ighli hts AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH a quarterly report of research serving all of Alabama / , / r 5. 1 V. 5/ // / A~. V VOL. 7, NO. 2 SUMMER 196o AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION SYSTEM AUBURN UNIVERSITY OF HIGHLIGHTS of Agricultural* Research VOLUME 7, No. 2 SUMMER, 1960 LAY-BY CHEMICAL WEED CONTROL- Now Possible for A labam a Cotton-- -- --- --- -- --- --- -- --- - How GOOD IS COMMON BERMUDA? - Productivity Var- ies Widely among Bermuda Types--------------- IRRIGATING SWEETPOTATOES - Yields are Upped by Additional Water at the Right Time--------------- FENCE POSTS PROFITABLE - Extensive Acreages of Small Pines Can Meet Demand ----------------- GOOD PERENNIAL GRASSES - Needed by Alabama Dairymen fo~r Good Summer Production ---------- 8 4 5 6 7 CHILTON AREA SUBSTATION- Providing Information Needed in the Region -------------------------8-9 EGG ASSEMBLY COSTS - Important Expense in Market- ing A labam a Eggs ------------------------------ 10 IRRIGATION COSTS - Tells How to Determine if Irriga- tion Will Be Profitable 11 FRESH VEGETABLEDISTRIBUTION- Practices and Prob- lems in Securing Vegetables Told ----------------- 12 CORN - KING OF SILAGE CROPS - Excellent Feed for Growing Young Cattle -------------------------- I HYDROCOOLING 'PEACHES-PresentsExperimental Methods That Gave Good Results 1 FACTS ABOUTHORSEFLIES- Gives Information on Hab- its and Control of ThisPest-- WATCH OUT FOR CHINCH BUGS - Control Necessary on St. Augustine Grass Lawns 1---------------------- PL3 14 .5 16 Published by AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION of AUBURN UNIVERSITY Auburn, Alabama E. V. SMITH ------ COYT WILSON------- CHAS. F. SIMMONS KENNETH B. Roy --- E. L. McGRAW ----- R. E. STEVENSON---- ----------D irector .Associate Director -Assistant Director ------------Editor _-Associate Editor ---Assistant Editor Editorial Advisory Committee: COYT WILSON; E. A. CURL, Associate Plant Pa- thologist; W. G. EDEN., Entomologist; K. M. AUTREY, Dairy Department Head; AND KENNETH B. Roy. Ifew "ed 76me4 PUBLICATIONS Listed here are timely and new publications reporting research by the Agricultural Ex- periment Station. Bul. 323. Marketing Poultry Meat in Ala- bama presents information on marketing practices of retail food stores in non-metro- politan areas of the State. Bul. 324. Potassium Requirements of Crops on Alabama Soils summarizes results on all major Alabama soils and points up impor- tance of this fertilizer element.. Bul. 325. Rod Closets for Southern Farm Homes gives specifications for closets that will supply adequate clothing storage space for all family members. Bul. 326. Coin Earworm Control covers research on earworm control in sweet corn carried out at the Gulf Coast Substation and gives recommended spray program. Prog. Rept. 78. Sorghum Grass and Peren- nial Sweet Sorgrass in Alabama is a report of results from 2 years of testing of these summer forages. Free copies may be obtained from your County Agent or by writing the Auburn University Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn, Alabama. rNI Is e a a a 0 0 z N CHEMICAL WEED CONTROL 4aeatr '1- '4' ., "I V. S. SEARCY Assistant Agronion-ls The above photos show treatment versus no treatment: Left-cotton laid-by June 29 and treated with 1 lb. of diuron per acre; picture made 92 days later; yield, 1,645 lb. seed cotton per acre. Right-cotton laid-by June 29 with no herbicide applied; picture made 92 days after lay-by; yield, 1,137 lb. seed cotton per acre. A'III (Ill "ICl XXpie a'('(I II (11111I ((((X (.o til(l off lat. I e d" I9 till' Sottill (('(4811 It I 1At_\. l'(l1ti XX tto I 2 tI i' X ill' .111cr I I it i //lwr oil ic-'' ci ill' I i lp c to fll(XX~l h soiIl b t (l -)\ - h li b ls f c t ton t ill (it I illt(2(I )ii t o l';itii XXf tlii'S( II (' 11 cad XX l HI ((( iIit I ll . i It ' i LoX l~ l t Ilo XXIX ] i lX I 1 ((1' . 1iilX .\1v 1 I tppl Itd. Tl ItX ('(((ll hut ii' Lt(1(11 I(q'ld I iIlt l icc. I 111' i. Id XI (eI I) Iti o tr ((l i (A I \\c s \ii ti I I .,Iti lt (it r 99 to )I. BI lit il it IX X II 's I si l at11 tX\\I) lo-a lSugestelliid Procedure ilr th tNl\ ('I'cm It(' ro \I hI gil l11(1)111 il'(,X cot,1( efiii t ll IIi X 1 (d 1( ijttl ,ikiIIl \It . ForI I 'iIIs dilI o aI'X(llo I ill'i 1,1111s (i \ c1 ('iX 'I ,soil1lit\ I((,X I kiit XI j ( '' e It X Iit c I almost XI f i 11 ! ) t ll' I )cc I i('1 Iii XX I il l .II I ~l COMMON BERMUDA? C. S. HOVELAND and R. A. BURDETT Department of Agronomy and SolsI A 1. (I)'X'XII) Be1rimiiliss5 isil't tile siill'. l.t.tiet researtch retvXealed XX idI' \aia- girowXthi hab'it of (onimlill Bt'rimidas I rii differen1 t piarts of AIlabi).t1:. Ii lits ofl the samre gtrass that ex~hibit such1 differ - long(, peiodt are kimss ii i1s ('(1otyptes. Ili ani oiler expt'inmlI~it at the Wi're- ti(2r' highi forage x ields. '1liis ratist'd tht' queistion (of its stiperit~i its to that of . other Bt'rmudiarasse. i thle State. [ho iiig tli spr~linIg oft 1 957 (211l1111111 Ber-intdagi asses XXer C' o (Illetedttt fromn 11 Slcationi s inl Alahatina . 