ighli hts 
o,
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH
a quarterly report
of research serving
all of Alabama
~e bbl~a"a :: !
i i,:
3AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION SYSTEM
AUBURN UNIVERSITY
VOL. 7, N
FALL 196
10.
0
~i . n
~-~ maim&~P*1~I ' r~~sd:
HIGHLIGHTS of
Agricultural Research
VOLUME 7, No. 3 FALL, 1960
EFFICIENCY OF MACHINERY - Reports on Such Factors as
Size and Shape of Fields -3
STOCKER STEER RATIONs - Results of Feeding Tests
Using Steers and Heifer Calves 4
FIFTY TONS OF ALFALFA HAY - Produced from One
Planting at Black Belt Substation 5
FATHER-SON FARMING - Explains Effective Use of Man-
agement and Capital for Profits- 6
COASTAL-VETCH-CRIMSON - Good for Cows and Calves in
Piedmont Experiment 7
LOWER COASTAL PLAIN SUBSTATION- Reviews Major Re-
search of The Unit ............... 8-9
MEETS CHALLENGE - Tells How Management Offset
Cost-Price Squeeze -10
SITE PREPARATION FOR YELLOW POPLAR - Pays Off in
Rapid Tree Growth .... __ -11
MATURITY, PRESERVATIVE - Important Factors in Making
Sweet Sudangrass Silage 12
MEAT-BUYING DECISIONS- A Summary of a Survey of
Housewives' Meat-Buying Preferences 183
COCCIDIOSIS CONTROL IN TURKEYS - Presents Develop-
ment of New Vaccine ...... 14
CAN PIGS TASTE?- A Discussion of Various Rations 
Used
to Determine Taste Preferences ......
15
GROWING PERENNIAL LEGUMES- Improves Soil Fertility
and Increases Crop Yields 
16
Published 
by
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT
STATION of
AUBURN UNIVERSITY
Auburn, Alabama
E. V. SMITH
COYT WILSON .....
CHAS. F. SIMMONS-
KENNETH B. RoY
E. L. McGRAW ...
R. E. STEVENSON
Director
Associate Director
-Assistant Director
SEditor
-- Associate Editor
--Associate Editor
Editorial Advisory Committee: COYT
WILSON; E. A. CURL, Associate Plant Pa-
thologist; W. G. EDEN, Entomologist;
K. M. AUTREY, Dairy Department Head;
AND KENNETH B. ROY.
tew ad 7me/4
PUBLICATIONS
Listed here are timely and new publications
reporting research by the Agricultural Ex-
periment Station.
Bul. 300. Alfalfa Production in Alabama
presents experimental data on varieties, fer-
tility requirements, seeding, and manage-
ment of alfalfa.
Bul. 327. Establishment and Maintenance
of White Clover-Grass Pastures in Alabama
gives results of fertility studies and recom-
mends production practices.
Cir. 133. Cost of Clearing Land is a report
of comparative expenses of land clearing
with dozer and shearing blades on crawler-
type tractors.
Leaf. 62. Warrior Vetch-A New Variety
for Alabama reveals detailed information on
the new vetch variety developed by the
Agricultural Experiment Station.
Prog. Rept. 79. Controlling Chinch Bugs
on St. Augustine Grass Lawns tells how this
serious lawn pest can be controlled.
Free copies may be obtained from your
County Agent or by writing the Auburn
University Agricultural Experiment Station,
Auburn, Alabama.
5..,- [ I,
FIELD SIZE aatdt
MACHINERY
EFFICIENCY
E. S. RENOLL,
As sociate Agricultural Engineer
1710V 'l.A\, XtF. lii 5iCI (dXt Ci X\0Ill1
2-roX (tlltiX dliii llatidilu? \\ ht fitld (.t-
pacitv tdots 1\ ill- ir ille hilt L C Do field
Size i dt shidl)Ci atfect ill Ic
1 
ilt cilpilci
it(ililaclille Cthficilc CX
Tilwlll l nd lol CS ohe (4iit t11tiol il'(
(oth illillI is ilfl" lCC(id ) vt fi llilllll)C :\I1
fatel'ill' dIi lits C lii dill /t1 ill-
thirIl jIitlllC var~isLil(I from( lail 5
toh 1 fislil tili rot ildto 1Ciii. tfild ild)C
cfiieltil v is i4 liitt lcdl (1) iti 111W lids Io
f1a1Ictrs 15 CitllXli lCll,\ Cl iI lcd hand
effects liaX C o 111)1lil its we ll (Ietilwdt.
Last Time
IllidttridalX jllttlueiiCs t Illiclwiis field
IlIs t lle IlIts dull( I ep itil5 iI ( ,itIi i
4
sedI. Il
tiliLcr. dilllcds alid XXdtcl % Md ill hint
ili at (1 it ofW 5-~ is 1lost tiltt iid its i
reCsulIt ii li.Ielc~iCC field cdlpaCit oft the 11111-
Lost tine lt tX l(il tarni malchines
ranges fronm aboutt 10"' for aln 8-4t. tanu-
dent (disk harrowX to is, mullchltas 50" lt
it 12-ft. collililIC. A\ 2 -isk 1)11155 iiiilut
haveX 25%y lost te wh i 11ees the 2C~-It0i%
coirn piCkcr Inald IdS e is niticI aXs 40"',
IIcCII Stuie~is al \tliiii- \i.riculttiral
lt\
1
)trillcnit Staitiion showi tha dl 2-russ
P~lanlter Cqipid)t wXithli I tl tilu/er .111(1
prjie IIIgecIIe SIrav alX It 1itill C lt ilaX,
IhavXe lost priiductiX c tinlie its li(Th its
Field Layout and Shape
'fli h 
" \sicl sizte 
ot tie 
fiC
t 
pills (-il 
tour and itt %\ iiiss l ith \k ill affect Illdcll I
capacity. Ili 1959 dit opaiso of'11 it ts
fields XwIIitslmade toi (etermtilC relatiiiii-
Ship bketis fu icId ]ia ,iitlt. rowX leli'thl.
tui lilii4 tiic In lild IllidulliiiC field ificilw .i
TheC InadlilIC tis~id tiir lii StoldI XX \dl a
2-1115 cultS aiii. Al op(rios oil thii I
two i fields Xwere ililiti(-li, iialidili4
lug itl 111(5 ot ru\s.
I'OXX XXasI l. ft.lds are. sh111 iXX F,(1 hIi
1iA Atrt ft. s liii hiiiliti ilshp \vlithst I(X
TlwC resuilts iif tw ijitCll las hit Stud.\
ill1 Its fohiows :
ROW [IRECTION
FI ELD -B
FIGURE 1
\tii of 191its
1 41 lit Is llt
1.9 2.9
20.0) :3.0
8'0.0t 97.0)
1 1( hit iiditjiis oft the tt'it, tile
ila i piCits ill field B XXas I ilerC
ill, loii (11vati li ill ti(t A. 'I( ad-
(litiilluill (dCitX61 FiI()I*eXI~ ll ) liIIICICiISC
iot aout 50t'/ . Ih oii r rows4I iX ill fieIld B
6lcvCIX. Filld .\ Xitli its Sht1 s \\,it X s
I7 'r (55 ttfijciiiit 11(10 field B.
Summary
U1(1( liald~illi (.apilcit\s afece IICI ) vI
B\ iiiiii i 1 smadll itijiiI111 fields
cil d-i shich~ ill till II ill ressuilt ill
2. Fields5 XX itli paralhdI~ 1(11 itts liave
it li(dwii fiCdd (IfficiCIICX tliiii fielIds XXithi
cii I CIltiii iii terraices. (0)w it- ~siill o-tlis
ti.i l 1( iStoilli 5r I11lOu ditilCI t(IIl 1CC5.
:1 loilill(T 5101(1 it (11(15 ut ros
11111(1i ii XX I.-lliptlt 11(1 the tr \\ it liCu
hit\ ii, to4 ba hck til triactor. Biwkilg thefI
its i~ti ds ti mk t fill] se15iiciid(i turn.
4. fDitw litod Awl( ob1(1itstI iiititiis ill
fit-It wils dl silw uuid-i d isi t li
sii11
1
)ltlltllt fIill i 2) ii. lbtis llih1)
1111(1im lts tiii o M iililllifr ao
fi5(,Iil l , \o t. \\ ill ii li i s XX~ il oilC
Xiii ii l lioi t, or liii lo iti( .il ii
I - I .
RATIONS ao aieotea
STOCKER STEERS
W. B. ANTHONY, Assoc.
Animal N utriti onist
J. G. STARLING, Asst. Supt.,
Wiregrass Substation
J. K. BOSECK, Supt.,
Tennessee Valley Substation
Il 'TiAKES tN(.i-l tto fattenl a callf thiain
it cloe-s to fattenl at s vcaring a- it ilidi td
claxs ha gel. I loxcxc, takses of hbcet
tx ~~c canl be~ fatttieed iliiiiicliatclx\ aftei
xx ailln
Ali impourtant adv an tage of f attei iig
c-alves 
ats compared 
wxithi Iatteiiig 
yeai r-
11? uys or- 2x ear-olcls is that less feeo is
t-Iipii cc ptr cxx. of gain. Cakesc make
less iapid thailx\ g(ain thinii dol vearihgs,
but whe lit- l ad aeqfuate fteeting aiic inaii
a glci lit 1)11gril i is fol loxxedc, c-alves gain
2.23 11). pci cla tor more t-ver a ceediii4
pci iod of' 21)0-2 30 day s.
Rations Tested
Extc-isixe tcestinig of iratins foi- fatten-
ing X carliiigsaiid 2 seal -tlds has been
c-indiclcted bx tit(, At il iti A giiciiltir-al
Expe(rimeni t Statiii Ss steni since 19-53.
