62nd and 63rd
ANNUAL
REPORTS
AGRI'CULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
of the ALABAMA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE
January 1, 1951-December 31, 1952
AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS
Economics of Feed Production and Utilization: BARiN 
FEEDING
VS. PASTURES AS A SOURCE OF FEED FOR MI1X PRODUCTION. 
(Wade
F. Gregory.) - Records of selected Piedmont dairy 
farms for the
8-year period, October 1948-September 1951, showed 
the usual
relationship of milk production increasing as more 
feed (TDN)
was fed. However, a relationship existed in feeding 
practices
by farm operators that was not expected. As more 
TDN was
fed, not only did the percentage of TDN from 
grazed forage
decrease, but the actual pounds of TDN from pasture 
(residual)
decreased as cows were fed at higher levels. This might 
have
been expected if rates of production had been 
very high, but
production ranged from around 4,000 to about 
7,000 pounds of
4 per cent milk, the average of all farms being 
5,700 pounds.
At these rates, stomach capacity for feed should not 
have been
the limiting factor in determining the amount of feed 
consumed
from grazed forage.
These data do not explain why this relationship 
existed, but
some possible explanations might be that (1) farmers 
thought
"good" cows 
must be liberally 
fed at the 
barn in order 
to pro-
duce at "high" rates; (2) the custom or habit of 
barn feeding,
which was acquired before improved methods of pasture 
develop-
ment were generally adopted, still existed; and 
(3) there was
insufficient knowledge and skill by dairymen in 
the areas of
pasture production and farm financing to establish 
and maintain
adequate pasture programs.
Cows on farms where most of the feed was from 
grazed forage
were probably underfed for optimum production, 
since barn
feeding on these farms for the 3-year period (which 
included
4 ALABAMA AGRICULURLEPIMNSTIO
the winter of 1950-51 when no grazing was available) 
averaged
about 1,800 pounds of concentrates and 1,500 pounds 
of hay.
These farmers believed that milk could be produced 
most eco-
nomically with little or no barn 
feeding. In most cases, however,
pasture programs were not developed to the extent that 
pastures
provided enough feed for cows to produce to the level of 
their
inherent ability.
AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING
Processing and Storing of Seeds, Grain, 
and Hay. (J. L. Butt, H.
S. Ward, and F. A. Kummer.)- 
The germination of shelled
corn stored in a galvanized steel bin 
at 10.5 per cent noisture
did not change after 8 months 
storage except where a leak
occurred. The weight, fat acidity, 
and pH values of shelled corn
did not change while stored in 
bins of aluminum, galvanized
steel, or galvanized steel painted 
white between January and
June at moistures not exceeding 13.2 per cent.
Shelled corn stored in 1950-51 at 12.1 
per cent moisture was
stored for 4 months with no loss in 
weight or germination. The
value increased considerably during 
the storage period. Two
batches of shelled corn were artificially 
dried from about 18 per
cent moisture for 2.77 and 2.28 cents 
per bushel.
SInitial germination 
values were low 
but no further 
decrease
in germination of cotton seed was found 
after storage from March
to August at 9 per cent moisture.
Crimson clover with mature but high-moisture 
seed was
mowed, dried on a hay drier, and then 
run through a combine.
For such a procedure to be feasible, 
the conclusion was that one
or more of the following conditions 
must exist: (1) Seed prices
must be very high; (2) weather 
conditions make direct com-
bining risky; (8) failure of combines 
to gather a high percentage
of available seed; and (4) labor-saving, 
hay-handling, and pro-
cessing equipment must be at hand.
Hay crushing reduced the time required 
for field curing John-
son grass hay by /2 to 
2
/ that required for uncrushed 
hay.
Crushed soybeans dried in 6 hours 
to the same moisture content
that required 25 hours for uncrushed 
hay. Some advantages in
quality for the crushed hay were less 
leaf shatter, more tender
stems, and higher carotene content. 
Baled alfalfa hay was
dried at a cost of $7.84 per ton. 
Major disadvantages to baled
hay drying were: (1) management 
and labor required for stack-
ing bales on drier, (2) uneven drying, 
and (3) high costs.
4 ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
62nd and 63rd ANNUAL REPORTS 5
Scarified sericea lespedeza seed stored for 1 year had as high
germination as unhulled seed when kept at 8 per cent moisture.
At moistures above 8 per cent, unhulled seed had higher ger-
minations. The hygroscopic equilibrium curves for hulled and
scarified sericea seed and for alfalfa hay were determined.
Crop Residue and Seedbed Preparation, and Cotton Harvesting.
(F. A. Kummer, C. M. Stokes, and T. E. Corley.) - Analysis of
average seed cotton yields at Prattville showed no real difference
between tillage treatments. By the use of radio active phos-
phorus, no differences in the absorptive rooting depths or rate of
root development were found between plants in the TNT (9-inch
preparation) and Disk Plow (5-inch preparation) treatments.
Definite trends of root development were established.
Adverse conditions at the Wiregrass and Tennessee Valley,
especially the lack of defoliation and the numerous knotty bolls,
limited the test work with stripper-type harvesters and caused
low picker efficiency.
Conditions at the Sand Mountain Substation permitted good
replicated tests of 3 strippers and 2 pickers. Both spindle pickers
performed very efficiently with the barbed-type spindle slightly
more efficient than the smooth type spindle. The harvested cotton
from both machines gave an average lint grade of middling.
The steel roll strippers were highly efficient and continued oper-
ation without clogging was possible. The regional project brush
stripper gave considerable trouble in cotton clinging to the
brushes, resulting in high field losses. All of the stripper har-
vested cotton contained large amounts of foreign matter, resulting
in relatively low grades (LM+) and considerable trouble in the
actual ginning process. Picker and stripper efficiencies were
considerably higher for Empire and Coker than for Hi-Bred.
Thicker spacing resulted in slightly higher stripper and picker
efficiencies.
Engineering Phases of Supplemental Irrigation. (M. W. Loupo
and F. A. Kummer.) - Studies were made on the Agricultural
Engineering Farm Unit to determine the effect of sprinkler irri-
gation on the yield of cotton and corn, and to determine the
consumptive-use of water for cotton and corn when irrigated.
All plots had the same treatments except for water applied. The
irrigated cotton yielded 2,588 pounds of seed cotton per acre and
the non-irrigated cotton yielded 1,449 pounds per acre. The yield
6 ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
of the irrigated corn was 54 bushels as compared to 1 bushel
per acre from the non-irrigated corn. The consumptive-use of
water for cotton and corn varied slightly from calculated values
but not enough to change recommendations with 1 year's results.
Soil physical measurements needed for irrigation design were
continued with tests being made on 14 soils types. These tests
included infiltration rate, available water-holding capacity, perme-
ability, and mechanical analysis as well as descriptions of soil
surface conditions of previous treatment and of the soil profile.
Consumptive-use of water by fescue and Ladino clover sod
was determined under irrigation at the Lower Coastal Plain Sub-
station, Camden, Alabama. The use of water was extremely low
during the dormant 
period for this pasture 
mixture in July,
August, and September.
The Effect of Various Vegetative Covers, Rotations, Mulches,
and Seedbed Preparation on Runoff Water and Soil Losses From
Various Slopes. (M. W. Loupo and F. A. Kummer.) - Water
and soil loss measurements were continued on a 2-year rotation
of cotton, ryegrass and crimson clover-Sudangrass; a 2-year rota-
tion of cotton, crimson clover-corn on 5 per cent slope plots;
a 3-year rotation of cotton, oats, fescue, Ladino clover-oats, fescue,
Ladino-fescue, Ladino; and a 2-year rotation of cotton, crimson
clover-corn on 10 per cent slope plots; and highly productive
continuous corn as compared to medium productive continuous
corn on 20 per cent slope plots. Because of a drought in June
(2.72 inches) and July (1.46 inches), the crop production was
low. Due to rains of fairly low intensity, the runoff was low and
the soil losses extremely low in 1952.
Terraces were constructed on the west 
half of the Agricultural
Engineering Farm Unit where outlets had been established with
vegetation the previous year. All terraces were put in parallel
and the entire area with slopes up to 5 per cent was planted with
4-row equipment. Five new W meadow outlets were constructed
and seeded in draws on the east half of the farm. The entire
water disposal system is being studied to evaluate its effective-
ness in controlling erosion and the ease of using machinery in
the production program.
AGRONOMY and SOILS
Cotton Breeding and Improvement Investigations. (H. B. Tis-
dale and A. L. Smith.) - Work is being continued with breeding
material of 4 leading varieties and hybrid strains of cotton toward
62ndand 3rd NNUA REPRTS7
improvement in more disease resistance, higher fiber tensile
strength, and a more suitable type for mechanical picking. A
new variety, previously designated as Auburn Hybrid 56, has
been released and given the name, "Auburn 56", by the seed
stocks committee of the Alabama Polytechnic Institute, Agricul-
tural Experiment Station in December, 1952. Auburn 56 has
shown the highest disease resistance combined with high yield
of any variety or strain in variety and strains tests conducted
over the State for the past 4 years. It is classed as a medium-
early maturing variety of cotton, producing medium to large sized
bolls with 85 to 37 per cent lint of 1 to 1 1/16-inch staple length.
Plains, a relatively new variety developed at the Georgia
and Alabama Agricultural Experiment Stations in cooperation
with U. S. D. A., and released in November, 1949, has expanded
rapidly in production over the State. In 1952, there were 10,000
acres of Plains cotton certified for seed production in Alabama
which produced around 2,500 tons of seed for planting in 1953.
SSeveral new strains of 
Auburn hybrids 9531 
and 81 showin
qualities of higher fiber tensile strength 
and types for mechanical
picking have been isolated for further testing and improvement.
Cotton Variety Tests. (H. B. Tisdale.) Average results of
cotton variety tests conducted on the Main Station, Substations,
and Experiment Fields, for the past 3 years, 1950-1952, show that
Plains, Fox (D & PL), Auburn 56, Coker 100 Wilt, Smith 78,
Empire, Paula, and Stoneville 2B are the most satisfactory varie-
ties for planting in any section of Alabama that is free of the
cotton wilt disease. Plains, Auburn 56, Smith 78, Coker 100 Wilt,
and Stonewilt are the most satisfactory wilt-resistant varieties for
planting in areas of the State where cotton wilt generally occurs.
Response of Cotton to Sulfur (Cooperative with TVA). (J. T.
Williamson, deceased, and L. E. Ensminger.) - Tests were con-
ducted at 10 locations in 1951 and 1952 to study the value of
several nitric phosphates produced by the Tennessee Valley Au-
thority. Cotton was used as a test crop. One of the fertilizers
tested was a 14-14-14 made by acidulating rock.phosphate with
nitric acid and then adding muriate of potash. This was com-
pared with an 11-11-11 made by acidulating rock phosphate with
a mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid. The 14-14-14 was
sulfur free, while the 11-11-11 contained about 10 per cent sul-
fur (SO
3
). Each fertilizer was applied at rates to furnish 48
62nd and 63rd ANNUAL REPORTS
8 ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
pounds per acre each of N, P
2
0
5 
and K
2
0. Average results for
the 2-year period show that the 11-11-11 containing sulfur pro-
duced 157 pounds per acre more seed cotton than the 14-14-14
which did not contain sulfur.
Behavior of Potassium in Soils: (1) POTASSIUM STATUS OF
SOILS FOR COTTON PRODUCTION FOLLOWING ALFALFA AND SERICEA.
(R. D. Rouse.) - Additional information has been obtained which
shows that the primary cause of poor cotton after alfalfa and
sericea is a lack of adequate potassium.
At the Main Station on Chesterfield sandy loam, yield and
chemical analysis of cotton plants showed that where alfalfa had
been grown for 7 years and potash application had been 120
pounds of K
2
0 annually or less, as high as 96 pounds of K
2
0
applied in the drill was needed to correct potash deficiency and
produce maximum yields. The same situation was found on Bos-
well fine sandy loam at the Tuskegee Experiment Field where
sericea had been grown for 8 years and potash applications had
been 60 pounds of K
2
0 annually or less. At these locations, where
240 pounds of K
2
0 had been applied to alfalfa, or 120 pounds
of K
2
0 had been applied to sericea, potash deficiency was not
observed.
(2) COTTON GROWN IN A COTTON-PEANUT ROTATION. (R. D.
Rouse.)- At the Wiregrass Substation where cotton had been
grown on Norfolk fine sandy loam in a 2-year rotation with
peanuts, cotton yields had been very low for the past several
years even when rates of potash as high as 96 pounds of K
2
0
per acre were applied to the cotton. Soil analysis showed that
the soil was very low in both exchangeable calcium and potas-
sium. Dolomitic limestone was applied at the rate of 1 ton per
acre and the following yields of seed cotton were obtained for
the different rates of potash: 12 pounds K
2
0, 162 pounds; 24
pounds K20, 880 pounds; 48 pounds K
2
0, 708 pounds; and 96
pounds K
2
0, 1,878 pounds. In another comparison, plots were
used which had received no potash from 1980 until 1947, but
since that time had received 48 pounds of K
2
0 per acre to cotton.
In 1951, one ton of dolomitic limestone per acre was applied,
and where 600 pounds of muriate of potash was applied broad-
cast prior to planting, the yield was increased 680 pounds of seed
cotton per acre over that obtained without the additional potash.
(8) FERTILIZER EFFECTS ON 
BOTANICAL AND CHEMICAL COMPO-
SITION OF WHITE CLOVER-DALLISGRASS ASSOCIATIONS 
GROWN ON
SUMTER CLAY. (R. D. Rouse and J. 
M. Brown.) - Yields from a
greenhouse pot experiment and 
the potassium and calcium
analysis of plant material showed 
that the persistence of clover
in white clover-Dallisgrass associations on Sumter 
clay is highly
dependent on potash, minor 
elements and nitrogen fertilization.
The application of potash and minor elements 
resulted in an
increase in clover and a decrease in grass content 
of the herbage
without affecting the total clover-grass 
yields for 20 months'
clippings. The application 
of nitrogen increased the total 
yields
as a result of increased grass yields. 
The total yields of clover
were not significantly affected by nitrogen 
application but there
was a decrease in clover yields associated 
with increasing rates
of nitrogen as the stand became 
older.
Based on potassium removed in the herbage 
of 5 clippings, the
grass removed more potassium 
in all cases than the clover except
where no nitrogen was applied and 
the potash rates were 90
to 120 pounds per acre with minor 
elements. Potash fertilization
increased the potassium content of 
both clover and grass but it
did not appreciably affect the amount 
of potassium removed
by grass.
The results of this experiment 
indicate that Dallisgrass 
has a
greater ability than white 
clover to absorb potassium 
from the
soil. Thus it was necessary to 
apply potash in excess of what 
is
needed by the grass to enable 
the clover to more successfully
compete with grass in clover-grass 
association.
Factors Affecting the Nature and 
Behavior of Native and Added
Phosphates in Soils: (1) Loss 
OF PHOSPHORUS BY EROSION. 
(L.
E. Ensminger.) - A study was 
made of the phosphorus status of
soils which had received phosphate 
applications over a period
of years to determine the loss 
of phosphorus by erosion. Phos-
phorus that could not be accounted 
for by analysis of the surface
16 inches of soil and by crop removal 
was assumed to be lost by
erosion.
Where corn and cotton were used 
as the rotation, an average
of 63 per cent of the phosphorus 
applied during a 16-year period
to a Hartsells fine sandy loam 
soil with a 2 to 4 per cent slope
had been lost by erosion as compared 
to 40 per cent for a corn,
cotton, and winter legume 
rotation. The results show 
that most
of the accumulated phosphorus 
could be extracted by a HCl-
62nd and 63rd ANNUAL REPORTS
9
ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
NH
4
F solution. Three plots in the corn, cotton, and winter legume
rotation contained 7 to 8 per cent <2 t material in the surface
0 to 8 inches originally, but after 16 years of cropping the < 2 1
material had been reduced to 5 to 6 per cent. The clay fraction
contained 25 to 30 per cent of the total phosphorus. These
results indicate that only a small part of the phosphorus was lost
along with the clay fraction.
A study of 22 fields in Baldwin County that had been in pota-
toes from 5 to 30 years shows that the surface soil accumulated
an average of 103 pounds P
2
0
5 
per acre per year in potatoes,
although an estimated 200 pounds of P
2
0
5 
was added each year
potatoes were grown.
An inventory of the phosphorus status of soils in cement bins
after 12 years of phosphate applications shows that 80 per cent
or more of the applied phosphorus could be accounted for on
the basis of soil analysis and crop removal. The plots were
enclosed by cement walls which prevented run-off except during
very heavy rains.