'These (gra'sses Xwere pliintt'd at Atiurin front sprigs anld Clipped m11llithix toI Ilitainl fo~rage Yitelds. Coastal l3ernilida XXias jllildel foll (2111 parisonl. The grasses XX ere fe'rtilized XX itil 501) . peri tcre t0lt) 20 aind 240)11). ofI nitroIgenl ially and illrigated xX ht'n rain fall \X\as 1((12 i l i qatt'. Striking Yield Differences For'agt' 5 it'It tifftt'i c t'b'251 t XX' 212 these Bermoudagrass ('t ' \pes' ( strains) have 12e)12n1 striking du.ring the :3 Year pe imt(. ( )ie of the higln'\~ ililla coi71- :111 Be 1)p 1 o: I' igh polthit I (2.r Pat llenit\i wcd cr I5 toll1 l l igto ii of( loriigc pX(eri acre Ial l lic 1 dXX ls ar i uc le Bi(dII(21is 2 (2(' t ed c' (.1(2He111aln (ill, iX Op1 20(1e highly5 p(111hci Pi 1i'(11X (i Ic0 (oXlisioNl liXililoXs ,s ll ' c (iliSI'1to the Asolihen ildCe Wheitre Opp ----- I lmt' il~ ~l ----- (.11(1d 1 iii (li (XX vill' ('oastal Bermuda(1( pe2r acre(1, avt'rag2 Jot II 5 llitlia 958-.59 1957-59 1.6 1 -1.42 1 .65 4.40 L. 15 :3.90 1.38 .3.86 1.59 :3.82 1.25 .3.59 1t17 :3.41 0)85 :3.25 1.09 :3.017 t0.71 :3.05 0.91 2.29 1.135 .5.61 c'ral] lx td no 1110111 fields XXithIX t'ell l't'It\pt's that could( ilegill frIX~ti er'aly. N atur I Ol ' (lt ioi ii 1(1(1 partitcilar drain- PileIeiiti I~ c ('JIlS it tlng pert'tiod( is I'(c ce't\ l'c'' differed XX 1ll(2I iiill *aI" productIiont car11 '.1I ill' c 1X c ils l Th bes I~t Ber uda 1111(1 (111 cd Ilo- (111 .1 a'. (111 I (21i itsI~tl )01 t 11.lIl t~ XXa(, h\ ('15 i l Icrl (d lli I 13trnnllas ((,1(1( (2lii1'stgi ((X til Grapoutin owt V\rits il(.il thel ig .Il X 1 (11111 Xi II, the 11 i ll t'pro- 5,licti reltt rIi o.tdis I IIal earliest 1: 11111era l ilf ah brass c initi lt a l '. il stai tplilits lr (lalt tatsl loiwII (2(It ptid CoastaltdCatli.oa ) Iil2i~( i , fllli It) i hila b it (2ai i Cl-lidlit.~l Therplnt XXon itlil 1 ah'hI- .1V. . .. ' 'ii. ~: C~ 5~I "1 a i. Camp Hill Li a earlier proauction trloan dIt the ecotype from Camden iright,. These test plots at Auburn show differences in summer growth of common Bermuda selected at different State locations. .1 'I' II-. 11* "' '1' II"-.' S WEETPOTATOES, a drought resistant crop, has the ability to yield well under fairly dry conditions. However, increasing costs of produc- tion have made it necessary to seek ways to increase yields. With the ad- vent of higher yielding varieties, higher fertilization rates, and closer spacing, the need for irrigation becomes appar- ent. Irrigation Research In 1957, research was begun at the Auburn Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion to determine the level of soil mois- ture at which sweetpotatoes should be irrigated. Sweetpotatoes were irrigated whenever the available soil moisture fell to 80, 60, 49, and 20% of the total avail- able moisture capacity. The soil was a Norfolk sandy loam, with a total avail- able moisture holding capacity of 1.2 in. per ft. of depth. Average yields of U.S. No. 1 grade sweetpotatoes for 1957, 1958, and 1959 are given in Figure 1. Delaying irriga- tion until the available soil moisture fell to 20% gave as high a yield as irri- gating at higher levels of soil moisture. There was no effect of moisture levels used on the production of jumbo grade sweetpotatoes or incidence of cracking. Irrigating at 20% available moisture required only 6 irrigations for the en- tire season, while irrigating at 80% level required 21 irrigations. Rainfall was excluded from the plots under ex- periment. Total amount of water ap- so 60 40 20 PERCENT AVAILABLE MOISTURE S Number of irrigations required Ui]d] Yield in bushels per acre potatoes and number of irrigations required is shown above. plied to the crop in each case was approximately 15 in. The number of irrigations required rather than the number of inches of water applied largely determines the cost of irriga- tion; therefore, irrigating at 20% avail- able moisture would be more economi- cal than irrigating at higher levels. The frequency of irrigation or rain- fall required to maintain available soil moisture above the 20% level depends z .1600o a S .140 S .120 S060 a C .020 EARLY MIDSEASON LATE 6/1 -7/15 7/15-9/I 9/1-10/I Actual evapotranspiration observed eMlp1 Maximum potential evapotranspiration predicted Fig. 2. A comparison is shown of maxi- mum potential evapotranspiration losses predicted by Penman's formula with actual losses observed during different stages of growth with sweetpotatoes. on weather conditions, size of plant, soil type, and depth of rooting. Weather conditions influence water loss by evap- oration from the soil and transpiration from the crop. These combined losses are evapotranspiration. Prediction of these losses using aver- age climatic data for given localities is made by the use of standard formulas. A comparison of predicted evapotran- spiration losses taken from Bul. 316 of this station with actual evapotranspira- tion losses obtained with sweetpotatoes in this experiment is shown in Figure 2. It may be noted that actual losses closely approximated predicted losses during midseason when the vines cov- ered the ground. However, losses were What time is best to IRRIGATE SWEETPOTATOES? SAM T. JONES, Associate Horticulturist 0 20 40 PER CENT OF TOTAL ROOTS LOCATED AT EACH DEPTH 60 Fig. 3. The above chart shows percentage of sweetpotato roots found at different depths in Norfolk sandy loam soil. considerably less than those predicted for early season and late season. These data indicate that evapotranspiration losses predicted from climatic data may be used to predict irrigation needs of sweetpotatoes after the vines cover the ground. One-half to two-thirds this amount would be needed prior to that time. Excavating sweetpotato roots on a Norfolk sandy loam surface soil under- lain by a well-drained clay subsoil showed that some roots were found as deep as 4 ft. Fifty-one per cent of the roots were in the top 9 in. of soil, 81% were in the top 18 in. and 91% were in the top 30 in., Figure 3. To determine when and how much to irrigate the experiment discussed can be used as an example. First start with the available moisture holding capacity of the soil being used, 1.2 in. per ft. for Norfolk sandy loam, (page 26 of Bul. 316) and multiply this by the depth of rooting (2 ft. for sweetpota- toes) to give the total moisture avail- able when the soil is filled to capacity. This equals 2.4 in. Then subtract daily the average daily evapotranspiration for the particular month and locality con- cerned, page 10, Bul. 816 (.162 in. for July at Auburn). Prior to the time the vines cover the ground use one-half to two-thirds this amount depending on the size of the plants. Any rainfall is added, with the exception that in no case should the total exceed the original figure for the total available moisture in the root zone (2.4 in.). When the available supply has been depleted to 20% of the original level (1/2 in.) irri- gate with enough water to bring the available supply back to the original level. This would require 1.9 in. w m S 21 2 z I- a. w 3 a ~HIP TnT)1CtllrP nn1~117r 13~~L~ VISO ..