eiits\ (11111( bet 1ist0i it) se\-
crop, t) slipplt\ oitltn.(ei to sitnillet i.yrass sotSds i it liiiter'
cial seed'( clop, fnr ens(I toil iroadt shoiuiider s i i le tilt'at 
s.
aiii as X ildilitt' fee(d. Fiiloiiss n a good seed cirnp 
of at iec
steediiig \at iet , v it inalit be possible' tn get niie nr mori c' rops
of(ivelt hlimlIr seittit i'tt'!lit'iitI sIlahs atIXii
Present had seeded \tches, sac it tsslov~a Vii
slittttr pribems elini~ ofS(ttlt s ec si e iii as i 195\1 
it hiti Ii
ajiii io s-its Agil sedt ripeiiiiTet ptatblei, Nmeiin'it 
at)l
tt'ipt seed iiiauleti l tid s sec Sceitrstict iiihoiie heseai
chatraeter ist its.
W. safbra) X lianl~vel \ss(t t elh 0. ti1"tigil). This5 
c'nlss
\\.is tiescei iltel iti l eai liei issue ofIhm iii ( IN't elntiti
Neiw Vctel s, VolI. 8, Nit. :3, 1961 ) .The 'laiuc comtitll
\etch paittit, Alat. I1894, pitoduies goodt \ ieits of foriage alit]
settd ill Althtaiiai 1nsI's t i ., it has at oiss p'c eeitage of hardL
seetd. H'it( male iii115leat s\etch pitrntt iitintlietimi 1212-75
tfrom Tuirkev, is lass iii s 1go bit his ai highi perctiac at
ha iti( sced. Bthti pat ci its ii e anti-sliattciy lug hiit iir
We ev il resistait, andti ttti ature seetdc ittili hI
Motre tllii 11,00(0 tirtd, fiouth it nti tiltll-geiierittiii
pliits tirom tiht sptecies tcross ii~t ]l,it stuiedct. Ill each
grce tittiil t'in1phiasis ss as plaedt il stltectinig 
1
tiits that ss cit
V1ig0ti011s, tutu siiatttt tugr, alth gatiti seedt ptrodueers. Perceiit-
algc hii seed s ils dtetiliied anod the tfoltlowing gener'tatioin
Here are pods and seeds of parents and first and fourth-genera-
tion plants of a vetch species cross. Photo 1: Narrowleaf vetch
parent tright) is non-shattering, but the familiar form of the same
species (left) shatters its seed. Photo 2: Pods of the female com-
mon vetch parent (right) and the narrowleaf male parent (left)
were well filled with seed; pods of the highly sterile first-genera-
tion plants (center) contained only 1 or 2 seed per pod. Photo 3
shows desirable common vetch type and Photo 4 is of intermed-
iate type, both of which were selected in the fourth generation.
This graph shows frequency distribution of second, third, and
fourth-generation plants from cross between Ala. 1894 (common
vetch) and P.1. 121275 (narrowleaft by percentage hard seed.
Percentage
frequency
30 /
THIRD GENERATION, 481 PLANTS/
IV TSECOND 
GENERATION, 
163 PLANTS 
//A\
20- 
/ \/
FOURTH GENERATION ,633 PLANTS /
1 00 3 0 0 6 70,0" 0 0
Percentage hard seed
PROSPECTS GOOD for
RESEEDING VETCH
t. D. DONNELLY, Dept, of Agronomy and Soils
ss is tiltaitwditch ii phitlits that pirodicedt high peceitilgts ot'
hiirtl sect].
I iist-gcierittitii p)iiiits ss crc' highl ' steilet ititi piiotdicedt
ritatisc tIs tts seet] phtti 2. Matiy secititt it] thir-d gt'iiti a
tioti platnts alsol pittliuced ldll a itfess seed. Hlnsscsr ci maniy
Ill the Itit tcli t'it tilt tsso agemlicta ts pes oft planits ss cit(
fou i t](. i it reemb'letd the iai iss leit' parl tt, yet stime ot
thtese' plaits ss cit ilitet tnlei'tite bes cithe tss i patenlts ill
vigor, phioto 4. A seecoid ty pe, phottio -3, reembtledt tiht 
cili
ittit i settc paren t. WiXithiit etch of thest typtes, plaints sweci
st'et'ed that xx etc s i,l tits. unit -sh attecii i g gilt it seed pitt
dclis. ici Ihaird seetdtetd.
Tht iiiier mitd freuiency tljstrihtiitii of scectoid, titdt,
iti tutu (ii gtliitttiiii pliits b\x pteititgc itt haiti sect]
atrc shiown ii i the gfraph. A ]atgt' iicicast ini jituittht ot plts
s i th it la ig pcrcct'uiw e of] Ihartd setti \\,as in iait 55ith iitc!
hiss tt'tiopii .tiii 's it' the past ss luitet. [hiss est ettili liues
stits isc -- I IF. at Atubtuin ill tbitagiass imt ]tcriitcagm ass
silt. Sioiic ot thilt' iies thalt stiils is c wirss cit x g i ls amid
jt iuiic]lic 'i s sOiddLs itt se'edt ill tht' sping ott 963. 'his,
tht'st' hut's toitiie cot]ld thiiiess ss ith i ro miida himrd seedi.
pu aciietise. litittisttt'titig. i escet huilg st tcii s ioittics tall he
desveiltpet].
men
Here
the
MILK PRODUCTION of B[1
R. R. HARRIS, W. B. ANTHONY, V. L. BROWN,
J. G. STARLING, E. L. MAYTON, and L. A. SMITH'
I I tMx xii iA \11xiiiK (IMits i tit iix i\ it()
o) P roduiction Rlecordils Kept llll
xxitl tli i 
1  
i f iix I il t o islitxx i
xxix l lii liixx ii it l~ildc T i if iu t2.er
if 111 ix i tii 1 iti t ii tliiit A ici i ti l ii l
tIt ic I I I it i ilk t i x I i i S.\ 
1 
sl I I i I l I 5S
iiitailc iil l oft ixi ut x i i(li ilxc
2 I iacd i Ioil ilk ic i i .it iis im ix kc iiiii
xxii ii tlt A i tt
1 
li c Iiii l x Illiti
xit ii tI (d Sti\t ii I\ it~t il sutil ii
itk xx , x \ thu Ilu i xx it\ it \ iii il l t IxT "itt
lo ii T tic milk \\ itstt th(itI iiis kit-
cixxlti ( litctttlut ilux i l utu uxutitt
til i t' xl~ e o i 2-i ll, L tc r
4 c c il ( \ i ,. SIIIcc ( iI
itk milklt Iiii
talf is :t0 ilx x
tii tistN \i
lactititix xI. F Il
(tutu Itux. , 2 1li.
