HIGHLIGHTS
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AGRICULT
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT
sQL KFAL L 958
URAL...
:&v i
~w-A 4
STATION SYSTEM
POLYTECHNI
of the
C INSTITUTE
A QUARTERLY REPORT OF RESEARCH
SERVING ALL OF ALABAMA
*4
&~
s~ ,~.
LABAMA
I
IGI-ILIGIuTS of
Agricultural Research
VOLUME 5, No. 3 FALL, 1958
With this issue we bring you an enlarged "HIGHLIGHTS of
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH." It is a logical outgrowth from
an expanded research program.
"HIGHLIGHTS" is 5 years old. Since its establishment in
1954, you have been kept informed on the progress of agricultural
research in Alabama. You have had reports on results relating to
animal nutrition and diseases; production of meat, dairy, and
poultry products; the business or economics of farming; farm en-
gineering and equipment; field crops, soil fertility, and soil man-
agement; forest products; food processing; fruit and truck crops;
marketing; plant disease and insect controls; water conservation;
game and fish management.
Letters from you readers have been most encouraging. It is
our intentions to make the enlarged HIGHLIGHTS equally as
useful and informative as past issues.
Director
9n this isse...
Opportunity To Grow
Do Antibiotics Increase Egg Production?
Disease Control Of Small Grains Has
Twofold Purpose-
New Uses For Low Grade Sweetpotatoes
Radioactive Herbicides Aid Research .............
Minor Elements For Fruits And Vegetables
Winter Legume Crops For Green Manure-
Peanuts Lose Weight In Storage-
Insects Are Forests' Worst Enemy-
Coastal Bermudagrass Vs. Alfalfa Hay As
A D airy Feed ------------------------ - ...
Are Farm Ponds Worth 
The Money?
Nematodes And Root-Rot Cause Seedling Damage-
Worms - Cut Production Of Chickens
Boll Weevils - Then And Now
8
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
E. V. SMITH ..
COYT WILSON .....
CHAS. F. SIMMONS
KENNETH B. ROY_
E. L. McGRAW ...
R. E. STEVENSON
Director
Associate Director
-Assistant Director
Editor
--Associate Editor
Assistant Editor
Editorial Advisory Committee: COYT
WILSON; GEORGE R. INGRAM, Associate
Poultry Husbandman; W. G. EDEN, En-
tomologist; T. E. CORLEY, Associate Ag-
ricultural Engineer; AND KENNETH B.
Roy.
Nea and TIey
PUBLICATIONS
Listed here are timely and new publications
reporting research by the Agricultural Ex-
periment Station.
Bul. 311. Household Use of Eggs in Gads-
den, Alabama, reports effects of different
factors on egg consumption by 629 families
in that city.
Bul. 312. Sulfur in Relation to Soil Fertility
forecasts probable need for sulfur fertiliza-
tion program in State.
Cir. 125. Fertilization of Camellias pre-
sents results of experiments done to measure
fertilizer needs of plant.
Leaflet 55. Young Oat Forage . .. reports
tests showing young green oat forage as a
highly palatable and digestible feed.
Free copies ma be obtained from your
county agent or bywriting the API Agricul-
tural Experiment Station, Auburn, Ala.
Published by
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT
STATION of the
ALABAMA POLYTECHNIC
INSTITUTE
Auburn, Alabama
COYT WILSON,
Associate Director
OPPORTU
~yI
rr
* r
to GROW
-'.".
............ . .
OPPORTUNITY TO GROW is the great-
est need of Alabama farmers. With
more than 78 per cent of the State's
farms smaller than 100 acres in size,
the opportunities for increasing effi-
ciency are limited.
Growth may consist of acquiring
more acres or in developing more in-
tensive production practices. In either
case, growth should lead to greater
farm income.
All state and national programs de-
signed to assist the "small farmer"
should contribute to providing oppor-
tunity for growth. Such programs
should provide opportunity for freedom
of choice by individuals. Farmers
should not be forced off their land or
forced to remain in situations where
opportunity is not there.
Taking advantage of opportunity
usually requires adjustment to changing
conditions. Within the last 25 years,
Alabama's agriculture has changed
greatly. The typical farmer of 1930
has disappeared. He has adjusted to
a new pattern of farming or he has left
for some other type of employment.
In the same way, the farmer of today
must adjust to succeed.
The nature of the adjustments that
will be required are unknown at pres-
sent. For instance, contract farming, or
vertical integration, may or may not be-
come more common. Part time farming
may increase as industrialization in-
creases. The diversified family farm
may give way to the specialized com-
mercial farm. Or, present trends may
be reversed, giving rise to more full-
time farmers on medium sized farms
with a diversified program.
The role of agricultural research is
to develop information that will con-
tribute to improved opportunities. This
research program should be broad
enough and basic enough to serve all
types of farmers. All people, including
farmers, have need for more information
on such things as improvement in effi-
ciency, improvement in quality of ag-
ricultural products, and conservation of
natural resources.
Production Efficiency
Regardless of the systems of farming
being followed, successful competition
is dependant upon efficient production.
Research results have shown that it is
possible to produce four bales of cot-
ton per acre in Alabama. Yet more re-
search is needed to determine if it is
economical. Efficient production in-
volves more than making high yields
per acre. More information is needed
on methods of reducing labor require-
ments and on economics of various pro-
duction practices. Likewise, produc-
tion of corn, small grains, fruits, vege-
tables, and hay crops must become more
efficient if Alabama farmers are to com-
pete successfully with those in other
regions. Efficient production of live-
stock and poultry will require better
control methods for parasites and dis-
eases, reduction in labor requirements,
and improved management practices.
Better Quality
Research on methods of improving
quality can contribute to greater op-
portunities for Alabama farmers. Much
has been said about the low quality of
beef and pork produced in the South.
Research is needed to show how high
quality slaughter calves and steers may
be produced efficiently. Hogs must
carry more lean meat and less fat.
Urgently needed are methods of stand-
ardizing quality in milk and other dairy
products. In some instances, the prob-
lem is to retain, during the marketing
process, the quality that is present.
Fresh fruits, eggs, and certain vege-
tables are examples of products that
deteriorate rapidly. Research is needed
to develop ways of preventing such de-
terioration.
Conserve Resources
Opportunity for future generations
is as important as opportunity for those
who live today. Research on methods
of increasing crop yields should provide
information on methods of maintaining
soil fertility. There is a continuing
need for research on plants adapted to
the various soil types and slopes that
are found in Alabama.' Ways must be
found of using our water resources
more efficiently if future generations
are to have the opportunities they de-
serve. Means must be found of main-
taining wildlife under increasing pres-
sures of urbanization, and greater use
of pesticides.