^-F ~ tlS, im0 t Second-growth pine stand above would pro- fitably produce fence posts by thinning. XtiiitiX ill tiii titli cach \eilr11 dliit III ii'') il til l i State it i it "00 l ,lI llic(, forl IlIX t d illiii t 1( X 1 tili li ldlit i iiproI '1).3 i I i act l i cciX Ill 1i ti piIX l icc prd uce l iii t cI 1( Xit X I 1( 1 11c ii i l li ret i IiIX to t l o\ up ~o 2 5t) 1( X itil it\\-l Post eelng ngesnn dut itH1 \\ itsi b i ll t ; It te X ilt.t F)) pc iili iit icl t of till( ti ll ) I Ii tt A Iij FENCE POSTS lzorae addeat eacctme SHELRMAN D. WHIPPLE, A-tl,I, fo- A111 Xilitlll\ Xio\c IIXXiiilt11 titiilps IltXX (.ci i til 1 w )1 I il tI1 XXd ( I il i -i lii) X fator iill t Ic liii T4 til he h li pcci e 114 XcU (ax1 ofc till " \ c 1( 1 1XI 111i clitt XIX I O XIIXI lit( atIXdlc d o 5 s itt POWER SAW 2').: "-' " 11 ' The number of pests cut per hour and cost per post of 2- and 3-man crew using both the bow and power saws are shown above. tha t u itcr piolk ii iiti (i l~l i' 1 I li t t) Xi lk lit t o ioi 1111 1 1 or X il i l i IX of IXciiitX XXIucc the11 iicIlllX rci XII XIIeI iw ill' ll theX \\) I I ilitlI 1 4 XX I 111(! dupim di I Il \1ut I litd lu 1 1411 XX 11 p1c till i Marketing liii'iii'tit i l 1II lI (itti, (: llt\ IX lolt posIts :3 toi I ill. itl illitiitt' aiind 6 It. lolrX i'ti14 iIl lli. X i('.h pos its i iXIIXIX re. I t is (It i it I llito o itl t Iva t 111I It I iItiS p ifiitt IIi.o' p )s (I(w IitX XX\ t i I i IX i" i s Ii or i iic Xitli Il ill s ticlt). P1111111 IlIt\ ti e ti coc ll dl~ Il I XXtll Second-growth pmne stand of widely-spaced trees unsuitable for fence post production is shown above. toniis inMAfe (;HAS \lciao \illt IM1ti. Nioxt sillilnic gtmasns that grIoxx \\(,]I ill the State doi " it priix\ i Iiigrl iijlit\ fortage iiecdnel for high fpi tlictioli. Pen sacolIa Bali nigiass. Coaiistal 131r itfiidaTass. amd Dallisgi Uss ate pitilic- tixc i liii ages. buit tlliex ido tiiit appear.I( fill tite b)1 i f i g(ood miilk produic'inig pasetiii. (.iixxs (tillfincd to paistutres of these grasses had a rapid dro p li un flier1 Milk pi idlictioii duinlg '..\ ears of tixtill03 oil l~htlo1It soil at tihe No tli \IIhiIItIi lat 1h 3e5(csaili Uit. flis driop \\ as tiot ox ereolie fix iri iatioti oi- k Evaluation Studies I )iitrin i 19.56-57.,ia/ti tests \\xiii cotictt(ld to comipar e iimilk proiduictloi; of coi\xx 5otii ig-jotnc atl ( totliri iatci All pature paddciks \\ere coiitiitiiiislx gra /ez~l. IIIet ( x c e:3cixs ii eachi itt tihe six fiii ig treiatitliits. at tiital of I18 test eiixx s. Ii I 1 195, itI igtcd lalIia and~ (>iastal ty'iaedc ol eit iti iiiiit slx at id I ittii ailx xx ere comitpare I (1xith gi ii d ijj hilitx al - falf'a flaxN fed ill (fixlot. I lltee ei.o\\xxci its(,(] for- each iif the fix e liiagre ttreat- trwiits, a total of' I5. Eaci (-i\xx receixved~ eaelt foiragre fori .3 eoiiseeoitxv e xx neks (iii iig the 15 xxeek test. Ill all tests, each co\ ixx ttt ttitiiiiiiiis gtra hug hid access tii het cilitte pad- dck. Eachli~ etixx l trotatiioial giaiii xx as trotatedi toi a Itesl irat xxIiti 1 ci piadclik at feast xx eekx , . \1l e ixxs re(, eeix u a it faji iiixtiite at the dailx rate iif 1 lb). to 4 l1). oif 4" faA treeted imilk. I'lie paistiite \\xxetc litmedc it ittiallx andc G. H_ ROLLINS, Assoc. Dair~y Husbandmani C. S. HOVELAND, Assoc. Agronomisi Decline in doily milk production during 1 957 on the test grasses is shown by solid line of graph. Broken line illustrates normal drop. Data ore for 4%e FCM tfat-cor- rected milk). fC it il ci I i~ i icVi I IiI I i I 't xI plmatc aumcf poitashm. Toi fettet the~ gri iscs, huimixes xx eie itiit Cuiommei cial apiigci.fpltedl. F to 301)1)Il. of' iditrouiinu per aiere pled eaichi ,iro ill Split tipplic. Forage Yields Coa tstal Beruda x\\is hly 1 ics iii~w ig fhIfr hi e xx vitli 13,if xiliaite ailmot l).illtsguass liixx i i4 drx. fiii~y .gc cliiir ugc t"n . ci agcc(Te 6,801) i. pci act co hit(Xi 4,41:3 l). fiit Bai a. T\xxiiea x ield lfor l)illisgrass xx as :3,3001 ofi the fourage xx as proue ini eacr Dry forage/acre 1000 pounds 3, June July Sept Seasonal production of the three test grasses in 1957 is shown by the grop wrw t ~ ~ ~ & I x. IsII I CN tIIIt a l (, st N a S . . .I t l t'll ') s00 it ng drN \v l- I tIi sS(Its ti iicve tit( cxe tiilat allll tex x ats ttii 2111 iii d x x atteil. cl,illsgN rasssiied theu I'/% I(iir C-Iistl andii Ik3% fori Bahia anid ti i i x1 l X al1lisgrass iixr ei t( eintire seasill. I'lle ia iltt tn I'- .u'sscs cttitaiiieil abliut 18% priititl in St. )t tldI cirx \IZx btitut iiripicc toi 11% b\x carlv tsix it(1 Juiie. Frint ju t~xitil ()etohiet ,' eluide Istatf aitid p-tinm xatid I'tutu ci tot 1:3/, 11). Mlost Milk Production ll i the l1ailx pm idtmctititi per ciixx dliiig thle hlirst text ( 11mo 1(1 (ctohnt 18, 1:31 (lt xV) iti 19.56 dtropped frit 29..1I11). at thle Statrt to 185.4 11). chuiri.L tlicfium 1 xx cek. I )ii i 1957 ( 168-dax test, \IMx 8-( ctither 22) clailx m~iilk proidiuctiotn dronpped fri it :36.7 l1). per cmlxx at titc stai t to 14.6 1li. diii jug the finial xx eek Mlilk, pioliuct ioi respotise Ifronit all threec girasses xx\is similar. Althoutighi ii- rmgatiium ineureased fiirage gi iixx dx., it cdcd itt aIffect mtilk jimituictiitl l~amlx ilk IliOdiUCtiimi Of eiixx s fd ,tlf~lfliti th 2 2 . 