C ilit xiii
(oli-xc to )(Itiii
utiog 25t0 dix\ s)
% it it l '111 %\(I (, fill] fI (m iii i i l
ern milking equip- (Ii~ti ]it\ (,Iit" Ix fit\ . stlt ;1u f \ Vt( tI.
twas used in milk- litxitltx tliitit :3 x rar 
xtitlxk at thet
beef cows on test.
Jerry Coldwell does 
Wii tt cJrss Stittti I itl )ald 
2, shoiwtx
miilking of one of the that xx (11 fri tiliziJ (:oaxtlIti 
b'1dittiasx
cows. i
t
t0 11 i i Si l t ixf aitii \ to mppoij fitlt latt
;Ii) lof i Iot xaiai i beef it\\', lipp tif liti
1 tif iof il i e iilit itit l-N Ii itt t
1
dit
to tixx ~ l~t xbltc o il
lit s\itlrdxtitii ti t iti ll x l i li(fill
,I i Ii iiilk soils M osititii tt xs il it t hi
11, \i4 if imxlk itiillxiot iidttititp i
itt 1t ixx ixIi it~i i t ti t ft tlax x1- itht a I I iltIif iltx
xled Nll I 11
5
t iti c \j~ Ili itt ;IIIt ii. i iis
I(.2 tit2 4 )\ l cttiii xxlii' xx ill t It ilf il a lixil
EFttiig CO W St~t i( sii xtixxnlI "till i lft
tiiiii ii l i iHii iiiit~iiii DIt ilit i C tit i ti
x iiic i wtug Ii iit :3 tt (fi'( hut thetintutu
Daix
1
ta xi ti ti ill i tblt xx friiii the
xxitLitxu Gix lttt Pli iililsitilid c at
tkit it' iiili\ Iii ilx Tibf tIi xiii
27 11). titx i itt xx ta iig thit tlttix
IN(, 0)xx \ It ixi ixH,1 DAt1)\t11,tH
ii i xx t)ti -N I
( 
itIt x:o\
Iteill tnd-i 
d
Cal 
0\I L
1L b. 1II1. Lb. 1LIb.
. a xt l i 
i il
tlailx itill,
ttilt dii t\ .i 92
Iti. ililx.
I I 1 7.21 9. 1 2
11.i oit it tix~rtil ill\-
DATE of PLANTING
RYE for SEED
PRODUCTION
( 0OFER KING
...... ,' Aq '), y -d1 S..
.5 Ild Iroml 15,000) to 75,009) aci-cs Ii
i'( ti 'lti_(1g iioitllX X\%1)111(1 ]fit\(- ill-
Il a c (\(, I] 1itt i (t til i st' l itpii ofi
Iiio ('II t lim i b cittl it\61 I I l 011c Iva
XI( \\ill pnii t'(1111 11t4 se55 j 0( ill
thi itStot ifi pI a t e i ii l( pr1111 1. i tt't ill'
Xl i ciltsi' (m (ti t (" of pX ii i ' Nt't PICit
wi c i X dXti itl d itti I 19 S 1 6 tIi ittX \I(
iilit \Itiultl I.ill it' Ii) .5)) Wt. W it
im i t/ Th i' wi \\iXX(tst fit tit i iti' itt
I )Aci of) tltiltltig
IOutobc110 20
TI To. I I i(Il lest \ icids (If ,l ill] I \\ cl I. ()I
tit if wd I I ( ill I t I w S(vto,'1111 wl :3( ) ilT I( I ( )(.t(
1wr 20 (Lites ()I planthig. ( S(.(. titble.
Liltcr plillitilig (lilt(", prodliccd Imich
lo\\ cI icId"'. Lml,-Ill" %\ it,., Ilot sc\ crc
IMF \\ its therc ilm pi0tcrit (If lodgim" its
it ['('Slilt ()I secdiwr (lilt(,. Exccllciit stim(Is
I
\ocre 
()btitilicd 
ilt ;ill 
(lilt(", 
(d scvdilw 
it Iit]] _\cais, cvvpt thc Pecciii1wi 20, N62.
plitiltilig. Birds \\(-I(' Ivsp()IIsibIc Im dc-
stro\ I I w 50", of thc sccdIhws ()I this
plillitill" (lilt(,. V) stilild w(hictioll Iloill
wiliter killim, ()(vill-red itt ill)\ secdilw
datc it) illr\ \cilr cvcpt I)ccelillwi 20,
1962 sec(liw, ,I'llis plillitill" "1111cled if
illodcratc itillmillt of \\ illtcr killillo, (1 11 ITH,
flic 0 F. tcIllpel ).
-:1till-c ill jillm ill\ W i.,
Dilt(i ()I plillitilig, did Ilot itfl(vt tll(i I I cv-d I t
of Wivil's Abiliz/i ilt Illittlirit\
'I'lic I 10-11cialed stil(,(. \\ifs lised is it
111(lil'sill'(1 (of Illittill-it Plots plalitcd S('I)-
telillwl :30 Ivilchwd tll(, I 10-1wilded
stiwc Maich 1 :3 oil tlic if\ ci io_,c, but
ralwed IT ()Ill its cark its \lilt (.11 6 to
its late its March 2:3. Eitch 20-dit dc-
lit\ ill "c(dim, (lilt(, I.c."IlItcd ill it dclit\
of appl()Xililatch I \\('('k ill Icitchill" Ow
I I Wlicitdcd stiwc. Thc cal k diacs ()I
llcildilw iTI(li(iIt(, that \oilwl) I\c is Iwillo,
liscd 1()I- booth (,rilzill(r illid Iitlll, oflit/Illo,
should bc stopped 1) .v eild -v to Illid-F(A)-
1 )5859 50 5I 050 9t) 1 196 1 )i -62 1 (i2-)33 A'x cr1(41 
) tc, 5 ct
25 4.5.6 58.8 .37. : 3 3.:3 43.5 1:2 1 00
10.2 48.-1 30.3 .;36. 3. .10.5 9 100)
29.5 :38.8 3). 1 21.) 27.2 31.2 16 1S5
27(.6 2t6.6 :3)). 1))0 11.1 21.7- II 1 t97
26.5 20 2) 271.) 1 .5 .3.0- 17_.6 1 I 8:3
Good seed yields of rye con be produced in
Aloboma by planting ot the proper time.