(2) AVAILABILITY OF ROCK PHOSPHATE IN GREENHOUSE EPERI-
MENTS AS MEASURED BY RADIOPHOSPHORUS UPTAKE. (L. E. Ens-
minger.) - The exact availability of rock phosphate is still open
to question even though a great deal of field work has been
conducted to answer the question. The availability of rock phos-
phate can be determined by measuring the effect of various rates
of rock phosphate on the uptake of phosphorus from a uniform
application of radioactive superphosphate. An experiment of
this nature was started in 1951 using two soils of different clay
mineral composition. Both soils had a pH of about 5.0 and were
low in soluble phosphorus. The radiophosphorus uptake data
showed that when rock phosphate was applied to a Eutaw clay
that 20 to 40 per cent of its phosphorus was available for Ladino
clover. In case of the Cecil clay loam radiophosphorus uptake
data showed that rock phosphate had an availability of 14 per
cent or less.
Iron Nutrition of Certain Plants with Special Reference to Con-
ditions Obtained in Calcareous Soils. (John I. Wear.) - Rice,
common lespedeza, and peanuts developed severe iron chlorosis
when grown in Sumter (calcareous) clay soil. Plants made
normal growth when they were sprayed with soluble iron salts,
or when the soil was puddled so that more CO
2 
was retained by
the soil. The growth of peanuts in this highly calcareous soil
10
was also improved by sealing the top of the soil with paraffin and
by mulching with organic matter. In the rice experiment there
was a much larger concentration of CO
2 
in the puddled soil than
in the unpuddled soil. Lima beans and field peas, which grow
normally in calcareous soils, excrete larger quantities of CO
2 
into
the soil than the peanut plant, which develops severe iron chlo-
rosis when grown in a highly calcareous soil.
When Sumter clay was sterilized by autoclaving, puddling the
soil did not prevent iron deficiency. This gave evidence that
puddling made the soil a reducing medium in which autotrophic
microorganisms possibly cause a reduction of ferric to ferrous
iron.
The chlorotic condition of peanuts was improved when grown
with wheat in a highly calcareous soil.
Breeding of Legumes for Forage 
and Soil Improvement: (1)
VETCH BREEDING. (E. D. Donnelly, Pryce B. Gibson and E. B.
Minton.) - The Auburn strain of woollypod vetch has been out-
standing in the production of green manure in the lower two-
thirds of Alabama. In from 2 to 7 trials at each of 9 locations in
this part of the State the above vetch has produced as follows,
using Hairy vetch as 100 per cent: 177, 
141, 177, 188, 188, 84,
108, 203, and 147 per cent, respectively. Auburn woollypod is
widely adapted. It was one of the most productive vetches in-
eluded in cooperative tests conducted throughout the Southern
Region in 1950-51 and 1951-52.
(2) SERICEA BREEDING- Data from studies designed to obtain
information pertaining to the best method of handling plant
material of sericea lespedeza selections from the time of harvest
and drying to the time of analysis of the material for its tannin
content indicated the following: (a) There was no breakdown
of the tannin in the ground leaves of 12 sericea plants when this
material was analyzed on October 12, November 10, December
15, and June 19. (b)Temperature had no effect on the tannin
content of plants stored at 120 C. and room temperature for 9
months. (c) The method of storage had no effect on the tannin
content of samples stored in sealed and unsealed containers for
4 months.
Stems and leaves of 44 sericea plants were analyzed sepa-
rately for their tannin content. The leaves of these plants ranged
from 5.1 to 11.5 per cent tannin and the stems from 1.2 to 3.8.
Plants with leaves containing 6.24 per cent tannin or less pro-
62nd and 63rd ANNUAL REPORTS 11
S12 ALABAMA AGRICULTUALEPRMNSTIO
duced stems with 2 per cent tannin or less. However, stems
from 2 plants contained less than 2 per cent tannin even though
the leaves from these plants contained 8.9 per cent. A highly
significant correlation coefficient of r = 0.8 was obtained when
the percentage tannin in the leaves was compared with that in
the stems for all 44 individual plants, indicating a very close
association between the tannin of the leaves and that of the
stems. Considering this association and the data indicating that
tannin content of the stems is relatively low as compared to
that of the leaves, the tannin content of the latter should furnish
a good criterion for separating low and high tannin plants.
Variation in tannin content of the same plant from year to
year and between clippings within a given year has been meas-
ured. However, when the percentage tannin of 96 plants cut in
August, 1950 was compared to the percentage tannin of these
same plants cut in May, 1951, a highly significant correlation
coefficient of r 0.39 was obtained. When this comparison was
made using tannin percentages on May 4, 1951 and on June 8,
1951, a highly-significant correlation coefficient of r= 0.55 was
obtained. This indicates that genotype conditions the tannin
content of sericea plants considerably.
(3) WrTE CLOVER BREEDING. - White clover (Trifolium
repens L.) may be grouped into three agronomic types; namely,
large, intermediate and small. Classifying plants into these types
is difficult since other than size the gross morphological character-
istics are similar. The use of the number of vascular bundles per
petiole was proposed as a means of distinguishing between plants
of Ladino (the accepted example of the large type) and the
intermediate type. This method was studied at the Alabama Poly-
technic Institute by counting the number of vascular bundles
per petiole in 12 clonal lines each of Ladino and intermediate
white clovers growing in three different environments.
The number of vascular bundles per petiole was determined
for plants of each line growing (1) in the greenhouse, (2) in the
field during cool moist weather, and (3) in the field during hot
dry weather. The variation caused by the different environments
was significant for each change of environment for each type.
This variation was so large that the mean number of vascular
bundles per petiole for the 12 Ladino clones in the field during
hot dry weather and the corresponding mean for the 12 inter-
mediate white clones in the field during cool moist weather were
the same. Variation in the number of vascular bundles per petiole
' 12
ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
was so large among the clones within the types that overlapping
values for the two types were found in each environment. These
results indicate that the reliability of vascular bundle counts as a
criterion for grouping white clover plants into types is question-
able.
Production and Management of Alfalfa and Sericea: (1) EFFECT
OF FERTILIZERS AND LIME ON TANNIN CONTENT OF SERICEA.
(Clarence M. Wilson.) - Field and greenhouse studies during
the period 1950-52 indicated that the tannin content of sericea
was not affected by additions of calcium, nitrogen, phosphorus
and potassium provided these elements were not deficient to the
point where sericea growth was limited. In some cases where
phosphorus or potassium was extremely low in the soil, sericea
growth was increased and the tannin content was decreased by
adding these elements at rates of 60 pounds of P
2
05 and K
2
0
per acre.
(2) DEPTH OF PLACEMENT AND RATES OF LIME FOR ALFALFA.
(Clarence M. Wilson.) - During 1951-52 field tests were con-
ducted with depths of placement and rates of lime for alfalfa
on Lloyd, Cecil and Susquehanna soils. Depths of placement
ranged from 0-6 to 0-18 inches, and rates included 2, 4, and 8
tons of lime per acre. For the Susquehanna soil lime was incorpo-
rated with the entire soil layers indicated. For the Cecil and
Lloyd soils lime was incorporated with the surface 6 inches, but
deeper placements were applied as plow sole applications. So
far, no significant differences in alfalfa yields have occurred on
the Lloyd soil due to lime treatment.
The 4-ton rate of lime has produced the best yields of any
rate applied to the surface 6 inches of Cecil soil. All rates have
shown increases in yields where the application was split to put
one half in the surface 6 inches and the remainder at lower
depths in the Cecil soil.
On the very acid Susquehanna soil, the surface application of
8 tons of lime gave significantly higher alfalfa yields than either
the 2- or 4-ton surface application. The use of 8 tons of lime
applied at 0-12 inches was the best lime treatment used on the
Susquehanna soil.
Subsoiling to a depth of 12 inches did not improve alfalfa
yields on any of the 8 soils studied.
(8) EFFECT OF SOIL FUMIGATION ON ALFALFA YIELDS. (Clarence
M. Wilson.) - The use of Dowfume W-40 at the rate of 15
62nd and 63rd ANNUAL REPORTS 13
14 ALABAMA AGRICULTURALEPRMN TTO
gallons per acre applied in March, 1951, on a Norfolk loamy
sand gave an average increase of about 300 pounds of alfalfa hay
per acre in 1951 and an increase of about 500 pounds per acre
in 1952 over the plots receiving no fumigant. Although these
increases were not significant by statistical methods, the alfalfa
stands on the non-treated plots appearedconsiderably weakened
at the end of the 1952 growing season. The fumigant offers
promise of increasing the longevity of alfalfa stands on light,
sandy soils.
Pasture Studies: (1) PERFORMANCE OF ANNUAL WINTER
GRASSES. (J. D. Burns and R. M. Patterson.) - Five annual winter
grasses were tested in the 1951-52 growing season at the Lower
Coastal Plain Substation and the Plant Breeding Unit. The
grasses tested and the average yields of dry forage per acre for
the 2 locations were domestic rescue, 4,544; Texas 46 rescue,
4,200; common ryegrass, 3,564; Phalaris minor, 2,888; and Tifton
14 rustproof oats, 2,885 pounds.
(2) SUPPLEMENTARY NITROGEN FOR PERMANENT PASTURES. (R.
M. Patterson and J. D. Burns.) - Recent results from experiments
designed to determine the value of applying nitrogen to perma-
nent pastures are:
a. Under irrigation, no increases in yield were 
obtained from
applications up to 128 pounds of nitrogen per acre when a high
percentage of clover remained vegetative throughout the year.
The average production of forage in this experiment was approxi-
mately 6 tons of dry matter per acre. The predominant species
were white clover, Bermuda-grass, crabgrass and other annual
native summer grasses.
b. Trends toward increased yields from increasing nitrogen
rates up to 128 pounds per acre were obtained when the clover
population of the mixture was low except during the peak clover
season in the spring. The predominant species were fescue, white
clover, crabgrass and barnyard grass.
c. The application of nitrogen to a fescue sod containing no
clover gave a marked increase in yield of grass.
d. Bahiagrass following a good growth of crimson clover did
not respond to nitrogen fertilization during the dry summer of
1952.
Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization on the Seed Yield of Tall Fescue.
(R. M. Patterson, J. D. Burns and E. M. Evans.) - An experiment
to determine the effects of time and rate of nitrogen applications
14
ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
62nd and 63rd ANNUAL REPORTS 1
on the seed yield of tall fescue that was clipped to simulate
grazing until March 1 each year was conducted at the Black Belt
Substation on Sumter clay. The test was laid out on an estab-
lished fescue sod that had received adequate phosphorus and
potassium fertilization.
The 2-year average fescue seed yield from the plots which
received no nitrogen was 90 pounds per acre. Plots receiving 48
pounds of nitrogen per acre on September 1 and no nitrogen in
the spring produced 140 pounds of seed per acre. Application
of 48 and 64 pounds of nitrogen per acre on March 1 increased
the yields to 212 and 240 pounds per acre, respectively. Plots
receiving 32 and 48 pounds of nitrogen per acre both on Sep-
tember 1 and on March 1 produced 169 and 223 pounds of seed
per acre, respectively. These 2-year results show that:
1. Spring applications of nitrogen were more effective in in-
creasing seed yields than fall applications.
2. The yield of seed is almost directly proportional to the
amount of nitrogen applied in the spring up to 64 pounds per
acre.
8. Forage yields were proportional to the amount of nitrogen
applied in the fall during the 1950-51 grazing season. No forage
yields were obtained during the 1951-52 grazing season, but the
area was clipped to simulate grazing when sufficient growth
was obtained.
Method for Determining the Lime Requirements of Soils. 
(F. L.
Davis and H. L. Musen.) - A study was made of laboratory
methods for determining the lime requirements of light, 
sandy
soils. This was prompted by the need for a quick and reliable
method for determining the lime requirements of the weakly
buffered soils of southern Alabama. The cation exchange capacity
and exchangeable calcium of 143 soil samples were determined.
The amounts of limestone needed to bring these soils to 75
per cent saturation were used as a criterion for comparing the
results obtained from methods for determining lime requirements
for soils. Methods based upon the partial neutralization 
of total
soil acidity, or exchangeable hydrogen, were found to 
give the
most reliable results.
Minor Element Status of Alabama Soils and the 
Requirements
of These Elements for Plant Growth: (1) Tun ACCUMULATION 
OF
BORONiN ALABAMA SOILS UNDER VARIoUS CONDITIONS 
AND THE
EFFECT OF THE ACCUMULATION ON CROPS WHnCH ARE SENSITIVE
62nd and 63rd ANNUAL REPORTS is
ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
To BORON. (John I. Wear.) - Substantial increases of crimson
clover seed have been obtained with borax at 4 locations on
Alabama sandy soils. In 1952 10 pounds of borax per acre in-
creased the seed yields from 121 pounds to 384 pounds at
Auburn; 229 to 587 pounds at Brewton; 108 to 617 at the Sand
Mountain Substation; and at the Lower 
Coastal Plain Substation,
from 89 pounds to 401 pounds. From 1 year's results, these
substantial increases were not found on heavier clay soils. The
water soluble borax found in the sandy soils was lower than that
found in the clay soils. Boron added to these soils leached out
much more rapidly in the sandy soils than in the clay soils.
(2) ZINC REQUIREMENTS FOR CORN. (John I. Wear.) In 1951
zinc sulfate increased corn yields on zinc-deficient land at the
Wiregrass Substation. The yields obtained from 0, 5, 10, and 15
pounds of zinc sulfate per acre were 29.9, 31.5, 88.7, and 85.4
bushels of corn per acre, respectively. When this soil was limed
and no zinc applied, the yield was reduced to 24.7 bushels per
acre, but increased to 84.5 bushels of corn per acre when lime
and zinc were applied. Due to very low yields from extreme dry
weather in 1952, the yields obtained were not significantly dif-
ferent.
(3) A STUDY OF MATERIALS OF Low BORON SOLUBILITY WHICH
MAY BE UTILIZED AS A SOURCE OF BORON FOR PLANT GROWTH.
(John I. Wear and C. M. Wilson.) - A study of two materials
(Colemanite and Howlite) is in progress to determine if either
material could be used as a slowly available source of boron for
plant growth. It was found that Colemanite was only 19 per
cent as soluble as high grade fertilizer 
borax and Howlite only
4 per cent as soluble, based on hot-water soluble standards.
Turnips and soybeans were grown under greenhouse conditions
with different rates of these materials. Turnips showed little
toxicity up to 24 pounds of borax, 60 pounds of Colemanite, and
150 pounds of Howlite per acre. Soybeans showed little toxicity
up to 8 pounds of borax, 10 pounds of Colemanite, and 50 pounds
of Howlite. Field applications of these materials were made
within small rims. Applications of 10, 20, and 40 pounds per
acre of each material were made in the spring. After 6 months
the soils were analyzed for boron at three depths, 0-8, 8-16, and
16-24 inches. Results from the first 6 months' sampling shows
that borax is leaching out of the topsoil faster than the lesser
soluble materials.
16
Response of Runner Peanuts to Lime and Gypsum. (F. L.
Davis.) - Cooperative field experiments on the effect of lime
and gypsum on the yield of runner peanuts have been conducted
for 4 years in 4 counties of the Wiregrass area of southeastern
Alabama. Lime was applied in every test at the rate of 1 ton per
acre at least 6 weeks before planting, and gypsum at the rate of
400 pounds per acre was dusted on the peanut vines during the
early blooming stage. Yield data have been obtained for one or
more years from 35 locations with a total of 57 vields.
Increases in peanut yields of 200 pounds or more per acre were
obtained from lime or gypsum at 21 of the locations. Twelve
locations gave increases in yields of 400 pounds or more per acre
from lime or gypsum, and 4 produced increases in yields of 600
pounds per acre from lime or gypsum. The average increases in
yield of peanuts obtained from these tests are given in Table 1.
TABLE 1. AVERAGE INCREASES IN YIELDS OF RUNNER PEANUTS FROM LIME AND
GYPSUM
Treatment and average increase in yield per acre
Tests giving increase ton 400 pounds 
1 ton lime plus
in yields over-- i ton 400 
pounds
lime gypsum
gypsum
Lb. per acre No. tests Lb. Lb. Lb.
Year of highest yield
600 4 370 584 685
400 12 333 390 586
200 21 227 298 892
Average of all years
600 5 269 468 490
400 17 245 320 404
200 33 173 235 279
Includes yields obtained in 1951 which was a very dry season and in which
very low yields were produced.
The data obtained indicate 
that approximately 40 
per cent of
the soils on which peanuts are grown would give a profitable
increase in yield of nuts from an application of lime or gypsum.
A calcium deficiency of soils for peanuts can be determined by a
soil test of exchange calcium. A low shelling percentage or high
percentage of "pops" is also a good indication of a deficiency of
calcium in the soil or of the need for applications of lime or
gypsum. The larger increases in yields were obtained from soils
that produced peanuts having the lower shelling percentage.