4 r' tiital proitinm ) iti (It-" lit xx\as Siupeiori tii that itf eiixxs gi .m.'ilig 13ullia Ili Coaiitstal, ciii t ii iiiiislx ori rota ttiillx . hut at i oi 1 gu'ri/uig did noit ill- h above. (ilisi tiilk fpi ilictiii. WANTED Good Summer Perennial Grasses for Dairy Cows Coastal Bermuda _4'.xa 2li a ,Doll 6 7 7"161 CHILTON AREA HORTICULTURE SUBSTATION- eta 4Zcr1 4~ oreea'te6 gectoed' tc oteecr(4 %a ire aorea 4d az ez R. E. STEVENSON, Assistant Editor C. C. CARLTON, Superintendent K. C. SHORT. Assistant Superintendent f-FIFEC'I'S OF reseill-ell ilt the (1)iltoll Area Horticulture Silbtiltioll ill-L, cas \ to see. Tilt, sill-i-ollildill" ill-cil pl-csclits \isllill proof of ht)\% R'suill-Ch iliforillit- tion is being put to tise oil fill-ins, N\ell-kcpt peach orchards, berr fields, \ C,(,utilble plots, and produce stands lille illitior 11i"'Imit vs throlltll Chiltolt ("ollllt\ . Peach ()R-Illards ill bloom prescia pattems of I)cziiit,\ oit hillsides ill fit(, spring. But. the most illipol-tillit Cidelicc Sli()k\S up ill the sumincr xviien peaches ripcii. Chiltoii (:oiillt.\ peaclics ill-c 1-cco"llized for their high (illillit , \ and colilillillid tot) prices ill eilsteril markets wherc miinN curloads are shipped caell , vear. Peach prodlictiOll Mid (ILliditV hilVC inereased tremendousIv since the Chil- toll Areit Horticulture Substiltioli was established ill 194,i near (1mton ill Chilton (,ol!llt\. -Fotid pr(Olictioll ill 1949 \\as about 200,000 bti, Last \eai it 1-citched ilh )llt 1 ,Y )0,000 hil.. alld better pl-whiction prilctices left their Illio-1, ill filcleam-d ylalit\. Research Begun F irjllcrs ill tilt. Oliltoll G)II11t\ jivit \\e1v pl-ilmil-il , v iliterestt-d ill prodlictioll of, horticultural crops, so first work ()I the Substation \\as diructud t m\ it I'd ."'olvill" problellis ill\()I\ed \\itil llcll crops. This stress oil hortictiltill-c hils (-olitililled duril)(1 the 12 Nears of operil- tioll. Much ellyllitsis hils beell placed oil peach production alld sollie of' the inost important work has been oil this subject. Majol. chilligcs ill \arietics gr(mll hit\e come about it.,; it result of \ arict x tc,,thig. Of the \iirieties iio\\ ieconl- 111CIlded, Elbertit \\-its the ()ill\ wie being \ llell testility \\ils 1)(-pill, bolt lllitli\ 11(1\\' ()ties lizee becil added. Illtro- diletloll of carl \ill-ictics flits inade it possilfle to b(-(,hj markohw up to 6' 2 \\(,(-k,; itli( ad (d Fllwrtit mid et)l1hillic I 55 t't Atft i l!e'rta . Silice ceis stcasoii prie are41l loitailhIi.el Te )il ', () 1)155 il coptition .11( cltN e ileell's lls earh ii ii d s lit ('dl 5.ha I llle 4 1 1 11i \a ritticsri w 1 6 1 '2 \\ eks iilic'i tidl llertdt. io ()so Geml is I 55 (t'k litter tlimi Elb1ert~i, 5 itli oltiher va Iitcties coifng1 between.o A pr omisinig 'Aprinental irlets now being tested )t'.rs 5 to 7 diis s ahead of Cardinal and HIilaod, Peach Production Practices \ilcII Oimrt Los1 1)4111 liictttd toss d Itlis tIi pe'.ilh'. spit ascsiedillies 111(5 C in1 hteli a ut 5 1 1t t effec. t's ive ill1 Itrill ill~IS li14tesdtilied . (~ljl' sii a 11( III ('et tt lsIll itiltho of)' Cot roli lilw ite- i s1po)1t of eachss til beel1( I itis. e a ies bsitol.A Ilt rids (1111 bing teu st 2 cale shows t' l It hat s 111 ll lI sed tt'iis il1id iseticie 11)Oillds thespa Ut is sit 111111ij kthie pset 2 nitr withlgooi tre- 0,15 1- ld '1111 )( M S ,I li 1 S 1 )i ill lis.:f't Many meetings and tours tor farmers and tarm leaders beign here at the headquarters of the Chilton Area Substation. Trellessing of vines, shown above, is necessary production practice in growing top yields of trailing blackberries. Substatio the youn The experimental orchard at right is used for variety testing and peach production research at the Substation. Tap-quality peaches like those shown in the inset show results of Substation research. Iito Carried out. AltsllOIQII MIx 2 x ,Iii old, the studN sliows 5 iich promlie. :3(1' have i- ieli gTood tliiinig.1bi iiiiig xwithi chemricals is done after full bloom wxhen frost danger is past anid late eough for fariners to determine if fruit set is heax v enloughI to req~uire thuiingi ii Tiruiik spra\ ' s of' DLI or parathionl. or both, has e ij5ei excellent control of pec tree bor ers at thc Substation. Applications are made julx 1. Aumust 1, and Sepitemnber L Flex en-x ear-old trees that hax e receixvedi the trunk spraxs wxithouit basal ticatineits has e remainied (leanl. Sod culture tests hiaix shiiixxnl that mor01e peoaelies canl lie roxs n onl Sod than w1ithi cleani c-ultuire. Whlere legumies are growni, Orchardsx baxe shiowo ni o need for aidditionial nliti I geii. Oil cleali cul1 tilre iOichardhs, nitiog-eli has gix en) ii)- (Te asedlg oxx th aiid frunit x eld. Other peach projects in clud~e x abie oIf iri iat iim. peach it-p 1 laniting. o rch ard estalblisliint oil it(.\\ (,rild al( nit Illx\ lertiiitx stiilx\ ihi\\ IIII(cio xa. Other Horticultural Crops blackberiries is iii inpol init eiiteipi iSe( in (l1iltoli G"oilntx anid sex eral black- herr v stuidie-s hax e been-i miolt- at the Subistationi. Best x atriiI x, oh t railinig lblackberl has bet-n tile 'Youligbesi N Thle first conitrol proigranm for leaf spo~t duid stiaber weevi- i x -il oil tiraiilig blackekriries \\-its ilix \eliipei at ti-( silb)- itudies revealed that a crap of vetch like that in rchard above supplies nitrogen needed for peaches. station. Tile 1(5111' sIio\ of ii , 1, ,1 spot c-an hi- (-Iltioiled 1) a i fungiclidal pri gramn eons istig of a ti drin aIt spra\ ii) limle siilliii and( tln-i, ap)plicationls of) ferbam., iliani-li ir calltili at 7- to 14- (lax" iterx ils af tei lea)t- ic~lopinelit anld bI r htl t a rxvest. For coilti-olliligy thie stI ax lenr xwxee-xil, thire- aipplicationis of) D)IT or toxalplili sprax atl 7- to t4flax ilitels du~~iriiig the buddiiig p-ioiid proxed best. 