If cscai c-l hias bee )cciondui chcted at thle
X\iiegu ass aiit Tennessee Valles Stib-
statioiis.
A ratin dcx cloped at the XXirc-grass
Suibstatioin iii 1953 anic uscec extc'isix clx
ats at cointroil diet ill latei xxoirk c-intaiiiis
the- flotiig pe-rc-entages of ingirehdiits:
gYrticiic siiappedc corini 51; c-ottonmsu--u
inea I. 8: c-aiit mo l assex. 1M) groin peatII~~-
nitt has\, :30;. aiic salt.,I . This forinidatecl
ratioii has been succ-essfcills tisecf ch~i lx
foi I attt'iii x tailiiigs aiic 2-s ear iilds.
S inc-c tI is is a hiigh ir1ouighagc' abioiit
-13% ) mixtuire, it could be c-oiisicdeie cliii-
satisfactoiv for Ifatteniing talxves.
Rfesear c-l (cc-igiiec to test this aiic
oither feed mnixtiurces for fatteiiig c-akxcs
xxas c-arie ccltuit last fall and ini i tc- at
thc(' XX-ii tgrass Sub statitoni. Comiipositionii of
the ixturc-s test-c aiic lot cdesigniations
for thle test airt gis cii iii Table 1.
Fall- aiid xxii tti -cli pped steers and
heifer c-alvx cx x -ie purchatsedl Ii in one
-TAB 1.nt FEL i-oXix rents USE s OR
Fsii-NINC. CA~INES
Coitntise-id ilii-al
Sox lu-an oil inil
Co astal B3criu iiagi ass
ha\
Dehydralixtedc alfalfa int-il
Salt
Still o si l Friiix'
01.8 lb). pt-r toil
( all xnoiri-s)
Lot
49 69
Ii0 101
Suippli-d Ib\ Eli Lilly and Cunipany.
hc-i t nd -ll u isc-c iii the test. Each irat iton
xxas fet- o titlc- lilt of tiahl t steers aii Oc ne
lot iot eight heifers. AII ratitois xxverc fed
cce choice frcoint thec first clav of the test.
Sonic of the peifloriiance da~ta foi the
stce-is are suinmlaric-c iii Table 2. Rfatitons
rainkedl tht- saint- oil thit basis cit ferforir-
Allillials ~ ~ I pe tra ini10
Fcdinig piodil,i as
Average's per steer, lb.
Initial xx iigt"l -----
Fiinal feed-lont Xx tigllt
Tcital LCaln
D~ail\ gaull
U.S.D.A. c-arc-ass grades, no.
Goodic
Standcardc
D~ressiing per-ceiltage'-
Feed ctinncc pt-c steer, lb.-
Feed per cw. -gail, lb.------
ait- ce- f I d litl ( (tsit, xad Ilicifi x. I )itfer-
ei ces noi ted weire that hecifers wxer e fin-
ishied 111( sold about 209 dax s ahead of
tile steers; their average daily gain waIs
less thai steer "anit aid ici required a
little more feed peri c5.vt. of gain.
The cointrol diet. conitaiing about
1%rou ghage :3t)', I av) f Iatten ed the
calves just as i apidix and to the saint dle-
gree of finish ats (lid tIt(e high graini ration.
Lot 1 vs. Lot 4. lit add it ion to con tain-
in g less roughage. thle hiigh g uraini rat ion
was suipeirior to tile cointirol lot because
it contaiiied iiore and better (qualitV pro-
tejin and mieal elemeints iii dehs dlrated
alfalf a. Feed per cwxt. of gain Wxas re-
diieed 24 lb. for Lot 4, but the teed cost
prcwvt. of g~aini was less for Lot I.
C ottoinseedi hias fre
1 
iici t l beei iuised
sticeessftilliv at thle Statioii as at subfstituite
for cottoinsteed mneal iin thei con t rol tat-
telinig m ixtuic wI it usedI for Iatt ciiin, g
Yeairlinigs aiid 2-vt'aii-olds. Results Of this
test. Lot :3, shoss c-ottoinseed iriay also be
subf st itui ted for cou ttoniscted ii ial or at c(ui
binlatioii of cocttoiiseedu incal aiicl sovlbeaii
oil mecal iin iat ions usted to fat tein cakxecs.
AlIthI oiigh calvses m ay be success fuiii I
fattened il iinedijatek alter x c'aiiiig. I-Ce
stilts of othei e-xperiireits showv that.
wxhen piractical. heef' cals should lbe
grown out oili c-oil s ilage andic cool sea soii
Pastture feeds primr to fiiiishiiig ili li lot.
Beef calv es caii be groiiti out (ii etii
silagte aiid sinall gr aii pastuiries foti a feed-u
cost ats low as I I c pei lb. of gaiil
lit tests at the Tciiinessee XValley Sub-
statioii calves glown if roiii eailN fall] tii-
til late spring oii e ithic' coin silage in at
c'ombiiiation of' silage aiid smiall grain-
c-loxe cpa)sture gaiincd ainost :3t00 lb. be-
foire tliex weire placedc in the feedlot forl
fiiiishinig. Drx lot feediing for about 120
days after the grossing ouit phase fiiiishies
these " votiing cattle to high Good and
Choice slaughtei grades. The final cair-
cassproduced 1)1 this feecdiiig sy stein
satisfsv the present coinsuimer (deimand.
Cointirol diet- Hy1% Cotttoiseed High energy
:30% hay Hy 0 fcor CSM ino hay
8
20)2
456
894
4:38
2.17
8
20)2
451
880)
429
2.12
8 7
0 1
61.16 62.54
4,281 4,:300)
977 1,0)02
8
2012
-468
878
410
2.0:3
57.96
:3,694
901
8
L97
454
875
421
2.14
7
61.58
4,0)12
953
'Chilled c-arc-ass wxeight expressed -as a per cent tif final feedlot x),,eight minus 
3%.
I Ailt, 2. f t tims Rtisci. is -'on SEx LiAl. RAIOtNS USEDi F OR FATrENINt.
STOCKERt STEt CALVES
F il-- i Os of alfalfa hax), per acto
fromt one planiting....
Such production rnax souind impossi-
b)le, butt it has been done in Alabamai.
Tbis tratte of producetion wxas obtained ini
an expetrimen t oin at xeli fe t iiz ed.x well-
drained Sitti clax at the Black Belt
WVeathier was tnot ideal tither . The
\\ itntet of' 1950(5 %\- its oneit of the mo st
scevetc oti record atid] fxx\ fat toets cani
forget tile bad droughts of 195:3-54.A]
thiough xx eiitlier cotiditionis are reflected!
ini vieltls (lilt itig or toll(il h periods of)
stress. ilowxest atnitual vield for the ph,'
wxas sljiditix ox (' 21 2 tonis pet actre. High-
est wxas 6.37 totis prt ace n tid the I I
Year ax erage \%-is 4.57 tons.
Thete \\-its tno big seect itixolsed in
this prtodutctiion. The kex ,s to success %\Cii
selectioni of .t siuitable Soil, ~ good seedlad
prepar.ltatioti. acIli'iilte fert ilizaion for e.s-
Clipping titiigt'tiiet.
GoodI soil ti itage is isseti al for site-
ees xxithi illall a. Itt the B~lack Belt Ptrai-
tie, this tisialix mecans 'chalkx '' -iplatnd
or Sumtet clax . The site choseni tot this
experimnt xxas itcalcareouts sotl. pH 7.7.
and rcqtti elI tio additio unal linme.
The art a s plo\\sii iliilid .110 l(] fal-
loxxed thriotgl the soiiii of 1947 to
make a si ItIed. xxe'(-frtecS c((l lcd. F'er
tilizer x\,ias applied Antgitst 201 ant iw orked
into the soil. ()i September I16. 25 lb).
of inoculated't seed per ace of at recotm-
mended hatd tl xarietx . Kan sas commtont .
xxais seeded. A cittipacker xxas itsed imi-
toedia tel x aiftet sieeditng aotlld an cl'\lIctt
Stat(]d\xxiax obtained.
Maintenance Fertilization
Except 1949. itaimitenice feir t ilizi/
x,'as applied each xyeam iti te fil] to
axvoid xxotrkitng the plots xxheti xwet, EarlxN
spring applications are( imptracticaloi
this heax x, soil. The fertilizer treatment
per acre for the high x ielimig plot xxas
150 lb). of P.,O.. 360 lb). of K.O0. 1.5 lb).
of fertilizer borax, and additional minor
elements. This is more phosphorus and
potassiumo and less borax than is gener-
ailxy recommenided.
." r7
I *~ A.?
3..
* l Ii'21 .4
A'5'
Y.. , , '
E. M. EVANS, Associate Agronomist
LA. SMITH, Supt., Block Belt Substationo
11c1sf Itti to otheri' treat t mits itt the
ixpet mtntent slioxxs that fte gem cia ,x rec-
I imtiiitili'tl ti-'atit'm t iif 1,000 1) l. iof
01)0)-20) coitiiitiiti 2.5 11). of biorax is
'ic iplte fiit ligh xl ilIts id ftot miaiti-
tiitliiti sotl ft tilitv lex el. flespiitisc to
Soil tests alt thlend oif fte espe ittictt
shiwexx 10d 11)Ii. ofi x aiilitt PO, atnd
2S1)1lb. of ax atilibli K.,O hk't acre illtile
slitfae :3 ill. oii Soil. These atniiiiits ate
iii isitle etl ii'ilmi'' lfir plosjlli s andit
"hitgh"i fot potassim. Analx, \sts frtit a
litdrstrip that hadl noit leitoli ct ilized
tlutr-iti thet,(xptilitiemt sliiixx T 1 l. ()1
P-2.(), anid 76 Ili. (f h.-O pt't acii. Tli.'
is liixx- fit fbith 1ti cits. 'Illesc dtl
iuiuhicate that the' ferttiliz'ationt xxas atdct
x\ili(- ftir sotici hitililuip of uiii'tal fit) ih
itl thle soil.