111(n it (t I it XI
1  
() ittitit') 11111 iX tl l
\iX Ii t li 
c Ixp i t' 
itsc ()i IX. 
I X ll 
li t
Re _1ICcirlomended P~lnig o D itsta
Ili . ltTI It is \it tl 1(.11 it I I ltc It \ i th theIXI
')1~I' l X '.1, li i l \ i iiiiittl It'k11tt
1  
1 1 iltled
XXIT k ~I liv i 11111pe tiat Ici \t1 1t tti
tithis l tll ( \ it d" of tIri \lt II 11.\cs
\\ lIlt(I 
ci
P0. 1 Icics
0 57T
7 5 8
[) it 1 10
lwi 111(,
I tI ( Xt
Marchti 1:3
\lalr I 2))
\pt il I
\pttl 8
April I I
I)ittc at XXI ict ii 1 (of) it II 1111' II ' ) (liltt, hiil 1rdu IliIX.
)'Il. II)S _,I) it 0],%nm:] I Illsi Ics ()I.- Ill I: NVIII.:N PI-\\ I I'l) \ I ])[I I-I'm -, r I),\ I vs.
LAND, labor, capital, and management
make the economic differences among
farms!
Analysis of records kept by farmers
in 1961 revealed these major differences.
The study was made jointly by the Au-
burn University Agricultural Experiment
Station and Cooperative Extension Serv-
ice. Farms included in the study are
above average in the State. To be clas-
sified as a special type of farm, receipts
from one enterprise must have amounted
to 50% or more of the total.
Size and Capital Investment
Beef cattle farms were largest in total
acres operated. (See table.) In terms
of capital investment and cash receipts,
dairy farms were largest. Both dairy
and beef farms had average capital in-
vestments of over $50,000. The smallest
in terms of acres operated were the hog
and commercial egg (layer) farms.
Dairy farmers reported an average of
53 dairy cows, while beef cattle farmers
averaged 79 brood cows. Thus, total
capital investment was almost $1,200
per cow on dairy farms as compared
with $700 per brood cow on beef cattle
farms.
One measure of volume of business is
the PMWU (productive man work unit)
or a man-day of work on crop and live-
stock enterprises. Dairy and cotton farms
were largest by the PMWU measure.
Based on business volume per man
equivalent, cotton, dairy, and layer farms
ranked high in relation to hog and beef
farms.
On beef cattle farms, there was a cap-
ital investment in land, buildings, ma-
chinery, equipment, livestock, and feed
inventory of $14.85 for each dollar of
net farm income. However, on hog
farms the investment was only $5.55
per dollar of net farm income. For each
man-equivalent (one man full time for
a year) of labor, there was an invest-
ment of over $29,000 on beef farms as
compared with slightly over $10,000 on
cotton farms. Layer and hog farms did
not differ greatly in capital investment
matched with a man-equivalent of labor.
Income and Expense
As an average, dairy farms had the
highest net farm income and operator's
labor income. Although average net farm
income was over $3,700 on beef farms,
interest Charged at 5% on the average
capital investment resulted in a labor in-
come to the operator of less than $1,000.
Cash receipts, net farm income, and op-
erator's labor income were second high-
est on layer farms.
Farmers who operated layer farms av-
eraged 4,400 hens, with 14.6 doz. eggs
sold per hen per year. Hog farmers re-
ported an average of 10 sows and 13.7
TYPES of FARMS DIFFER
J. H. YEAGER
Department of Agricultural Economics
COMPARISONS AMONG TYPES OF FARMS, ALABAMA, 1961
Item 
Type of farm
Cotton Dairy Hog Beef Layer
Number of farms 105 73 32 22 
21
Acres operated - - 228 330 173 666 144
Investment $27,281 $62,887 $20,013 $55,664 
$28,420
Investment per dollar
of net farm income ............. $ 6.69 $ 7.65 $ 5.55 $ 14.85 
$ 5.81
Investmentper ME.
1 
....... $10,104 $2,291 $13,342 $29,297 $14,210
Cash receipts $12,758 $25,654 $ 8,968 $12,816 $17,065
Cash expenses $ 9,450 $20,931 $ 6,238 $10,228 
$14,116
Expenses as % of receipts----- 74 82 70 80 83
Net farm income --------------------- $ 4,079 $ 8,224 $ 3,608 $ 3,748 
$ 4,895
Operator's labor income----- $ 2,715 $ 5,094 $ 2,608 $ 965 $ 3,474
Total PMWU's 643 776 322 461 
501
PMWU's per M.E.'-----............ 242 292 217 209 
247
SM.E., man-equivalent of labor used on the fann.
market hogs sold per sow per year. Av-
erage milk sold per cow on the dairy
farms was 6,800 lb. per year, and the
average calf crop on beef farms was
89%. Cotton farmers had 46 acres of
cotton and an average lint yield of 495
lb. per acre.
Differences in cash expenses as a per-
centage of cash receipts were not great
among farm types. Hog and cotton
farms were below others in expenses for
each dollar of receipts.
Implications
Economic characteristics should be
taken into account when selecting and
making adjustments in farm enterprises.
Personal preference by the farm operator
for a particular enterprise is an impor-
tant factor to consider, but economic
characteristics can be more important.
Farmers with limited land area gen-
erally should select enterprises that will
provide a large volume of business with
little land. Those with limited capital
as compared with labor should consider
enterprises through which labor can be
sold with little matching capital. Farm-
ers with large areas of land and those in
a stronger capital position may find enter-
prises that require a large capital invest-
ment per unit of labor or per dollar of
net farm income satisfactory.
Land, labor, capital, and management
are the resources used in farming. A
part of the job of a good farm manager
is to distribute resources among farm
enterprises to take advantage of eco-
nomic characteristics, or he may con-
centrate resources in only one enterprise.