'I his wee\ i I treatmen l t inc reasted bc(1rxv x ilts 1,500( to 1,800)1lb. per acere. Tite lea) Spit andh straxxberrs x" -tx\e il ti (atlillelts Call be tiiiiibiiiei fior moilst effic-itent Ilse. Yields of' sxx ettpotatoes ]itax(e bceeu grt-atlx i -ieased 1) ' n Use Of filp (ix ed x unit-ties that ptrformeitd wxell inl tests at the Siibstaition. lRed Gold. onie (of the lie\\, Sarueties, proue itli t, asi gh ats 690) bit. ler acri- total nod -424 ho. iiaikit- alet ili ] 959 x\-]teil contditiiois \xtic itdeal. Poirto Hico, the o~ld stanidaiti. \ic-lilt-t ouilx 27(6 bit. totual aiid I t) hI. pt-r ac-re i iark etallt. Other- hii gh xieldA- ilig x arii-ties inl 1959 xweire Geoiirgia lied aiid the expei iiei iia ietx i \ NI1 288. Vili t\ testinig ha s plax (-I il i can talou pes, s traxx lel lies. and oithe-i trtick cr ops. lii adtlititiuii see-d of such crops as tfli- Giant BlaekeN e pea that \\ias titx tliipeil 1)x the Atiubiiri Stationl Iiax e 1been~ incrteaseid it thlit Suibstat in It-'stioig iif xtia\\bxr 1)1 i 5icties is it goiiid examnple- of hiiix thiis pugraill tail fpaN iifl fori fanrsr. lalkiiiri all1([ laxv u ce l iii iust liii ilal\ ix ers. bli Ii xw ii x.1 iit I - tit nd ii, 11c 0 1 h ighier.f c-Yr x ear ax em age xitI ds of' 24-qft. c-ratcs iior th)e ciffi ~ii lt x an ties xx -rc-: Illakeiior-. 1.32: Kloiiloit- 125a Florida 90,. 190: Piocahountas, 29)4; andh Dixitelanid, 260) c-rates per atcri-. lii otht-r t-xperimnts with Istiraxxbt- rtes, i))(-thiiis of Chet-ital xxeed Control xwecre perfeI cted that gax c giood resuilts. A coiiinaiitioi ofi 2 lb. of, CIPC' aiid 2 lb). Sesont- pt-r at-it applied thiii-e tillis per x c-ar xx as 1 ilighix efIic-)ix e. Insect Control Studies sii tc- iiNit ctol! is x ital dlv illipx ii- eYreat deal of1 time- has bc-ti spenit tdt- x\tlopinig conitrol illeaslil is for ilalix, pests. Aiong the- more1 imlportanlt pr)i ii ects xx\as iiie ol ctrtol of cil c-ar- wo-n iii sxweuet cori. 'I'it- litst tr eat- i-lit xxas 2 lb. cof D)1)' per uttic put loiii asp ,1) axS. It-l slpral) sehliult calls fo] txxo sprievs pult ol 2 dlays apart be- forie fir st silks appe-ar, folloixxi-c bx ex erx itliei ciay apiplicattionl iiitil silks are, hi xxi. D~ilil\ spai~lig cl1iii g silk- lug gYax c better xworn)i ctrtol. phlase of xwiork of the( Sulbstatioin. Preisent wxoirk is aiin-i at finiiciia sc-If-pall ii ltilig x arieties that procss xxei-l. lauix iither- xtuui- l),x e bieen uadi- aith ar- bieing cairieid out it thie (iiil- tim Nrc-a liorticultur- Subhstatioil coiti- iiperatiiii xxith Subjelict iiiattti spiecial- ists froni thi \Liii Statioii at Nlihiil I. 'Illis priigi iii his t-iuitribiitt-t gui-atlx toi ill thit 12 s tars the Substaitiuii hias op- i-iiti-t aiii sbiuxx s a brighit prilllis- hfol ON r Y&SON~ 3 59 aiwem&4, ear ot PICK-UP ROUTES MORRIS WHITE. Associate Agricultural Economist A SSlILN COS1)5 iffe01- iloipoitaiot C\- penses iii egg marketing. These colsts lo~it d irect lheaing oil Alabama~h e'go prodi lers, slilcess ill cio pet iig 5x it those ill other arils. Ai 11 ereashi ig 1)1 portioli of talc eggs are beiiig hleIId b\ fewe r inter- imedliate egg dealer s or are he ig trains- poritedl diriect fron iiri 1 tol itili r. A etI(slilit. selb costs ecomlprise at great'ter pr0 1 ortion (It total iliai ketiliig co st s. Thei( treiid tosswi ti lii gei and less Cl t'oiiineicial floeks is eoiiti ilitiiig to lowser d55('illbl5 costs. Cost ofI . sscill liiig eggs from1 2 piodueris wsitlh flocks (It 10,000I) heiis eatch wsould he much less thali frlli It) pi (((lictis \\ ith .5)0) hellIs cli. Leiortli of, rolite. number)C ofi stops. and itoshlimO ofI eggs co1 llected peri ali', diirectly ioiffuiie asselihls colsts. llctlatioIis( ill egi.g pices aie nolt jliinnith r~el flectedl in alsse iohls costs. O)perationis ICcssio fo 111Ilailiteliic of egg floiditY requ~lire the silic iinilliits of' time. labor,. and equ ipment per case ssheii retilil p rice of' eggs is :30c per1 dozen1 as ss heii tfl(' retail forl 'i)C D at a co llected inl the 51 inie iloi f 1 959 oIl IIpe'i.tioiui5 ofi l3 egg isseilv roliltes ill .lahamia pro 15 itlet iliflloiltioo 1111 Route Costs lIosts pel ease Sal ied froint a lo\s of1 oil1 a .39-mile iroulte toi ail iif' $1.42 us eriage cost for asscloflliog eggs p~iced Iio the 1:3 ilolites s\its Ic e' 1)1case. l abor, the moilst i'\f'('IsS C itcil, c(III closts amounliitedl tol 38 ', ale fixed co~sts 10 To t il co sts5 per 1111e vit i d w~ sith length Iii rolotc and swith time spenit 11i1 the lillitc. WIheit separated accordtinig tol aiti-ilbl~e all ii I cd co~sts, the ax ei age folr all] roultes wits its Ifollows5: C'ost il 11 \ttariibe .111,11 Totsal -S 5.26 2.98 81:1.25 Al I cost mill' SO. 0 5 .054 .032 S10. 142 \Ililili lot eggs fpickedl ill reClitiN I toI Iisto wce tid tlld wa s the faictor laxt\ peri lilec hild the Ilowss't colst, wsh ile thet (lilt' pickilig upl the fewe(St case's per mile hid the highest colst. Fis e rioutes ssithi 15\ l'rg( ('lsts ofI 9c er cast' picketd llp '5 tlil('5 thle qifn~ititY oi' teggs pt'r mrile' ats di roites ]lax\ ing 21 (' per case user- .lgt' c'lst. At~lmost one-third :31%) of t he stop 1 s xscr oieIil the fiv roIuite's has, iiig the loss est cost pei case. hut 6-1%' olf the toill vollilnec of eggs ss'ias assembhled il these routes. The four roultes has iii highes~t co sts p icked l up albout onle t eith the s ollile 111 eggs ats did routes ssithi the losswest cosIt. Time Required Iotill tine'c s 1 )eiit oli l-lilteS 5d ~lle tws en 1.:3 and 10.6 1I0111rS. sWith the as eraige b einiig 4.6(. Rounites th at wequiiretl the moilst tiiit ss lie lollig adi genlerlly had mo1il re stops1). III ute owntl spenl t 5.5% IIf thirl tiioe th1j~is jj 'jii 1 \g\-3itss Spellt it sto~ps tol pick- ip egggs itol 1 5% at stops for- otheri p)urposes. D~eteirmininig fte best Ilse. oI tilne is (diffilt . TIilii (lc5 Ited tol disecissionis ssith lI niers abolut prolemI'is ill prod~lice tii In clealii ing, antd stoi i ng of eggs, iind n ess m-arket deeillo1)011nts i 1( prVices mit " lie, tini e s p 1 ent. hlISS CS Cri, teffi- cien t li Ilf time is imp)or tanit hecinise 4t0)% of co~sts Ilf assemnigu eggs xsas Ifor laborli 1tLU ll l (leIr sssI'll ill to lE AEtIKI 'P SlI) COuSTS 'NO I lii Assi~l' ) iil 111 S, AX Lissi s. 1959 Holi it(, I iiiiti' ;39.1 4:3.0) 12(6.7 1:1).)) 