Clipping Management
The alfalfa xxas cutt at the blooti stage.
wxith anl axvemrage of thnee to fotit ctttings
per Year. Outlx otie harv est was olitaiiied
4014, 4
Annual yield of alfalfa
hay during the I1I years
of the test at Black Belt
Substation ore shown
here. Although there was
wide variation in yields
during the li-year pe-
riod, good production was
made every year of the
test.
in1951 btcau 1st iif sex 'mitx- of thie pre-
ccditig xx\inter itit the idry spinitg antdt
suiiiuier fiillowxing. Vixe e' itt ilmis xxere
mutitl iti 1955. tlii tmost ii lox\ SYeam.
Viiit ha~rxvests xxets' tiade t 5utu of the
I st\ars. three titttitigs diiim, i:3 of thet
m~i. iit txx i iarx ists ili 1950,. ( i xxtl
l(Ii thet third 1950) ha~rve(st xxas 'iiiisiitii't
b\x I)Iisti hiett's.
Illii x sts xxc ii tsuills spacedt 4 tio 6
xx cks apart. Otix otlc i \i'xits :1 hlrx est
tliriiliait ha iiit iccitri ti bx \iixcull at
I. I 9.57.T the i'xpeiriuit't \\-it' clippetd it
is iii) 1ci t nietiih' liii this at 121 sinct'
it is likelx to scrioltis tlt dplete r out re-
sI x\' ( iti d uixa t(list' sex1' xxI ItIter
lax il if pritlictiimi\\xias ixcel'tt onl
adcil'fititc'l ti'rtili/i'd plots for till' litrst
, x t a tnd 
sistfictiit 
fior thle 
List ;3
.\Cars iii lt'e test, It is pited tl t that
taissittt lust its stitil ;it til' cti of 3
t'iits. This 11-year limigex mtx of stamud us
sotmewh'x iat u nutsuall 'x- ituittndem good to an-
4
it'tnit. If a gtilxx I iiitiltaiins at stmoauT
stiitln for mnote tha~n '5 x\tatrs, it 
shoitl he
a "feither in his cap."
\Vlilt' lnatitililimig adequmate fettilits is
I fitrst imoutatute fori goomd allilla 
1
)t i-
lii istin ts)her fiiliux Iii. tiilig lliset plti'
tnt us iistockii.o, if ilset(l fori ki,a/iii.' not
hitirx istilg~ after Si'ptuttilit I. intal conl-
tuulliti. Inisects tlt itil\ dalaii.e tile
sta 21ti 
I
5 29
4 57
410 4,6
290
55 54 '55 56 57 58 ,,o
4 BS
4
3 
2 54
2
FATHER-SON FARMING
4o 4waoae4444emef
ALLEN J. BROWN and E. 0. CHASTAtN, JR.
Department of Agriculturat Economics
T HE AN \11.'sHfil.I i id Cl ti ti\ C Use Of
Ii101'iurcilt 
and( c'titill 
01)11 tihe 
(door
to fillII JI pofits.
ITe \01114 LI fiIe is file,( witht thel
prol~in oft a tilihilit\ of' b)oth ('1t
1
)tal
adll il IIit(TellnetIit. T I e older( 111 alfle is
faced %% itli the proffblem (ft illiintit1lilig
('fieti\ I fs(' oft thetste resoffres (If11114~
thel List decadtes o f his ide.
Research Opportunities
1)1 fflll('i 1 at hfifibitfil ff ili) 141' 41 1f i-)
Exif met tti~i 111s tf1proress (f hat foiie
c(lilc atten14 1 ti upon111t oprtunit(ie for I
Ifollsill~ Soluiste lotie both1 ae\grous.i
Tl5s So~klustioinejs oil il be feli 1) the
tillil illti 111)11) tiltrol ilslt'5 tlid-
Sl]lilltInfile t'\tiwel. thecc sf111 sit
ils lifes hsi )11 Th ifahillsol expret iss1ion
f'('ix (' ill' 5ll llt ho ls Situaion .1 its illoItilel
silt, ihilic-ollin lls and thseriSuh i op
oftrdietnalCclicail Pater
(tets it tlli fie l'1e ar i 
1
)(T lf i ti cxei ill
pit.pfs'5~1 Aff o al c~iclos l lfif the S il l I ll
cil \ li k% il 1114 ii A111. He141 bifls 5(01 t15
ti Otifi hf~f is \oiitit'i \Ill tus5 v eris 
till' ti i ii f1 t\ andis 115 stol tt' I l ef i li fiedc
sf11 Ift 15, ,\c II I it tIl I ilfits" i I t It)I I tfI t 11111'
llilt illtil l' c Iat sl s efiitsne ull pilwfit
stari t :.' 1 t li e ilt 
ifs ilt o )F.. ,
the po enefillits to\ Pateo roi
anll e\ llit fclitatess 11 cnitled 51114C' (Ii si
- -
-
intO., son
S "'
0' (
G
Age of operator
('ffi11 iii a sh~ort tillif anid Iligili (' (jIIit "
undi ilefitIrlitie .ls Iin phas The par-iil~
ent~ s I til l' a p t till ) Si 4 tirir 500
i)C'C'fitli tihi isilwhe lilln g f lo ll. \llSe thf
d fill foill ' i(ts fat produ-ti ve1 ui'lleO s
fits l1( tutu tfl pcslilo scn th~il1eirfs
licis e t sta~liedl 1 I ifll eilnng of ~l 1(01
th eplms.o Agiltral irApec l~
fit hls i ll ~irs 141 tin ll ri otl 114 ii 1
cll ('111rt'ii e th111 r ifill('5itin s15 a d the
ffilti contine is tf 14ff tilb11 bsi ess
illS oc i'fip'fii ott(f about h tit' 111 ) aitill
itiil e1"tt't i t oii l t b s is iss h
e in 1sotl clovixer oil Coastal It crontcla looksi.
good f or loxx coist gi .zitiia!
Bestilts of it I 959 gyrazina trial xx ith
b~rood cow's a dil d cs onl aln up~land soil
at the Piccdliontt Subistation shoxx x aloie
of this pasturie combintation. It rax e
iocar 40 1)(. fec acre (all' gaitl anod Car-
ried ait ax eraac of 1 .21I coxcall untits
per acte f romt April 8 to O)ctobher 5. Tbis
xx'as aCCitO pl ish ed xx it hiot ap p Iicatil of
Colit rcial 1ittrttgcii.
lInth tst , C'. ctxxs otf miixedc brteeds aittl
thjeir tall cli ippe'c calves x \etc grazed toi
four Itita('e cominitatiotns: Coastal 13cr
tohdlax ech i oxin ctixci Pc' iisari)la
Btahia-\ etc-1lt-iloii 1) ail lix ts-or h ait -
xxlit(chi doct andl siticed iiat'.
\ etch ait 25 l1). pcr acre atnd ciniiso
cloxvcr at 1.5 11h. xxtic seecded lit the yraiss
sotc cuit lug id-Scpteinhet. The Pensa-
rcol d fala lad lied estalishedcc the plec
.eclti xca buittt hadn ot fitii'c a Coln-
pl etc' ct \(Ix . Siti egra iii oats xxul c rc i nlcd
atl rate (ii :3 ho. pci ar illt 16 iii. rxx s
ito scricea sod il O(ctober 7.
Goodc st.)ii lx of all n id secc( craps
xxCte1 iiltaitcd. T1hce pastics xx die ferti-
lizcd liberallx xx \\ith) plitsploatc alir pot-
ash. Oats xxerte tprcssecl xxith 50)11). cit
1itrigeii per acre'( at platitittg alicl againl
ill F~cb~ilaix.
Tlurcc I 
3
4-acre padciciks ofi each foriage
conihitiatittit xxerc axed. Paddcocks \xcrc
sticke'd to capacitv. xwith cow andc calf
lilit addedl (it relimeoxcc as Iecded,
The ( 'taistal 13ermudica-\ etch-cri niso n
clox er ix tur ti wxas 1Ix\ fat th e mosit pro-
dutctiv e, ini ternis oif tcotal forage p)ro-
dllcd arr viicpacit\, ald atimal per-
fotrmiance. As sliixxii iii thec table. ox r 8
ts oii cIlr\ taragc per acre wxas prot-
iltceci ttiiclr gi aziig. Ax ciage calf gof
per are xxas ;3S7 li). T'he ax et age stuck-
ita r ate of 1 .2 1 cctx call octits pci acr e
xxas laitk lxaoit ox ci the season except
fori a xitocxxat highercl lev el clor1itig i11c.
Dry forage yield,
pounds per acre
F-F- Dry forage
R coll gain
3,000
2,00 [
1,000
F
yield
F 
\
ii\\
This is one 
of the posture
paddocks where production,
of Coastal-vetch-crimson was
measured.
COASTAL-
VETCH-
CRIMSON A~I~
glood for cows and calves
C. S. HOVELAND, Associate Agronomist
W. B. ANTHONY, Animal Nutritionist
E. L. MAYTON, Supt.. Piedmont Substation
I)i I oi xci-, [Ptoo)Uci iliN,
ON Px.STcorFs Duro
Pastur iccithiri'
(Xisttl c'ritiisttts
x ctcl I
totu-ct ii i'i ii
\ etIc
St-iir-ca,-otis
Dallis-orcI accl-
xx liter cover
Lbt.