Taking into account economic differ-
ences among enterprises can mean dollar
gains in net income.
i n lici i i I I. lillI I iT I iit 1111 I
X Il1III it S I (Ii \tll Ic e eil i cIi lcv l' i iliiX
Ti I 11(1 ti il I . il i 11 ;1\ c wo R
po~ tted l tby ( I T it 11 l is pt ia ell\ I-
lo)iltal T coil I At iiesil 
1
ltii cmt
e'X I 
i i tT lo itil ct 
rolt i is noit 
,it iti iittt
for1 eltiiiillte ci IXIITT I I o\\X tX\ cr it 1s
toibl ht t1111 il i t11111ilit s of1 il Ichll yt
c lltiii c Til 4 i (i 11( Ilo i. t' ts lli, iii I
pets i tl T tT11( I i IX wcec liTc to lI itl ii111
1cX ' ofI Ttli tt ote 9tt i'l i i till tt il 
1
)I.l
p i t)hitiitiit A i t itii tf l2(it irit t i
cit lh r itiI X I th li I ) [Ii\i ,I tiit. iiitI
Thc liltlilI'Icill c l ti lt X l t I \ iti X Itied
A ilT I tile tii scmi hlo4c cI1XXII1hk
\\)Ilic I IX till
1  
all exl illX IcTit s. i igiitx
wciii IL X ti l iS il l F tiltl t)111 I i111
il]t~ii lili lt s dli till~ XXII t Itt i it ell
pitilre \\it s iii lii ii Tili llc uot siiijic
pis or11 1,111] ii 2li lilT IScr usiii t wIi th itC
212i \I ) I t ii Iol Ii1t it XX 1.S h i s Ii iii
r i i of t clillil 11, i {IciX~ti i 4 iXX ti I 1itv
All irdsi ilIX l lotte II till X It o11 f IlolSI
1.11111is of iiti Sex r1 I iX t i I I i t .1Ii I c tl
75re I I IIIeI I IT illi cIT cIt.c It XXur IS S I111 c . 0 I al
31 326
25
2n
15
10
M
2 40 
2 26
F M F M F M I F
FIG. 1. Above are 8-week dressed weights,
in po0unds, of carcasses of male and female
broilers raised in three controlled environ-
ments, 60, 75 , and 90 F. and for similar
birds grown under variable farm conditions.
CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENTS
Produce Better Broilers
J. R. HOWES, Deprtmeiunt of Poultiy Scienc
WALTER GRUB and C. A. ROLLO, Departmnent of Agricutural Engineering
III I IIst iii ts, iii jitcittil 4ts, 11,1St
tractts. Thtse I iittXSii 4 fiittiiIS XXtIV leiss
heit ibl t i ll t Xil b i ti il IllS iii laiiit
inciTts il,1l ill iii (It . ITSe caTcasses o It
140 ,
30
24
107
M F M F
60 750
[MF
VAR A,
FIG. 2. The mean percentages bone in the
carcasses described in Fig. 1 are given in
the above chart.
tjIiX IiiIiIil I li e~ tillXtii lite
X Iloli XXlit. Ill e illS lT ii lsits of ,Ite It
Jtt Ic hitUc eIiX ili vI.11 t hilse i it - isI
exper~imenlts is prt'st.ittediIll ligiT 2._
Tite p
t
r cIlt ililit XXs IS ete titt l TIiiiltcs
4-
Houses such as these
ments on controlled
broilers.
were used in experi-
environments for
tili ttiiiilIs Ill all ti itloilit. Tl (Ill-ll
ic-licc bgii t hi ll ll I itll(( co 111i llr llc
ileiiiiil XXI' l iil i it X f 1 litt ill I-
lilts~ frotmd t il .1iilililld il de iii )11(' 1151(
l iti oll i \ iii tlis i~ll IX lit iii ittu till
(tI)\iil litl illtt This 1 il 11ctusX tIa I h t
IT lT d l il illliisIXlit cllt iill lo e c i
blli Ili T tTITli atSS lilt
1 
ofbrilerl~lS r isc
XII ll.illlit XX lldSitills lsttiofi teiiil
XXe .1 t5 I,i ts im niectk it r ot V ti
Iic T ludedlill tit. (,iiIX t .li 111l~ l
i l\ orT ii iiil j sit, 7.5 a iii dt r )ics at
eti at ed . 1 ) tI \i it 11115.iic it t tiloi~t l)i -
\I i t Sli TI 4 i l c II su tui 4l espiii tlSl it s
f(I l i ts ile 90 TX iTii ll lI itl liiiit. liii XX itiI
walT less CiT ll rits I I IT i sc iT I lili XX i .iits
compaed \ iththos Iro the 7 ,
NEMATODES
and
PEANUTS
E J.CAIRNS, Dept. of Botany and Plant Pathology
N. E. M'GLOHON, Cooperaive Exte~nsio'n Service'
ilti I'.
IFxpt'tititi xlttixx lttixx ix it that it ix iltfxxi' poibtlie
ft i t li xIit I i ci t'otilt' l '',. xx\ill tittiitli i tilt oiii ii x iii
xx ix c x fi t i lit iiti lit' lti ifili' xiti tifi ii it .io ul woultdt'
liki iit~ til' k iio\ \ a itl ~ilt',',. lt tog toc t iciit d
[allixt xs it .1 t occi ur ii , itiitit' i txit ilcctt it oil
a\i sii' to i u1 c li fi f t ig o lixx d titiitti ll i ll' ittl ilcc Ai ki tl tit I -~fi
I '.II todl i o\ xii tt
1  
xi t
1 
ii \ arct til ct t if xx p itIti , i it si\l
Itir t i ttiltd s oil it tt fxxil biit . ()i' pif x x txit
I itst vil tx ftiit x i istll i . l ixd of it \ itx itt fl -t i t I xx.
l 5iker it ixt', it x riii coii it t.d 85,~ xxi i l t'i iip c thtt' i i
hi Eitct ''ii tii I ] still t',) I ' i i i ft flt I pt. i t t it itl t " if
Stunting of peanuts as a result of sting nematode damage is
shown by comparison between infested plants at left and nema-
tode-free plants. (Photo courtesy J. R. Christie, Gainesville, Fla.)
I t il lot. itet ttxt'pit' i xatt it tt too to t i ii aiix\ I i'oati tlt'
\xtfjtil tllo' tixxitex.
\i ituix iiftage of uioiti. tcs plan~itit I,, that toot kitot ttiim-
It Ic (.(,(,s ill th l s' oil \\ ill lliax i ti toe to hatclh a 11( theo lat x ae
itix cttttti.liixrthatsablfore iljfil'tiott kiTl',ofa i ifie Ilietili
t tol. toil'Iit i cittlix tha ar llxt'ltt\ titix peiod, atot t
)f i l xx ,~iitg taitiit I
1
t oitt xx Ic ix ftl~it1 ox the pdt tt t t it t.