Through coordinated efforts of all
concerned, opportunities can be im-
proved for the present and can be made
to increase, rather than diminish, as
time marches on.....
'Wilk.
A I It IX ) ('I \ \iiii tIlIX I . \ I'() I ) ( )i I XI I IX
Aniiotic i\(l s Used) liI, ,
I I ii ' (.t I ' tt I\\i Ii IX I i ( i it X i t I I I ()I I Ii! I I I I
tha ii lI I t i I S li1 X (dII il I i t Ii sill
XXlitil ' i it I is ii I s.1I i i . uiii \ i
I i~ tw i iiI- i ii t' XI 'ii- hiti . li tli ii,
t t , Ii I tI IIi .l t I (- 1i . i
"Il m ti' thai XI l l'ii t wS11 ilI I] It'. 1 ill iti Sl
1( ( , ilit ii It I( i ec ii s ii I 'm X ii l' III l i tl i
4 (,
Concentrate feed con-
taining the antibiotic
comes in 50-lb. bags.
The proper quantity
(by weight) is added
to the laying ration.
Varying amounts of
the antibiotic tested
at Auburn failed to
increase production of
caged layers.
iii I i'L ( i it Ii) \(il \\ i lt (IX ll th XX k
itl c Iii l I I. ti (411 I II (' tS TI itt Ii it it (Itt
l
t
' tit th tilt Iii til tt s \it*( l kiii titi' I )it i'
s' tti ti ll ( Ii' ie itt t'iltl r ii tt'i s ( .iti t til It
(Il 111 t* Xil I t it .1' til (1111111 iliX \ri-() (\( I t'1 ,
ltt I ii IX I it t ] Ii it iii
t 
it i tI I I iiiXt t it() it 1 itI(
,I l I( . ( t Iii IX XX ri 11)II IX c il itt t o ll il(4)
iiiitt i ) i.I ii 4, 15 ll (It :iiitr 14i 111111 iti ti
1
tit' i i 1 I it'l 5 ill ()I tii tlt ii tlt i I t oil
XiI lwe \Ii' d i ilt i it 3 I -ii i it h t~XI)(
it ld illvim ill' itIii i iiItt ' prodl11.11 Xl l
XX i ill_ till'1111 iti ti ii 4111 T is, i i iti
itp l w d lit I \% ti, i cdt i'
1
1'ilii i,1t.(
(A -i(' lts t t Ii iii. Thi' i i s a Ii c it
iii liii (Ii 5tt lii I i t he ii li I .1( i'lp l
.1 tl (d111 it i . Il t c fr t (\ w i~ I
IIi t iji' Xth i ii \v ii i t \ ,It iiiii it XXit i
1( ( lii (I ( i'.i t I X lii' X ' i't't' It )Iii
LMi t ill X itt (I,\ hi X\N 'Xtc \\ii til fit , ii X
GEORGE R. INGRAM, A
1 
ocit-
Poutiii HN
1
b-ndm-i
tt j( . r il, til I I 'I Itl( I ' ill 1)1_ )Ii I 1 .it )I I 'it
tilt tt''.t ii Ii i lt' , X\ t as t lii tilt X i t*(1 1( )l X it
I ('I (11 it itt iii tt X t I lit tilt,' 11It ihii t it lfill
Sumrimary
ii i l wt lt ll i ii 1 iit i it i
I If'. t I Il'1'i A '~l 
1
u 1 Siit il t I I fl ed t sit()\ t ii
I ittIX. t ii t i i t I, .. '.-i tio iii e I t I hu 111
m h (.1X itt at t''ti i i hi ''.t is t it \ i w'k
rids (I t. i'(tioiit tiN dii ('I.i ()ill) l('.i it
it t iI t I I(. Ii It 
IXl
':IltXitiiils
i0 liii' t oll
ItI
2ii
Pl .
G);
])l'I ilt
68l
58 62
16) 62
6 1i )4
6i 1 66
4
2)a ANTIBIOTICS eacorea-ae
EGG PRODUCTION?
DISEASE
CONTROL %
SMALL GRAINS
J. A. LYLE, H-d
Department of Botany aiid Plant Pathology
I
'I'
S I.
( ' Ii
I" *'
1.1
f
, '~
- I.
*
. '~I.
liiI iii"I 'itttzll loti ixoi \ii
Oat1 D iseas eslrl ali
t\ itd'tiii 11 po Ill piii ilxo il i Iii toit,
iI lxi II iitilii~' It~ of kill in xiii
I ii t'i
1
i'" ti of ric l-c l i iil fix AN iA i
Ii xi( 1 ictla Ex l'\ i c tIit Sit xii lii S(2 ix tlilt
louixi'x iti li ii l iitii i( 2x. I I)(. ill-
tli'xiii Illn~ Iii tiii' xI i lIIi.sIs H
ii ii ; It ixStil ti l t l x xx r illi irll)
lix \ iii iiiit i iiii. xwi iti liiie ii! t l
Ixiii I lixt. f liii il i iti o o iti i iill lii-ixi
(.it'i d e 'l i ! iit. lilii iSome lixii thx
xii'lds. I [(ix x ilii'c'tioix Ilix\ 'illix-
I iitlix.S xi(1it'i \x iktii ru-iii 18-9:3, Atr
Wheat.oa Dsisease ~ss lpril
iii' liiit xx ii'xe xicii dn iitc11 
1
11 ro~i t,
loosen x nit't \ix xiich (\ is Niilln itlt
lixl ( 1\al n 6.ci kid
Lilxti' r il iilI'x x t 1111 ii ali
xxc I li'i l t i -ile pil hi iii i I''u i n
lxli i. d ic se i ll the i Staixt I c lix li isti'
fiixx ttii x llus cil . i xx o xl i \i tii xtii
I ('xxio rtiiili Iitixix ut xxdi nt Iii
sii oh' ii itlii tis iixi' aix A ii iii it ilt.
li lxi x l t t.i t
1
tic l-l i so i ii itildi
Here is shown damage from small groin
diseases. At left, a portion of a leaf from
o susceptible wheat plant having leaf rust
infectian. At right is a badly lodged field
of oats that was caused by Victoria blight.