211.9) 18.3, 1161.0 8.4.4ToIi S mti A\ FBAi(.F 2.5 10.6 1.8 (6'0 8.2 1 .(6 5.8 1.1 4.2 9. 8 picked Nilll1)i S89).)) 45.)) 57.:3 285.0) 30).0) 110).0 115.0 15.0) :3 8.9 6. 1 2)).)) I 4.6 15.5 IN\0ol sloI, 1:' ;ci Toital Ave'rage per rouite' per (,is(' I0olloiri Dollars 5.88 0.)0)1 2.57 .06 4.32 .08 :35. 16 .12 :3.067 .12 15.70) 14 2.37 .21 1.11 .28 :3.2 1 A34 2.82 A6 12.76 (614 1:3.84 .95 22112 1.42 1.6 94 1.4 1(60.561 .t17- J. H. YEAGER Agricutturot Economist VV I11 [Ill. %II I I XX 1\ ? WXill it pe io'tter tiai other lses oil ss ilic~lii 5il- able tioids ca.lil~ heSpent? Iliesc ir two751 iii) 1 0tiit quelstionis I .iliiicrs Should ask bef ore iiistalliog( aill i1 ga tio sx steo .' 111al l irrigation systemn mleanis ;I sizeable diollar (iiltlii\ lince it is wxise to estimiate its acen'l aiteY Its i po ssile the cop sts inv ok ed illd probable retui is. Reasons IRRIGATION . COSTS ilipit are ses eia reasonls lor in lliat- Iin.' Yields inas l \ tb increasedl adl miatt (tit 1Xle variable 05r it period11 of etrs. A pn I diti 11(1 llitl\ Sift to crops of tiil('l 5alnec per .ie . Hle iasV inetase his pro- or XinII, (hiiptioii ffcipipic. resuiltinig ill 74 l.itei k'ss of 1 )rotllitol Icos~ts per buisliei or polnl. II pei 1o 1.1) ) ,li tl r quite 17t dX ldc c osts ('lecticit Shldi oot be( is trloiokcdl 11111l(11( Initial Investment ~tip Such1 fators tis so1rc of11' \)7 atcr. size, spiniikle Ild kind If sX stein iLXha iXtl biligl )11 l)1'llll) Size of firstXt IllShlw]tii(lt. sprillklei and] I fe fl- I I 05 l iow i rri14l tilI ale tile t\Xo maji lippillill), W\ith tile salict sourcet of7 XX ttei .uc \iPI 5stlinei it . Stream) dite fir1st ills (stillelit illi a hallf oft spiIlikitI or fillrlossX Still to ill igatc pipeT dei 60i lcres Ila\ not b l- ho ifferenP1t. If i 0. 1I' I 111111 the tilt' w tilI0 SXsteli I ills t ot bet $994 likels' wl lit be yreate'r. his tnitllts of If 8 $1I 507 per acirp ar icoino for111 17)eithecr inl 4 set XX 5tell. A igherl( ills tllit cost jili andlil 401 fuirro \S 55 \Steil), lliss t'X(.I, ilias lht jllsti- 111111 tt ficd1 buecause oif lowe tr aiilual 1111)0 costs. 8520 ($ .\IlMiI ONA L D OFt L))1[INIT COTTON NVi- Il' 1( SPIsINoKLI I S)' I I \ hIIs'tilieilt in Sp7rilk- .5117171717 11 15t0 ') 5t0 :150 N iriaiie I' il/Irs, in- S27.tt S56.47 :32.50t 56. 4 7 54.5t0 56.47 1 .0 56-17 \\ itli irigatioi 111 8 8-3.47 88.97 99.971 I tt.97 127 1 17 Annual Costs I t , )t' Ild ill il11)11It of1 In itiail i Iil'. Fixe cI osts 141) oil roi-ardl( lIst, wherteals 51111111)1' tiosts de1' i itsp,. Fixedf costs iilti lit' ()II, ilitl'st oil1 ills 1st 11111 it,( ill osX1 a1 l.11 lie it i mc 11 stif $8150i ((Io $9.i0t00 for 6tt itnl-s. il it riiit liil that pilldips frot t fill (ii 8 fit6.57s pe ni ~r.72 pe PoI iiil'. ofI 11117 ('ottoll 171 it 171111 pe11 II. is: 26W 28' i" 1 111( 111dus d(,pr(,(,iiItioII, jiltewst oil ill% ( stllwllt, and fit-s cal("llak'd itt I I 1( of origi- ilid ill\ ( tilwijit, phii, \ itriab1c ( osts at S2 for eitch ill. of \\ ittcr it \\ its itsSjjlll(,(I thitt 8 iii. of ),\itter )iverc applicd. - Assimics itit additional 500 11). of 4-12-12 for 89.25, itti additional 40 11). of Ni lot- S4.80, ) additional applications of in.woi(-ide costing 88.62 (hichiding, cost of applicit- tion), iiod additional labor for picking uotton. [for 6tt acres. Thieise s a riale ciosts tItili .$920, or $1i.33 fper i1(1 1. 130th fixe'd Ip1 'itce or P i almo 1 st $4~ per acere illch of Ex eii wsitiiI iliitioli, the mo0st p)rofit wsill lot lit lliltit oliiess inicreasedt Ililistill' of feriitil ier tii pstcde Iititilr i~ Used Al o l t w th ati flu s labor gftet htill .ItXt'tina(t thea pout ixon $6.s be inclutded ill theost. Woiriuto otll , t tlie Payol .11Xsliduttl X ti ~ P i liktt 'ef for l-ri gai1tdl Ittol It is est Cimted~l tat gi ildiitioltilii api ti osts of' inext cide17 the it a 1f1e/r.itiitr, i tiidil1aorp ill) 5 5 pickn at osta s IrX tim e 111 Il addiit'i per.4 er \iti- all costs.ii~t11 1.t assttociat e with i. spitk ll rytiilfir th ail i e t I of 60 t ace of i tii t ttll ilc yi1 11 cl(' Pillithetbl. Teecsspi xrot ti10 1151 r ilrer t ise1711cide, an t l abl on inr ds w atlll irius l\,so ivsic 006A c tI ii-11.' At Nx inlteleSting geicgraphic haockgroui d to thet x egetahleis til the aixerilge .\laaia fajalx table tiitax*y (;oo itrating these x igetahies xx ithiil the State fori distibuhtiin throlugh ietail storecs is thei jobi iif xx hlelsale reedcix r liteatet iii inipoitaut tii\\ lis iliiiig liiiiii Survey Conducted Ini 1 959, a surx cx xxax ctondulctetd I)n 'ci iiists tif: the Akiiiin iAgricuilturalI Experiment St ition tot tetel i ite prac tices and piroblems of jobhers Iii prii curilig freshi x eetahles. Emnphasis xxas plhice't il ippiirtil ities axvailabhle to lo cal prioducters tio participatie iii ex- paniinlg mar kets for fit's1i p roduice. Sixt -txx i firml Inon oigei xxe iiiti' ('xx ed. T\\ cnty i ccix eti pi iaril\ in ill 'less thaI i carltits.'' A iix rsitx itf laai kttiiig flilitiilx xx as perfitriactl fix firmls stuied' iresuilt- lg ill a xxitde raingt' of ixvestmenlt inl planiit anti eqipiimeind t, A\ciagt' gro ss salt's liii all firmns aitiiiitd tit ) iiiiitt ,bifiiit 8112 iion hiiiin 19.58. A lal ge part of tlishi '' xae toillt' xxa~s fiitii fiesli t'greta Ies,I.1 Maix smial Il da 'rs I ailtd toi showx all illtico st iii salt's lttx cii Much ot the tresh vegetable distribu- tion is done by tra nsport truck. Here a load of fresh produce is be- ing unloaded at a supermarket. 