Chemical Weed Control: (1) CHEROKEE ROSE (Rosa brac-
teata) CONTROL. (V. S. Searcy.) - In a time of application
62nd and 63rd ANNUAL REPORTS 17
ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
study, ammate (ammonium sulfamate) at the rate of 1 and 2
pounds per gallon of water, the low volatile ester and amine
form of 2,4-D' each at the rate of 2 and 4 pounds per 100 gallons
of water, and Concentrated Borascu (B
2
0
3 
equivalent 62.4 per
cent) at the rate of 10 and 15 pounds per 100 square feet were
applied to old clumps of Cherokee rose during the four seasons
of the year.
Concentrated Borascu at both rates and at all dates killed
Cherokee rose. All other treatments at all dates failed to kill
Cherokee rose.
In another test the following treatments were applied per 100
square feet of area unless otherwise specified: Concentrated
Borascu 71/2, 10.0, and 121/ pounds; Borascu (B
2
08 equivalent
34 per cent) 15, 20, and 25 pounds; Polybor Chlorate (Na penta-
borate decahydrate 55 per cent, borax 16 per cent, and Na
chlorate 25 per cent) 2, 4, and 6 pounds; NaC1 (common table
salt) 25, 50, and 100 pounds; Gerstley Borate (B
2
0
3 
equivalent
86.5 per cent, ranges from 28.0 per cent to 86.5 per cent) 15 and
20 pounds; and CMU (3-p-chlorophenyl-1, 1 dimethylurea) at
the rate of 25, 50, and 75 pounds per acre.
One year after application, all rates of Borascu, Concentrated
Borascu, Gerstley Borate, the 6-pound rate of Polybor Chlorate
and the 75-pound rate of CMU had killed the roses. All other
treatments were ineffective.
In another experiment an established stand of Cherokee rose
was removed with a rotary type mechanical cutter. The desir-
able species in the area were common lespedeza and Dallisgrass.
When the new growth of Cherokee rose had reached a length
of 12 to 18 inches the following treatments were applied: The
low volatile ester and amine forms of 2,4-D each at the rate of
1 and 2 pounds per acre. All treatments have killed the new
growth and seedlings of Cherokee roses. It has been necessary
to apply 3 applications during the growing season to kill back
the new growth. Dallisgrass appears to be spreading on all
chemically treated plots. Apparently common lespedeza was not
injured except when the chemicals were applied during the seed-
ling stage. One pound of the low volatile ester of 2,4-D appears
to be equal to 2 pounds of the amine form. Marsh elder (Iva
ciliata) and bitter weed (Helinium tenuifolium) have dis-
appeared from all chemically treated plots. There are many old
Cherokee roses still sprouting after two summers of treatment.
S2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, expressed as pounds of acid equivalent.
18
19
(2) WEED CONTROL 
IN COTTON. (V. S. Searcy.) 
- Experiments
conducted for the past 2 years 
have shown that annual weeds
can be controlled in cotton 
for a period of 4 to 8 weeks. 
The
best results have been obtained by 
applying either CIPC [isa-
propyl-N- (-chlorophenyl) 
carbamate] or dinitro 
(dinitro-o-sec-
butyphenol) at the rate 
of 1 to 11/ pounds per 
acre to a 12-inch
band in 40-inch rows on sandy 
soils, and 2 to 21 pounds on
heavy soils as a pre-emergence 
treatment, followed 
by post-
emergence herbicidal 
oil when needed at the 
rate of 5 gallons
per acre per application 
to the band.
(3) PRE-EMERGENCE 
CHEMICAL WEED CONTROL 
ON RUNNER
PEANUTS. (V. S. Searcy.)- 
The dinitro compounds 
(dinitro-o-
sec-butylphenol) at rates 
of 21/ to 81/2 pounds per acre applied
to a 12-inch band, in 
36-inch rows have consistently 
controlled
annual weeds for a period 
of 4 to 7 weeks without any injury 
to
peanut plants. 
However, where 
heavy beating 
rains fall soon
after application, the effectiveness 
of the dinitros is reduced.
Recent results have shown 
that 1 pound of 2,4-D applied 
imme-
diately after planting delays 
emergence and dwarfs the peanut
plants where enough 
rain falls, soon after application, 
to leach
the chemical to the root 
zone.
BOTANY and PLANT 
PATHOLOGY
Investigations on Diseases 
of Forage Crops, Grain Crops, 
and
Legumes. (J. A. Lyle.) 
- From a laboratory 
study of 51 single
basidiospore isolates of 
the fungus Sclerotium rolfsii 
Sacc., it was
shown that (1) Sclerotium delphinii 
Welch is invalid as a species;
(2)Sclerotium rolfsii is 
homothallic; (3) sclerotial 
formation in
asclerotial isolates of S. 
rolfsii may be induced with 
the addition
of thiamine hydrochloride; 
and (4) a temperature 
of approxi-
mately 800 C. was closely 
associated with maximum 
expression of
vegetative growth and 
hymenial formation 
of the single basidio-
spore isolates.
Data obtained from 
intermediate and Ladino 
white clover
clones grown under semi-controlled 
conditions demonstrated 
that
(1) Pseudoplea trifolii, 
Stemphylium botryosum, 
Curvularia tri-
folii, and Colletotrichum 
graminicolum were the 
principal disease
organisms attacking the 
foliage; (2) P. trifolii, 
C. graminicolum,
Rhizoctonia sp., Fusarium 
sp., and nematodes were 
the major
disease organisms attacking 
the stolons and roots; 
(3) no corre-
lation existed between 
flowering of the white 
clover clones and
62nd and 63rd ANNUAL REPORTS
ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
disease susceptibility; (4) intermediate white clover clones were
more susceptible than Ladino clover clones to all diseases except
Curvularia leaf spot; and (5) climatic records, particularly pre-
cipitation, humidity, and temperature, could be correlated with
severity of disease infestations.
Seed treatment experiments indicated that the application of
specific chemical seed protectants increased the field stand of
oats and rescuegrass by controlling seed-borne and soil-borne dis-
eases. Although no significant increases in field stand were ob-
tained with crimson clover, white clover, soybean, and vetch
seed treated with similar seed protectants, it was shown that the
chemical seed treatments did not interfere with nodule formation.
Factors Affecting the Quality of Peanut Seed. (H. S. Ward, Jr.,
J. L. Butt, J. H. Blackstone, and I. F. Reed.)
2 -
- The objectives
of this investigation were to determine whether variability in
germination of peanuts was the result of factors which occurred
on the farm, during storage, or during machine shelling. To
answer the above objectives, studies were conducted on the
effects of farm site, storage, and machine shelling.
Statistical analysis was carried out on data pertaining to spring
germination as related to fall free fatty acids, moisture, maturity,
and federal grade of samples of cured peanuts taken from 135
farms in 11 counties of the peanut area of Alabama. The results
on a basis of 1 year's data only (1950) showed that spring ger-
minations of 80 per cent or higher were obtainable from peanuts
grown in any of the 11 counties provided that the fall cured
peanuts had: (1) a grade of above 65 per cent S.M.K., less than
5 per cent shrivels, and 1 per cent or less damage, (2) kernel
moistures of 7 per cent or less, (8) kernel free fatty acids of
0.30 per cent or less, and (4) as a measure of maturity 76 per
cent of all peanuts with black or red coloring inside the shell.
Differences in spring germination were not shown to be affected
by soil type, fertilizer management practices, and geographical
location.
The effects of moisture and temperature during storage on
germination and free fatty acids of peanut kernels were studied
under controlled conditions of the two above variables in the
laboratory. Both unshelled and shelled samples were used. Fol-
lowing 5 months of storage, the results showed that: (1) at any
joint project between the Departments of Botany and Plant Pathology, Agri-
cultural Engineering, Agricultural Economics and the USDA Tillage Laboratory.
20
moisture level below 9 per cent, germinations were 20 to 80
per cent higher in unshelled than in shelled peanuts, (2) highest
germinations were at 6 per cent kernel moisture, (3) germina-
bility was reduced to zero in 5 weeks if kernel moisture was
above 8 per cent, (4) per cent free fatty acids was less than 1 per
cent in kernel moistures below 8 per cent, (5) germinations could
be held above 80 per cent in peanuts for 1 year if stored at a
temperature of 20
0
C, and (6) per cent free fatty acids within a
given moisture level reached a maximum at 30'C. and was less
at 20
0
C or 35
0
C.
The effect of the sheller on germination of mature unsplit
kernels was shown mainly to be the result of various degrees of
skin removal damage. If skin damaged peanuts were removed
by picking table operation, germination of the picked mature
kernels was as good as hand shelled peanuts. Sheller design and
operational factors affected the number of splits and capacity
of the sheller. The number of splits was not only affected by
speed and cylinder arrangements but by kernel moisture content.
Splits were least within the moisture range of 11.8 to 14.0 per
cent kernel moisture.
Processing and Storing of Seeds, Grain, and Hay. (H. S. Ward,
Jr.)
8 
- The botanical 
phases of this project 
have been concerned
with the storage behavior of Lespedeza sericea seed. The objec-
tives were to determine the moisture content of scarified and
non-scarified Lespedeza sericea seed at which high germinability
was maintained during storage and whether scarified seed de-
teriorated more rapidly than did the non-scarified seed.
The initial study was to establish the hygroscopic equilibrium
curve for scarified and non-scarified seed. At all relative humidi-
ties (92, 86, 80, 75, 65, 54, 43, 83, 22, 11, and 0 per cents) the
hygroscopic moistures for scarified seed were higher than for
non-scarified seed. The curves were of the sigmoid type as 
was
shown previously for blue lupine and crimson clover seeds.
Following 12 months storage in controlled humidity chambers,
non-scarified seed had germinations of 80 per cent or higher 
at
storage relative humidities of 75, 65, and 54 per 
cents while
scarified seed had germinations of 80 per cent or higher only 
at
the 54 per cent storage relative humidity. Both the non-scarified
and scarified seed at the end of 12 months of storage had 
92
SJoint project between Departments of Agricultural Engineering 
and Botany
and Plant Pathology.
62nd and 63rd ANNUAL REPORTS 21
per cent germination when stored at 54 per cent relative hu-
midity. These results show that Lespedeza sericea seed, if the
moisture of scarified seed is 8.1 per cent or less, will maintain as
high germinability after a 12-month storage period as do non-
scarified seed. At moistures above 8.1 per cent scarified seed do
not maintain longevity as well as do the non-scarified seed.
DAIRY HUSBANDRY
Evaluation of Feeds and Feeding Systems for Fall and Winter
Milk Production in Alabama: A COMPARSON OF WINTER PAS-
TURE, MOLASSES-SPRAYED PEANUT HAY, AND CORN SILAGE.
(George E. Hawkins, Jr. and K. M. Autrey.) - A double-change-
over feeding experiment involving 3 groups of 6 milking cows
each was conducted early in 1952. The ration variables were
crimson clover-ryegrass pasture, molasses-sprayed peanut hay,
and corn silage. The average weekly milk production per cow
was: (1) pasture, 642 pounds; (2) peanut hay, 539 pounds; and
(3) corn silage, 443 pounds. From the standpoint of feed cost
per unit of milk produced, the three rations ranked as follows:
pasture, lowest; corn silage, second; and peanut hay, highest.
The low dry matter intake by cows on corn silage indicates that
corn silage is not satisfactory as the only roughage feed for
milking cows.
Feeding and Management of Young Dairy Animals Under Ala-
bama Conditions: THE VALUE OF GRAIN FOR DARY HEIFERS ON
PASTURE. (George E. Hawkins, Jr.) - This study will involve
90 heifers divided into three equal groups. The animals in 1
group receive no grain after 6 months of age. Animals in a
second group receive grain up to 12 months and those in a third
group receive grain up to the time of calving.
Only 80 animals have been placed on experiment up to Decem-
ber 31, 1952. Preliminary results show that the average gains in
body weight, in heartgirth, and in barrelgirth of calves receiving
grain were significantly greater than those of calves receiving
no grain.
Feeding and Management of Young Dairy Animals Under Ala-
bama Conditions: INDmvUAL OUTSIDE PENS VERSUS BARN PENS
FOR DAIRY CALVES. (K. M. Autrey, George E. Hawkins, Jr., and
L. R. Davis.) - An experiment was started in 1950 to study the
relative merits of raising dairy calves from birth to 6 months of
22 ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
age in conventional barn pens and in portable outside pens. The
latter method has been recommended by the USDA Regional
Animal Disease Laboratory at Auburn as a plan for eliminating
the hazard of coccidiosis in young calves.
Studies involving 16 animals during each of 2 years showed
that calves grown up to 6 months of age in the outside pens
made significantly greater gains in body weight and at the heart-
girth than those grown in barn pens. The "outside" calves were
consistently more vigorous, and suffered much less from respira-
tory and digestive disorders (mainly coccidiosis) than did the
controls.
Feeds and Feeding Systems for Fall and Winter Milk Produc-
tion in Alabama. (K. M. Autrey and George E. Hawkins, Jr.) -
In a fall pasture grazing experiment with milking cows 8 pastures
ranked as follows for maintaining milk flow: crimson clover-
ryegiass, first; oats-crimson clover, second; and tall fescue-
Ladino, third. The last named pasture was easily the poorest of
the 3 in this 8-week test.
A 28-ton stack of crimson clover silage was harvested in April,
1952 at an estimated cost of $2.30 per ton. Good quality silage
resulted from both long and chopped clover. The silage as fed
had 80 per cent moisture and proved to be a very palatable feed.
Cows consumed 45 pounds daily while receiving oat-vetch hay
ad libitum at night and while being fed a limited amount of
concentrate. Cows receiving silage had a persistency of milk
flow equal to that of cows on the oat-clover pasture and superior
to that of cows on fescue-Ladino clover pasture.
A Study of Factors Affecting the Nutritive Value of Lespedeza
Sericea for Dairy Animals. (George E. Hawkins, Jr.) -In a
study to determine whether tannic acid is an important palat-
ability factor in sericea, digestion trials were conducted with
dairy calves in which the following rations were compared: (1)
alfalfa hay plus 5 per cent crystalline tannic acid; (2) alfalfa hay
alone; and (3) sericea hay (containing approximately 5 per cent
tannic acid). Digestibility of dry matter and of protein in the
alfalfa hay was not affected by the added tannin. Alfalfa hay
with or without tannic acid added was superior to the sericea
hay fed.
Ground oats and cottonseed meal were compared as supplements
to sericea hay in the rations of calves. Cottonseed meal seemed
62nd' and 63rd ANNUAL REPORTS 23
to be the better supplement, indicating that the sericea hay was
not providing adequate digestible protein to the animals.
Supplemental Irrigation of Fall Pastures in the Piedmont. (K.
M. Autrey.) - In 1951 irrigation studies were conducted at the
Dairy Production Unit to determine the value of irrigation of
crimson clover-ryegrass pasture seeded following subsoiling and
following plowing. Clover and ryegrass seeded August 14, 1951
came up to a good stand where irrigated. The stand was poor
on unirrigated areas. Much of the clover under irrigation was
smothered out by summer grasses and weeds. Grass was the
more serious pest on subsoiled areas, while weeds were more
serious on the plowed areas.
Based on 2 years' results, it seems safe to conclude that unless
a field is relatively free of weeds and grass, it is not practical to
irrigate early-seeded (prior to mid-August) crimson clover-rye-
grass pastures.
Quality and Flavor of Milk as Received at the Plant as Affected
by Methods of Handling Milk at the Barn, Cleaning Procedures,
and Feeding Management of the Cows: EFFECT OF VARIOUS
METHODS OF HANDLING MILK ON THE FARM ON BACTERIAL COUNT,
KEEPING PROPERTIES, AND FLAVOR OF MILK AS RECEIVED AT THE
PLANT. (Robert Y. Cannon.) - Five methods of handling milk
on the farm were employed. Two of these used a combine milker
and two involved carrying the milk to the milk room in the
milker pails. These were subdivided into aerated and non-aerated
trials. Where no aeration was used, empty cans were submerged
in an immersion type cooler, and filled in the cooler. The fifth
method involved pouring of milk into cans in the barn then trans-
ferring the full cans to the immersion cooler.
No differences were noted in the flavor, sediment or coliform
count of the milk handled by the various methods, as it was
received at the plant. Milk poured in the barn required 1 hour
for cooling, while the remainder cooled in 80 minutes. There
was no significant difference in the standard plate counts of the
milk as received at the plant, but after incubation at 210C. for
6 hours the milk poured in the barn showed a considerable
increase in count while the others remained about constant.