16.645
11.7 19
11.95-4
\ Atunit is oine ctisx andsc
are gcazintg stason axverage's
T'he gfraph showx's that
ac-ic xvatrted ci iisiclcio 1) x
xxheret as liicaigc' prOducti
higrh from, cathx April to S
xvetch prouct'tiont ill NI
2,7 9
L 1 ,1 r ', + - 4 2 
4 2 a , - E 5 
7 7,.. -T '14.8,5 ,
Seasonal forage yield and calf gains produced by the Coastal Bermuda-vetc
combination at the Piedmont Substation are illustrated by the graph.
(:Atin ING CA- April indicates that grazinig c-ould has e
EROiiiNt E lieti started 
('.i ir thanit Aptril 8.
NG 1959 ~ 
There ate (xxi reasonts 
fur tht liix calf
/acrc Acre gaiil illi late it tc atndc early t] l v. Jutst be-
Call carrxyjng fore t his peruid there xxas 
at chatnge ill
Izooi ctzipacitN tx pc' itf sxx arc frtni x etchl to C"oastal 13cr-
to icagrass . Secondc. thcre' wxas at liss till
Lb. C t~tS fill ofa imoals followintg excessix clx high
.387 1.21 da~ily 
gainsx oil x'ctci.
Frioin April 21 to j ute 1, aixeragc'
:34 0.95 cfailx gfaili of all Cakex oxii C:oas tal x etch -
:327 01. 73 cimstont xxas abiiout :3 11). per caY axs Coil-
tt ,st('( tco 2 li. piet clav itt bite Itit ic atnic
226 0.61 ca 1x JtlY. I loxxcxci, the ohhct forages
titic calf. V'alues li1ii iite ti tite c
focr t he ots-set icca Cotinoat ion j an-
calf go io s per tiarv 13 to Fehtiarx 
It) antdc April I tc)
Oc-ti l er 5. (O)il ( tastal It ci ottd,-x etch-
ixer the stctsut.
olof Coasta I critoson andc Dallis-i 
ii lhttd-xxhitc' cloiverc
itcl it xx as April 8 toi (ctolc 5i ,. \'etcell ci ona-
lover t nl)(iX ed 
prised~ most of 
the legttollc gi otix. 
l ott
itch andc uarls Coiastal Icrititca 
ui ich Pet isaictla B~ahia
stods. ('tittiscito ctix r xx ,s set ittisix de-
pltedt iii eat lx April l).\ crxit rout.
- Calt gain, N'tltsc 
l can x doci 5cctcdl i the xxatm-
pounds per ocre 
sa~l1rs 
\ad aetoilpral
160 aclx aitages. Thesc firtixhecl e'xcellIcnt
gratzing eat l. ill the Y eat ancd stippli'd
iitrttget fit- grass that folloxxedc.
120 Coastal lBcrnitica 
sodr xxas almost Corn-
plc'tc'lx ft ce ri nitx weeds. lot the tither
80 three mi'xtutres, xxeecds cimpotstet 25",% or
miore of thea sxwardls af ter thec x tc h Ma-
h0tr('c ill \lax '. L sciallx'. 
xxelI c'stalilislit'c
Italizgi ass hals a decnse sod that prexvents
18 2 xx ,Cdi ettrcitalint'tit. ('t ahgi ass fitrulsieh
9 .i~ larige' pat of'i the gi azitig ill set icea iad-
97 q5itcks 
aftet otats itiatitie.
TlI c hI IghI 19,59 x ielcls xx\cete made
h-crimson clover ttitgiocl c'itttclititutiS. ttx' ci x "Iecs catl
DIN
7Me LOWER COASTAL 
PLAIN SUBSTATION
a oretaorrt & aceeeoraired ozedeaoc&
zr6ar cJ, Irroi6& 
4e4 eev rc4fr
R. E. STEVENSON, Associate Editor
V . BROWN. Superintendent
Wv J WATSON Ast-rS~ o,;,,io,ii-f
1\ si it s'F O I~ I ot tlnaII'vX II( Ie re-
Wiast' is 115 e t' l ie. A ho l tinit' r o j-e
ects ie usli cut llIel2 v as
ntti. tstudh.ietakl iii lo 949 on y 1 I 
f7( tit's
casoif 5:39tk atit lon tit (oilt il 
1951e
th(l Stil theititiiareifor has .329 aert". li
limit' .
lThiis ( ti hxt di a titiii stilp it' s are c-~
Pli Subs'd ttishi it itts Ir r' \tcars ho t iner-
tion. t I bl i d i Ill 1949 g il 1,79 t'as.rlt' 
s
iiia Cidll il \\as .o C'.she lll\ fiill, li 
it
xt'.iit I I litut ili f ill reil lij I Vih I 
ll rlx
l-ist'. i lxtti'k '-iiix
feta 'tof antitii sltde m aire sourt'
tlit'x tt oi~l'. lixst''tck p trojects thax 
ae
bim pl iit t irl 1 1 thes iil's" ctforaen
ant(I graiecp no growern. 'Finising
cattle.h Iafrest s has ilolhe 
rc
slarn ill wi mandgteli sheths thant 
xx 11
coshl' toit htil- coihl ll~ 5 \.1 x xik
fLl tI c b i im il -( he L ox' siCovt'.t
oftt inot ill ptc iild l ix ic 
and111 l ich
pes t ixx 
as or 
ht a s b eg lxpx t'r" 
I I1( I I~o t
these( xxulietst kSii~tton 
St'udies o e
kiiuixx ii or liI Ii - Siilittiii project i
x tahid that 2 I-1) woul t
1
to thet jioti.
\ illi ( ut iii ii\atiiig 
1
illtile S 111) has
xwhlte cliix, II ):llisgrass lt'xtiii' paixtix ts.
IHowseve r, a stludv begiiii ill 19.56 has
slit ixxIi 
il acl 11tage 
f ro nt i 
ri gat il ig 
si e\
cI .l xx arni- andt (011S '.ilst iii ftiragtes ax iti
cnniiilitiuiiix. Althounghu iri gatt iioi ill-
creasdst til rx ixig t'apalcit\ til somet t
igt's. it tlit]l hut iliicr('1' lbt'f gin pl'
Livestock Studies
cro lps. 1Pci"lilaitt' lit. xxarIlla sl cropsi I L i
weret talc .ixitl ecirlv faill, git rlcxig.lid
xxi'll'1iux i ll t'liit' s ccd ill xxlic~it st'dstii I
lilt(, i gxll 'l a ll Ilic spiingix igtzill.Il
( ii'.iai tBtrilliuuii sci'
Idi i -xx luI te cii i t r
Ginl a[cre
15~7 l1).
12011 i.
()ii the etiol-sealsi I pixtili tx. tHit' lot-
loiixxixi betf 14.1115 xx tint recirded'l
Criisonii rxt--rx-"ri''.
XXbut itix i (.o(rxi
3582 l1)
2(16 lb)
2 11 1lb
Iri iuat ii showe xliix 'lliio ( id inititlt ill bieeif
plant'ed('tl prxtirru sisix. ( uiiuli itt pr
xxe as 0 11). h ighe r xx e th1 
1
l it ll i pi s
(tl t.ix li ofcol-e ut x \il-ieII-citllcgroxps
\\-. 13 4 hiix gx er xxtw li it'ii t il ptxx
permiLeft - Testi,
All~hcrClurlitstld \ of il i nea specie
to h optIIIIIII ft)] tll ar.eft o t o r gh
hit,,, ~ ~ ~ ~ an s~i edrsrct o\ fbth.R
Lef -omestiM
magdoJne a
I
I
4 1
These groups of steers are being used in the study on practices to Learning more economical feeding regimes for hogs grown and fat-
increase slaughter grade of cattle after grazing. tened on concrete is an important phase of the Substation's work.
su rtt r~isIwiiit cof titi (.t to tltc t Al
of wstlitltit %tiltX Ncitl" oitml dctes
sXiri it'l t c~l il t (iiSlii (Il
1
t ttticlti-
leil it l for i tlil l lltr 5 tt 0 .ltX i
fud 11)1 itte ilSc~ fcdtX o X iiter. \\ it
cow h'Xitsreolec t IXAlt i it l IX pra ticeu ill
Xt li itiltioX Xsiiigittt \o f iit ill (A tti A
wer t (] o~i i' IitIl i he i tll ott il te foilt
;11C o h i lrc clIs\lclc to l
gIrtttld shelletd ciorni, (4) grainlg pitsh a
plis 2 11). peri ii'ti ily each of protein
Illiit(l AIX s fedl iii No. -4. Tie test steeils
alre fit tisiicd to predouittinuiithN Good aiid
(Chitice grades aftetr gntizig tot deterinei
litii tretmnilts afftect post trzinig. Ats
XX II as grazinig pterformrance.
It h)is alrea v bteeni esti itl i s led that
hoofsX cali be grtowsn and fattenied eco-
plainit crai eii it' nint 'igen (ip core(wte.
thats mstiici of littl Sustatin -fr pth
Iog Itit.e piercLX te tid itiif
If.itiit ec tnomica fei dii I (tg lb g i tita es it-
and iftfeiren it Xt lel.o thA iiigsiiia feed
iilantitttteiigi tti Xor patstd wthi
hogs oI'pit concret.SIi 'iiirettI
bA i exprimeto t' begun pie alt' hrghtaXed
thaS iicuti opa rison of lte itfred aor
Xrodtion s iiI tirt il Sncemt gained
1rt' 1). opt'da lateinte in( jeqr CoatI
11).morefrestry10 1) Importathnog
o ill ature. IX xc cr tI ( iiii flX .Iitig Iin fee.1di
\\its t enoug tt tittt I il co e cost ofii liii'
XiII i i l;i(IC m intii n the''( pa1(ii sti (i
sering to\ to ifXgXe t ittit ti ta prlp
XT'hlis~ ncidir afl'' compaiongo red ittsI
anp heated '\pinci and iic AX1peltitt' tstig
Anthri'(' u if i contri'tn IiItipl pmoihs
Manyl" il( Vlartaio nas.