'harpi P dctliiies. Patterns and Problems I,'llins tdr'x x egitahlt' supplies froim ittist States of thle Uniitetd States antI latin sexverail foreign cotiets. Althittili ax ailahilit iif supplir'selatetd tot sea- ti ins xw'as i iimpo rtanlt in detcrmiii irig prittieit pralctices, oithei factors wxerc ailso ins tixeti. These ia.hitit'd or- ., lzcd maretig fcilties, \artts ax Vailalie, tualitx\ anti paick offered, anti t pt's ofi contaiincrs use't. Other inflti ii itts xxere pricin g arraingemaents, cus- tI i. typ o~tf seller', aid it in~ iotiitn, Ftr thet irteastons gixe ciiltix rs oiftt'n tdrew stipftlitx Iroitn ote istan~t arteas cxven ftailia proidtiuce'rs, xxe'ie obhtainied fila thet foilloinig nnunihei' itf staites: Stlilig, blu' 8 Cabbauge 18 ('tn 15 ('ititilifit 1 1 I Okra 7 FiI l wais 6 Sxx\ p't'a1( toe 'i1 Noispatti 17 b7 I~41k 'ltld 1)illkx comimodities fromn ncari p1 itlteii g ar eas for ectaOi ai(' reason s. Hoxwevxer, it wxas noitetd that local pro- duice often createdi mar ket in stabiliity aiiit los\s pr ices 1)v sporadic ofici ings t\ pes. Furither,. these often lioned fr om farmis thr ough a range of outlets result- ing in greatlxN restrictetd competitioni at the poinit of first xale. Opportunities for Adjustment that the gi tatest iippttltill itv fat jug lo- J-t producjinig areas xxas ai cii sistIei ic in prodcinilg and marketing x egetahies ti, iiict curreni'it traide demiainds. This wouttldi in cluric organ ized~ nta rkctin 0 in 5olile aceortding to gratde, tuaiitv and pack. Bui vers faxvored eliforts of the eo- tire iii diistrs' to hrii ig about the(se, chan ges. This wxouild discontragre -top- p~ill,,g or "facing" a p)ack wxith bectter produce't thaii the pack axverage. It xotild( also create ain appreciatinl ot qtuality, grade, and the necessits of Buys'trs repo rteti th at in feri cil- tailt'i 5 often precludel nRix ing produc' longer distances xx ithiout extra costs in- cni red for facilities, labor, andl timne in repackin g. The open-top market has- ket. comon l container for tom Iatoes in protlicc markets, xx as coiisideiretd cspecialx iiiferior. Preferences wxere ex- pressed for the 20-11h. cardhoard carton for tomatoes, miesh sacks tar cabhbage, and hushel hamopers for heaiis. Spoilage losses, C aix eli(lenee adaptation to trains- portinig, cost, and trade demands xxere factours considered important iii choice of conltainlers. Money Appropriated maide ti the Sh ippin ig Paoinit Inspect ioni Sei xice of the Stite Departnt oif Ag- ricultuire and l1iii sties shoual d 1 )ermlit imporitant adxvancles ini thle piroblem areas meitiinid. Biwuers seek the high- cst iqi alitx proi du ce ia alt1 c coin si steni t xxithi tradre demandiits. Onl thii Binniing- han farmecrs inarket, full-time in spec- tirs ale llica tatv axailahle for hlcp i qulality maiinitenance of fresh x ceta- 111(5. C'ertificati's ofi ililality alnd ciii] catitilial material \xill he ililttl ax ,ilaf Ic to iiairket participanits. llihis inispectioni anidiidcationial protn xxith certaiii seal ii ts of the tradti is deisigneidc to xxiii k towxardi econoilmic gith. Oecrrat6e 06 FRESH VEGETABLES lzoreaearo ftdw1em 0 R. STREET and E. E. KERN Department of Agricutural Economtcs CORN- King of silage crops W. B. ANTHONY, Animal Nutlritionist .K. BOSECK, Supt. Tenn. Valley Subsionw C0OltN, the~ to p act ttla 1 p l Ala- ltiiini, is also) the kinig Of cr ops tor- si- lage. No ithecr ctti ont fxed itatrvested fered caii ll itmp ete \\41 t] Corni silage, \X 11(1 prtperl '\ stlpp l net itel fotr lgroxx- (ItOu vol(110 Cattle tht ttuuli tall. xx mntet. Research Conducted Ileseareli oi silage cirops 1l, the Aoi buirn Aorneult oldl Expe rimntt Station contducted att the Tenntessee Vallex Still gl1it, andi Corn. In onle phase oft tihis silage researiclh, special entphasis wxas placed il tidetermtinittg thte chemtical cotmpttsitittn of tite x ariolts planlt parts of these crops. \\'heti cut for silage, the oats we re itn the btlooim tot ear ly milk stagye, the I-1 ot iil Wa as (letnted, atiii the sot ghtttn grainl \\ais ini thle milk to caIt, rixdt i ig stagye Data oilt atill x xis of the oat planit are ix eti ill Table I. ResulIts The stein ot thte oat ittade tip ahout 50%' ot the gree- wxeight ott the platt atnd ittore thani 50% of the total cell ii lose. Cellose, hioweverc, is alt itttie- xii iille cotmpontent aiild its presenice ltxx- t s t inti itixe xvalue. Te stein con ta in ed itlxy ab iot ot ic-i iaiter ot tlc x a] tal e TI ABLE 1. TOTAxL CHEMICAL CoMPoNENt'S PRSESNi IN PLA(NT PAnTS OF OAT SILAGE NutriittLevs -sStemn _Gratnl Pet. Pct. Pct. tt liarvs t Diy matter --- Critde fat _ Crutde protein Phtostphoruts Mlagtiexi tint 14.5:.3 15.618 20.4 1 25.102 12.62 1(6.64 1.5.56 41.11 21.24 49.47 42.94 210.42 2:3.17 57 .89 25.42 27.66 26.39 316.89 :36.001 41.25 .59.1 7 51.81) 29.49 57.95 56.78 :32.3)) 41.87 iatieitts inminerals, prtin, atid] fat. Int cotraist, the grain,. although tnatkin, ipl otthx 36.8% of the totatl platt givci xx iglit, cot itt ihbit ed itore thatn hall of thle titost inilpurtatit nuttrietnts. Likexx ise, tlte leaxves atddied sigitificantlv to the total proteint and( calciumn. TABLE 2. (TTA CHEM(It C iiAt. COMPO'tNENTiS PRESNT IiN PtLANTi PAllT isOF SORGHUM.'x SILAiGE Nutrient I lead- Leaxves Stern Pct. Pct. Pct. Green- miatter at harvest) D~ry matter Crtild tat --- Critile p~roteinl Ceillulose --- A sh - ---- Phosttphoruts-- (['lcintio :3.70) 5.25 6.0)7 9.82 5.82 I t.99 11.28 2.86 28.62 32.88 4 1.48 42.65 38.45 5;3.92 41.91 51 .10I 67.0)7 61.87 52.46 47.53 55.74 '35.0t9 46.82 46.0)5 TracY sorttn silage xxais h-arv ested ate1 ha~ndledi thle saute axs oat xiilage. Chiemical data for