The Effect of Certain Antibiotics on the Reproductive Efficiency
of Dairy Bulls Used in Artifical Breeding. (W. E. Alston, Jr.) -
A combination of penicillin, streptomycin, and sulfanilamide was
ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION24
added to half the semen produced by 12 bulls at the Artificial
Insemination Unit in 1951. A study of records on 4,161 cows
bred with the treated and untreated semen revealed no signifi-
cant differences in fertility that could be attributed to the addition
of antibiotics.
Factors that might affect conception slightly are rapid tech-
nicians' turn-over in certain counties, extremely hot or cold
periods of weather, which was experienced during the period of
this experiment, and health of both males and females. None of
these factors were taken into consideration during this experiment.
FORESTRY
Yields and Returns from Thinnings of Southern Pines Planted
at Various Spacings. (K. W. Livingston.)- Plantations of lob-
lolly, slash, and longleaf pine were established on abandoned
fields at the Main Station, Auburn, in the spring of 1932. Planting
spacings of 4 x 4 feet, 6 x 6 feet, 8 x 8 feet, 9.6 x 9.6 feet, 12 x 12
feet, and 16 x 16 feet were used. Thinnings of loblolly and slash
pine have been made as follows: 4 x 4-foot plots, some to approxi-
mately 8 x 8 feet at plantation age 8 and again for adequate
crown release at age 19, some for adequate crown release at
age 19, and some never thinned; 6 x 6-foot plots, some to 400
trees per acre at age 12 and again for adequate crown release at
age 19, some to 600 trees per acre at age 12 and again for ade-
quate crown release at age 19, some for adequate crown release
at age 19, and some never thinned; other spacings, all plots for
adequate crown release at age 19. Because of poor survival and
slow early growth, no longleaf pine plots were thinned until age
19; and yields from thinning at that time were light.
For the first 19 years, total wood production was roughly pro-
portional to density of stocking. The same is true of merchantable
pulpwood production, but differences were somewhat smaller.
Thinnings of loblolly and slash pine made at age 12 were com-
mercially practical and profitable. They did, however, somewhat
reduce total yields during the first 19 years; but quicker financial
returns from early thinnings at least partially compensate for the
reduced yields. Furthermore, plots given early thinning appear to
be in better condition for producing valuable sawlogs and other
products that will be harvested in future cuttings.
Based on currently prevailing costs and prices, the returns on
the total investment have been 6 per cent annually from lob-
62nd and 63rd ANNUAL REPORTS 25
lolly pine planted at 6 x 6 feet, 8 per cent from slash 
pine planted
at 6 x 6 feet, and 6 per cent from loblolly and 
slash pine planted
at 8 x 8 feet.
Su~vival, Growth, and Returns from Thinning 
of Four Southern
Pines in Relation to Site Variations Due to Minor Topographic
Changes. (K. W. Livingston.) - Loblolly, longleaf, 
shortleaf, and
slash pines were planted at 6 x 6 feet in the years 
1932-34 on an
area of the Upper Coastal Plain bordering the Piedmont 
Plateau,
at Auburn. The area was divided into 4 topographic 
classes ac-
cording to the following definitions: hill - dry knolls 
and steep,
eroded upper and middle slopes, with sparse, grassy 
ground
cover; slope - gently rolling lower slopes, not severely 
eroded,
with little to scattered ground cover of young hardwoods; 
flat -
low, level, moist, well drained ground, with 
dense undergrowth
of sweetgum and honeysuckle; and swamp - permanently 
wet
ground, with rank growth of gum, willow, yellow 
poplar, other
hardwoods, cane, and vines.
Loblolly and slash pines were first thinned at 
age 12; and
all species were thinned in 1951, at ages 17 for 
loblolly, 18 for
longleaf, and 19 for shortleaf and slash pines. 
Total pulpwood
yields per acre at these ages were as follows: 
loblolly, hill, 17.3
cords; loblolly, slope, 32.3 cords; loblolly, flat, 
29.7 cords; loblolly,
swamp, 28.7 cords; longleaf, hill, 12.2 cords; 
longleaf, slope, 6.9
cords; longleaf, flat, 5.6 cords; longleaf, swamp, 
practically zero;
shortleaf, hill, 10.9 cords; shortleaf, slope, 
18.4 cords; shortleaf,
flat, 11.8 cords; shortleaf, swamp, 1.2 cords; 
slash, hill, 31.6 cords;
slash, slope, 44.0 cords; slash, flat, 49.8 cords; 
and slash, swamp,
12.1 cords.
Based on currently prevailing costs and prices, 
the annual re-
turns on the total investment have been 
7 per cent for loblolly
pine and 9 per cent for slash pine on all 
topographic classes
combined.
The Effects of Cultivation and Fertilization 
on the Growth of
Arizona Cypress. (G. I. Garin.) - Treatments 
were applied dur-
ing the second and third growing seasons to 
Arizona cypress
which had been planted as 1-0 stock at a 5 x 5-foot 
spacing on
the Upper Coastal Plain bordering the Piedmont 
Plateau at Au-
burn. The cultivation treatment consisted of 
hoeing around the
trees often enough to keep down the growth 
of grass, weeds, and
brush. Lime, at the rate of 2 tons per acre, 
was applied to half
the plots at the beginning of the second 
growing season. The
ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION26
62nd and 63rd ANNUAL REPORTS 2
following fertilizer treatments in various combinations were ap-
plied each growing season: nitrogen at the rates of 25 pounds
of N per acre in one application, 50 pounds in 2 applications, and
75 pounds in 3 applications; phosphorous at the rate of 75 pounds
of P
2
0
5 
per acre in one application; potash at the rate of 75
pounds of K
2
0 per acre in one application; and minor elements
at the rate of 75 pounds of Esminol per acre in one application.
Analysis of results showed that the only treatments which
significantly affected height growth of the trees were cultivation
and nitrogen application. Cultivation caused an increase of 0.4
foot and nitrogen application an increase of 0.7 foot in average
height growth during the two seasons. There were no differences
in response to the three rates of nitrogen application. Effects of
cultivation and nitrogen were apparently independent of each
other.
Feasibility of Using Photographic Measurements to Determine
Pulpwood Volume in Rick-Piled Woodyards. (E. W. Johnson.) -
The primary problem in estimating the volume of ricks of pulp-
wood involves the following steps: (1) developing profiles of
the stacks, (2) measuring the end-area of these profiles, and (3)
dividing this total end-area by the end-area of the pulpwood unit
being used to determine the number of units in the stack. A
study to determine the feasibility of using photogrammetric
methods to develop such rick profiles was begun in January, 1952.
The most feasible method of obtaining such profiles photo-
grammetrically is to use a precise stereoplotting machine such as
the Zeiss Stereoplanigraph or the Wild A-5 Autograph. With such
machines, the Y and Zmotion drive-shafts are reversed so that
the machine can plot a continuous profile rather than a contour.
At the present time costs of such an analysis are too high, being
approximately twice as high as conventional ground techniques.
If cost could be brought down to competitive levels, the precise
plotters would find wide use.
Somewhat poorer estimates would result from the use of a
stereometer to measure spot heights along the length of the rick.
Such spot heights would be plotted to form the profile. Large
scale photographs would be essential. These could be obtained
using long focal length cameras, but in such a case the stereo-
scopic displacement would be reduced resulting in less precise
height measurements. Photographs taken with individual frame
image-motion-compensation cameras would solve the problem,
62nd and 63rd ANNUAL REPORTS 27
but as yet such cameras have not 
been released for civilian use
in the United States. The use of a helicopter 
has been con-
sidered, but the cost of helicopter operation 
is so great that this
procedure must be ruled out.
Sonne continuous strip photography has not 
been investigated
as yet but may prove to be a useful technique.
Neither aerial nor terrestrial oblique photography 
will produce
desirable results since the bases and portions of 
the tops of many
ricks are hidden behind other ricks making 
height measurements
impossible. In addition, the analysis 
of oblique photographs is
relatively crude compared to that possible 
on vertical photo-
graphs using parallax methods.
Release of Pine and Desirable Hardwoods 
from Defective and
Low Grade Hardwoods by Poisoning. 
(Frank F. Smith.) - An 18-
acre stand of desirable hardwood and pine reproduction 
was
released from an overstory of poor quality 
hardwoods in February
and March, 1951. Randomized plots in the stand 
indicate the
overstory had an average basal area of 49.88 square 
feet per acre
of which only 6.50 square feet were of desirable 
species. The
understory averaged 800 desirable hardwood and 
pine stems per
acre. The undesirable trees in the overstory 
were poisoned with
ammate crystals applied in chopped cups at 
the root collars. An
average of 3 man-hours and 13 pounds of ammate 
was used per
acre. At the end of the second growing season, the 
mortality was
as follows: blackjack oak, 100 per cent; white 
and post oaks, 84
per cent; southern red, black and scarlet 
oaks, 72 per cent; and,
red and black gums, 64 per cent. Stems 
under 10 inches in
diameter for the above species had even 
higher mortality. The
hickories were not affected by the poison.
HORTICULTURE
Effects of Fertilizers, Organic Materials, Irrigation, 
and Culture
on Asparagus Yields. (L. M. Ware and 
W. A. Johnson.) - Re-
sults are based on yields from 1949 through 
1952. Yields from
use of a 6-10-6 fertilizer divided into 8 equal 
applications were
1,848 pounds from 1,500 pounds per acre, 
1,994 pounds from
2,000 pounds, and 2,708 from 2,500 pounds. 
Yield was 2,692
pounds from 2,000 pounds of fertilizer and 
12 tons of stable
manure. Increasing the manure from 12 to 18 
tons per acre
increased yield only 184 pounds per acre. 
Irrigation did not
increase yields. At the 2,000-pound fertilizer 
rate, applications at
ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
28
629
2 rather than 8 periods increased yields from 1,994 to 2,885
pounds, but reducing applications to 1 period reduced yields to
1,918 pounds per acre. Fertilizer, when added at 1 period, was
applied just after cutting; when added at 2 periods one-half was
applied March 1 and one-half after cutting; when added at 3
periods, one-third was applied on March 1, one-third after cut-
ting, and one-third on August 1.
Effects of Soil Fumigation on Vegetable Crop Production. (L.
M. Ware and W. A. Johnson.) - Results are based on experiments
in 1950, 1951, and 1952 on the same soil. Materials were ethylene
dibromide (EDB) and dichloropropene-dichloropropane mixture
(DD). Applications were made in rows and broadcast or solid in
each of 3 successive years and broadcast in alternate years.
Stands were poor in 1952.
Yields of beets were increased by row treatment of EDB in
successive years, 85 per cent the first year and 211 per cent the
second year; yields were increased by solid treatment 41 per cent
the first year and 169 per cent the second year. Increases from
solid treatments in alternate years were 68 per cent the firstyear
and 840 per cent the second or residual year.
Yields of beets were reduced 10 per cent the first year by row
treatment of DD but increased 162 per cent the second year.
Yields the first year from solid treatment each year were reduced
80 per cent but increased 86 per cent the second year. Increases
were 269 per cent the second year from solid treatment in alter-
nate years.
Results with carrots were somewhat similar to results with beets
except that yields were not reduced the first year from any treat-
ment. Increases in yield of potatoes and turnips from soil fumi-
gation were less pronounced than those of beets.
The Effect of Minor Elements and Side Applications of Ferti'
lizers on Nutritional Deficiency in Potatoes. (W. A. Johnson, John
Wear, and Frank Garrett.) -In the spring of 1952, experiments
were conducted on five farms in Baldwin County. Soils in
three of the fields were of light sandy texture while in two other
fields they were of heavy texture. The tests were on a cooperative
basis with the farmer; the farmer applied the original base ferti-
lizer, planted and cultivated the crop, and aided in harvesting
the potatoes. The base fertilizer applied did not have magnesium
added. Seven treatments replicated three times were used at
each location.
62nd and 63rd ANNUAL REPORTS
Average differences necessary for significance between treat-
ments for all locations at the .05 level was 1,116 pounds or 11
bags and at the 0.1 level 1,538 pounds or 15 bags per acre.
The average yield of all fields without side dressing was 89
bags of marketable potatoes per acre; the yield was 100 bags per
acre when 32 pounds of nitrogen was applied as a side dressing;
this increase was significant at the .05 level. Fields 1, 2, and 3
with light sandy soil showed marked increases from the nitrogen
application; whereas, Fields 4 and 5 with heavy soils showed no
increase from side applications 
of nitrogen during this 
relatively
dry year. When the potatoes were side dressed with 82 pounds
of N and 56 pounds of KO
2
0, 109 bags were produced; this differ-
ence was slightly below significance. When 800 pounds of 4-10-7
was used as a side dressing, the yield was 113 bags per acre.
Therefore, the side application of complete fertilizer gave a sig-
nificant increase over the nitrogen side dress. When magnesium
was omitted from the fertilizer, there was a reduction of 11 bags
per acre which was significant at the .05 level. No significant in-
crease in yield resulted from addition of boron and zinc. Yield
of potatoes, side dressed with 4-10-7, was not affected when minor
elements were left out.
Observational Studies on Peach Varieties. (W. A. Johnson, T. B.
Hagler, and H. G. Barwood.) - Two-year yield results have been
obtained on 56 varieties of peaches at Auburn. Data were ob-
tained on ripening dates, fruit size, firmness of flesh, stone free-
ness, flesh color, eating quality, and yields.
Cherryred and Early Jubilee ripen approximately 1 week after
Mayflower, produce more and larger fruit, and have better quality
than Mayflower. Both have yellow flesh. The Cherryred is a
clingstone; and early Jubilee is a freestone. Jerseyland and Mis-
souri, both semi-cling peaches, show some promise of being good
peaches for home use; they ripen 
about the time of the Golden
Jubilee and Dixigem. These two varieties are larger than Dixigem
and are of similar quality.
Following the ripening dates of Halehaven is Newday, a semi-
cling peach of large size, which yields well and has good quality;
this is an excellent variety for home use. Both Early Triogem
and Triogem, which ripen approximately 1 week before Hale-
haven, show promise for both home and the fresh market use.
Sunhigh is a good variety that can be grown for the fresh market
and also for processing. It is a freestone peach, produces fairly
30 ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
62nd and 63rd NUAL REPORTS 3
large fruit, has very good quality, and produces excellent yields.
Other varieties showing promise are Burbank Elberta, Redcrest,
Summer Crest, and Brackett.
Suitability of Alabama-Grown Blackberries of the Trailing Type
for Commercial Jams and Jellies. (V. C. Zimmer and Hubert
Harris.) - Samples of berries of the Boysen and other varieties
grown in Alabama were tested and compared with similar berry
samples of the Evergreen variety grown in the State of Washing-
ton. The Evergreen berries were obtained from frozen stock used
by commercial preservers. The Alabama-grown samples of the
Boysen variety possessed ideal pH and total acidity for jam and
jelly making, while the Washington-grown Evergreen berries
were too low in acidity for a satisfactory gel set without the
addition of commercial fruit acid.
For 2 seasons samples of jellies and Jams prepared from the 2
sources of berries were tested and scored for flavor. The samples
were tested under code numbers by panels. Possible scores
ranged from 1 as very poor and unacceptable to 25 as excellent
and highly acceptable.
Average scores on iam products gave the Washington-grown
Evergreen jam a value of 15.1 as compared to 19.1 for the
Alabama-grown Boysen jam. Similar pane tests on jelly products
resulted in an average score of 15.2 for the Washington-grown
Evergeen jelly as compared to 18.7 for the Alabama-grown Boy-
sen jelly.
These tests indicate that Alabama-grown trailing type black-
berries are better suited for jam and jelly products than the Wash-
ington-grown Evergreen variety.
Retaining Volatile Flavors in Fruit Jellies and Jams. (Hubert
Harris.) - Better retention of volatile flavors in fruit jellies was
obtained by certain modifications of the common methods of
heating and boiling the products. Flavor losses from muscadines
and apples in extracting the juice were reduced considerably by
modifying the hot-extraction process. The fruits were cold-
pressed to obtain 75 to 80 per cent of the available juice; the
press cake was then heated in a steam chamber and pressed a
second time to obtain the remainder of the juice together with
pectin and coloring.
In finishing the jelly, flavor losses were reduced by cooking the
jelly in relatively small batches with short heating periods as
compared to larger batches and longer heating periods.
62nd and 63rd ANNUAL REPORTS 31.
ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
Flavor losses from larger batches were also reduced consider-
ably by the fraction batch soil. By this process, 40 per cent by
weight of a batch of standard juice was boiled long enough for
the necessary concentration of the entire batch and the remaining
60 per cent was heated to only 190'F. in compounding the jelly.
Average scores on jellies prepared by this process were only
slightly lower than the scores on jellies prepared from the same
juices by the vacuum process.
The highest retention of flavors by any of the methods studied
was obtained by the dilute fraction batch boil, By this process,
standard juice was separated into dilute and concentrated frac-
tions by freezing and centrifuging and only the dilute fraction
was boiled in finishing the jelly as explained above. The dilute
fraction of juice represented approximately 40 per cent of the
total weight of the batch of juice but only approximately 12 per
cent of the soluble solids in the batch.