Neai' c (I h ('\peiinnts ill litcr( te ile
a ii pts i tonprat ot lp, iiti ofd the
It is~ cicd outti to lea rn t if'tt itt is piiigb
St't p rioduce5 tiiig bal('ini't sfoir p cI-
huglicattdepriett'. ee elltt
thins\ popalii- tne regullso taiiig Other
i Newittii exeimet iic eing tdeargedl
and se t into oper i at io i tit. need o1) r t h fie
aiita chnei nrl i n liit' akitres i ii' con-
titilli fcls on ii eor cke fti'tiliztiore
Initise fo corn Xfet aoe itliigt
fr cones aftrin vech(ro (IXer an e-
reteting: anois tlzton ba utiets for fie ant
lin cattlte.lv XXut
BXe projects reiwdi sptce
aie fr rersg fomlte coean Sta
imotnt maoimk lit iltoo the Suhton
taren' falciliti mpes ofben rt'Iibld
(fii(' miad s t teroni fa rii . O tt t her a'c
exit' t that' ti hav eaii ittiit'it ttf i tik dor
intrthe n Linclde t'rct ofsti llain Stlscaoie
itn1sedal rseofmnt ase imtin fire
comishents the ft itle lok birigt.
MANAGEMENT
meets
challenge of
changing times
LA. SMITH, Superintendent,
Black Belt Substation
J. Ht. BLACKSTONE,
Agricultural Economist
The rexe' tI 1 li1 11)ij xxa10 41111 jtr i liii'
xSi1 lt f 1941 tilclitilt' illit e it 
otfl
R1l i' XX ax Ii 1111 1 witt' st i .tiil i ll 'tl eI
tpI' .\ aO t~ 1941 il i Blac t'I 
til
stiii' ptieet htgi1 xx iltil.riti Is 
puix
Xpoiii xaxt in it pracitica iid fur t'lli
I titriog tiiti' cfirxl ~ 4 xt xit potil .illi
A'llx xhse otft tl 'S Ititi Xtlxxi and d il
uIlillil I Iciil \N2:33.5l\,( illr the 
I-c-ax
searchIIli . i tiy itrcs it it o i.i 1a14 
\\as1
,t l .i gti for t 7.5i Ilie ar illi pudilliti
t'
1
t1iilt. tit tltto t aiicc til lit iii tw
a$ico9 1.3. lre Xx li er.14 it rittIetitt pils e
iteffr10ip la r/lg rp .slzl
eiiX x -'s :. 34(11). MIilk \\its soldl at ;I,
pi t'fh(c I'fu $2.2,) Fo'r c~
Last 3-Year Period
.iei86 696 per Near. Xx irai' cul o1)
('liltill4 exi'\tit' fiti' .1 purposes totaletd
S4,2:3:1 pit. X 1,0t. Tlhis left all1 zX erilge liet
cash ilicolii of $2,46:3 petr Near. Juii ti
eair. Pt odlittioti pet cow\\ i .t',ced 713
11). of ililk . 'het pt jet of lo ilk So ltid ii~r
alletl 8.3.29 per e-\\t
( 011101 i iig the twit piitiii 1941-45
xitl 1 9.57-59, the- liet caxsh iiioine i-
ceiit'ii h\ 1 I 2' . Thfis, liiwc tx it. i ot
thet ettlli'tt' *ttltiX . (xer tdw eiitjie xtitix
[pteriodl thei Liild .tttil Ot SO telex has re-,
prltltlilt citXX x OX .d 5 ili bo1th pe-
1-lt I htI\\I (,\~ 1)1 1col' ic pco/i'ldittl
eltm',tl lix t INt . TIlIe List pc io hasiIl
1cash sailesxtild lli 14% to 1 \t it ptheX
secid pr it d 2.5 the firttx ollet Xtjttt't
i1,l it-, i ca iX optitgl e xpcri'x h i -~
Thje tis cos ofprd:3t i ct.o
~i- ~t ,r 4
ii
tt4*,~il
Improvements
Dulrill.3 the( 111111 X,,l bext t il tIill' tirst
.11111 xet ii 
1
eji te arm aIhlti xire
ljx 1114. A ii'x homiet xxas itilt, an1 tIe,
X iltiti ii palor l kits a ddiliedi. milking
Xacine s werel lailx ilex n thlexx hili
\\'il" jMechanieed Ax t1:,41 ftii timell 
jx
x Ilc I il iii I llii itt \aXIi lijt'I' itt co v t i
theliil had1 I illii itl . As tt it X lttix. 
tilt'
\it oitf all tillt Il xxtelis 2.l tixx .x 
w .tx
t' II as I per1 iod The tii liell IXitih lri i
i lit l ti jti i lc-a d ifrtotnixii ll ti iljt p ill IX, 
.
tillt Ill I i lit u i t \\ti t.1 l.il'lilt ofIt l l]-j
lmtti Sitce tlit pjlt Is it x5 ft'xs its
tiabl1e 1 t I ii ll lth t i ii I illr XoX Xlliti lX
O(I tx I i its X I t to 18 "i v ix .5 It i i 11
tti fatIt l l l f \\ itk I To11 t rll l i d lit 
t ill' i
:14t,; Ii' I t l il ti pit a it I tilt' tt~ t 'l 'lit and
oittt'l ii 
1
'to tiixx c l ii 1 ttt ihe Lolix i ii
Iltv 111ll icu tl- l t i p tis It la tit I teil tIle
tii o I llpllli' toe it xx ttitott feto 
i tt
xx huh' 110
1
) itt Ioilli con itio sit' arm 11 lits
Imsthediir\hid st-N Ths 5-c~v im
idiicurin, mik L -o c l oo o (lft
Through management of the 80-acre unit, milk production 
per cow and total sales in 1957-
59 period were more than double those of the 1941-45 
operations. This increased efficiency
largely offset the cost-price squeeze of recent years.
ot YELLOW 
POPLAR 
eliaa11
SHERMAN W. WHIPPLE, Associate 
For-ester
W OO111 X Il iaX l\ t b 
X etllook-
lug ait Ical o)11)1 illllits bv nlot 
relg('liat-
CimtI or'pitliil OX h~ (' rlOl ormi'i Ioeiliood
bu~t rvurItilig hi trees c'an pri 
te goo0d
iilale h~ardwXXoods ill Alilaa 
It is
land1( sitt's. It 5t'I'1 
1
)rolifIcallX ' Iftt I
realio an age of I15 to 29) 
5ears. siiiee
the per cenit of seed thiiat 
'Teri 0111 atc is
lowX. planin g of 1liirst'rX rXXi 
stock
should1( be1 (.oilsj~idelI XXicl'it 
aee ('lsolir cc
is hlot as illIl. Once1 estalblislhed 
as at
seedliiig. hikdt growsth is 
ritpidl. It mutst
he gro~XX witlioit (isei 
head diade. Trees
11,11's(Stell froiii stand~s iXXIill 
55id xlii fire's
lild5 I' eeii I'\eliie1 produe 
XX~o ofllu
good): il tsy. It is ill (lilld 
liii' X ('leer.
5lpeeialtY produci(ts~ 1 equii 
0g at soft,
51 ral oh t -grailliedI X \vot].
Ill 1 95:3 a studI otf the effeets 
of site
plIaniitiings of vt'l i)X po pl 
ar \\as Ibegui at
the FaXl ett resti% XUniit 
of the Aubluirn
Agrriei ti iral Exp11 j eriet Station0. 
TheI ex-
Perimen t XXias oil at Iatic hle ad atrea lit
hole sailIX\ loiiam Soil \IMantaellie 
Soills,
local aiijii ) that had heeii 
plaiited to
serie ll i1 944. [The fi eldt also 
icontine d 1
johillsolgrass. broom10 sedtue. 
trum~p et
iiies. aidi l ars.
Treatments
II ree llegi c's oif prepiai 
ll fol.
plilitilig XXee' iis('(. (lle 
ti'I.tiflt'it XXas
lowed 1 )1 ,1y tli II sepatrate Iliskil~gs he-
tXX'II'i tilt I (XXs atldl liild 
lioiliig aroilill
e,((l plaot the irst Xcr i'I'lli' 
sicilili
tre-atilleilt Xwas at silli.oc fil 
\ I iXX 
1
iiX id
for et'.cI rit~s aild 
1
plilitilig ill the fun i)XX
flhird ticatillilt X\,ias 
the elieek pliots,
\x11111' see'Illigs 55el ('i' 
lailtei illi te
roligll \\ ithlllit site preipari 
o i oi eoi\ it-
till l l I plots sser I iepeated 
fioir tiloi(s.
Plots ss re I 10f acre hi 
siz'e. sellillgs
XXIII' pIlaofted at spaiilis 
ofl 
4
':-, ft. b\X
I t., XX itlit totfal of 6ft 
5t'iills per ploit.