'I'lxxix tcoo it l oi t c~ti it i' x oif xtthi x5 iiil tmpelt't itsl
itj rI h\1 tii oxx x ( il ( ()I ii it x pci a t xli t t it tiif tll t lilttfl 
of ixtlt oit ieatotle tc fr i ilThits floc's kit i
1 
it itilt -
fict ioo it d flit'fxi itiit, ktif cii'tditii ithi 2 \lviliAittiti
If ilx~ itiiifitl tlf tifi i titllt of pil'l tifittc liitx
attlei to i(iI 
1
'itit oilt du fi i thax t itl( x pil xii . ui tt t~ ilt' cg- fil
ilaiittii 
1
)'ititx i titio ii~ il t t~c ii i tfx xiii pests litt',ii'x ExACI ilte l l
lii' xf i g tciui(i ' ci \\a i', goodi its tw i lo~t tlx xiiA .Il i(
it .tii x I tt , t(- il itI it wi it ittilt x 1 it i l\ I' I llt )It ci r it doi Ifx \s its
are lxx ke ix flit li ll f It I cs tot f ki sgfitiiip iui'xx it lt li xcs filii
Recordings of soil and air temperatures, net radiation, and rain-
fall are used to determine factors affecting rates of population
ncreases or decreases of cotton insects under field conditions.
\x ii II , I F 
lxi if I (lxxcy oI f iili 
oI'(f 111111 x Iiii II If
iciatiiix. It is tiic. Ina ior facitor afectinig f)IoIdiItioll Ox II
xx 11111 fainiii'i'x lax no l coilltioi. 'Ii'irefoic tio'ic is great
oc(1( foir kioioxIdgc alililt howx far-oci x callI proioicI profit-
x] itf t ill spit flii ioil 1c xtlil i'x ulXiii iUixc
licai. Tis piogaiii is it pait ofl thet [ci Statc \giic'liiitoiii
\\'(atiici loljcct wh iihi incildes 14 couliticx iii soutltfci ii
Flioida. Tb'c prioLpIaiil \\'as ('stabilixilid Ii it ('iiit of cf('111)
ION iiitcil'xte' c'itizenii and11 groiipx ill the Ti-State l' 11.
TIlii xc,-ix icc ix exsigllci toi h11ct 
fix (i blasic r(il'ifiiicit't
for i'ttiillt xwea'hitlilI I~ \xxl'tii' iifoi iiiitioli wor for Oii li
il-Ii'ii( TheseI arle: ( I ) ii cqociit diltaiili xx \'lltfici repoirts
ad foi lcalitx, (2) adixisorx xli x icex l'latiilw 1,11ill opeiritionsx
to xx l'ItiIl'il 'ooIiiitioiis,,, (8) i cl cii oii the eff(ects ot xx ('Illci
()I ciiip huhlix (iic'ko priloiictiili, (4) extabiiiixiociit of it lIlt-
xik ofi agicuI~ltuli xxl',till' oliserix lg xtatiiiiix adl (5) it
c'ooniica (ht loi ix x'tcii tlhat xxii p)id i eathxx (',llIIfin iatiuii
1
i iihpx the fuiinct jiii ii till' priogriin tihat xxiii colitii 1
gici jt ilix ilici' S lix (' nicitc(I fiiiin re'('ciic 
ill fil]]) cilililli
cl, feirtilizers , x di ntics, iioechiia,tiii, and( iitiici. ali c
cliihliait ixc ('ix Icx ciiiiicai xtuiesic Lax c bccii ilhiac ili t'
('ficctx ofi xx i',t~ilil 0agi'ic'itiii-C. Siiicic ofi tiic pr lllis ol
xxhiichl tc iiicai xtiicics arii( ii'lcl(d iii Aiaiilia foilioxx
I ) Effcct of xoii tenii-al'ritii anid inijtiii I'oil gIci iOiiia
tion anid c stabhiixilciit of cilips;
(2) Effect oif iiliilidiitx ii\il i lii (t ('fihici cx andi~ xcci
:3) Eiiici gei io_. xoIi" xix ii, dll i 1f-i (ilictiioii ot x ai lils
(4) Elfct of ticilili ,itiiic on ellttoil diefoiliation;l
(5) Effect iif lini foiioxxilg aipplicaitioni of xf~icific ill
xccticidcs, fiuiigiiicds (iiiiaiits, aiid hieiriicide icx l pest coil-
ti iii;
(6 ) Ffl(ct of' cii ii roi i i i iit oil ii i ii i it]ii did p~lillit (Iliscaxcs
(7) Lfect ofi cxti 'iiis ini tcipicidtiir-cx aiiid iiloiixtii I it
ifi'ilit xt igac ofi giroxxtii iiii cropf dcx l~opiit illi x ill;
I ( ( axc' bu' it it fi'xx c'\lipiicx oif proiiiiciox liii xxiciili i
xsearichi i's iieccd . iiii .'S. \\ ',tiici Biiichlii hias iccii
xtaltiliii l ~iii giicuiitiii-a iiiotcriiiigist at Atibiiiii tio asixxst x
onat ic i ('('iiili g ofi tl'iifrl'itc at xpcific piiits ill Htii hltilo
pl'iiv ill p ll'ol xxiii in xt nt x iiiiii \\lx iiii eiicd Otheri
iliiii'. t lipid wl fiair anflltoidt,\ \j
42,.
WEATHER RESEARCH
PROGRAM for
AGRICULTURE
JT. COPE, JR. and PAUL A. MOTT'
(lilt tie ll' ica tol iiicixii ' x Ictilli collfpill'iitx tha~t afflct
t(iiix iu tiic X itis ix 1, it ha\ufl d t id i ii a ii li foe ti lT Stii' ilx
tionsic il xttic oiu. it fiiii t~'l xtbitilo ad(i't Il il l i'ii
hSl II. ic io l i c'Hexdlnd w f illi' fi~ sc'if iit fi c pl'cit xc ilcifo
maing InOIici itiuxiii i it() fiictil'x loct dIe(Ylr\ iffi'tcciii
x)x1 caci 10xll 'i is. gliita fr ix Is i aio'xc iciillc ti
1
'll'a t il ic
rpil'iid; tio lltx iOixcup to coltcotua \\iiitlx otii igtl'l tow
xpia ix li f c-isix xx 1111 oi fiex uent c olltiiii tiifix o p fXc 'ilc
Coniut on tiiflihat' c'ittl afc'i' il t elii txig lilOil'
5
f diii oici
''ofx ti'x i of x lx Ac' i cudid~l'urll \ii i i 'ii io i tltiicx ixi1ii
xtlV 0 1Il tiol oil diil pniicc iha lxx xpipc'cx b
ibca lixar i si xp cglili Thii ciltl iixl'itiii lix till' xiouprci
F YOUR COTTON LAND is a gray, sandy
soil, about 30 lb. of magnesium will pay
off in increased seed cotton yields.