Due to the shorter heating and boiling time, flavor losses were
less by the open-kettle process when a standard strength juice
was used than when a sub-standard strength juice was used.
Freezing Qualities of Strawberry Varieties. (Hubert Harris.) -
In a study of freezing qualities of strawberry varieties on test
at the North Alabama Horticulture Substation, the Tennessee
Shipper, Tennessee Beauty, Tennessee Supreme, and Blakemore
were superior to several other varieties tested. The Tennessee
Shipper rated excellent in texture and very good in color and
flavor. Tennessee Beauty and Tennessee Supreme rated excellent
in flavor and color and good to very good in texture. Blakemore
rated very good in flavor and color and good in texture. Varieties
that for one or more reasons failed to rate well in these tests
included Aroma, Klonmore, Missionary, and Klondike, However,
the Aroma rated high in flavor and the Klondike rated high in
color.
Effects of Fertilizers on Flavor of Cantaloupes( Hubert Harris.)
Soluble solids and flavor tests were made on cantaloupe samples
from certain treatments in a fertilizer and irrigation study. A total
of 9 cantaloupes was tested from each treatment studied and
the cantaloupes were taken from 3 different harvests. With com-
mercial fertilizers used at the rate of 1,000 pounds of 6-10-6 per
acre in each case, the average soluble solids were 10.74 per cent
on plots receiving the fertilizer alone, 10.29 per cent on plots
receiving organic materials in addition to the fertilizer, and 9.76
32
33
per cent on plots receiving irrigation, fertilizer, and organic
materials.
Panel tests on flavor indicated measurable flavor differences
between individual cantaloupes within treatments, but these tests
did not show any consistent differences between treatments.
Lettuce Variety Improvements. (C. L. Isbell.) - As 
the result
of crossings made using the crisp head variety Imperial 847 
and a
winter hardy receding unnamed loose leaf strain obtained from a
farmer in northeastern Alabama, several reseeding winter hardy
kinds have been developed. The different kinds vary greatly in
plant characteristics. Color of the leaves range from various
shades of green to various shades of purple. Some have leaves
greatly savoyed while leaves of others are smooth. Some are
crisp while others are butter types. Most of the plants are large
to very large and of good table quality. Consumer preference
tests indicate that a good many people would grow some of these
newer kinds if seed were available, or would buy the fresh
product if it were available on the market. The large plants 
of
high quality are especially adapted for use in cut salads or as
wilted lettuce. Some of the highly colored kinds are decidedly
promising as ornamental plants or for use in flower vegetable
arrangements.
Improved Varieties of Southern or Table Peas. (C. L. Isbell.)
By means of crossing and selection, five improved varieties of
Southern or table peas have been developed, named and released.
Their characteristics briefly stated are as follows:
(1) ALABUNCH. - This variety produces a tall bunch type
plant, with pods on long 
stems held well above the 
vine. The
root system is large and comparatively free of diseases. It pro-
duces well on a wide variety of soils. It is early with green peas
large enough for use in 45 to 55 days from planting. The yield
tends to be heavy. Pods are long and well filled with medium to
large white peas. The eyes are dark gray and appear black when
canned or frozen. Green peas shell well and are of good to
excellent quality, fresh, canned, or frozen. Matured peas tend to
be somewhat starchy and do not weather well if not harvested
soon after they are well dry.
(2) ALABROWNEYE.- This variety produces a medium to large
plant that is semi-vining to quite vining when grown on heavy
or moist soil from spring planting, but from summer plantings it
62nd and 63rd ANNUAL REPORTS
34 ALABAMA AGRICULTURALEPRMN TTO
tends to be a tall bunch type. It is well suited to follow oats.
It has a large deep root system. It is a mid-season variety with
green peas large enough for use from 60 to 75 days from planting.
The yield tends to be large especially when the soil is not too
moist. Pods are medium in size and length, well filled with white
peas that have brown eyes. The peas shell easily and are of high
quality when green or mature. Plants tend to retain the green
leaves until most of the peas are dry. Mature peas tend to
weather well.
(3) ALACROWDER. - This variety produces a stocky bunch plant
with pods on relatively long stems. The root system sometimes
develops slowly from early spring plantings apparently due to
some disease, but as the weather gets warm the root system
develops well. It is early with green peas ready for use 50 to 60
days from planting. The yield is good. Pods are medium length,
almost straight, quite large and contain large to very large white
peas with black eyes quite crowded in the pod. Green peas shell
well but pods both green and mature are noticeably tough. The
peas are of excellent quality, fresh, frozen, canned or mature.
(4) ALALNG. - This variety produces a large, semi-vining
plant. It is mid-season to late with 
green peas ready for use
from 70 to 90 days from planting. It fruits over a relatively very
long period. Pods are large, long and well filled with large
white peas that have brown eyes. The peas shell quite easily in
the green or mature state. The mature peas tend to weather well.
The quality of the peas is very good, fresh, canned, or frozen.
It is an excellent variety for home use or fresh market but does
not lend itself as well to mechanical harvest as do some other
varieties.
(5) EARLY Dxn QUEEN. - This variety produces a medium-
sized plant that tends to bunch, and fruits heavily when grown
on thin or drouthy soil. It produces large vines and is less fruitful
on heavy soils or under quite moist conditions. Its root system
is relatively free of diseases and very well developed. It is quite
early with green peas ready for use in 45 to 50 days from planting.
Pods are medium in length and size. The peas are medium in
size, white with brown eyes. They shell well and are of good
table quality, fresh, frozen, canned or dry.
Poinsettia Studies. (Tok Furuta.) - Results of tests show that
the normal flower bud initiation date in Auburn is between
September 20 to October 1. For this reason, the use of supple-
ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION34
mentary lights to delay bract initiation should begin before or on
September 15. By using supplementary lights to October 5, bract
development will not be too advanced for Christmas.
Studies with Greenhouse Chrysanthemums. (Tok Furuta.) -
Tests indicate that normal flower bud initiation occurs on green-
house varieties of chrysanthemums between August 8 to 15 in
Auburn. The length of time from the start of photoinduction to
flowering did not change this date. In addition, to May 1, the
natural daylength is short enough for flower buds to initiate.
Published schedules on chrysanthemum culture is well suited
to this area. It was also found that the length of the period of
long photoperiods before photoinduction, or planting distance did
not influence flower size. Stem length varied with a change in
both factors. In general closer spacing resulted in increased stem
length but less production.
Fertilizer Trials with Azaleas and Camellias.(Henry P. Orr and
Tok Furuta.) - Tests for 2 years with rooted cuttings of Camel-
lias and Azaleas indicated the following rates and analysis to be
superior: Camellias - 2,000 pounds of a 6-10-8 per year and
Azaleas - 6,000 pounds of a 6-10-4 per year. The rates are based
on an acre unit. Since this work was carried out in pots in a
greenhouse, free application to field plots should be avoided.
Hydrangea Variety Trials. (Morris Clint, Jr.)- Variety Trials
made during the winter and spring of 1951 showed that, for
Easter and Mother's Day, the varieties Strafford and Merveille
were the best to grow. Longer time was required for these plants
to come to full bloom for Easter. However, the strong, vigorous
growth, hard foliage, and full, large flower clusters made these
two varieties much superior to the others tested.
Regula was the best white variety tested.
The Use of Supplementary Illumination to Induce Earlier
Flowering of Camellia japonica. (Henry P. Orr and Tok Furuta.)
- Well developed plants of several camellia varieties were
treated during the fall to attempt to flower the plants earlier.
Supplementary illumination was supplied to one series beginning
September 1 to December 1, and to another series on October 1
to December 1. The check plot consisted of normal daylength
only. The supplementary illumination consisted of 100-watt
bulbs suspended 3 feet above the plants.
62'nd and 63rd ANNUAL REPORTS 35
Although flower production was low, the use of supplementary
light did not seem to induce earliness of flowering. Rather, in
several cases the early production had decreased when supple-
mentary lights were used. And in all cases, maximum production
occurred at the same time whatever the treatment.
Other workers have reported that long days delayed flowering
or did not materially influence the date of flowering.
Storage and Cultural Treatments on the Growth of Easter Lilies.
(Tok Furuta and Morris Clint, Jr.) - Commercial varieties of
Easter lilies were stored at 320 and 450 F. for 5 to 20 weeks
before forcing. Increasing storage time reduced the length of
forcing, decreased the final height and decreased the number of
flowers. These effects were more noticeable at 45
0
F. In general,
storage at 45
0
F. resulted in shorter plants and shorter forcing
period.
Storage in moist peat resulted in quicker growth and shorter
forcing period. Forcing temperature (50
0
F., 60'F. or a com-
bination) did not influence the height or number of flowers.
Forcing at 60
0
F. resulted in faster flowering.
Less than normal watering resulted in shorter plants of the
Croft lily. The number of leaf spots may also be reduced by this
method. Flower count was not influenced.
POULTRY HUSBANDRY
Breeding and Immunizing Chickens for Resistance to Coccidi-
osis: (1) IMMUNIZING CHICKENS AGAINST COCCIDIOSIS. (S. A.
Edgar and D. F. King.) - A practical method of immunizing
chickens against cecal coccidiosis (Eimeria tenella) has been de-
veloped. Chicks are inoculated with coccidia via the feed at 8
days of age, then fed a sulfa drug in the water or feed for 48 hours
starting the 18th day after inoculation. In field tests involving
more than 80,000 birds in flocks near Auburn, Alabama, mortality
from coccidiosis during the first 4 weeks, the immunization pe-
riod, averaged less than 1 per cent. Average mortality for all but
one flock was less than 0.35 per cent. Representatives from im-
munized flocks were challenged at 4 weeks of age with a dosage
of oocysts that killed 50 per cent of the non-immune controls.
None of the immunized chicks were killed by the challenge dose
and they made normal weight gains following challenging. This
indicated that birds immunized by the method developed in this
laboratory had sufficient resistance at 4 weeks of age to with-
36 ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
stand damage from ordinary exposure to cecal coccidiosis that a
bird might encounter in the field after it is 4 weeks old.
Immunization against cecal coccidiosis does not give immunity
against other types. The cecal coccidiosis "vaccine" is being mar-
keted and has now been used with considerable success on more
than 11 million birds throughout the country. The immunization
procedure, which includes inoculum and sufficient sulfa drug for
a 2-day medication period costs the grower 1 cent per bird. This
is less than the usual cost of cecal coccidiosis medication.
Several experiments were conducted in which birds were im-
munized for cecal and one of the most important intestinal types
(E. necatix) at the same time. In the first 6 experiments, results
of which have been summarized, the immunized chickens (807
birds started) averaged 0.155 pounds more per bird at 8 weeks
than the equal number of non-immunized controls. There was
one third the mortality from coccidiosis in immunized pens as
compared to non-immunized pens even though the latter were
treated for coccidiosis at the first sign of the disease. Evidence
obtained indicated that it is economically feasible to immunize
chickens for intestinal as well as for cecal coccidiosis.
(2) LIFE CYCLE OF Eimeria tenella. (S. A. Edgar and Mrs. C.
Flanagan.) - Several aspects of the life cycle of E. tenella, which
has been known for 25 years, have been re-investigated.
The sporulation time of oocysts, the time necessary for unspor-
ulated oocysts to reach the infective stage after passage from the
host, had been established by several workers as being 48 hours
at room temperature. That room temperatures vary and are not
necessarily characteristic of temperature conditions in nature
where the disease occurs in poultry operations, led to a more
critical determination of sporulation time of E. tenella at specific
temperatures. Fecal specimens with freshly passed oocysts were
divided and lots were sporulated at temperatures ranging from
80 to 87.50 C. It was found that at the optimum-sporulation tem-
perature, 28
0
C. -- 1, that some oocysts 
were infective at 21
hours, the shortest period tested. Infectiveness of oocysts was
determined by passage of oocysts through susceptible chicks
at definite time intervals after oocysts had been harvested from
freshly-killed infected birds. Oocysts were infective at 24 hours
at all temperatures tested, ranging from 200 to 320C. The great-
est percentage of infective oocysts at 24 hours, however, was
in suspensions sporulated at 28
0
C. - 10. Microscopic examina-
tion revealed that at 28
0
C., 42 per cent of the fertile oocysts were
and 63rd ANNUAL -REPORTS 37
ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
infective at 21 hours and 82 per cent were infective at 24 hours.
It is possible that some oocysts may become infective in less than
21 hours under optimum conditions. Sporulation was slow and
poor at extreme temperatures of 80 to 870C.
Stored suspensions were subjected to different temperatures
to ascertain the effect of temperature on viability of infective
oocysts. At 37.5?C. oocysts remained viable for 2 weeks but
were dead at 4 weeks. At 1.5?C. oocysts were unchanged at 8
weeks. Viable suspensions have been maintained for 4 years
under refrigeration, the longest period tested; suspensions kept
at room temperatures ranging from 65' to 850C. remained viable
as long as 2 1/ years.
Birds that have been starved over night and inoculated with a
lethal dose of infective oocysts of E. tenella passed copious
bloody droppings as early as between 4 days 12 hours and 4
days 22 hours. Fertile oocysts were passed as early as between
51/ and 6 days after inoculation. Large numbers of oocysts
were being passed by 61/4 days after inoculation. These two
findings are not in agreement with reports in the literature. Other
specific developmental stages of the parasite and its storage are
being investigated.
(8) CHEMOTHERAPY OF CECAL COCCIDIosIS. (S. A. Edgar.)-
Several experiments have been conducted in which the thera-
peutic value of several sulfa drugs and other compounds, used
in preventing mortality from coccidiosis, were compared. Of
drugs tested, sulfaquinoxaline and nitrophenide were the most
effective. At 0.1 per cent of the ration, fed from 72 hours through
the seventh day after oocyst inoculation, sulfaquinoxaline ap-
peared to be slightly inferior to nitrophenide in preventing mor-
tality, but the latter retarded weight gain. Chicks fed 0.1 per
cent nitrophenide in the ration for more than 48 hours exhibited
nervous symptoms which became progressively worse as the
drug was continued. Feed intake was reduced. Sulfaquinoxaline
was not toxic when administered for 4 days at the same level.
The action of sulfaquinoxaline on the parasite has been studied.
The drug inhibits the normal asexual development of the second
generation schizonts with their second generation merozoites.
The profuse growth of these stages in heavily infected non-
medicated chicks is the cause of the capillary damage and
mucosal sloughing in the cecal pouches which results in profuse
hemorrhage and death of birds.
38
The Effect of Mosquitoes on Poultry. (S. A. Edgar and J. F.
Herndon.) -During 1951 and 1952 additional data were ob-
tained regarding the host preference of wild mosquitoes collected
from buildings on Alabama farms. The blood meals of mos-
quitoes were determined by the serological method reported
earlier.
The previous report on the host preference of Culex quinque-
fasciatus was substantiated, that it preferred avian blood to that
of mammals. The number of engorged females found in harbor-
ages was roughly proportional to the nearness and availability
of avian hosts. Anopheles quadrimaculatis, A. crucians and A.
punctipennis fed readily on all domestic mammals depending
upon their availability. They preferred mammalian to avian
blood. Culex erraticus fed predominantly on chickens, cows, and
pigs and to a lesser extent on other animals. Fewer mosquitoes
were observed in harborages on Alabama farms in 1951 and
1952 than in the 8 previous years.
A new rotary type, host-preference mosquito trap was designed
and constructed. It was constructed to facilitate making more
accurate host-preference determinations at less cost than the
conventional serological method. The trap was designed to study
the host, color, light, odor, etc. preferences of mosquitoes. It can
be used to study repellants and attractants for not only mos-
quitoes but other flight insects of medical importance. It should
be applicable to the study of certain crop insects.
Decreasing Adult Mortality in the Domestic Fowl by Breeding.
(Fred Moultrie, G. J. Cottier, and D. F. King.) -During the
8-year period, 1948-1951, crosses were made between a disease-
resistant strain (Auburn Strain White Leghorn) and a relatively
susceptible strain (Strain D) of the same breed. The crosses were
made in 1949 and 1951 mating sires of the susceptible strain with
dams of the resistant strain; in 1950 reciprocal crosses were made.
Birds of the pure strains and strain crosses received the same
treatment and no culls were removed at any time. A summary
of mortality follows:
Per Cent Pullet Mortality of
Pure strains Inter-strain hybridR
Period A 
D AD 
DA
1-155 days 16.7 21.1 89.4 
12.4
156-500 days 16.2 80.8 29.8 16.9
62nd and 63rd ANNUAL REPORTS 39
The F, inter-strain hybrid pullets produced by susceptible
sires and resistant dams consistently showed evidence of heterosis
in viability during both the growing and laying periods. In the
1 year in which reciprocal crosses were made, the F
1 
inter-strain
hybrid pullets produced by resistant sires and susceptible dams
exhibited no evidence of heterosis in viability but died in both
the growing and laying periods at rates significantly higher than
birds produced by the reciprocal cross. In no instance did adult
mortality of the Fi inter-strain hybrids differ significantly from
adult mortality of the female line used to produce the hybrids.