( i iginal plailtig stiick 
s~ aslol 1111.\X-
ci aiwig illiit 5 ii[. hi 
Iieii.Yht. I lurinsy
April itf tlii first , ear, 
at Iii'a's Ii rost
killed il lcas a's d iii's 
glrosstI). hlit bs
V\IX of'(1 all shil had( 
slrllted. I w
S95) sliililier Pieriiod X \v15 
c\tIi~l'IX di.
swithl rainlfall farl luiloss 
as\ c'Iage. B.\ Nuo-
X elilibi siiis i l aftei olie 
gitiss ilg seal
"oil lot lilltis iteul plots 
avis r.Ig' 45J.47,,
f i I IIXX\ ploits 27.5' .
iiul eluk p)lots
17. I', \fUtii tX\li gross ilg 
seasonis Dil the
f1(1(1 sulls iX\iI it] ae"s 
ss,11 ee138.7f, 7.90/c
iod 2.1%., lespectisel\ fllt 
trecatiients I,
2. id 3. 1Heighlts iiX (ratg(I 
2.1 ft., I ft.,
io 1(I.4 ft.- i (spectivh 
l's or- the' three
[it the sp)ring of 19.54. 
ll] dead
1 
stemns
X\\ere iI'fla('I(ld swith ]Iii 
s('I(lilngs. Plaitlt-
Imli. st1)l'k 5515 ('is sinll 
i IXeragillg abou((it
21- in, inl heighit. Ill 1954, 
aluiuthel (115\
scatsoil. tils plilit lug 
wsva also at failulire,
ss itli ~i sill'S isalII iiil (I clIltiX 
Itill plots
placed aill dead1( ste'liis. Su'c'dliors 
X('I'
Culivated 
Furcrw
Rough
The 1960 average heights and 
present
stocking of yellow paplar including 
all plant-
ings are shown above. Present 
stocking is
the per cent of the 240 original 
spaces that
have live trees.
ditioiis \\XiII' hiuuktin but ss led 
compe)Iti-
tioni was1 still stron~g. alk Isusrvsival 
andr
gfro~sXtls ssere lwlll 
the Siliic' as dulrig
tfli' 4 s iar s I ulluiss ll tilt 
originial plao t-
iiwg. Foui-s Cal Si1sis il 
i'atc's for thll 195:3
pIalntioi- ( i I~rgcl :38.3%, 
7.9%, aid
1.2' I i for cuiit isvaItedl, f uii'iowed 
andi ,l l('icuk
p)lots, li'5
1
)t'tis c'Is. 'Fill' 1956 planltinigs
tViX (I .gd 3.3.4'1 . 5.4% r 
aid 9.7%. 1 leighlts
after 4 stais as eriaged 
7 ft.. :3 ft..,I Ind :3
ft. hor thle 19.5:3 plailtings. 
anid 9 ft., 8
ft., aid .5 ft. I1fo (III' 1956 
plalitiligs.
lFiial nIIiiluri 'lr'it ill 
I196t0, sshich
N95:3 old 19.56 p)lanltinigs, 
iiilliCatc'l 5111011
differeilees ill silIX isi 
a nd 11 y ioi)Xthi he-
sst \\ i e l i l)XXo plots and (1cliIck 
plo ts.
I losses ('I there wC' e 
CIII sidei ahle dif-
Ii' er 'cs I)CtsX eel these 
ain d the ciilti-
s ,ti.'i plots. After two I) rIplanilligs 
c'ilti-
\atecl plotts had( 58.7%c siirsis 
al. a sattis-
Fli \ iupsflots IliXC'e 5.2 
/ and~ ellik p)lots
hit1X e 5.4' r . Grossth relsponse 
wit'X s, gri',tI'st
:36 ft, ,Iai i a gijog 1.5A 
ft. Ft'ros and
llk pilots hial lllalimun1i liciglhts 
of' 2ff
ft. atild ilseigI's, (it S.7 .111(1 
6:3 ft.. le-
spi0 Is els
'4 -'
Jy
TIlow poplar cultivated tor I year tollowing planting is at left.
Replanted stems were hoed only. 
Trees are 4 and 7 years old. Stand
in center is furrow plantings 
including replanted stems. Srand 
planted
in rough, right, includes replanted 
stems.
CUTTING AT right maturity and using
a preservative are keys to good silage
from grass crops like sweet Sudangrass.
This was learned in one phase of a
study at the Black Belt Substation con-
cerned with forages adapted to silage
making, best stage of maturity for cut-
ting, and whether a preservative is
needed.
In this project, sweet Sudangrass was
cut in the boot stage (88 days after
planting) and in the dough stage (110
days after planting). Two 15-ton silos
were filled with forage cut at each stage.
One silo had 100 lb. of ground corn
added per ton of forage. The other got
no preservative. The silages were com-
pared with Johnsongrass hay as a source
of nutrients for milking cows.
Findings
Yield of green forage was 10,300 lb.
for the boot stage and 10,400 lb. per
acre for the Sudan cut at dough stage.
These yields are much lower than from
many silage crops. However, sweet Su-
dan can be a valuable emergency crop
for making silage.
Milk production was higher for the
cows fed the boot-stage Sudan than for
those fed the dough-stage silage, both
with and without preservative. As shown
Other project leaders of this cooperative
study are C. A. Rollo, associate agricultural
engineer, and R. M. Patterson, associate
agronomist.
in the graph, cows fed 
the boot-stage
silage consumed more energy and pro-
duced more milk than cows fed silage
cut at dough stage. Adding ground corn
as a preservative increased 
energy intake
and milk production. Milk production
was similar from cows fed Johnsongrass
hay as from those on boot-stage silage.
The results show that net energy con-
tent 'of sweet Sudangrass was 
higher
when cut in the boot stage than when
ensiled in the dough stage. Energy 
con-
tent of both maturity stage silages was
increased by adding the preservative.
The boot-stage silage without preserva-
tive had about the same energy content
as good Johnsongrass hay.
Yields of hay equivalent per acre, ad-
justed for seepage losses, were 1,760 lb.
for boot-stage and 2,459 lb. for dough-
stage silage. Thus, harvesting in the boot
stage lowered hay equivalent yield by
28.4%. However, yield of net energy was
reduced only 18.9%.
Project Details
Digestibility of the forages was de-
termined by feeding to dairy heifers.
Composition and digestibility are given
in the table. The TDN (total digestible
nutrients), digestible protein, and ENE
(estimated net energy) contents were
higher when cut at boot stage. Adding
the preservative increased TDN, digesti-
ble protein, and ENE contents.
In the milk production study, five cows
DIGESTIBILITY, ENE, AND COMPOSITION OF THE FORAGES, DRY MATTER BASIS'
Forage Digestibility and energy Composition
TDN DP ENE CP EE CF NFE Ash
Pct. Pct. Therms Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct.
Boot stage ----------------- 56.9 .7 44.5 9.5 4.1 35.1 41.4 9.9
Boot with preservative 61.1 5.2 50.6 10.4 3.4 31.6 46.8 7.9
Dough stage 51.7 2.9 37.0 8.0 2.4 38.3 43.2 8.1
Dough with preservative -. 58.3 3.4 46.6 8.0 2.7 37.0 44.8 7.5
Johnsongrass hay -- 55.8 6.4 42.9 12.3 2.7 26.0 51.1 7.9
1 TDN is total digestible nutrients, DP is digestible protein, ENE is estimated net en-
ergy, CP is crude protein, EE is ether extract, CF is crude fiber, and NFE is nitrogen-free
extract.
12
u................ .
Affect Value of Sudan Silage
G. E. HAWKINS, Dairy Husbandman'
L. A. SMITH, Black Belt Substation
H. W. GRIMES, Black Belt Substation
which was compared with the silages.
were used on each experimental forage.
Feeding procedure for the experiment
was: (1) the four silage groups were
fed all the silage they would eat plus
1.1 lb. of Johnsongrass hay per 100 lb.
of body weight; (2) cows in the control
group received Johnsongrass hay as the
only roughage and were fed all they
would eat; (3) cows in all groups were
fed 1 lb. of a 19% protein concentrate
mixture for each 4 lb. of 4% FCM (fat
corrected milk) they produced during
the 2-week standardization period before
the experiment. In addition, each cow in
first lactation (two per group) was fed
an extra 2 lb. of concentrates daily.
Low production on dough-stage Su-
dan silages was associated with inade-
quate energy intakes. Intakes of esti-
mated net energy from hay and concen-
trates by cows on the four silage rations
were similar. Most differences in energy
intakes in these four groups were caused
by (1) greater dry matter intake of the
boot-stage than the dough-stage silages,
and (2) higher energy contents per lb.
of dry matter for the silage cut in boot
stage. Digestible protein was adequate
to support a higher level of production
than obtained on any ration.
Based on energy intake above body
maintenance requirements, cows on the
boot-stage silage with preservative pro-
duced as much milk as could be ex-
pected. Cows fed the other silages pro-
duced more than was expected. On the
other hand, cows on Johnsongrass hay
produced less milk than was expected.
When sweet Sudangrass is grown for
silage it is recommended that (1) it be
cut in the boot stage, and (2) 100 lb.
of ground corn or other grain be added
per ton of green forage as a preservative.
Daily FCM,
pounds per day
25
24.2
24 23-6
23.1
23
22
20.2
5.84 6.64 746 8.16 8.52
Daily EN E intake above maintenance
The graph shows relation between energy
intake above maintenance needs and milk
production. Sudan silages tested were D,
dough stage; DP, dough stage with preserva-
tive; B, boot stage; and BP, boot stage with
preservative. JGH is Johnsongrass hay,
FACTORS a#eret5
i
6
aectcea "wear'-
4veq DECISIONS
A, C. HUDSON, Assstnt
Agricultural Economis
MEA'1 SELlECTION, bliilj~it 0111 pl-epi[-
fac2fig bo1th 51I1)11121 s andc iiotisexx ixes.
A 100112 compleI1te' und(1(1staildill~f 
of
tiile basic (1501 is hol t 11ou1sewxif 
e's le,1t-
btx im, decisioni \xol en1(1(abile neat 
pro-
ducers1 , mecat p)acker1s, and mewat 
r('tilers
to bel;tter1 5(1 e thieir cus'tomers 
.
Survey Conducted
\ 99 lli\ b\ ilgfii 
1 ltui al cc01ii
joists of' thle Auburn Agriiottiral 
Lsxperi-
101211t S tatio re(111 e 1nti Cx1.12( 0 \ 11appilig
factors affect iii g tit(, fol xi'xxif 
es Ilicat
bl)1xliiT dec(isions10. 11112s1 fact ors 
wer 12d2ii-
videdl finto txxo gfrotps: those that 
we re
no (t lifkelx to be1 ci)aiwiedl b\ 
stoi 1 inlu -
en11es,5 and( thlose that fluii ielle 
0t 1101 se
wifte's (decisionl after she enrtered2( the 
food
store. loulsc1i\-es %\xeIe ai\.i-c 
of moosi
ofi these f actorls, ilit flleitt-bl)11\ 
f de(11
'isiollis wXeire ofteil 100(11 XX itli little 0xX 
0112
Ii12ss of folfillelicfillI factoirs.