Rye Diseases
but liii In' i i i't i\ ii xiii ca i t! i dal igc It
it' i lix i i i l i t ii ill iii ix lii eriii it (]i
c-iltix- xli . Xii it] A ab li c ii ixio iiidx il ii
lii ii x i i't s ilii's i l ii o_ x il
1 
xi iii
I itx. Ill xb lxx Ii ii iiiii iii ito lil alli~
i 11111id it i t trixi'xi' s ih ix i' iii
ii il'iix tnl i il! iii ( licii e xii' il i (xliig
ti h o iio lit Hoc it ) i( iltt' lic tiIN
i l ill asi' It il io ni it i\\ x ( xii orill.
coilI s . S il". C litliloll (y ;Is1_C I*( :5
NEW USES Po
eaul
1 
5 ,Tadte
SWEEIPOTATOES
HlUBERT HARRIS ,nd J. M. BARBER,
Department of 14orticulture
Sweetpotato pies made from a puree de-
"dloped at Auburn to find markets for No.
2 and jumbo grades.
it
l,' I qI oI) I Ii tIl \X I I o I i t 'i
lot- No. I tiadci i mdi i citin II(' it( 'iiioli
fiiilio ;I pitifitili i rdkit fiti No. 2
'I'is of(111 z or of1s ile 11',.'1s11
New Processes Developed
t Fiot odii t li hit t at c.iidi, Ii xxit
tuxll iil 1'xi ilc k ll iltilxx lxi il
tixiilt il liii(lic .1~tle ofi~h ijiiijtct
xi ioii ii 111Q. x1.1Iit itll ii tit ti xi 
iiiii Ixo
Iks t %il i ii iii!
wcpeAt 11\ si~-odes Nocs c def) iealfo
fresh aktml No. 2Ys m te (acne) i preik
ferred foslper onning; \ N o. e and lmb
(rloight) l-c, sual iil for uree and stips.
6 dildohrs~(id\fos
\Io i'l oiixi i il Sill I I I,] I X
ii I ~t t)i w IP
t..
Mikpo 2r15 5.tt
Siolt t.:3 0. _
siigii ti 22,_
ptoi ctsi Ii i ik ii oc ss r it;1\t ii u iitt ll il til
lii (I ts ti. p ili to sti r \\4ii 1 i ll. It it f itl s
bc(11c *c tlo offeri ii (ito itx iitt fi - atll
s\ii ctpi i iito l Iitle Iti ii til~ fii or itit..
Fiii ii i ii lp ill -( il ittc b\
1 
(It x i., l i tii g 11
ceikiii ill i lix poii ii lxi it st riiix
co iii Ii ill iti cl 0 )111 So t _i l so)I it i l I,
ii liit il x11. iofit 61111. i ua iii il llli it to xi
cooitiii i l itic. ~ d c sl l t (\
Illc 4 tn i it i 
1
II it mcdti ii fistead4 of
il (otill I ii liti i ir" ii Iit 111 ill lix'
c illti iil or111 it Ilii. l i it x l-c ole ill i
it tii i i ilt c lii lLc :1itki d
4
1 i l 11(1itt
iilii am ickit ili ii4 (,II food it o)1iI itiIC
'ille ( li 111 11 illho ', ili o p rac ilxi i 11ii
iiili x ill liii il'1ct ii ill 1 r ti di', t li i iW
colo o ill iei l ii tcito I prodi ucitils
li Ic iii \ cii iii i F. i ti i toil )1lx 
i CZ11i it ii
imi kil illci i ili xii hot ii it (I I il
thuil i it ~ til illlix cii xx i siitill', i illilo
xoiiii, li tli t 1'4uu iiiii i
I l , pii odliit Ii it cx fiiii li 111tc.ti
ill , ill coii lle i dii ( hi ~ s schooli i ti
(11111ililili . iii li I il ciii ivia 1t(
Iilxs i-c t s it I'. I i up )1c ilitititx xx I'l
131il 11 A ixit xxm i( ix ,iiii ori ictilt
Leaf from cucumber plant at left shows
typical simnizan injury. Note the dead
areas along the edge. An autorodiograph
of the same leaf is shown at right. The
darker areas are regions of higher con-
centration of radioactive simizan.
D. E=. DAVIS, H. H. FUND RBURK, JR.,
and N. G. SANSING, De'p.arn-I
of 8,olany and Plant Palohology
,I'I o 
kI I I Ill, 
I I MI Iii 
it It 
I i 
I 1, 1I 
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tI I(, ]i )t i lla X \\ I I ( i c tl ;Ifi t 1( l -
l il (I II ac tl'il, toI Ii t t (lI it I1) I'ri IX (-
rill' I I I j (I t\ixiI I ( I is of t I Ill h il'l in I(X of
ti 1 -1 iII(II1 I ti, T ('(i III i XIIIc
t I ii tcil XIe ' I~Il t t III Ii X1 1111 1i Io m lt ol l
I I IX - I t Ic d litIX I ii t i' Xt llt. I I N I it k i I I i t
I i((I I .11; 11 I t X c I I i p sIbi t o ll' I it ' ll im (i
t '1 (11 lilct I ft tI 
11  
I ;(, t( w I off aX ts )1111
I I itl ( . Ii I I i i I( ill it IIi;t I ii It
XiI ( I i;t I il ( I I t I III t e ( I t ( I I ( l i t I I'r i il
co ld'~'i co (IX \ithI (i t tIll shcc ofI li 1,11
WX I . "i'i plaIlt XX\Xv ii ( iiicc ill tll'-
film. fti 2 XXv'leks tlIii' I i'4itti\ I' XX ils
de\11 clopd t I'iiilI(ti jtXlil it IX III IXII'
il t h ll' 1(1 I c ( I ri (i't I( I i s C.i I(( I.-
XX I (Itiri t11 (Xl I . )(1 These pa tsIllit 1)1' ('( c1
/111 c Il11( ((it I Iiie itXIII tllIe Ilo thX dc(II.('
of (11'i itXiXlo o111 I~itdi l i ('1111 XX I X I
ill1 it I I (''iX 11111I I) ltI I. il t til.II
p rIlll t s11 Jittill hasX I lit! ( lIscIt. ll('
iI/in. It XX IX ('IlaI.Iti,, l I\ 11c l i ll
(it (.IXs Ill tll' . 1 1 11 \\'. X u I t \\ as less
tI'il li l t1( il II i4(1 o It t lii't 
('1)Sl .it- i X illtiX(
('(' ilill It XXit noIl t XIliIl/l Iil t litheil
it XIX 11111111t I l~ t l p] III I X il! front
It 1lilw of11 It I ' Xlai~dIIllt loot i i m-l~
tc ill . T I Ii IiI''i bcctl' ll lrlie ll I
Ii'lltIX tc i Xl IX k
1  
((I ('II (4l tii i's
tIill i I al. a i cain of II' 11' XIIiilai n.