The Nutritional Requirements of Broilers. (G. R. Ingram.) -
A series of tests has been conducted with growing chicks in
batteries and in floor pens in an effort to develop a simple formula
for a broiler ration.
These tests indicate that an all-plant ration supplemented with
minerals, vitamins A, D, riboflavin, and choline and containing
36 grams of aureomycin per ton is equal to or better than a good
standard commercial broiler ration for supporting chick growth.
Soybean oil meal, soy-corn gluten meal, and soy-cottonseed
meal have been tested as the protein supplement with about
equal results. No growth response was obtained by the addition
of milk, whey, fish solubles, fish meal, or yeast. A slight increase
in feed efficiency was obtained by adding either methionine or
the hydroxy analogue of methionine.
Epidemic Tremors (Avian Encephalomyelitis), Epidemiology
and Control Among Chickens. (S. A. Edgar, C. L. Strickland and
Mrs. C. Flanagan.) - During the past year representative birds
from 25 flocks suspected of having epidemic tremors were sub-
mitted for diagnosis. Of those submitted, a total of 82 were
autopsied. Sections of brains were made and studied from 45
birds from the 25 flocks. Principal findings were as follows:
A. Sixteen flocks, or 66 per cent of the 25 suspected flocks
from which brains were sectioned, had epidemic tremors as
defined by the presence of characteristic lesions in nerve
tissues.
B. Of the 16 flocks determined as having epidemic tremors, it
was estimated that an average of 10 per cent, or 4,017 of
the flocks totaling 40,170 birds were affected. Fifteen flocks
were New Hampshires; one flock was White Leghorn.
40 ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
41
C. Sources of New Hampshire chicks studied 
were from 9
hatcheries in Alabama, Georgia, and Mississippi. Source of
White Leghorns was,from one hatchery in Alabama.
D. Fourteen attempts were made to transmit the virus agent
from pooled and single brain samples from field infected
chickens to susceptible birds. Takes were obtained in pos-
sibly two instances. In no instance was there transmission
by contact.
ZOOLOGY-ENTOMOLOGY
Control of Cotton Insects. (F. S. Arant.) - Infestations 
of the
boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boh., were generally 
light in
both 1951 and 1952 as a result of extremely dry weather. Except
for localized damage late in the season, infestations of bollworm,
Heliothis armigera (Hbn.), were also light. Thrips, Frankliniella
fusca (Hinds), were abundant on seedling cotton in localized
areas in northern Alabama in 1951, and red spider mites, Tetrany-
chus atlanticus McG., were extremely abundant in the late sum-
mer in the northern part of the State.
Replicated plot experiments for insect control were conducted
in southeastern, central, and northern Alabama. There were no
increased yields from 2 applications of the insecticide 
when the
cotton was in the 2-leaf stage followed by 2 additional appli-
cations at the appearance of first squares. Moderate 
gains re-
sulted from treatment of plots during July and August. Dusts
and sprays applied at the rate of 0.25 pound heptachlor and 0.5
pound DDT per acre were as effective in control of cotton insects
as aldrin-DDT treatments at the same rate. Dieldrin applied at
the rate of 0.15 to 0.25 pounds plus 0.5 pound DDT per acre was
slightly more effective than aldrin-DDT. Two to 3 applications
of 1 per cent parathion dust at the rate of 25 pounds per acre
gave effective control of red spider mites on cotton but failed to
increase the yield. The weather was so extremely dry that the
cotton plants -were incapable of producing additional fruit after
the mites were controlled. Effective treatments currently recom-
mended for use in Alabama as dusts at the rate of 10 to 15 pounds
per acre or equivalent amounts of sprays are as follows: 2.5 per
cent aldrin-5 per cent DDT, 8 per cent gamma BHC-5 per cent
DDT, 3 per cent gamma BHC-5 per cent DDT alternated with
calcium arsenate, 0.15 per cent dieldrin-5 per cent DDT, 0.25
per cent heptachlor-5 per cent DDT, and 20 per cent toxaphene.
62nd and 63rd ANNUAL REPORTS
Effect of Certain Organic Insecticides on Beneficial Insects of
Cotton. (R. L. Robertson and F. S. Arant.)- Studies on insect
populations in cotton fields treated for insect control with aldrin-
DDT, BHC-DDT, dieldrin-DDT, heptachlor-DDT, and toxaphene
revealed that all insecticides applied reduced the number of
beneficial insects. Sixteen species of beneficial insects were col-
lected from fields in central Alabama.
Control of Peanut Insects. (F. S. Arant and B. W. Arthur.) -
The peanut-growing season in 1951 was extremely dry 
and insect
damage was generally light except 
for extensive injury caused
by lesser cornstalk borer, Elasmopalus lignosellus 
(Zell.). The
1952 season was also dry but favorable for production 
of a satis-
factory 
crop.
Four applications of 10 per cent DDT applied 
to the foliage
of peanuts at weekly intervals during July and August 
reduced
the infestation of lesser cornstalk borer and more 
than doubled
the yield of peanuts as compared with the untreated checks.
However, the season was so unfavorable that the yield 
on the
treated plots was less than 300 pounds per acre. Aldrin, 
BHC
(gamma), dieldrin, and heptachlor applied to the soil at the
rates of I and 2 pounds per acre for control of soil insects reduced
slightly the damage to pods 
from underground pests. However,
the yield of peanuts was not increased by the use of any insecti-
cide over the 2-year period. Systox and schradan applied to the
soil and the foliage at rates of 1/ to 1 pound per acre reduced
the population of thrips, Frankliniella fusca (Hinds), but failed
to increase the yield of peanuts. There was some evidence of
decreased yields where thrips were controlled. Applications of
10 per cent toxaphene, 2.5 per cent DDT, 1 per cent parathion,
and 2.5 per cent aldrin made during July and August resulted in
substantial increase in yields of peanuts as compared with the
untreated checks.
Control of Insect Pests Attacking Corn and Grain Sorghum.
(W. G. Eden.) - Experiments were conducted at four locations in
Alabama on control of the southern corn rootworm, Diabrotica
undecimpunctata howardi Barb., in corn. One pound of aldrin
per acre applied in the fertilizer at planting time gave the best
control. Lindane seed treatment showed promise but was not
as effective as 1 pound of aldrin in the fertilizer.
Experiments were conducted at several locations on control
of the corn earworm, Heliothis armigera (Hbn.), in sweet corn
42 ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
43
during 1951 and 1952. DDT was the most effective insecticide
tested. Four applications of DDT in emulsion sprays applied
with ground machinery at 3-day intervals at the rate of 2 pounds
technical per acre in 12.5 to 50 gallons of spray gave excellent
control of earworm. Spraying was begun when 10 per cent of
the plants were in silk. Four pounds of DDT per acre per appli-
cation as a dust or spray by airplane was ineffective. Mineral oil
included in DDT emulsion sprays did not significantly increase
the control obtained and caused foliage injury when the tempera-
ture was high and the humidity was low for extended periods
of time. Quick-breaking DDT-mineral oil emulsions appeared
to give slightly better control and less foliage injury than stable
emulsions. In heavy earworm infestations, spraying to prevent
earworm damage was futile when the first application was de-
layed until all the stalks were in silk.
Studies were conducted on control of insect pests of stored
grain, especially the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryza (L.), in corn.
Effective fumigation was obtained on shelled corn in steel bins
with a formulation containing 7.4 per cent 
ethylene dibromide,
27.7 per cent propylene dichloride, and 64.9 per cent carbon
tetrachloride. Four gallons of 10 per cent bromotrichlorome-
thane in carbon tetrachloride per 1,000 cubic feet was also effec-
tive. A dust formulation containing 0.8 per cent piperonyl
butoxide and 0.05 per cent pyrethrins was tested at the rate of
1 pound per 10 bushels of corn as a protectant against stored
grain pests. Little protection was obtained with the dust on
corn in the shuck. Good protection was obtained on clean or
slightly infested, dry corn that was shucked or shelled. No
correlation was found between the rate of nitrogen fertilizer or
the spacing of corn on rice weevil damage. The weevil damage
was low, and if these factors had any effects on weevil damage
they were overshadowed by others. Corn varieties found to be
the most resistant to rice weevil were Dixie 18, Coker 811, Woods
S-210, and La. 521. The most susceptible varieties were U. S. 18,
Paymaster, Dixie 17, and Pioneer 302.
Dusting grain sorghum in the blooming stage with 5 per cent
DDT appeared to reduce damage by the sorghum midge, Con-
tarinia sorghicola (Coq.). Good control of the corn earworm in
grain sorghum was obtained with 2 applications of 2 pounds of
DDT per acre as a dust or spray.
62nd and 63rd ANNUAL REPORTS
ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
Control of Insect Pests of Vegetable and Truck Crops. (W. G.
Eden.) - Experiments were conducted at 8 locations on control
of the tomato fruitworm, Heliothis armigera (Hbn.), on toma-
toes. Good control was obtained with 5 per cent dusts of TDE
and methoxychlor; 50 per cent cryolite dust was somewhat less
effective. In preliminary tests with wettable powder sprays, the
following rates of insecticides per 100 gallons of water showed
promise: endrin, 0.2 pound; isodrin, 0.2; and dilan, 0.5.
Residue analyses were made on tomatoes treated with malathon
and Systox. No malathon was found on fruits analyzed 2 weeks
after the eighth weekly treatment of plants with 25 pounds of
5 per cent dust or 2 pounds of 25 per cent wettable powder per
100 gallons of spray. One-tenth p.p.m. of Systox was found in
fruits harvested 3 weeks after the fourth application of Systox.
The Systox was applied at 2-week intervals at the rate of 1 pound
per 100 gallons of water.
An experiment was conducted at Cullman in 1952 on control
of the cowpea curculio, Chalcodermus aeneus Boh., on cowpeas
with insecticidal dusts. Effective control was obtained with dusts
of 5 per cent DDT, 5 per cent chlordane, 
20 per cent toxaphene,
and 2.5 per cent aldrin.
The lesser cornstalk borer, Elasmopalpus lignosellus (Zell.),
caused considerable injury to vegetable crops, especially beans
and cowpeas, in Alabama in 1951 and 1952. Experiments showed
that the damage could be lessened by dusting emerging seedlings
with insecticides. The most promising insecticidal dusts were 10
per cent DDT, 20 per cent toxaphene, 2 per cent dieldrin, and
2.5 per cent heptachlor; however, none of them gave effective
control.
Control of the Peach Tree Borer. (W. G. Eden.) - An experi-
ment was conducted at Clanton in 1952 to compare the effective-
ness of summer trunk sprays with fall mound treatments for
control of the peach tree borer, Sanninoidea exitiosa Say. Wet-
table powder sprays were applied to the trunks and lower limbs
of the peach trees on July 1, August 1, and September 1. The
following rates of insecticides were used per 100 gallons of spray:
parathion, 2 pounds of 15 per cent; DDT, 4 pounds of 50 per
cent; EPN, 2 pounds of 25 per cent; and dieldrin, 1 pound of 50
per cent. Equally effective control was obtained with all of the
trunk sprays and with the fall mound treatments of PDB and
ethylene dichloride.
44
Taxonomy of Flies Collected from Chicken 
Manure and a Study
of the Toxicity of Several Chemicals to Housefly Larvae. (H. B.
Cunningham and W. G. Eden.) - Flies from chicken 
manure
were collected by means of emergence traps at several locations
near Auburn, Alabama, in 1952. Collections were made two or
more times during each month of the year. Of the 7,695 flies
collected, 60 per cent were the housefly, Musca domestica L.,
19 per cent Fannia pusio Wied., 6 per cent Muscina stabulans
(Fallen), 5 per cent Fannia canicularis (L.), 2 per cent Stomoxys
calcitrans (L.), and 1 per cent Hermetia illucens (L.). A total
of 25 species belonging to 14 families were collected. Laboratory
tests were conducted on the larvacidal activity of five insecticides
to third instar larvae of the housefly. The LD-50's in p.p.m. of
insecticide in the culture medium were as follows: endrin, 135;
dieldrin, 325; aldrin, 360; chlordane, 1,400; and DDT, 2,075.
Control of Wireworms Attacking Sweetpotatoes. (J. A. Griffin
and W. G. Eden.) - Experiments were conducted at several
locations in 1951 and 1952 on control of the Gulf wireworm,
Conoderus amplicollis (Gyll.), in sweetpotatoes. The following
insecticides were tested at various rates by applying them in the
fertilizer: chlordane, lindane, heptachlor, aldrin, dieldrin, para-
thion, toxaphene, benzene hexachloride (gamma isomer), and
ethylene dibromide. Good control was obtained with 2 pounds
per acre of aldrin, dieldrin, heptachlor, lindane, and gamma ben-
zene hexachloride. None of the insecticides caused off flavor in
the sweetpotatoes.
Toxicity of Aldrin, Dieldrin, and Toxaphene to Rabbits by
Skin Absorption. (Barbara Johnston and W. G. Eden.) - The
toxicity of aldrin, dieldrin, and toxaphene to rabbits by skin
absorption was determined by immersing rabbits in water sus-
pensions of wettable powders. The LD-50 of aldrin was 15 to
25 mg. per kg.; of dieldrin, 400 to 500 mg. per kg.; and of toxa-
phene, 1,025 to 1,075 mg. per kg. Symptoms of poisoning, which
were the same for all three insecticides, were loss of appetite,
extreme nervousness, convulsions, and muscular spasms.
Control of Insect Pests of Legumes. (G. H. Blake, Jr.) - In
experiments for control of the vetch bruchid, Bruchus brachialis
Fahr., 2, 3, and 4 applications of both 2.5 per cent aldrin and
10 per cent DDT were applied to vetch during the blooming
62nd and 63rd ANNUAL REPORTS 45
period. The control obtained with either insecticide increased
as the number of applications increased. The number of bruchids
emerging per pound of seed decreased from 869 on the checks
to 88 on plots receiving 4 applications of 10 per cent DDT.
The pea aphid, Macrosiphum pisi (Kltb.) was effectively con-
trolled on Caley peas by 2 applications of 5 per cent gamma
BHC, 1 per cent parathion, and 10 per cent DDT dusts, with
seed yield increases of 356, 329, and 235 pounds per acre, re-
spectively. In a second experiment in which the above insecti-
cides were used, one application of the BHC and parathion
caused significant increases in the seed yields.
Experiments conducted on the survival of sericea plants girdled
by the three-cornered alfalfa hopper, Stictocephala festina Say,
indicated that the girdles had no effect on the over-winter sur-
vival of sericea plants but that death of some plants during the
growing season was due to damage by the hopper. The three-
cornered alfalfa hopper was controlled on sericea by dusts of 5
per cent DDT, I per cent parathion, and 10 per cent methoxy-
chlor; however, no increase in hay yields were obtained by
controlling the insect.
The lesser clover leaf weevil, Hypera nigrirostris (F.), was
controlled on crimson clover by 3 per cent gamma BHC, 2.5 per
cent aldrin, 20 per cent toxaphene, and 5 per cent DDT dusts
(treatments listed in order of effectiveness); however, no signifi-
cant increases in seed yields were obtained as a result of the
treatments.
Experiments have been conducted for 2 years to determine the
effect of honey bees for pollination on seed yields of crimson
clover. The presence of bees caused seed yield increases of from
260 to 1,020 pounds per acre over yields where no honey bees
were present. Some of the differences in yields were found to
be due to partial shading and wind exclusion in the caged areas.
Control of Insect Pests of Livestock. (G. H. Blake, Jr.) - Ex-
periments have shown that sprays of 1.5 per cent DDT, 1.2 per
cent DDT-0.08 per cent lindane, 1.5 per cent methoxychlor, and
0.5 per cent toxaphene effectively controlled horn flies, Siphona
irritans (L.), on beef cattle for a period of 1 month or more.
The larvae of several species of flies were controlled in cow
manure by applications of 2.5 per cent dieldrin and 2.5 per cent
heptachlor sprays. Manure was added to the piles at 8-day inter-
46 ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
vals, and insecticidal applications were made 
before and after
each application of manure.
Several insecticides were tested for control of the cattle 
grub,
Hypoderma lineatum (De Vill.) in beef cattle, and several 
inter-
vals between spray applications were tried. Sprays containing
0.047 per cent rotenone applied at intervals of 4 or 
5 weeks
were found to be the most effective for control of grubs.