Magnesium is lost from soil either by
crop removal or leaching. Annual re-
moval of magnesium from soil by crops
generally ranges from 5-30 lb. per acre.
As yield levels for the various crops are
increased, rate of crop removal of mag-
nesium from soil is also increased. How-
ever, the greatest loss usually results
from leaching. Such losses increase as
the soil becomes more acid. Thus, any
practice that increases soil acidity, such
as use of ammonium fertilizers, results
in an increased loss of soil magnesium.
The native supply of magnesium in
Alabama soils is frequently inadequate
for maximum yields of cotton. However,
general use of dolomite filler in mixed
fertilizers in the past has prevented wide-
spread occurrence of magnesium de-
ficiencies.
A high grade dolomite contains about
12% Mg (magnesium). Thus, 500 lb.
per acre of a fertilizer containing 400 lb.
of dolomite filler per ton would add ap-
proximately 12 lb. of Mg per acre to the
soil. However, the trend is toward high
analysis and acid-forming fertilizers that
contain no dolomite.
Research on magnesium has been con-
ducted periodically by the Auburn Uni-
versity Agricultural Experiment Station
for more than 30 years. Field experi-
ments on the Mg requirement of cotton
were first begun in 1930 with a cotton-
corn-legume rotation at four widely sep-
arated sites by comparing dolomitic and
calcitic limestones. These early tests
showed no advantage for dolomite.
Recent Research
Additional research on availability of
soil Mg was started in 1958. A primary
objective of the greenhouse experiments
was to determine deficient levels of Mg
in the plant and in the soil. Deficient
levels of Mg can be measured by plant
10
analysis or by soil analysis. The data
from greenhouse experiments show that
adequate Mg was usually supplied plants
by sandy soils containing more than 59
lb. of exchangeable Mg per acre.
Results from field experiments con-
ducted since 1958 have shown significant
increases in cotton yields on some soils
following the addition of Mg. Data in
Table 1 show that the gray, sandy soils
were relatively low in Mg and that the
addition of magnesium sulfate to these
soils resulted in average seed cotton
yields being increased up to 360 lb. per
acre. On the other hand, additional Mg
had no effect on cotton yields on De-
catur clay loam, a soil relatively high
in Mg.
Magnesium rates of 0, 30, and 120 lb.
per acre were used in the experiments
at Alexandria, Monroeville, and Brew-
ton, Table 1. Yields were about the
same from the 30- and 120-lb. rates. A
subsequent experiment with rates. of 0,
10, 20, and 40 lb. of Mg per acre from
magnesium sulfate was established at
the Sand Mountain Substation in 1960.
The average seed cotton yield for the
1960-62 period was increased 400 lb.
per acre where 40 lb. of Mg per acre
was added annually, Table 2.
Since 30 lb. of Mg was adequate at
Brewton and Monroeville and 20 lb. was
TABLE 1. YIELD INCREASE OF SEED COTTON
FROM ADDITION OF MAGNESIUM SULFATE
AT FouR LOCATIONS, 2-YEAR AVERAGE
Location and Soil mag- Yield
soil type nesium* increase
Lb./A. Lb./A.
Alexandria,
D ecatur c.1 --------------------- 110 0
Monroeville,
M agnolia f.s.1................. 40 80
Crossville,
Hartsells f.s.1.................. 28 280
Brewton,
Kalmia s.1. 20 360
* Exchangeable.
COTTON GROWN on
GRAY, SANDY SOILS
NEEDS MAGNESIUM
FRED ADAMS, Department of Agronomy and Soils
Location and
kind of
limestone
Soil pH range
5.3-5.5 5.6-5.8 6.2-6.4
Lb. of seed cotton/A.
Brewton
Dolomite ........ 1,520 1,770 2,070
Calcite ----------. 1,580 1,710 1,650
Monroeville
Dolomite -------- 1,370 1,630 1,800
Calcite --------- 1,260 1,370 1,530
Prattville
Dolomite -. 2,490 2,270 2,230
Calcite...... 2,400 2,380 2,270
inadequate at Sand Mountain Substation,
it appears that Mg should be added at
a rate of about 30 lb. per acre annually
for cotton.
Magnesium sulfate and magnesium-
potassium sulfate are satisfactory wa-
ter-soluble sources that may be used on
any Mg-deficient soil. Only water-sol-
uble sources should be used on calcare-
ous soils (high pH) and on soils that
cannot be limed.
Magnesium from Dolomite
The data in Table 3 show that agri-
cultural-grade dolomite is an excellent
source of Mg on acid soils. The only
significant difference between the lime-
stones was the Mg content of the dolo-
mite. The data show the soils at Brew-
ton and Monroeville to be deficient in
Mg. The greatest response to Mg was
at the higher soil pH values. There was
no response to lime or Mg at Prattville.
In addition to neutralizing soil acidity,
dolomite supplies magnesium as well as
calcium. Each ton of dolomite contains
about 250 lb. of Mg and is by far the
cheapest source of Mg available. Mag-
nesium deficiency will be avoided by a
liming program in which dolomite is
used at every other application.
Since Mg is released from dolomite
only when the acid soil and dolomite
react, dolomite must be finely pulverized
for it to be a good source of Mg. Coarse
dolomite is equally worthless as a lim-
ing material or as a source of Mg.
TABLE 2. EFFECTS OF RATES OF MAGNESIUM
ON YIELDS OF SEED COTTON AT SAND
MOUNTAIN SUBSTATION, 1960-62
AVERAGE
Rate of Yield Yield
Mg increase
Lb./A. Lb./A. Lb./A.
0 2,270
10 2,440 170
20 2,550 280
40 2,670 400
TABLE 3. EFFECT OF KIND OF LIMESTONE
ON YIELD OF SEED COTTON AT VARIOUS
SOIL PHl LEVELS, 1960-6.1
H OW LARGE should a farm be to pro-
vide a given net return to operator labor
and management?
This question is the topic of a study
being conducted in the Wiregrass Area
by the Department of Agricultural Eco-
nomics, Auburn University Agricultural
Experiment Station. Budgets based on
utilization of advanced technology and
recommended production practices have
been developed for eight crop and three
livestock enterprises.
Enterprises Selected
Crops selected were cotton, peanuts,
corn, grain sorghum, soybeans, oats,
wheat, and Coastal bermuda. Peanuts
are restricted to a 1 year in 3 rotation.