III X\ iII I ( IIIII jj 
\rj j s ~ -i l o
I i i Ia ctiX I. sili il i ntoI' tIX I' ( lii' it.
RADIOACTIVE HERBICIDES
aa r zeeaor
z
MINOR ELEMENTS 
Pin
FRUITS aotc 
VEGETABLES
) ())()ff I i ( Ii is 1 iX 
Ifio-fi f ft f If' lI()\\
sI 'I f t (IX I i ! f o 'Ii XI f 'i I 
l 11ff( l 141 I
IIi I 1ff , I~ l1 )sf f l Tilt . 111 (1 ((i if I f ui 
i Itr
,II)IdifuuVl fI Iif), c'IftX l ( If IfI'fIIi 
(4 if1lif'
I it I t X ti I ((I .(X '( ii ( 1f 
ff i f
III it m ('I lifX 1ffis an, I i (i' (I 
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ls 1 (11 4f~if if
f iiiI flit I fil I iX (I and
1 
1"'cde' 1XX (ii
IifiXX tf(i 11 (d'c iff
1
X mfid I iittX liii
)I 1 If 'X i ll l if 
X ff
Ii ~ ~ I illf (dI i 'if~'
Fruits
(ff \(lit(f1 I e ( ofi ifil p i 14 / 
I(f lii
Ii f'141t Ill Sh'lll ifll t1f ~'Illf
(fIX l' \(. I(. i I to) 
I ( liI1( ifi IhIlf'tX
if ' 11 X\\ t IfI , f I I 1((i 
111 )tzIkf %. T f I If I )t
I'l f t IX t Iif I lifilt X it I I()IIs(t 
XIi I fiX (iit
X I I (tf t sf i I )I t\ I Iti ftic 
t o l it It I
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XII 2 It 1 tl IX XX 16i i X I t iII 
I XXII I Ic I i I f
n111 ff 11 fIX ( I I 111 XXt I II 
apit l II
ill 1(lill Ili fil sp I X in _ 
off I i~f ) 1 f tiI
,If ;i I I ill s \\ is II I IIi ifl oI
fli lw. 1 AII ili ;i X XII XX 
\ 1 ( I I (dXIX XX ii I's
\\ iI' i l If 1 1X It , ii I i I f fi fl 
I I 1 'IT ] it 1 f j t ic i t
) ()I I )IX i I ( )X \ I XX It I I 
I I I IX its m i111 .I Xiii
I( t 1' 11 t l I 1 (A t I T 1it (I cii 
I Ie( 2, Il m I
i :t I 2 1 1 .1 h )n Ii XII X XX If 2 
1 ( )Ii I IX ti If
Ica\ Xi's \x Ial fIXcr IX 
it ll .1ff il Stit-
t1 Till I X s (t ll m~ till' 
d i i .i \1 1 (.1I.(
fill 'f1t X- I \\I i I I Ili m 
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I8 fI 11 a c (d : 1 a 
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ij2iat io i (IX 20II to~ 
2IX 111 of101 i I \f
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I 11 XtfX ilOn
II X II I I t~( XI x i
1
t Il I Ii fil ti' 2
in I I i X sI IX 1 t11 X I I 
I I Iii I I fIfts
( )i aii I XX iii ill'( )I~ 
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l s 111 tI:\
I is i l I IX 1)11k Xirf It' 
fil T' Ii1I'(I
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Irmni Ili 20X I
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XXII
I fIX IX (I il I ~ 'j I is :11 
ij' II
elements .ef), wis t 
IIth e boro centr
and wi\th l Io, 
el ementII lls Ight ), (2
boo de Tc t( (ficitcall owe 
; Ik(,) swee ilt corn,
wi!( t icI deiciency 
an (4 I) inc deficient(
pe c leaves.1 ,-()\ I 
til tII
JOH-N 1. WEAR, A,,,,. Soil 
Chetset
T B. H-AGLER, A,,o, Ho,it,,,lt
flI, ftf 2.
i(X \.r \[ BNIf()( (f4ill. Bminh 
iii'
('ili IilI Xc %mill", fIX IXs tof cudii ITT-
I(. i ll, t c l iis1( I m f1 
ii'f. I II'iliX llilX
il I ti Ii('-Is.lfT) Ic l X iiX~( 
ol o) I'((Ii'
X
1
)I it ;it 11 ]('iX ('s if( l uhf' X ilil\X 
to )f 
1
)11k
ilh b l ls off t( XXI ti ici 
II fi ' i l
I f i sX i ( ft t i f' hu 
()I ill i (I-
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f Xell i id
ff1 )\ hil toi \\ liii, st flit 
tIf ](,If ('s iff'X
J. T_ COPE, JR,
Associate Agronomsist
WINTER LEGUME CROPS
(J it( )%%Is \ (1\ I I ti lI '(A,ii\\ 1 I Ilpi
liii lII I iii ItliT I t Ii is tcill lltiill o ii
11',lt of l j 1111 t lt IN I liiill It (A
ici (dd lb. lI)(,\\, slg1(1 tt) CII)
fl ii ii li l ii it (r o Io of'I (tcl .letl lii.
Vet111ch arid al Crimson Clover
Clii riai. Il' I,itrtii]. iildiii ti iiit12.
I tuim o (\joiiitiiit iciliitl. lii',u
'u I l . uuTlitriu
14
ioi it iell tluriclii-
Thi l is 11 ll n i~ h\ I ('silt it e ',li iii lii
lut 2l(. xliii', il(. B\Nlliuattc \lTIi
GREEN
MANURE
luiiai cc rd .o], iaiil ux i. All xxiirc
h rii t i i to I aii x xctcu ,i icl c.1iia',i dol -
if)lilcI ciuril xiitct', It is lll it tiguIiiic
aid. tluc~oc' doesi ntcut', l ;hi fli ric xi
xc luitcli hiiat .\eltc itpolic iipi c' l
its,( aiii~t Biciitoiti mid lliinilh u midc
New Vetches
Tce A\1 Pt \gicuilti lit ,l F\e xiicI t
Slatinl ha', txc\i) iIcc\c utctic' thait ;tic
cc iiilx hd c'tclu i', icc\ 't,tii tht
141 itx , i ff auiu1ct cili thuli Iiairx, x ctcll
filliii it is',a 1cilx och cai lict tltitil
' No mci an aittctilalc it ttis tii ii.