Houseflies, Musca domestica L., were killed by contact 
with
dieldrin-treated strings suspended in a milking shed; however,
the degree of control was poor.
Wildlife. (A. O. Haugen and F. W. Fitch, Jr.)- 
There is
little breeding of the gray squirrels in Alabama in 
November
and December. This coupled with the absence of bot fly 
larvae
in the squirrel during this period makes the present hunting
season, Oct. 15 - Dec. 15 in northern Alabama, and Nov. 1 - Jan. 1
in southern Alabama biologically sound.
Appreciable damage by muskrats to farm pond dams 
with 12-
foot top widths was found in very few instances. The pattern 
of
burrowing was such that the holes in no case penetrated 
even
to the center of the dam. Well-constructed dams with 12-foot
top widths and slopes that had a rise of 1 foot or less 
for each
2 feet of horizontal distance were found to be the best insurance
against damage by muskrats.
The value of raw furs harvested in Alabama in the 1950-51
season was calculated at $411,114, with an 
average income of
$125 per trapper. In terms of greatest value, mink 
ranked first;
muskrats, second; beaver, third; and raccoon, 
fourth.
The order of toxicity of some insecticides to quail when 
given
orally is aldrin, dieldrin, toxaphene and lindane. On an average,
doves required doses about three times as great as did 
quail
before death occurred. The breeding potential of quail 
which
received sublethal doses seemed unaffected.
Mortality of mourning doves from trichomoniasis in Alabama
subsided some in 1952, after a serious die-off in 1950 and 
1951.
Indications are that the population recovered some 
in numbers
in 1952, but that doves were not yet as abundant as 
they were in
1949, the year before the disease outbreak.
Established bicolor patches have been found to provide 
a
dependable food supply at all seasons of the year and to 
contain
a surplus that has accumulated for more than 1 year.
62nd and 63rd ANNUAL REPORTS 47
ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
Farm Ponds. (H. S. Swingle, J. R. Fielding, M. C. Johnson,
J. M. Lawrence, J. S. Dendy, J. H. Padfield Jr., E. W. Shell, and
A. L. Black.) - Supplemental feeding of bluegill-bass population
during the fall, winter, and early spring caused unbalanced popu-
lations by rapidly increasing the size of small fish while the
weather was too cold for adequate predation by bass. Summer
supplemental feeding with soybean cake at rates of 10 pounds
or more per acre per day caused deaths of fish from low oxygen.
Pithophora, a branched summer type of filamentous alga, could
not be controlled by copper sulfate applied in the water; when
this chemical was applied on the pond bottom subsequent to
draining a pond, it prevented regrowth of the alga. Rosin amine
D acetate was effective in killing Pithophora when present in
mats floating on the surface. Coloring the pond waters with
Nigrosine dye followed by heavy fertilization was effective in
ridding ponds of this alga.
The Alabama River near Choctaw Bluff was found to contain
58 pounds of fish per acre; the Tensaw River near Stockton,
1,500 pounds per acre; and the Black Warrior near Lock 4, 1,000
pounds per acre. Lake Jordan was found to be supporting an
average of from 200 to 300 pounds of fish per acre, approximately
25 per cent of which were game species. Lake Martin was sup-
porting 22 to 26 pounds of fish per acre, while the Tallapoosa
river which forms this lake was supporting 46 pounds per acre.
48
62nd and 63rd ANNUAL REPORTS 49
PUBLICATIONS
Experiment Station Bulletins
No. 280 Studies of Organic Materials for Vegetable Crops. L. M. WARE
and W. A. JOHNsoN. 1951.
No. 281 How Alabama Farmers Buy and Sell Livestock. M. J. DANNER.
1952.
No. 282 Supplies and Use of Milk in Alabama. SHELDON W. WILLIAMS.
1952.
No. 283 Alabama's Egg Industry. J. HOMER BLACKSTONE. 1952.
No. 284 Livestock Marketing Agencies in Alabama. M. J. DANNER. 1952.
Experiment Station Circulars
No. 99 Slash and Loblolly Pine Plantations in Alabama's Piedmont
Region. J. F. GOGGANS. 1951.
No. 100 Cotton Production Practices in the Limestone Valley Areas of
Alabama. R. WAYNE ROBINSON. 1951.
No. 101 Cotton Production Practices in the Sand Mountain Area of Ala-
bama. MoRRIs WHITE. 1951.
No. 102 Cotton Production Practices in the Piedmont Area of Alabama.
MORRIs WHITE. 1951.
No. 103 Cotton Production Practices in the Upper Coastal Plain Area of
Alabama. R. WAYNE ROBINSON. 1951.
No. 104 Cotton Production Practices in the Lower Coastal Plain Area of
Alabama. R. WAYNE ROBINSON. 1951.
No. 105 Cotton Production Practices in the Black Belt Area of Alabama.
MORRIS WmTE, R. WAYNE ROBINSON, and ROBERT B. GLASCOW.
1951.
No. 106 Cotton Insects and Their Control with Insecticides. F. S. ARANT.
1951.
No. 107 Cold Damage to Camellias, Winter of 1950-51. M. J. FUNCHESS.
1951.
No. 108 Peanut Production Practices in Southeastern Alabama. J. HOMER
BLACKSTONE. 1952.
No. 109 Early Irish Potato Production Practices in Southwestern Alabama.
MORRIS WrTE. 1952.
No. 110 Laying Cages for Market Egg Production. DALE F. KING. 1952.
No. 111 Cotton-Dairy Farming in Alabama's Piedmont. E. L. MAYTON
and KENNETH B. RoY. 1952.
Experiment Station Leaflets
No. 29 Suggestions for Planting Slash and Loblolly Pine in Alabama's
Piedmont. JAMES F. GOGGANS. 1951.
No. 30 Southern Fusiform Rust of Slash and Loblolly Pine in the Ala-
bama Piedmont. JACK T. MAY and J. F. GOGGANS. 1951.
No. 31 Topsoil and Pine Trees in Alabama's Piedmont. JAMES F.
GOGGANS. 1951.
No. 32 Control of Corn Earworm in Sweet Corn. W. G. EDEN and M. E.
MEI EL. 1951.
No. 33 Aids to Planning an Artificial Curing System for Hay. J. L. BUTT.
1952.
Experiment Station Progress Report Series
No. 47 Control of Diseases and Insects of Tomatoes in Alabama. R. L.
SELF and W. G. EDEN. 1951.
No. 48 Results of Lime and Gypsum Experiments with Runner Peanuts.
FRANxuN L. DAVIs and C. A. BROGDEN. 1951.
No. 49 Comparison of Weight Losses and Defects in Early Irish Potatoes
Shipped by Van and Open Truck, and Value of Water Chlori-
nation in Preventing Decay. Momus WrTE. 1951.
No. 50 Summary and Results of Beef-Cotton-Hog Unit, Tennessee
Valley Substation, Belle Mina, Alabama, 1949 and 1950. FRED
STEWART, JOHN BOSECK, and CHARLES H. JoHNSTON. 1951.
No. 51 Chemical Weed Control in Cotton. V. S. SEARCY. 1951.
Miscellaneous Publications
60th and 61st Annual Reports. 1952.
Alabama Agriculture-Its Resources and Their Use. 1952.
Articles in Scientific Journals
ALEXANDER, H. D., AND ENGEL, R. W. The Importance of Choline in the
Prevention of Nutritional Edema in Rats Fed Low-Protein Diets. I.
Nutrition 47: 861. 1952.
ARANT, F. S., AND JONES, CALVIN M. Influence of Lime and Nitrogenous
Fertilizers on the Population of Greenbugs Infesting Oats. Jour. Econ.
Ent. 44(1): 120-121. 1951.
AumTREY, K. M. Wood Molasses versus Corn in a Ration for Lactating Cows.
Proc. Assoc. Sou. Agr. Workers. p. 74-75. 1952.
50 ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
BUTT, J. L. Research Results in Crop Processing, Storage and Drying.
Assoc. Southern Agr. Workers. Proc. 48: 40-41. 1951.
. A Summary of the Processing and Storage Situation in the
Southeast. Assoc. Southern Agr. Workers. Proc. 49: 28-29. 1952.
BYRD, I. B. Depth Distribution of the Bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus
Rafinesque, in Farm Ponds During Summer Stratification. Trans Am.
Fish Soc. 81 (1951) : 162-170. 1952.
CARTER, O. R., COLLIER, B. L., AND DAVIs, F. L. Blast Furnace Slag as
Agricultural Liming Materials. Agron. Jour. 48: 430-433. 1951.
COPELAND, D. H., AND ENGEL, R. W. A New Transplantable Rat Tumor.
Cancer Res. 12: 255. 1952.
CORLEY, T. E., AND STOKES, C. M. Progress in Development of Brush-Type
Cotton Strippers in the Southeast. Assoc. Southern Agr. Workers. Proc.
49: 33. 1952.
, JAMISON, V. C., AND REED, I. F. Effect
of Tillage Depth on Soil Conditions and Cotton Plant Growth for Two
Alabama Soils. Soil Sc. Vol. 73, No. 3. 1952.
DANNER, M. J. How Alabama Buys and Sells Livestock. Southern Livestock
Journal. Vol. 11, No. 12: 24-25. June 1952.
DAVIS, FRANKLIN L. Effect of Fineness of Agricultural Lime upon Crop
Response. Agron. Jour. 43: 251-255. 1951.
DEVALL, W. B. Factors Affecting the Establishment of Longleaf Pine
Seedlings From the 1947 Seed Crop. Jour. Ala. Acad. Sci. 21 and 22:
16-20. 1952.
DIENER, U. L. A Method for Inducing Abundant Sporulation of Stem-
phylium solani in Pure Culture. Phytopath. (Abst.) 42: 7. 1952.
DONNELLY, E. D. Screening For Wilt Resistance in Alfalfa. Agron. Jour.
44: 386-887. 1952.
Breeding for Wilt Resistance in Alfalfa. Agron. Jour.
44: 562-568. 1952.
EDEN, W. G. Control of the Vetch Bruchid in Alabama. Jour. Econ. 
Ent.
44(6): 998-994. 1951.
. Toxicity of Dieldrin to Chickens. Jour. Econ, Ent. 44(6):
1018. 1951.
Control of Corn Earworm in Sweet Corn in Alabama. Jour.
Econ. Ent. 45(1): 105-108. 1952.
Effect of Husk Cover of Corn on Rice Weevil Damage in
Alabama. Jour. Econ. Ent. 45(8): 548-544. 1952.
51
62nd and 63rd ANNUAL REPORTS
ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
EDGAR, S. A., KING, D. F., AND JOHNSON, L. W. Control of Avian Cocci-
diosis Through Breeding and Immunization. Poultry Sci. 30: 911. 1951.
, ILLIAMS, O. M., AND HESTER, E. F. Feeding Habits of
Mosquitoes and Their Effect on Poultry. Poultry Sci. 30: 911-912. 1951.
., BEYE, H. K., AND MILLE, R. A Preliminary Report on a
"Periodic Tendency" of Microfilariae of Wuchereria bancrofti Observed
in Tahiti, French Oceania. Amer. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1: 1009-1019.
1951.
AND LITTLE, C. D. Flies That Breed in Poultry Manure and
Their Control. Poultry Sci. 31: 914. 1952.
ENGEL, R. W. Influence of Strain of Rat on Liver Tumor Production with
4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene. Cancer Res. 12: 260. 1952.
. Influence of Diet on Spontaneous and Nutritionally Induced
Tumors. Tex. Rpts. Biol. and Med. 10: 974. 1952.
, AND ALEXANDER, H. D. Prevention of Nutritional Edema with
Vitamin B
12 
and Folic Acid. Fed. Proc. 11: 441. 1952.
AND COPELAND, D. H. Protective Action of Stock Diets
Against the Cancer-Inducing Action of 2-Acetylaminofluorene in Rats.
Cancer Res. 12: 211. 1952.
. The Influence of Dietary Casein Level on Tumor Induction
with 2-Acetylaminofluorene. Cancer Res. 12: 905. 1952.
GARIN, G. I. Establishment of Loblolly and Shortleaf Pine Reproduction
on a Clearcut Strip, Jour. Ala. Acad. Sci. 21 and 22: 20-23. 1952.
GARTH, W. A., AND DENDY, J. S. Fertilization of Eggs from a Tatostomid
Fish, Moxostoma poecilurum, Killed by Rotenone. Copeia (1): 43.
1952.
HAUGEN, ARNOLD O. Trichomoniasis in Alabama Mourning Doves. Jour.
Wildl. Mgt. 16(2): 164-169. 1952.
, AND KEELER, JAMES. Mortality of Mourning Doves from
Trichomoniasis in Alabama during 1951. Trans. 17th N. Amer. Wildl.
Conf., 141-151. 1952.
HODGKINS, E. J. Effect of Different Heat Treatments Upon the Viability
and Vigor of Pine Pollen. Jour. of For. 50: 450-452. 1952.
HOVE, E. L. Effect of Yeast on the Biological Activity of Vitamin A and
B-carotene. Fed. Proc. 11: 446. 1952.
, AND HARDIN, J. O. Creatine Synthesis by Rat Liver, in Vitro,
as Influenced by CCl and Dietary Vitamin E. I. Pharm. and Exp.
Therap. 106: 88. 1952.
Diminished Urinary Creatinine in Vitamin E Deficient Rats.
I. Nutrition 48: 193. 1952.
52
INGRAM, G. R., AND EDGAR, S. A. The Effect of Certain Antibiotics and
Other Drugs on the Growth of Chicks Infected with Eimeria tenella.
Poultry Sci. 30: 918. 1951.
, CRAVENS, W. W., ELVEIYEM, C. A., 
AND HALPIN, J. G.
Studies on the Lysine and Tryptophan Requirements of the Laying
and Breeding Hen. Poultry Sci. 30: 426. 1951.
The Methionine Requirements of the Laying Hen. Poultry Sci. 30: 451.
1951.
ISBELL, C. L. Effect of Grabbling on Yield of Potatoes. Amer. Soc. Hort.
Sci. 57: 214-216. 1951.
IVEY, W. D., AND EDGAR, S. A. The Histogenesis of the Esophagus and
Crop of the Chicken, Turkey, Guinea Fowl and Pigeon, with Special
Reference to Ciliated Ephithelium. Anat. Rec. 114: .189-212. 1952.
JOHNSON, E. W. Using Aircraft in Checking Forest Photointerpretation.
Jour. of For. 50: 853-855. 1952.
KING, D. F., COLE, R. K., HUTT, F. B., AND COTTIER, G. J. Tests in Dif-
ferent Environments of Fowls 
Genetically Resistant to Leucosis. 
Poultry
Sci. 31: 1027-1029. 1952.
, COTTIER, G. J., AND MOULTRIE, FRED. The Development of
the Auburn Strain of White Leghorns. Proc. Assoc. Sou. Agr. Workers
49: 153-154. 1952.
LANHAM, BEN T., JR. A Challenge for Southern Bankers. Farm Policy
Review. Vol. 5, No. 9: 29-31. September 1952.
LIVINGSTON, K. W. The Effects of Species, Diameter, and Density of Wood
on Absorption of an Oil Solution of Pentachlorophenol by Fence Posts
with the Cold-Soaking Method. Jour. Ala. Acad. Sci. 21: 48-45. 1952.
MINTON, NORMAN A., AND HAGLER, T. B. Nutrient-Element Deficiency
Symptoms of Dewberries in Sand Culture. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.
57: 59-68. 1951.
, AND BRIGHTWELL, W. T. Nu-
trient-Element Deficiency Symptoms of the Rabbiteye Blueberry. Proc.
Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 58: 115-119. 1951.
MOULTRIE, FRED, KING, D. F., AND COTTIER, G. J. Influence of Heterosis
on Viability in an Inter-Strain Cross of White Leghorns. Poultry Sci.
81: 928. 1952. (an abstract).
PADFIELD, J. H., JR. Age and Growth Differentiation Between Sexes of the
Largemouth Black Bass, Micropterus salmoides (Lacepede). Trans.
Am. Fish Soc. 80 (1950): 154-157. 1951.
PRATHER, E. E. Efficiency of Food Conversion by Young Largemouth Bass,
Micropterus salmoides (Lacepede). Trans. Am. Fish Soc. 80 (1950):
154-157. 1951.
5362nd and 63rd ANNUAL REPORTS
ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
RICHARDs, D. B. An Electrical Test for Decay in Wood. Jour. For. Prod.
Res. Soc. 2: 25-28. 1952.
SARBAHI, DAYA SHANKiAR. Studies of the Digestive 
Enzymes of the Gold-
fish, Carassuis auratus (Linnaeus) and the Largemouth Black Bass,
Micropterus salmoides (Lacepede). Biol. Bul. 100 (3): 244-257, 
1951.