Per acre yields used in the program are
cotton, 594 lb.; peanuts, 0.9 ton; corn,
55 bu.; and Coastal bermuda, 5 tons. In
some situations, crop yields and product
prices are varied in order to study the
effect of their variability on optimum or-
ganization.
The livestock operation includes hogs,
a cow-calf beef enterprise, and steers.
Hog production is on a 2-litter-per-year
basis. Sows are on millet pasture in the
summer and oats and rye in the winter.
Market hogs are self fed on pasture. The
steer feeding 
operation 
begins with 
the
purchase of good and choice calves
weighing around 400 lb. Calves are in
the feedlot from December 1 to April
30 on a ration consisting of corn silage
OPTIMUM FARM PLAN FOR Two INCOME
LEVELS, ONE-MAN LABOR FORCE, AD-
VANCED TECHNOLOGY, BASE PRICES,
WIREGRASs AREA OF ALABAMA
Item 
Unit $5,000 
$7,000
income income
Open land
required acre
Crops:
Cotton acre
Peanuts acre
Corn for feed acre
Coastal bermuda acre
Pasture for hogs acre
Livestock:
Hogs sows
Seasonal labor
hired hour
Gross receipts dol.
less
Operating expense dol.
Land charge' dol.
Seasonal labor' dol.
Fixed overhead dol.
Net return to
operator
labor and
management dol.
'$6.25 per acre.
2 $0.60 per hour.
105.5
12.8
17.6
22.3
44.6
8.2
S 7 10
663 818
14,302 18,286
7,103 7,915
659 924
398 491
1,142 1,956
5,000 7,000
and 2 lb. of concentrate per day. They
are transferred to Coastal bermuda pas-
ture from May I to July 15. The steers
are then returned to the feedlot for 120
days and marketed.
Linear Programming
Linear programming techniques are
used to determine the combination of
these enterprises that will provide the
desired income with a minimum amount
of land. Fifty-eight per cent of the open
land was assumed to be available for
row crops. An additional 28% was plow-
able, but not suitable for row crops. Each
acre of land has a 12.2% cotton allot-
ment and a 16.7% peanut allotment.
Wheat is restricted to 15 acres per farm.
Open land is valued at $105 per acre
with an annual charge of $6.25 per acre
to cover interest and taxes on this in-
vestment. Operating capital was charged
at 6% interest. Also a fixed overhead ex-
pense was charged to cover machinery
overhead and interest, telephone, insur-
ance, bookkeeping and tax service, and
pickup truck operation.
Farm Plans Compared
The table summarizes the optimum
farm plan for two income levels. The
remaining discussion deals with possible
enterprise combinations that yield a
$5,000 net return to operator labor and
management. Given current conditions,
the optimum program includes 106 acres
of open land, 13 acres of cotton, 18 acres
of peanuts, 45 acres of Coastal bermuda,
and 7 sows. The hog enterprise requires
22 acres of corn for feed and 8 acres of
pasture.
When the market price for hogs is in-
creased from 160 to 180 per lb., the opti-
mum farm size is 95 acres. More corn
and hogs are produced and the acreage
of Coastal bermuda is reduced. The
farm plan is composed of 12 acres of
cotton, 16 acres of peanuts, and 30 acres
of Coastal bermuda. The hog enterprise
is enlarged to nine sows. Twenty-seven
acres of corn for feed and 10 acres of
pasture are required.
If the corn yield is increased and hogs
sell for 160, the hog enterprise is ex-
panded and Coastal acreage reduced.
The result is a decrease in total land re-
quirement. With a yield of 60 bu. per
acre, the plan calls for 103 acres of open
land. Similarly, the optimum program
with 70-bu. yield is 96 acres. In each
case, the cotton and peanut acreage re-
mains at the full level of allotment. With
60 bu. yields, the organization includes
10 sows, 30 acres of corn, and 32 acres
of Coastal. If the yield is 70 bu., the
best program is 11 sows, 28 acres of corn,
and 28 acres of Coastal bermuda.
If only crop enterprises are consid-
ered, 110 acres of land are required. Of
this total, 24 acres are planted in corn
for sale. Approximately 1,300 bu. will
be sold at a price of $1.05 per bu. The
other crop enterprises included are 14
acres of cotton, 18 acres of peanuts, and
55 acres of Coastal bermuda.
In all cases studied, cotton and pea-
nut acreage came into the program at the
full level of allotment. As corn yields
increase or if hog prices increase, the
hog operation becomes larger and less
Coastal bermuda is planted. Both of
these changes lead to reduced land re-
quirements for a given net return.
13
LAND REQUIREMENTS
for a $5,000 INCOME
GARY C. JONES, Department of Agricultural Economics
i
jut! fii Aiix iii I ,lix ux. lii olittx ix
\L ixl I lii i i 1wolii ala diigt'il.sz
illiii hatxc ait o ixmcx, Thnit ilut' ii! iu is
fIt \ xix Siif' f Si' tfjii I'jl u \utiki lii li ifi
d cii x'iilii t iii o bit 4 ii i i. th l iii i i sx
\11ltlu l it'xx litixi' cix it! tlxt'.i t'' fiaoi
ifiit tplt io C fi Ix xx! iti i itiu4 \(i' l i t'x i
flt'i xti p iiii tc diiil ici 'i ci f tu
i~uil fx (Iii ll',i i ll f ii'xii iiifliit''ii'ix t!.
'Ifo av it'st x i f i iai p it ili xiiit Cix] fli i
li iotitii ii Cli iit li ii (it i i fromx ililix
14id . O lli\ I Ioioc fol lc
fo ii f gii iix( C'lit ici i iii i i l A ll\
Stat ol loii xcx Ui lx iai .
Source of Plants
I IleI(I 'C'it iii' aIf i ' i ii fit i iep il itC
\iliu i ' pciiii xie a itfI )iixxi'xxfI I4
'xliir~cc x f ii w iii\ 'xlii T]i i c tii.
ik titi ce l itutx c xili picxii i it f iiii 4
tx ii'xl ciilii' iii ittf fiiiix (i iiif iii
ith C i iti uli cii uthciii lx. c . ,ij(
rodctllfin etd\ rcs e scd
ft ii ixii x il c i xx c it ii,. illi I u ll i t.