T[]E AKI lo ciohN. t1952-56i
I lilii c cctcti
lItcli uuti cii's
80 11). N
1,1 dii i ii ~c ulg it
Itocc \ tilliu \ iuc
Lb1) 1l 1. 1I/b. I
9, 57tt t 1.90tt 12A:3tt 12
:3,1:3t0 6, 16lt 8,t It 5
8,02t t 6. 1 1 1t I t.71(6) 12
J7, Bii.
3ttt 50.61
,8t0 11.6
7,87(0 17,810t 138311 1:3,1701 .40.5
.41.4
.Six ciii, ti)3h 57, it \thic illi.
Tlc 80t l1). if alitIrc i Xiti xc i', 0 111 1)tlt . suodiiul aituutc
h li u u it i I4 cii iiilt1 m\ct i icl. i I l
oillic stai tc ha, t prluc ', 141 c iiiic
ofu \otatiiiiii iiticlitiiiid ,ed Io t ccis
I('islix o t41111 i iiict tati reduii c i itl-
it\ 11 1 \ (hi', iofi, tic( oflucc hior and
1
i ic I )iccitc Ilt itl\\ ugr ii tioii set
hut x cal', ii satioitc sCa \ c i.iis
141il~; itxciio ls tlo t t.
Cotl( (ttol(snornlil Rotation-
TO PIiutit ce \ilc',] cll lille i liii osst
',iucc,l io llx( itcllai i ci ori fi.i i 2ct
iita ii citzny the 1i tt ii. t c oitec Iill' Seit
it i r i ittti I i icli ci' i ic N igi (ince
iux t I ll' tii thilt i fl i areito ltei
I]t 1, \ ii'c sax to i pr (lt' i t sIit 2' t o
cliii 11141 Iii x i ti of 114 ii ill11114',.i
IThe ciict if thu h cii ug_ x6c iii lc'g
tttll 11 1( tl 1.3 ut (ti' caeix liii icll ct m t 
tf till 11.4o
42(1oc A1411- tt~t iic'. llitx I cult' Thfs l iiiii thd
41.2 \ 32I 3 c pibiik ()Itj botoigil xicc' 
pf itit \II i
.4 2.6 :3 .2 :9.8 iii it lll~ oI ;Ii t tt 
at (,;Ill l Yil e p, a rit
H ighulights, of Agricuitkiil Resar'ch ....
PEANUTS Coe
WEIGHT C
STORAGE
J. H. YEAGER, Agricultural Economist
H. S. WARD, Botanist
H OW MUCH WEIGHTdo farmers stock
peanuts lose in storage? This question
is of interest to peanut buyers, ware-
housemen, shellers, and farmers.
When a load of peanuts leaves the
farm, it normally contains loose shelled
kernels, foreign material such as sticks,
leaves, small stones, and sand, and
peanuts in the hull with a certain ker-
nel moisture content. Peanuts are
bought, graded, and usually placed in
a warehouse prior to cleaning and shell-
ing. Under these conditions buyers are
uncertain of the weight and quality of
peanuts that will come out of storage.
In the fall of 1952, a study was be-
gun on peanut storage to determine
changes in quality and weight of farm-
ers stock peanuts stored in farm size
bins. Four important peanut-producing
states - Alabama, Georgia, Virginia,
and Texas were included in the study.
The Commodity Credit Corporation and
USDA Agricultural Marketing Service
cooperated in the study. The Alabama
study was conducted at the Wiregrass
Substation, Headland.
Storage in Small Bins
Used in this study were small metal
or wooden bins of various structural
designs with 2- to 10-ton capacity. Re-
sults indicate that peanuts lost an aver-
age of 1.4% of their initial dry kernel
weight each year of storage. The
longer the storage period, the greater
is the total loss in weight. Four bin
lots of peanuts were stored from the
fall of 1952, 4 from fall of 1953, 4 from
10
fall of 1954, 5 from fall of 1955, and 6
from fall of 1956 to June, 1957. All of
these bins were emptied in June, 1957.
In certain bins, insect control measures
were applied. In others, no control was
practiced. Average weight loss as a
percentage of the dry kernel weight of
peanuts placed in bins 
was 6.8, 4.2,
4.2, 4.1, and 1.2, respectively, for the
1952 through 1956-crop peanuts stored.
In a ton (net inweight), the loss in
weight of kernels averaged 20.7 lb.
or $3.84 per year, according to the
tests. This is based on the condition
that peanuts graded 26% hulls, 0 to
1% damage, and 8% other kernels,
65% sound mature kernels (SMK);
that the weight loss rate was the same
in sound mature kernels as in other
kernels; and a value of 204 per lb.
prevailed for sound mature kernels and
8 0 per lb. for others.
Loss Calculations
Weight loss was calculated as fol-
lows: The amount of foreign material,
based on the grade factor percentage
for foreign material, was subtracted
from the gross weight of peanuts placed
in each bin. Next, the weight of hulls,
based on the grade factor percentage
for hulls, was subtracted. This left
the weight of kernels or meats. The
kernel moisture content of peanuts
placed in storage varied considerably.
Therefore, the weight of kernels was
adjusted to 0 or a dry weight basis.
When the bins were emptied, the same
procedure was followed in arriving at
the dry weight of kernels. To deter-
mine the weight loss, in- and out-
weights were compared.
Why Loss?
Many factors, some related to length
of storage period, influence the amount
of weight loss. Insects- species, num-
bers, and their environment-play a
major part in weight loss. One bin lot
of 1952-crop peanuts was never treated
to control insects from 1952 through
1957. When the bin was emptied in
June, 1957 and weight calculations
were made, the loss in kernels dry
weight was 10.4% of the dry weight
of kernels placed in the bin almost 5
years earlier. Insect control in stored
peanuts is necessary if weight loss is
to be minimized and quality main-
tained.
There are other factors that influence
weight loss. Stored peanuts come to
a balanced moisture level with their
environment after they are placed in
storage. As fluctuations take place in
this environment, the kernels and hulls
change in moisture content. Generally,
the kernel moisture content of peanuts
stored in various kinds of bins was
highest in December and January. It
was lowest during the summer months.
Lows of slightly below 4.5% moisture
were reached in the summer of 1954
and 1955.
The peanut seed is a living organism
that carries on the normal processes of
life. These processes are at a low level
if seed moisture content is 7.0% or
less. However, some loss of weight
may occur as the result of these pro-
cesses.