Home Influences
()iie thfilcl ofl tilel;- 
11011512\ iCs2 ilitel-
frexx'ed gax-C 12 eaISOJIS 1)f healthi 011(1 111
t ritio ts it. lmajf) Iactor il iiiIleat 
sele-
tioi i. For mo1 st, ti s fsa it pr1)blem 
oft se-
lect iig ibetxxc e i ici)l\ ix litcl21,1t 
iXes ax ioil-
aible, sinlce (1111 X a fexw .11c 12 211110)Itel
xx itli the pl)1111 of gYettilig eliag 
to
eat. Wiheo asked to select it 
siiigle( kfind
of, mleat to eat flol tile next 
ilolil if
forced to. (1112hillf, ticll olosexx 
ix did(1(
so1 oil tli( bais of ihalth aiod1 iitrftfoiall
con1sfider1atfion s.
.A 11iIji oillacti II ill MCAeo 512l121tf1 
1)5
txxo-tirdls of till housewivex fx ques112tioned12(
xwas desires or p)references. For 
exailipie.
90%' of tilose that cholse piork 
as tite m)e
mneat did~ sio oI the bilsis 
of titste prefer(-
f
3
)Idigt limits x\%e21, it ilijl ~1ti
thle 1llijSexx ife. es 122isiofoi 
s e2X d eiie cei
tile falct that ole foull 
repor ted seri ii
Other Factors
Meait adf\ l'tlseliocits 
ilifloelec illost
his('xx ix ' de(I1cision s. 
\iiiitx fixe per
iio( and1( or telex fsiooi 
sets, till 212I 1o11tils
(11(1 dltifl pap
1
ers 5.alidl txxoItirds~l read
tisilig.
'Ill itx, \-ixe per cco(lt of thei 
houisexxixves
xxei~ 12xxorkiiig olltsfi 
the hoiie aind 
4
6%~
oIf alctix itX olitsile oIf 
till ii011i12 thie;se
xxollilei 11,1(1 hess tillic to 
pln and p11-
par111 llis. Ano~ther fulliclitii 
iol tile fil-
flulict-1 (of hliste illpreparation 
il s thiat
abouit 511 0 ' lo thle iioisexxix 
us5, \x Iew]n
alsked to select at illet 
I oIi the liext 111(11 Iti
c2ho0se 1i12.ts 11(11illallx fried(. 
N\\ hllise-
to prepare locals01 (
1
111
1
k1\, v 1( a d cslx y
hold~s had1( s111111 type oIf Iicze ('2/2( iliblio 
i
iiolex ix('5tio )Il\x flu/eli food,..
Faiolilx I) ck (4 rolll suchl 
.15 .1s 2
liiollalitx blackliIrollils iliflei(12( 
box\-
ilu. For exampe1111 oil]\x 46f' 
of the( ill-
xxi te 111)11 xexx c ix s comp5('111aredl 
ti 7 7
oof tile xxit lut iolScxxixre 
pr1eferred 1)ee12
ol (1cliickiii.
Other factor s xxere( sfi12 
of f ailfix,
sp'eci~dii111ea l ' ii ci't ill 
fiodsll 5111
coilkilig.
Store Influences
Mecat ifaealince has p~rovxed( to 1)e it
factior fil til; hiousei'x fe1s deision150. Ap)
tioni('(, m11id till pelcelitl( (If' houlsewxives2
46.lovce thian oia' half (Il till; hou1se-
xxixve' said1 thc' wex ('12 oit faiiliar xxithi
Trold's; 1112111212 tii1 rl'l;ie 
ioil sillie l;'1 -
Ex eii ili tie (lix\ Iol se'lf-se'rvice ioorc
xxii onek-t1ird otfr t those iii)e 1 d2e(1-(
ill;'lf o101i)2the butcher for xxa'ksisancedi-
lietseltiio 1) Sxxixtvx xill) per
1 
Cetoe
thei holef e (If i d 2'i no~il't xxe tih'e
teic iis'xpife onlier tii w terk.Ti idi -
caite s that tli 52 Iitlrxiexx who sho itp1 ire
xx quetil are finfluct d b,\il ti he r 0 'it Il 
IV
Iii (4 ( th2fsi)I ths who illp on 1 ll iia l2 (lidci
hi e effxexcht tfic is l;'IIV xllt'( w)1h21151
the rosi'l eno fll'ts tIf txorefllI 12112-
iis ill lior atorill the:11irif o'r;'lt fory
IliiScitc hoc\ife'. Th iiil1ll t i il tr fses
Iilelt (('til r Call ('111 '0112 t I ltc 1oil ('lIts of
4, 15-
NOW-a uaccine for
ccid'os's in turkeys
S. A. EDGAR aind D. S. BOND
Depaiment of Pou/ty Husbandry
(20CCID10S IS is it COI) Stit I It t III Uilt tO t I I C
turkev (,ro\\cr'
TIICIV iffe sollic milo bdic\c that the
discitsc is of littIc illiportillic-c ill tlll.k(' s
alid call be adc(I liatcl -y colitioll "( I I ).\
(ITOOd sallitatioll and Inallitaciliclit.
Yet reports of scriolis losscs fl-Olli coccidi-
osis indicate that filailik"cilwlit and saiii-
tiltioll Illidel, collillicl-cial conditions oftell
al-c not adc(platc. 'I'lic discilse call Occur
;1111011(r M)V flock of poillts I-cared Illider
ordif I it] flool illitilitucillent illethods.
0111*1*1111 S(,\(,I-e olltblvillis. death losscs
occitsimialk cxcecd 15"', but ii.sitalk itl'(,
less. -\lot(, illiportillit, cr, ill-c losses
froill rctarded (fro\\t1l, IO\\ercd fecd coll-
\ersioii, and inithriftincs's. ()if the Other
hand, mild outbi-caks Ofteii itre il(:ft It()-
ticcilble if oidv it simill port iol 1 t lic
flock is affected at air\ One thm et,
slich mild i1ttacks filil\ ])to\(' uostl,\ .
Causes
Thert-, arc at Icast se\cii spco.-i(Is Of
tuike\ coccidiii. in this countr I 'hese
are till.\, olic-cclIed protozoall palilsies.
affect the siliall intestille alld Or
U(Vid polic-lics.
T , Vl)iclill S fliptollis iliclude chilliligy,
I-11111c'd f cat I 1 (11 S, loss To I' i I I ) I ) ( t i t c, fill-
thliftilless, itild mild diiii-l-licil. Intestinal
lesiolis c\cll ill aficaed birds
are not its marked as diose of chickens
infectcd \\ith chicken coccidiii. I lciicc,
the dis( ase ill ttirkc \s Often is IlOt SUS-
Iwacd and catmot be determined \\itli-
Out it lnicroscopc. Faillirc to 1-eCm_'IIiZc
illid diiwnose thc discilso-, probill)h hits
colltribllto, d to the comilloll bt-lief that
tIii-k(,\ coccidiosis is imintportant.
pro"i-ess hits beell 
Illilde ill the Control
of the discilse flom lisc of better c(plip-
111clit, it lilt liwcIllef it, sallitatioll, 1111tritioll,
illid llIcdi(.-iIls. Some (11-11(ys effectM, ill
pre\cIltill(I chic cll coccidiosis liil\(' not
plo\cd (dectM, iwilili. t t1w discitsc ill
turkc\s. For this I-CilSoll, tlW IILIIObCI_ Of
such (11-11,rs for coulhilttilw the discilse ill
titik(,\s is limited.
Research in Alabama
'ri, Auburn A(fricultillid E Xpcrilllcllt
Station be(,'itli idiosis r(IsUitf-cli TO
14
1947. On oiii i tin ouijittiXc \iX tii tit
\l' I p X it prcicali ii c11tiit 1111 kt't. liiii
tic ilt i ii tilt the i ii il .ti tilc I lilt
iil~c cit isut Is t'Xtlii l t - biie anId'X('I
.aing ' X stitcik t'itie Ill (,t
1 
d l i d I iIXX ici.
illiiX tiii\ ii' iiihl it ili th lisi ma k t Ni'.I
tiiiit sI\itt% is ill Iliii SiX ti\ itX ill
It - -lltri oi. l X t'X d il e \ilii tii I i- di ti
IlII iiilcal thto'se spIi of ciiiiiiiit Il tl
tiat ii tX Ct lt c ik iiit do Toottintli iIi t i i .
11111111 itX tii I ii' li t tX toc idiois TO it IXI*
Saio led dto deXl pmiii t OfXI~t it trke
i Cciilli', dCillli' "lllicia it Xill~flar to
tX Ilii tillopcdiisi 4o thiei .s ilix iicii
cill hc11 (ill b drop1 IX IIXt o lin tiliiii
I lilou i aili lillt I to iii. of i i i, l iii-
Isltli i i n di 1 I cc f iii i i illl %tcl [l
.)crn, XX c \'k ci 10te till jiiiltls arciX iidX t'
of fccd-titr for 2X iiito 4i hours iii l ri
1
)locitt'ili lii iift i X 11 ild l iieill th \ic111I-
X.iXl tl( biXiltl' itril4tiitlist 2i ~Cdrs.il
\ teits usua1 ll .i For XXs i it'lit'.l t'ti
till t ill J tiet co\iiti 1 lit't' ii Ii 1111 1111
rtioni ( lit iii ill- X Ittl, 1i' oX iii 
1
)ilqilli
Left, typical nan-immunized pault suffering
fram caccidiasis 1 week after expasure. Im-
munized, healthy pault at right received the
same artificial exposure at same age.