Southern Magnolia Produces
Valuable Foliage
Left: Correct framework of branches of a
young Southern Magnolia is shown. Center:
The ideal orchard tree produces clean, well-
shaped foliage on multiple salable branches
from buds on stubs of previous year's
g rowth. Right: Two named varieties of
S outhern Magnolia are Glen St. Mary (left)
a nd Margaritta; both produce dark green
foliage with heavy brownness underneath.
x(d iilc (1 \ W I xmI I I Ii t_ lf in
('it i I C Wi CC'alti i'
iii )\tl oii~ Iix x ti C t i il ii'tt I lix a pliflti 
ll
CAIi anit'. )" lxiid fer)t)ii.ilzig~ it iix i
co\lii atd liet \\aii "Ixti'tt a
tii ,4 ;it Itil x('dxiiii.
c~it ii o. If ;l t ic Clo w.1u i ii tlix i i i
Niuila xx Ix toiixxt't cix f Ie cixl diii! S
])if iii li ipliit xiiio l l itof ax8- itll t liti
x,0 t'dt .u ef xiitCi vi xt' pCliti4 ti ll it i i x'c
ii.ia t I. . i' ii tiii- iit ii x xxtii -ffi'C'
Afitpr it i.i iii x i it , ii' I ci ii iC its
HENRY P. ORR and TOK FURUTA, Dept. of Horticuliure
PROGRAMS TO IMPROVE social and eco-
nomic conditions in low-income rural
areas almost always involve industrializa-
tion. But does industrialization really
help rural residents in the labor force
who need aid the most? And, do these
people have the desire and the necessary
qualifications for entering industrial em-
ployment?
Results of a 1961 study in four low-
income counties in Alabama supply in-
formation about the attitudinal and so-
cial potentials of the people for factory
jobs. In this study 145 male heads of
rural households, 18 to 65 years of age,
and physically able to work were con-
tacted.
Three Attitude Types
From the data collected on attitudes
it was possible to identify three types of
individuals in terms of their willingness
to change to industrial jobs: (1) those
totally favorable, (2) those conditionally
favorable, and (3) those totally unfav-
orable.
Assuming that a favorable attitude
toward industrial employment is an in-
dication of aspiration, it can be con-
eluded that there is a highly receptive
attitude toward industrialization among
rural residents in low-income areas of
Alabama. However, this is only half of
the picture. Do these men have the so-
cial characteristics sought by industry?
Presence or absence of these characte-
CONTRASTING CHARACTERISTICS OF MEN
MAKING UP GROUPS TOTALLY FAVORABLE
AND TOTALLY UNFAVORABLE TO
CHANGING JOBS
Selected 
Status, by groups
characteristics Totally Totally
favorable unfavorable
Residence ---------- nonfarm farm
Home tenure ...... nonowner owner
Color nonwhite white
Age- 18-29 yr. 50-64 yr.
Education ---------- under 12 yr. over 12 yr.
Occupation ........ blue collar white collar
Income, family- $750-3,999 over $4,000
Homemaker's no, or earn- no, or earn-
employment_ ing under ing over
$1,500 $1,500
Living level .... low high
Household size_ mixed 1-4 persons
Outlook ........ pessimistic optimistic
Satisfaction ..... dissatisfied satisfied
Values ......... job church
NOTE: Characteristics of each type were
chosen on the basis of percentages, rather
than actual numbers. For example, there
were only 36 respondents for whom job was
the most important value, but a high pro-
portion (56 %) had a conditionally favorable
attitude toward changing jobs.
ristics is revealed in detailed information
about the people holding these three
types of attitudes.
Totally favorable. This group, making
up 42% of the total sample, would
change jobs regardless of conditions-
even if it meant moving to a new com-
munity. Men of this opinion are most
likely to be nonfarm residents, non-home
owners, and employed in "blue collar"
jobs (skilled, semi-skilled, or unskilled).
Total family income is usually less
than $4,000 per year from all sources.
The wives are either not employed or
employed only on a part-time basis with
annual earnings of less than $1,500. The
family consists of either a recently mar-
ried couple or a young couple with sev-
eral pre-school age children. A low level
of living usually exists, as measured by
such household conveniences as running
water, indoor bathroom, refrigerator, and
vacuum cleaner.
Personal characteristics of men with
this attitude show they are more likely
to be nonwhites, 18 to 30 years old, and
have less than 12 years of schooling
(48% had completed fewer than 8 years
of school). These men tend to be more
pessimistic about their chances in life
and to be dissatisfied with their present
job and income situation. Moreover,
they place a high value on their job as
a source of personal satisfaction.
Totally unfavorable. At the opposite
extreme are 15% of the men interviewed
who would not, under any circumstances,
change to a factory job. These are most
likely to be farm residents and home
owners having a high level of living.
Men employed in "white collar" jobs with
a total family income exceeding $4,000
per year usually are of this attitude.
Their wives are either not employed or
are steadily employed and earning more
than $1,500 annually. Family size is one
to four persons.
This group is made up mostly of white
men 50 to 64 years of age who have
completed 12 or more years of school.
They are generally optimistic and satis-
fied with present job and income. They
tend to find their greatest satisfaction in
church and related activities.
Conditionally favorable. The third at-
titude group, accounting for 43% of the
sample, falls between the two extremes.
Men with this attitude have fewer dis-
tinctive characteristics and show greater
variation. They are most likely white,
30 to 49 years old, with families larger
than four persons, including children of
all ages. This tendency to have large
families is reflected in a strong value
placed on family as the greatest source
of satisfaction in life. M-n employed
either full-time or part-time in farming
are most likely to hold this attitude. The
same is true of families in which the
homemaker has steady employment pay-
ing more than $1,500 annually.
Differences Are in Degree
These descriptions show that the main
differences between men of the three at-
titude groups are in their degree of com-
mitment to the rural neighborhood and
their present level of socio-economic ad-
justment. Such ties as farm or home
ownership, a good job including farm
and nonfarm work arrangements, and
steady employment for the wife create a
less favorable attitude toward job
change. On the other hand, failure to
make such adjustments causes dissatis-
faction with the present situation and a
greater willingness to attempt any change
that offers the possibility of improvement.
Educational levels are seen to be ma-
jor limiting factors from industries' point
of view. Those with the more favorable
attitudes were colored men with low lev-
els of education. However, this is offset
by their favorable attitudes and rela-
tively young ages (under 50). These
characteristics must be considered as
rural development programs are de-
signed for low-income areas.
15
ATTITUDES OF
RURAL RESIDENTS
TOWARD CHANGING JOBS
J. E. DUNKELBERGER, Department of Agricultural Economics
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FREE Bulletin or Report of Progress
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AUBURN UNIVERSITY
E. V. Smith, Director
Auburn, Alabama
Permit No. 1 132-8/63- IOM
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