Rats and mice, if not controlled, also
are responsible for losses of peanuts
and reduction of quality during storage.
There are also, sources of error in
measurement of the many factors re-
lated to weight loss. Foreign material,
in particular, is quite variable. Obtain-
ing a respresentative portion of foreign
material in samples drawn from a pea-
nut mass is quite difficult.
Therefore, practices to control in-
sects, rats, and mice must be carried
out by those who store peanuts. There
is also a need for better methods and
techniques in obtaining a representa-
tive sample from, the various loads of
farmers stock peanuts placed in storage.
1AY11 st 5 Ai .... it! lii lii -
1
t iti) '
i IX i (. '[( Tli itikti illu IIm st145 H
lI c tI ti fi rX it. d 2 III s 11( e t ;I
iiiiiiis t Sttiit ;id II(,()I(- o lir i s iii lr XXI
I i S )l liii ll'i (cl I XX lo i tNi i 51
:I'1i-s i(dii IiUt ii- itotal d i ii i I itlt.l
,(I)(4 )I it 2 ilioi5 ali'i u-u! u\c ui tit(-
\ii s I t' Ii ili titliibc t XXI it i tio i lii'
ili i~ti tis i pliiiv)o it! ucis lii - i, iii
Imc IX 111ilt! i(. it tIlc Iit I( iii (itolitof.tlit
I F~~- it \t cas.tl I I(15 AP i I A iii.ii is Itu aI
II XX ii I I t ict iit s ii tit l th ill-t
il t tiilitlS itt 
1
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I ilti 1111 tIl l s i i iet ii h l \N i S illo
S-s ape li [iii IA ill ii tiill(.i ll( ll -k
sillit c it~t lcii 1 s1th c i il it is Ii c(1 tlii I 1I (
t i -ll ik sii t!lit () til t i 111l (me s ii IIX it
Ii l 2 it. t-lii t ii- i ltil! . c lie i s ii'
L tii Ill' IX ill ai
11  
ijpetiiiitii to I i li il
11t4litci p)i11' beIii btik is XX (akhliirw'
It \i ;Hii i ill ti XX-11 ' ti o is ll.
1 
0110i
mi-id sital ttc l rg p~ii
t 
s Bilcack
iii (ll t llt t! XliX it ilctkt ar ii t iti t Illt
iilic iiae t il ol~ siii it's sl( l5 t lo\ 
ut i
I)ul iii. tiii tit(' Lii ftl d o c
5  
10
ti i t X ro tu tc lIX u .Th li t lt-\ll ac
ittl llca ii ul\ il th I IXX1i ili I XXill kill
ick lrge piltiIIX oftbatiX hlis XX iikiit
iii clls ill Srb eill l- va i iel
Pesd1) ts ofilia Young~ ofPine I-i
isII ( 'I o litt I itd sii it 
1
'st 5 I)\ XIII Ii1
itt il14 X i \ c i I ii tlil aim i's X i i
to I liltk Ii ill lo ,i til Ii I to l I - ill. 111114.
ITiXc Iced til ll k (I XII o it (4 sicll ]ii1145
cI tilte pitlt t Ii i rk atd Ii I c(IIics. lit
st ri I i-il 15 t1(1 I~ I 57 iti pillsits!d
1141 appecils hI I ill('k i X st itl pii t
t'iit till(, of tii he
1  
[H ~I I I stliii.
I sit \a X d , pii I ti p t t Ha t i s ill i-
kielclis pte 4 s oifii p~as 2 ts
A1111 ih t ( tip at thu ldolif(\
k ils ititt I c leit l btt lt Ith S1 111:111 iit i-
till\ s t]ila l \ 1 i till 5 ilii si if) of tl I
kiflli biack l iii sX sit km it 2 -
it.ci itus on trun it ar sign of pres- \t 1.) ) II_
encet' of1 blok I trpentin beet l- 19) dam-iI
[()t Ian Is eaverbeele131adlt
Iouler ineo betle t41; ault isen
graver tbeetl 15) dult, p1)aess wevi 161;-
adult pitblch-eaetinnwei 17);l an)dyial-
damage to pine seedlings by pales and
pitch-eating weevils 18).
~0
6
*14
-4. !A
INSECTS a'te
FORESTS' WORST ENEMY
-4,
- 2,
I- ''~~'~ -
A3
COASTAL I3ERMUIDAGRASS w.
ALFALFA HAY
DAIRY FEED
pK
G. E. H-AWKINS,
Assoc. Dairy
H us ban dma n
//
( ((X t X \ i 111 (XIit I t\I I \XIi XXs lix hIiiii
XX IaIX (Iwii ill (i i ( I I Ic Ir ii I Id itih)o
AlV \\ Ill kuhXX\ it.
lii 11XX di ( I toitir i tI il iji hils tis~i
I Xt 11i k X I t I XIX I uI II dt \i'll i
Experiment Completed
'tf it X 1 t w i~ s (fI
dil1r\ s.I T\\i ('tl I itl XX ur (I I ((Iiit
Chemica Compos\\ \(vItdit iona itil
XII I IX Xl XIXl( Xi :(ll. )(3(t 114,1-11 tId
I lio ( 11 h m( (tIl T (I 1 4. proI )(II I i X Idi
ilSIk i m itoillt. b i \ til c i (
fl i tl)( t II tll((X (tIt tlf I lit- I I II I t X of
Tl t )ti io-res i(Xi( ll ri(IXXX X f i
t \\ I\ s \\ is s i Ii X i I IXXr'tI f p oI
I II I11u( II
('1I( 11111
FtIw I I tlik II
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Diethl fIiI \
lDigestihitit oif rationsi
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P ~ l
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11.3 5). 7
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2:,.l 1 1 . .21.71)
3 lx l X is Ci(( X oIit i I t Ill i I il I
ho( Liii \X (I (XX Xt ( I)((] (1(11(1it lo i i X i
cI' it It1 hiIl ig i If 1 I11. to( 2 11). of I %ul
Other Tests Needed
I xI XIII-XI I I I*( I ) ) .(. (XIl()II () It x ( )I I () ( \ I tit I
1i 11 i li t o I ii il hoo (((hut (i dc pX (I t(XXi
( II Iict oil I holl tIw two tX ( tt XX\ ix 6 . 1%
I.