CAN PIGS
TASTE?
HOWARD F. TUCKER,
Associate Animal Husbandman
DO YOU FEED baby pigs rations that
you want them to have or do you try to
cater to their taste?
Many feeders use their own judgment
because experience has shown that many
commonly available feed ingredients in
proper proportions will result in good
performance of the pig.
It is known, however, that pigs show
preferences for different feed ingredi-
ents. These preference characteristics are
spoken of as acceptability or palatability.
Acceptability of a ration is influenced by
such things as shape and size of feed
particles, feed flavors, prior experience,
and texture of the ration.
Problem Solution
Why be concerned with such a prob-
lem? The answer is important- but not
simple. Today, many farmers are wean-
ing pigs at an average of 40 lb. at 8
COMPARISON OF FEED CONSUMPTION RATES
Con- Av. Feed
Ration sump- Pigs daily per lb.
tion gain gain
% No. Lb. Lb.
Group. I
No sugar --------- 6 10 1.21 2.20
10% sugar
1 
......94
Group II
5% sugar -------- 4 25 .85 1.84
10% sugar .......-11
15% sugar ........40
20% sugar -------. 45
Group III
10% sugar ....... 91 15 .99 1.58
10% molasses. 9
Group IV
10% sugar ....... 69 11 1.15 1.69
10% brown
sugar ...........- 31
1 Sugar refers to table sugar.
weeks of age. One way to increase the
average weaning weight is to increase
consumption of feed by the pig. In-
creased palatability is a possibility. In
general the pig that daily consumes the
largest amount of a balanced ration: (1)
gains faster, and (2) adds a lb. of gain
for the least amount of feed.
There are stress conditions produced
by sickness or castration when specific
drugs and nutrients are needed by the
pig. Feeds readily acceptable would
speed recovery and prevent setbacks im-
posed by stress conditions. In essence,
time is important; maybe not to the pig
but to the producer.
In tests at the Auburn Agricultural Ex-
periment Station, pigs were removed
from the sow at 35 days of age and fed
a test ration for a period of 21 days.
While on the sow, the pigs were not
creep fed but did consume some of the
sow's feed.
The basal ration used contained corn,
soybean meal, dried skim milk, fish meal,
vitamins, minerals, and antibiotics. This
basically is a good baby pig ration. Sev-
eral hundred pigs at the Station fed this
ration have averaged over 40 lb. at 56
days of age.
Results of feeding various sources and
levels of sucrose (table sugar) contain-
ing substances are given in the table.
When given a choice between no sugar
and 10% sugar in the ration, the pigs
showed a very marked preference for
the sugar-containing ration, Group I.
Levels of sugar additions at 5% incre-
ments were studied to find the desired
sugar level in the ration. Only a small
difference was noted between the 15%
and 20% levels, Group II. For reasons
of economy the 15% level was chosen.
Blackstrap molasses was compared
with sugar, each at the 10% level. A very
marked preference was shown for the
sugar ration, Group III. Because mo-
lasses is unpalatable and excessive
amounts cause diarrhea, it is doubtful
that it should be included in a baby pig
ration.
Rations containing unrefined sugar
would be more economical than those
containing refined sugar. Therefore, 10%
brown sugar and 10% table sugar were
compared. The pigs showed a preference
for the refined sugar ration by consum-
ing more than twice as much of the feed.
The average daily gains were good in
all cases. Feed efficiencies were very
good. The least efficient group required
only 2.2 lb. of feed to produce 1 lb. gain.
Various agents used in human foods
were tested for their acceptability by the
pig. The addition of 1% cocoa to a 15%
sugar ration with one group failed to
improve palatability. Substituting .05%
saccharin or a combination of saccharin
and cocoa resulted in almost complete re-
jection by the group.
Cheese rind, which is used to increase
palatability of dog foods, failed to im-
prove acceptability by pigs in another
group. Only small amounts. of rations
containing two commercial flavoring ma-
terials were consumed by the third group.
Increasing levels of lard resulted in
an increased acceptance of the ration by
a third group. Since palatability was in-
creased without an accompanying in-
crease of performance, further investiga-
tions are being made.
In a fourth group, comparison was
made using a 15% sugar ration with 15%
sugar rations containing drugs used to
treat non-specific scouring in pigs. The
inclusion of either 3-nitro or arsanilic
acid resulted in decreased consumption.
15
G ROWING PERENNIAL legumes will
make your soil more productive. This
has been shown by 18 years of research
at the Auburn University Agricultural
Experiment Station.
Such deep rooted legumes as alfalfa,
kudzu, sericea, and sweet clover are es-
pecially well suited for soil improvement.
Kudzu and sericea have been grown ex-
tensively in the Southeast for this pur-
pose and for forage in recent years.
To determine the value of kudzu and
sericea as soil improving crops, a test
was begun in 1942 on a Norfolk sandy
loam of low productivity. Objectives
were to determine: (1) to what extent
crop yields would be increased following
kudzu and sericea; (2) how long in-
creased yields could be obtained; and
(3) whether any increase in production
could be maintained with a good crop-
ping system.
The test was designed to run for three
periods: (1) 3 years in which the peren-
nial legumes would be grown; (2) 6
years in which the effect of the perennial
legumes would be measured and, in ad-
dition, perennial legume s would be
grown for use in the third period; and
(3) 9 years in which the effect from
growing the perennial crops for 6 years
would be measured.
All plots received the same rate of
phosphorus and potassium annually- 54
lb. P
2
0
5 
and 48 lb. K
2
0. Soil was kept
at pH 6.0 to 6.5 by adding dolomite as
needed.
The kudzu was cut for hay once each
year about June 1-15. Sericea was cut
once for hay when 12-15 in. high and
for seed at maturity. After seed harvest
the straw was left on the ground. Re-
sults averaged by periods and for the
first and last year after turning the peren-
nial legumes are given in the table.
First Period, 1942-44. Yields of all
crops were low or average during the
first 3 years of the test. Corn that re-
ceived 86 lb. N averaged 40 bu., cotton
that received 36 lb. N averaged 1,090
lb. seed cotton, sericea averaged 1,216
lb. hay, and kudzu averaged 2,902 lb.
of hay.
Second Period, 1945-50. Following
8-year growth of kudzu or sericea, yield
of corn was good but that of cotton was
,only average (769 lb.). If the plots con-
tinuously in corn are considered, it is
evident that yields were high the first
year following turning of the crops
(1945) but declined to a low level by
1950. This indicates that the level of
nitrogen was too low.
Where a 3-year rotation of cotton-pea-
nuts-corn was used, yields also declined
but not as fast as for continuous corn.
This further indicates the level of nitro-
gen was low when the perennial had
been grown for only 3 years.
Third Period, 1951-59. The test dur-
ing this period was designed to study
effect of a good cropping system: cotton,
48 lb. N; peanuts; and vetch-corn when
grown after 6 years of kudzu. In addi-
tion, corn was grown continuously fol-
lowing kudzu or sericea for 6 years.
Yields in the 9-year period were ex-
cellent. Average yields were 72 bu. of
corn and 1,835 lb. of cotton. The largest
yield during this period was 124 bu. of
corn in 1958 and 2,870 lb. of cotton in
1955.
When .corn was grown continuously
following 6 years growth of kudzu or
sericea, yields were high but slowly de-
clined. At the end of 9 years, the average
yield was about 30 bu. per acre.
The lessons learned from this study
are:
1. Perennial legumes increase yield of
crops following, but do not supply
FREE Bulletin or Report of Progress
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
AUBURN UNIVERSITY
E. V. Smith, Director
Auburn, Alabama
Permit No. 1132-8/60-1O0M
Perennial Legumes
IMPROVE SOIL FERTILITY
D. G. STURKIE, Agronomist
Cropping system'
Continuous corn
40 lb. N applied ......
80 lb. N applied ------
Following 6 yr. kudzu_
Following 6 yr. sericea
3-yr. rotation, cotton,
48 lb. N-peanuts, vetch-
corn, following 6 yr.
kudzu
Corn
Lb. seed cotton .....
1951 1959 9-yr.
av.
Bu. Bu. Bu.
52
66
81
28
40
47
61
66
39
52
39
45
63 76 72
2,244 1,561 1,885
1 All plots received annual application of
54 lb. P
2
0
5 
(superphosphate) and 48 lb. K
2
0
(muriate of potash). K
2
0 was increased to
96 lb. in 1956. Lime was applied in 1942,
1951, and 1956 to keep pHat about 6.0 to
6.5. N used was from ammonium nitrate.
PENALTY FOR PRIVATE USE TO AVOID
PAYMENT OF POSTAGE, $300
enough nitrogen for maximum yields ex-
cept for a few years.
2. A good cropping system, including
use of nitrogen, should be used follow-
ing perennial legumes after the first year.
8. Perennial legumes should occupy
the land for several years for maximum
effect on soil fertility.
4. Corn following a perennial legume
that had been on the area for 6 years
produced more the first 2 or 3 years than
did corn receiving 80 lb. of nitrogen.
YIELD OF COTTON AND CORN IN PERENNIAL
LEGUME ROTATION, AUBURN, 1945-59
1945-50 yield
Cropping system' 1945 1950 6-yr.
av.
Bu. Bu. Bu.
Continuous corn
36 lb. N applied ....... 33 25 33
Following 3 yr. kudzu--- 50 17 30
Following 3 yr. sericea_ 47 8 26
3-yr. rotation, cotton-
peanuts-corn, following
3 yr. kudzu
Corn 52 20 35
Lb. seed cotton----- 769 1,467 1,076
1951-59 yield
1 .i' . 1