the plot par~ts Iare gixe ril T i'al 1e 2. Soitin prtolltuced at sinall attn'ot of grait t(head), aid( tlti leaxcx xxerie superiitr to stems as it siturce ith niutrienits. Ill tone 5 ear ofi the text IteI c ds ittaili 11 16%() tile total plattit xx iigit. Corn Silage Tested ['lie chemical cttotpositionm ofthuiic Cliiil platnt is grixc iti iiTable :3. lTo iliixtiate Proper storage of siloge is a must to ensure best quality feed. Here a trench silo at the Tennessee Valley Substation is being cov- ered to reduce spoilage. thle qutality otf this silage,iogxcdtg caittle cotnsiumed 52 11). ot it dailx . lIn add itiotn to tilie sila ge, tie iC til lW coil- sisted ott 4 11). grttund eat cort i te 1.5 ih). ot, CSNl. Drli it a 10-dax feetding p-eritod, thex gained 2.46 11h. dailx atid thte ax eraite' sawitrg de asasd Th silagei gciY rxmtatter coiitaineo d 36% gfraiti. This is cqijoixdctt tt t a \ield itf ~itttit .50 li. itt air dtrieid grain pci acre. TI( l itisks, cob, atndc taxssei cotribIu tedl tabitut 26% ith the plat it- ix matter, at d ittttit 41% iii the cellilose. These threcc parts conttai ned toix]\ 15% itt the tiotal plant prttteiti. il-i col eaxves ctotrilt otedI siitlificatitix tt the 1)1 ttitt atid rdii era nutrieitt xvaloe itt ti-ic platnt. Tis xx alst trute of, ioats tand sot ghttiii. Re sults showe id thtat li-ax i aid] gtaiii ate tlt, tmost v.aluab~le plts ofit platits harxvexted- ftr it ililge. Got ti il xiage re- stilts trot careil pircserx ,titttt of these titii ix stttrage at 65 tit 70t/c tioisturie. 1-ugh) trtttixttIie In-aterialS max nieei ttt he %xiltei btefttre thlex\ r iiiptt illtite silto. TAL xiF.3. 'Tot xc. CHEICxiAL. CoNteoNes.TS PiLSLNT IN PLANT PAiVns OF CORN SILsAE Nuttrients Greet i natter--- I rv itiatter ---- ([rode fat __ Critie protein-- c~iiltise Axl Phii iphiorits ct l itti -- ---- -- l ,icii i-i- -- Stalk Pcit. :3 1.6,3 21.64 8.26 12.68 .32.45 20.4.3j 2 2.7-3 2 7.3 4 25.13 Leaves Pit. 10.85 20.24 20.:38 42.0)7 15.74 4.3.08 .34.14 Grain fltks Cith Tassel Pct. Pit. Pct. Pet. :1.6411 20.13 0.7 36.39 1.03 8.99 L71 72.46 5.:)0 2.4 0.71 46.1 t 1.3 33 ~9 L:32 16.26 21.04 16.34 2.63 17.0)9 14.07 3.8 0 2.55 39.88 17.78 3.62 0.94 6.39 15.29 5.5) 2.41 20.83 114A3 5.74 2.73 HUBERT HARRIS Associote Horticulturist Pit I I.. 11Ii LH Xii' itXi. ( ii Icitcltes dIowXn iit befor reiget ated sipm 1 uient to dlistanit lmar kets is it deC\ ClitLptiet ot CCCIl it X Cars. Prec Citiil \vXXitli Io\\X teipil ttr ICwXater is rti itai c ci t tii- tittus. It fits in XXell XXithi packingt shied ceiitid. Advantages Cooillngu. pecildle lii i.or loaitiIog It stilts ili loviXX flrtuit ti.m1pei ilturl CS in 10 tianisit. This holids bick the growXthl of li teItiLISillg 01t~IiIFIST. It allsi reCtad s tfurther Lprotect agitillst roit. i1tX smiail iiiotiiit of Chloine illil be. addied to tile Coingiilt Xilter. Diieet heitefits inclucie: ( t ) gircttlx rec' edi~ itosses (loll) idecav ( 2) less Iwo isii i g ( 3) decreaed ilsilinii e f~ c'Irotm evaporitlatiton, adI ( 4) loweredi~ reti - Hvidrocliolilor aIhlso I eilits piekiii siioCXX hat riperi frtilit ill ttilri] I-~i lilt 4(, timeC an ilici NCCI at (dCstinali are die - Ha ir~l. Thus the pirocess resulits ill lowXXer shlippinlg aid marliketinlg losses iidi a better qtlillitX\ pitidutct lor thle ci~stliliiCI All iif thlese l)clefitX shtoiuldi ICe ielectcti Research on Hydrocooling Ftti tile prl ilcCXX (ii ldi~ tihe Lotri.going advanX tiages, till Lpi.aches iiitst beC ilde F. ior loiwxei at pt idepthi is ireessar\ X Tis orrespond toi c i t ii fruit tell ipi.rat t IitC ofi abtouit 50) F. is ilieaX ie i i.XXIth at thermomiireter. IUstioll ' peatihies aie noht cooilted ttt this exte lit l)X clmiiiXCitit 11.1 tilie Ctotler i1s il cuIlt' is tot shitit liir this iitltillit of coutilig biecaiuse itt lowX Iliit ecn~l~ige btween fc rtiit ainid the cool-i ill itXitel . l~t lig rush Xtisl~l id iil Ini experimental hydrocooling, thermocou- pies tabove) are used for recording tem- peratures at different depths within the peach and at different positions in the basket. Temperatures, accurate to a tenth of a degree F., are read at 2i 2-minute intervals at exact position of the small thermocouple junctions. The comparatively crude thermometer method shown above is inadequate for precise measurements. \lI ht XX ittliet , tile friit tllitX iiill- I ".CZJi elitll Ii i~iti-o i~iiliT bi7 tile Ai burn i gi tetltitial Expel illieit Stititi qvPzEACHES EiFFEtT OiF V\l-1ii imN. .\i..iN-I IN 1. PIt DIi XNiD iii DIIFR\l I It Ililoloit Eu~i to Xi l HA rits tiN TIPE Xiii it. I i )ti i.sE oF EtLtEIVi-A Pt XlHiES Vi tel gC.I).in. 'ii. iI. liiitii !)eg. F. Viilttilg 'I i pit iii t I.'icei e 102(15l10 /)c9e. F. 1)(,g. 1F. D,,,,. F. Pet. 5 84.6 Noi 4.4 X 8. :. 1 S ii9 .ow5.8 12.1 18.8 itt 8.)) i(ll 9. 1 18.2 26.4 Pit -ilip 10I.)) 19.2 2 6.t6 160il 62 58 2t0 83.tt Nilc 7.1 14.1 211.7 liii iip 101. 0 18.7 26.6 -11 :3 97 Nonei t10.8 17.9 24.5 .311 Iii.-hp 1-4. 6 22.9 2 9.7T : hll lili luitkct. teretiseti euioliiig 15 Pct. P 14:3 100( 51 11 .34 24 :3:, 29 28 21 topt i i I itil t ili e itt Iicw 1.\ I cat I ii.i I tl I1 i I(c bt\\X eel I 1t1it I il c e 1'1(1I Ciolllt. XX ttti. spiecttiluii flI I1) It s tt \N i o titio (It frot itt o ith i I iI sit j" Ie t tit tI Iig li tile l dcotl r hTl eft t(I IIcX tt iI I(i IX tet\ ieI like I c11) elid ~i re s I II iico the pitttI fd\il o Act all et liiste iitati\x it] thl~e friit lil)1c thrlttXiV titat thici Li il(t pet l'ihoIXit til i the tt'(,t the pieacit hi. X t iii tilit tel~~ v t shed i tle ii 1111i .i lik ito umrei I Atii lsot XXruit il t h iXd coleil tie X isttiii dghtit did Irt i~tt th o otmo'tile pack Us of tl ( tI llx di rli ii cii li h) 4( t i 6 ()c/ reI- it r c I I il d ret 1ttd lilluli. iX' coier \vertiii lit'd c osideleti fliX C imiod ](itit c ieitl ri duei~ il ~ tti HORSEELI ES K