4 1.1 
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V
I( IIti I I I I li x tsI ;I(-II I -i ti I(XX Ini .t
II(l l I iXt I il I i',( (I IX ( Ii (i Ii 1 it
Milk Production
M3iiil,~ plmX X IiiIX d t-liiii fe itd
Be((i11ilits \it,, lii Xtl tiXXliii Ih (d
\\( IiitiitWlX ill( i tli firtthil ill theii
to :) 3 lb) ()1 1"; miilk. leX d f lu il
I I (11 2~d -. S lb. h11h1 illilk per ci (XX
fyi (I. (v i ts )XIX I ii1 t0.2 lb) ~xi X Iiilx
fil. the( t\\X ralt ions:
J. A. H-UTCHItNSON and 
MORRIS WHITE,
De-pt, of AqriItu-I rco comics
?I D \i M ;I i' ii It 'Iii.i1 1 ii 1 11 1 I 'll 
A
tl I ;ii I I t\ c til 'ck its(, III ,I I ) i i I i h
m ln tl Id l lilii xxitiit if tli ,t I 
I
x \ift ;t it u fit t t- 1 5 pr 
m s i
( i( lIsit iiic i Ic'u t "lJ58 m thai iii ,1111 i
itt I Iig Ii~It f rti~ i 
BCsChi i (III
it. c i pm i ti! iii it nit t.t iiitgc pr 
l x . Itit
\\ lt h it i c X ii* tmIo liiis l 
i ,1
'iil lix Luii t It.ti., m i'l l I
Lee County Study
I(t( iii m fii I ii u 5 ii ti itmii i bm(ll 
1 
tit I xm
d iii i II'I (- i it Im milio ii i 
iI i x it
\\2 i ily tioo ()liii ili 
\\i itt ti il iatc
SL~t tii a l tt wLii (i s~iii l 
to th t )
I Itti 'i ~ t l t iittix i I c t Ith 110 
i i I i
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i li itf ' (I
S-2 :3 ix l xx I ti facc~ti ii x i i 
t~ it sci iith.ciI ig
imilxd xxmi tutu!( I tx li xx ar fi- i.
$7.2 1 i ii iiii l i t lw cm mI ic 
i iii i7.'L it-
4e aorm PONDS
WORTH esle MONEY?
-777111 7
liit i ,u s I iii i lidi iiit,
Iil xx h ix i i ii iii lmtii 
l x It f
tilit \i t I I Iii 
Ii it! \ iix~i c ar
Lixil , xxi d x ilitI it 39I 
c()It
pl L I ilxxi all x. X it 
ix i t Cit.
L I I isth p lii itix xxi 
cll i
pactd \ ii A c 1i :15.(i 11). pi ai
I~ Ii \lx. s t t is I 
ii
ti-i i iil xii Id \\i (' S To
(m it ' i i s II1)1 iti I i()1c
p )11xiIs
A\ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ X I'l s(FSZ \)C)Im I
(Comm iercial
I ishli pc i. l iiit,
Nonicoimimetrcial
Xx I it xI
5 )
157
txxt ii Irrigation Costs and Returns
sit i ii. ixt h l i ( I i f ic~u ii m itt l Iw xx, ix 1 tii t tii
hx ad 'Iix l t ' t\\~ li.i 1 c mI I I~ itct
ii wi ii xtit - i I )a i x f )t itt t i. (Ii \\xx c it i . i t I I
iii m Iii cIi ~r ite i t Itt\ it tl il I x tt t I 'ItI
I Ii itt t 'it x ii I or (.( It t II I i I 
i ( it 
it til t liii LI I I ~I I t xx Ii- ori 
t I I li )I IixtI
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1 
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I I it - I It .t t \ li t ( lii \iti
4
V
NEMATODES acto
ROOT-ROT re"ae
SEEDLING DAMAGE
BRUCE E. HOPPER,
Assisant in Botany
rA.A,
/
A~gA~ ~
I If iii AM XIX i l Ii ii t Xi (I
tii i'C'C' c'Cd tlii' XiiffiIX A ifki
Iilld toi ('Ichitc liC'X iiiC'.
the I '\.I I li aiii 1 fi l t It
Xitii'X f)I i "iti' A itlitiill liXt\
'lii I iic i I ii (Cid iii it ip ictil
('aXI' fuiuuil"( iii4Ilisillii. A I
Iii 'Xt CCli i tha i l4 ii't i
1
iii
Survey of Nurseries
Xlcoii, X I- ut Noth ll l'ii it
HiCI uit stittiill i ll C iiil)Ciitt li
1'.S. F'ores t scIX ic h XIciicI
tC iiil i1wr Ith Ice o4 l XCi i
AX\ iil lc ilt ii (S(CI it Xit()XX X l)Ii
thit c'iliXC c'Cliiii ii l' 1111
Theii tabl ii lii Ilitii 1/I
t i 
14
Il liiilisii lt ii
tI
14
PI, 11 1 Fii I l III
I ii 11 iik I (f il Ill
I I it 111i w (4 ti ll'.
)tti cli iiit iitdit
14
till'
11( )111
\ol.
fit that
(Ai tf I I itc
Nematode injury to slash pine in a tree
nursery is pictured here. Infected seed-
lings in foreground showed chiorosis and
stunting, and died as compared with more
normal seedlings in the background.
Disease Found
tel(c I ii 1 )X tfi th ii' llo it impor)iitai t itsI
rotiot i olcilc recic o t bak
I C isX iiiC'iC' ii I' two posi d f\\Xiii 
t I Xs iii XXlcli
ro lIl r t , iiic [ilX I ) 1) 
ti'i fC'l'i lii
iii i tt A t iiii Ci atC' i if li Iiii(tX t iii i i l \ I i cii
t1cX lii(i ciX c I orC ( 2 (' C CXI flu ilii ill-I
ji c i la )ciiI ICC i I' I Ii 1( 'IX I IX I' lt- X iI i'
iflitil ife Oil u fill it flit kc 11(4 i i cIII
il I Xi X iii( t iiC' c CIXC f XX ilcI XX ili ll clls-
iiI IX e fiXl, iith iit'X IiC'IiC(4. \ Ills ca se
I E pci i- Tiiis flu tiClil lil o tt 
ll laX beC C'isiX
XXit) I thIC Ie o C'C'i ((4 IlC 
1  
X i iXt 11i ('' 'Cii c lIoI lIliC
tlie ii CX Xti(4'X. At first tHc disitcI' 
is cX idcc'C''
'Ii ht CC' X XXliliodi I) Iwlel iiI('kc'le 
C ci t oICX il ti C tap)
mos5. ( ti )f 11 ior(4' iotC'rid roiotX. 
NC'xt, ft( CisX
C'X ~iCiICC' IX' X)iC'i ,iX k i i t I IiiIjiii I)oiitiooiIi i
IX \ fii( tnX t ii' iiit XX Xte'in AXc'cdiiI( iii tis
coiliil i si I X XIItIIC'X. FiillIIIX if tiiC
Xisit o iiii 11(41 h iii ili C i le 'IC' (11(XX til oI ii i it i
rooits dei eops T'hiiX Iis iittel C' i t i ll~ ;t
XCCC1( i IX 111( i it ~ i n lit XX tI'l i.
1C:3ido'X it I XXt 'i, X iC'\I i lit
1
)ipliltedi IX
frill piX' 111(111 itt tttttt Iii i la i i n ii iii li i
Thei' Xi 'Ic IiIi(4X liii Il l i llc s I'.
Ad
Research Conducted
i'X ii ii- l i t stt i li i ( 'I kwliltodci (Litii
iw ll ii d i I fCCI' ii
1
si tfl
I iC arit u ipcc/is ofl pii IX A I iii'
2ii flilittI if Ic o\ ii' ci d dX i fm i t
Sf i'fl C MV di ijStf I e ~t de i li ic if
the C 1t ili e i ii. sit]o t
Ciii 'itll, tif( ci CI ydct itd Xliii l inXc XC
Xie of I ii iitoide I i le ili c Xil ofCX
Xc (li I 11(4. e cii c o jitii ll iiiiX ii i I ' l
ilCli ic ti Cli'fill Illi t i s liii i Xoc ia f ti
4t.I.ll( o~~uf fit( )lo stili iot ilr I iiit ru
(~ :1 )ii I i t 1,1 X (1 th e C i it CI it to ( ct uri
Illli te o fthe Damage ~clitod"
loilAX ill11111 X iliX so~il, tcCIt iX I licilit
ut lltI ( fl CXC Cil'( oIi iii i l ('CIX i t 111111
Iii hos lX i iX C' AtI XhCI Xiii Il Lii iiitC
ill~ c ofiX liiC CX l iiic ihti iciCl f)llcc(ifss
XXill CX 1) Xitse Iill' ti liiira dif~ ut t IIC ilfiIXf
Thisi it.o
S A. EDGAR,
V IIIXIX XX "LIl \III\. iiic III,, I -
ifitX 1Is i 
1
11tI ilii It I a licitiI
I llIt Olt Lt 1 cit4Ii I (ii iiit t i
tlfl i ittioll ttt lits bccil 11 , ti i I a l it itillI
IX illilc ilj s) I ptli l IX l (11181 , I ,
I liii', 11 111 ( IIIXXI'X. S Iiti , pii-i lIi
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KENNETH B. ROY, Editor
F. S. ARANT, Entomologist
FIFTY YEARS AGO consternation was
abroad in Alabama. Ever moving east-
ward, the boll weevil was then within
120 miles of the State's southwestern
border.
The weevil first entered the United
States from Mexico in 1892 by way of
Texas. By late 1909 it was at the Mo-
bile County line. Within 12 months,
infestations involved all of Mobile and
Washington counties, and portions of
Choctaw, Clarke, and Baldwin coun-
ties. Since crossing the Rio Grande
River, it had spread in 18 years over
much of Texas, all of Louisiana, and
sizeable areas of Oklahoma, Arkansas,
and Mississippi. All but six Alabama
counties had become infested by 1915.
The rapid spread of the weevil in the
State was attributed to high winds
from the west and southwest.
Early Measures
All of this took place despite monu-
mental efforts of farm leaders of that
day to halt the weevil's advance. Yet,
the transition from quarantines to me-
chanical and cultural devices to poisons
is a dramatic story of research that in-
volved entomologists, agronomists,
chemists, and engineers.
The first move by Alabama was pass-
age of a quarantine law in 1903. It
was intended to prevent the weevil
from hitching rides to fresh territory
in seed cotton, old pick sacks, cotton
)LL WEEVILS
seed, Spanish moss, and even house-
hold goods. Transport of such items
from infested to weevil-free territory
was prohibited.
But the weevil was no respecter of
law. Under favorable weather condi-
tions, it enveloped 75-to 100-mile
strips of "new territory" in a year.
Forefront in the fight were farmers,
bankers, businessmen, and the API Ag-
ricultural Experiment Station. Begin-
ning in 1904, the Alabama Station pro-
duced many publications concerning
the boll weevil, methods of combating
the pest, and even one on "Heading
Off Boll Weevil Panic."
With no known insecticides effective
against the weevil, the logical attack
was to cut off its food supply. Destruc-
tion of green cotton at least 3 to 4
weeks before usual killing frost was
recommended. This was said to be the
most important single step in a cul-
tural system under boll weevil condi-
tions. There were those who predicted
that in the presence of weevils there
could never be late cotton.
In addition to planting early, various
mechanical contraptions were devised,
such as chain drags to sweep fallen,
infested squares into the middles for
exposure to the hot sun; and a long
FREE Bulletin or Report of Progn
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIOI
of the ALABAMA POLYTECHNIC INSTITL
E. V. Smith, Director
Auburn, Alabama
Permit No. 1132-8/58-8M
sack fastened to a sugar-barrel hoop
for collecting overwintered weevils and
infested squares on young cotton.
Coming of Poisons
London purple and Paris green were
the first arsenicals tried- both were in-
effective. Then came lead arsenate.
Applied as a dust, it produced the first
real encouraging results. This was fol-
lowed by development of a new ma-
terial carrying a higher percentage of
arsenate than the lead form. This new
poison called calcium arsenate was
highly effective. Thus, cotton 
produc-
tion was entering a new era marked by
development of better insecticides and
improved dusting equipment. The first
Alabama experiments involving calcium
arsenate were in 1918 at Auburn, Hart-
ford, Headland, and Smyrna.
Calcium arsenate was to remain some
30 years as the standard insecticide for
boll weevil control. Following World
War II came new compounds -the
chloronated hydrocarbons DDT, BHC,
toxaphene, heptachlor, dieldrin, and en-
drin; and the organic phosphates para-
thion, malathion, methyl-parathion, and
guthion. The most recent development
is a carbamate - Sevin.
All of these required critical testing
to determine effective killing power,
economy of application, how best to
use, hazards if any, and many other
questions to be answered..
Thus, after 50 years of experimenta-
tion, boll weevil investigations continue
to provide answers to ever-arising new
problems and to further refine methods
of control.
Research is never ending!
ess PENALTY 
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