SAUBERLICH, H. E. Studies on Amino Acid Imbalances 
in the Rat. Fed.
Proc. 11: 281. 1952.
Comparative Studies with the Natural and Synthetic
Citrovorum Factor. J. Biol. Chem. 195: 837. 1952.
Effect of Aureomycin and Penicillin Upon the Vita-
min Requirements of the Rat. J. Nutrition 46: 99. 1952.
SCOTT, DONALD C. Sampling the Fish Populations in the Coosa 
River,
Alabama. Trans. Am. Fish Soc. 80 (1950): 28-40. 1951.
SMITH, F. F. A Tool for Applying Ammate Crystals. Jour. For. 
49: 735-
7386. 1951.
STEPHENS, M. V., AND DUMAS, W. T. Comparative Tests of Engine Per-
formance with Gasoline and LP-Gas. Assoc. Southern Agr. Workers.
Proc. 49: 33-34. 1952.
SWINGLE, H. S. Experiments on Various Rates of Stocking Bluegills,
Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque, and Largemouth Bass, Micropterus
salmoides (Lacepede), in Ponds. Trans. Am. Fish Soc. 80 (1950:
218-230. 1951.
. Farm Pond Investigations in Alabama. Jour. Wildlife
Mgt. 16 (3): 243-249. 1952.
TURNER, H. F., AND EDEN, W. G. Toxicity of chlordane to chickens.
Jour. Econ. Ent. 45 (1): 130. 1952.
VINsoN, EDDIE B., AND ABANT, F. S. Parathion, Toxaphene, and DDT
Residues on Peanut Hay. Jour. Econ. Ent. 483(6): 941-942. 1951.
WARD, HENRY S., JR. Effect of Relative Humidities during Storage on
Available and Reserve Foods of Blue Lupine Seed. Assoc. Southern
Agr. Workers. Proc. 48: 188. 1951.
. The Plant Physiological Problem in Seed Pro-
cessing and Storage. Assoc. Southern Agr. Workers. Proc. 48: 41.
1951.
. Effect of Moisture and Temperature on Respira-
tory Activity of Blue Lupine Seed During Curing and Storage. Assoc.
Southern Agr. Workers. Proc. 49: 148-149. 1952.
, AND BUTT, J. L. Results of Peanut Storage Studies.
Assoc. Southern Agr. Workers. Proc. 49: 31-82. 1952.
54
Officers and Staff
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
Alabama Polytechnic Institute
December 31, 1952
His Excellency, GORDON PERSONS, Governor, Chairman ......------- Ex-Officio
W. J. TERRY, State Superintendent of Education --------------- Ex-Officio
E. A. ROBERTS (First District) ----------------------- ----------- Mobile
V. S. SUMMERLIN (Second District) --------------------------- Luverne
JIMMY HITCHCOCK (Third District) ---------- Union Springs
G. H. WRIGHT (Third District) -------------------------- Auburn
WALKER REYNOLDS (Fourth District) -------------------------- Anniston
JOE DAVIs (Fifth District) --------------- --- Albertville
W. L. PARRISH (Sixth District) C-------------------------- lanton
PAUL S. HALEY (Seventh District) J-------------------------------- asper
REDUS COLLIER (Eighth District) ------------------------------- Decatur
FRANK P. SAMFORD (Ninth District) ---------- -------------- Birmingham
Administration
RALPH BROWN DRAUGHON, LL.D., President
E. V. SMITH, Ph.D., Director
C. F. SIMMONS, Ph.D., Associate Director
COYT WILSON, Ph.D., Assistant Director
M. J. FUNCHESS, M.S., D.Sc., Dean Emeritus
W. H. WEIDENBACH, B.S., Assistant to Director
L. O. BRACKEEN, B.S., Director of Publicity
C. H. CANTRELL, M.A., A.B.L.S., Director of Libraries
FARLEY LEE, M.A., A.B.L.S., Agricultural Librarian
Agricultural Economics
B. F. ALvORD, M.S. ---------- ---------- Head of Department
BEN T. LANHAM, JR., M.S.. . ........------------------ Agricultural Economist
J. H. BLACKSTONE, M.S.....-------------Associate Agricultural Economist
M. J. DANNER, M.S. --.----- Associate Agricultural Economist
W. E. GREGORY, M.S.- Associate Agricultural Economist (Coop. USDA)
JoHN L. SNARE, M.S.......----------------Associate Agricultural Economist
MonRms WmTE, Ph.D. -------------- Associate Agricultural Economist
J. H. YEAGER, Ph.D.------------------_--Associate Agricultural Economist
F. B. ANDERSON, M.S.-------------------Assistant Agricultural Economist
H. A. HENDERSON, M.S. ------------- Assistant Agricultural Economist
*R. W. ROBINSON, M.S. -------------- Assistant Agricultural Economist
E. E. MANSFIELD ------------------------------------ Statistical Assistant
* Leave of absence.
62nd and 63rd ANNUAL REPORTS
55
ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
Agricultural Engineering
F. A. KUMMER, M.S. ------------------------ Head of Department
M. L. NICHOLS, D.Sc..-------- Director, Soil Tillage Laboratory (Coop. USDA)
I. F. REED, M.S., A.E.-------Senior Agricultural Engineer (Coop. USDA)
J. L. BUTT, M.S. --------- --- Associate Agricultural Engineer
C. A. REAVES, M.S.------Associate Agricultural Engineer (Coop. USDA)
C. M. STOKES, M.S.__ ...---------------- Associate Agricultural Engineer
A. W. COOPER, M.S.------ ------ Project Supervisor (Coop. USDA)
H. A. WEAVER, M.S.----------Associate Soil Scientist (Coop. USDA)
T. E. CORLEY, M.S. ----- ----------- Assistant Agricultural Engineer
M. W. Loupo, M.S .---------------------- Assistant Agricultural Engineer
W. F. McCREERY, M.S.- Assistant Agricultural Engineer (Coop. USDA)
J. 0. HELMS, B.S.--- - ----------------------- Farm Superintendent
Agronomy and Soils
HOWARD T. ROGERS, Ph.D. -------------------------- Head of Department
F. L. DAVIS, Ph.D. ------ ---------------------- Soil Chemist
V. C. JAMISON, Ph.D. ------------------------------ Soil Scientist (Coop. USDA)
R. W. PEARSON, Ph.D. ------- -- Soil Chemist (Coop. USDA)
D. G. STURKIE, Ph.D...--- -------------- Agronomist
H. B. TISDALE, M.S. ---------- - -------------- Plant Breeder
J. T. COPE, JR., Ph.D. ------ Associate Agronomist
E. D. DONNELLY, Ph.D.--------------Associate Plant Breeder
L. E. ENSMINGER, Ph.D. -- --------- -- Associate Soil Chemist
P. B. GIBSON, Ph.D.------------------ ------ Associate Plant Breeder
F. S. McCAIN, Ph.D. ---------- Associate Plant Breeder
R. D. ROUSE, Ph.D. ----------------------- Associate Soil Chemist
J. I. WEAR, Ph.D. ------------------------ Associate Soil Chemist
C. M. WILSON, Ph.D.----------- ------------ Associate Soil Chemist
J. D. BURNS--- ----------------------- Assistant Agronomist
*E. M. EVANS, M.S. ------------------------ Assistant Agronomist
R. M. PATTERSON, M.S. --------------------- Assistant Agronomist
E. C. RICHARDSON, M.S. ------------- Project Supervisor (Coop. USDA)
E. F. SCHULTZ, JR., M.S. ---------------------- Assistant Agronomist
V. S. SEARCY, M.S.-- -------- -- Assistant Agronomist
F. E. BERTRAM, B.S. --- --------------------- Field Superintendent
C. L. KORNEGAY, B.S.-- ------ ------------ Field Superintendent
D. M. PRESLEY, BS.. ---- ------ - - - Field Superintendent
J. W. RICHARDSON, B.S.---- F------------- ield Superintendent
G. T. SHARMAN, JR., B.S.--- --------------- Assistant in Agronomy
* Leave of absence.
56
6nd ond 63rd ANNUAL REPORTIS5
Animal Husbandry
W. D. SALMON, M.S.---------------------Head of Department
J. C. GRIMES, M.S. ------------------------------------- ------- Animal Husbandman
E. L. HOVE, Ph. D.--------------------------------Animal Nutritionist
H. E. SAUBERLICH, Ph.D. ---------------------- Animal Nutritionist
M. J. BURNS, Ph.D. ----------------------- Associate Animal Husbandman
C. A. MARTIN, Ph.D.------------------------ Associate Animal Husbandman
D. H. COPELAND, B.S. Associate Animal Nutritionist
K." E. GREGORY, Ph.D.---------------------------- ---- Associate Animal Breeder
C. D. SQUIERS, Ph.D - ------------------------------- Associate Animal Breeder
G. B. MEADOWS, M.S.--- --- ------------------ Assistant Animal Husbandman
H. F. TUCKERt, M.S.- --------------------- Assistant in Animal Husbandry
Botany and Plant Pathology
J. L. SEAL, Ph.D.--
H. S. W u, Ph.D.-
U. L. DIENER,M.S.
J. A. LYLE, M.S.--
-------Head of Department
Associate Plant Pathologist
Assistant Plant Pathologist
Assistant Plant Pathologist
Dairy Husbandry
K. M. ATREY, Ph.D.-------------------- -------- Head of Department
W. E. ALSTON, B.S--Dai-y Husbandman
G. E. HAMWNS, JR., Ph.D.------------------Assistant Dairy Husbandman
Forestry
WILBUR B. DEVALL, M.S.
H. E. CHISTEN, M.F.
C. I. GARN, Ph*.D
J. T. MAY, M.S.-
D. B. RICHADS, Ph.D.
J. F. GOGGANS,
E. J. HODGINS, M.S.-- -
F. F. S MTH, M.F., M.A._
B. M. CooL, M.S.---------
K. W. LIVINGSTON, M.F.__
H. G. POSEY, M.S.F.------
E. W. JOHNSON, MYF.-----
W. W. WILLS, B.S.-------
Head of Departmtent
--------------- Forester
S---- ---- --- ------------ -- - - -- o r e s t e r
--------------- Forester
------------- -Forester
_Associate Forester
_Associate Forester
_-Associate Forester
_-Assistant Forester
*----Assistant Forester
_-Assistant Forester
Assistant in Forestry
Assistant in Forestry
Home Economics
ERNESTINE-- --.- FR---IER,-- Ph.D.-- Head of Department
------.D . --,----- -- - --- - -- - - -- - - ----- ---- -- -- ----------- -- - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - -- -- - -- - - - - - -- - - -- -- - - -- - --- --
- - -- - , - --- -- -- -- -- - -- - - -- -- - -- -- -- -
JR ,P. .~----------------- -------
62nd and 63rd ANNUAL REPORTS 57
EiRN~sNE I. PI z ER Ph.D.
ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
Horticulture
L. M. WARE, M.S ------------------------- Head of Department
WALTER GREENLEAF, Ph.D.--- ------------- Vegetable Breeder
C. L. ISBELL, Ph.D.------------------ Horticulturist
ToxvKJI FURUTA, Ph.D.----- -- ----- Associate Horticulturist
*T. B. HAGLER, M.S.-------- --------- Associate Horticulturist
HUBERT HARRIs, M.S. ---..--- ---------------- Associate Horticulturist
*H. P. ORR, M.S. ------------------------ Associate Horticulturist
W. A. JOHNSON, M.S.-------------- Assistant Horticulturist
R. L. LIVINGSTON, M.S.---------------Assistant Horticulturist
C. W. REYNOLDS, M.S.----------------Associate Horticulturist
FRANK GARRETT --- ------ -- Part-Time Assistant in Horticulture
W. C. MARTIN, JR., B.S .---------- ---------- Greenhouse 
Manager
Poultry Department
D. F. KING, M.S.--- --- -- ----___ Head of Department
G. J. COTTIER, M.A., D.V.M. ------- --------- Poultry Husbandman
S. A. EDGAR, Ph.D.__ -------------- Poultry Pathologist
J. G. GOODMAN, M.S. --------------- Associate Poultry Husbandman
G. R. INGRAM, Ph.D.--_, -- ------- Associate Poultry Husbandman
FRED MOULTRIE, M.S.- -- ----------_Associate Poultry Husbandman
Publications
KENNETH B. ROY, B.J.--- -------------------
Head of Department
J. OLAN COOPER, B.S.-------------Associate Agricultural 
Editor
Zoology- Entomology
F. S. ARANT, Ph.D -. ... .. .- Head 
of Department
A. O. HAUGEN, Ph.D.. Leader, Alabama Cooperative Wildlife Research 
Unit
H. S. SWINGLE, M.S. .. ---------------- Fish Culturist
J. S. DENDY, Ph.D..----..-----------Associate Entomologist
W. G. EDEN, Ph.D..------------------------Associate Entomologist
**E. E. PRATHER, M.S. ------ Associate Fish Culturist
G. H. BLAKE, JR., M.S. ----------- 
Assistant Entomologist
J. M. LAWRENCE, M.S. --------------------- Assistant Fish Culturist
A. L. BLACK ------------------ S---uperintendent of Ponds
Substations
W. H. HEARN, B.S.....---- .... ---------- ------------ Records Assistant
BLACK BELT, Marion Junction, Dallas County
W. B. KELLEY --- .. ------------ Superintendent
L. A. SMITH, B.S -- - ..---------- Assistant Superintendent
* Leave of absence.
* Military leave.
58
CHILTON AREA HORTICULTURE, Clanton, Chilton County
C. C. CARLTON, B.S .---------------------------------- ----- Superintendent
GULF COAST, Fairhope, Baldwin County
OTTO BROWN, M.S. --------------------------- Superintendent
J. E. BARRETT, B.S. ---------------- Assistant Superintendent
H. F. YATES, B.S. - ----------- Assistant Superintendent
LOWER COASTAL PLAIN, Camden, Wilcox County
LAVERN BROWN, B.S.----- ------------ -------- Superintendent
P. R. SATTERWHITE, B.S.-- --------------- Assistant Superintendent
NORTH ALABAMA HORTICULTURE, Cullman, Cullman County
T. S. MoRRow, B.S.---- ----------------- Superintendent
PIEDMONT, Camp Hill, Tallapoosa County
E. L. MAYTON, M.S. -------------------- Superintendent
C. J. JACOBS, B.S.---------------Assistant Superintendent
SAND MOUNTAIN, Crossville, DeKalb County
S. E. GISSENDANNER, B.S. ---------------------- Superintendent
M. W. ALISON, B.S.-----------Assistant Superintendent
TENNESSEE VALLEY, Belle Mina, Limestone County
FRED STEWART, B.S .......... ----- Superintendent
J. K. BosEcK, B.S. -------------------- Assistant Superintendent
C. H. JOHNSTON, B.S---- ---------- -- Assistant Superintendent
UPPER COASTAL PLAIN, Winfield, Fayette County
W. W. COTNEY, B.S.-- - Superintendent
F. D. ROBINSON, B.S. ------- Assistant Superintendent
WIREGRASS, Headland, Henry County
C. A. BROGDON, B.S._--------------------------Superintendent
MAx SCONYERS, B.S. ---- -Assistant Superintendent
J. G. STARLING, B.S. --------- ---------- Assistant Superintendent
CHANGES IN STATION STAFF
1951 Appointments
G. H. BLAKE, JR., M.S. - -------- Assistant Entomologist
J. D. BuRNS, M.S... _ . .----------------- Assistant Agronomist
R. S. DAVIDSON, Ph.D. ------- Plant Pathologist
E. D. DONNELLY, Ph.D ------------------- Associate Plant Breeder
TOKUJI FURUTA, Ph.D..... Associate Horticulturist
K. E. GREGORY, Ph.D........ Associate Animal Breeder
W. C. MARTIN, JR., B.S. ----- -------- ------- Greenhouse Manager
G. B. MEADOWS, M.S. ----- ----------- Assistant Animal Husbandman
FRED MOULTRIE, M.S. -Associate Poultry Husbandman
D. M. PRESLEY, B.S.--- -------------- Research Assistant
62nd and 63rd ANNUAL REPORTS 59
D. B. RIcHAUDS, Ph.D.. ..... r Forester
HoWARD T. ROGERS, Ph.D. ___Head, Department of Agronomy 
and Soils
L. A. SMITH, B.S.----------Assistant Superintendent, Black Belt Substation
J. H. YEAGER, Ph.D.-------------------------Associate Agricultural Economist
1951 Resignations
M. W. CLINT, B.S. Green-----------------------house Manager
J. E. CONNIFF, M.S. Assistant Agricultural 
Engineer
HENRY DoRR, JR., M.S.--------------------------------------Associate 
Forester
GLADYS S. GARROW, M.S-------------------------------- Assistant Home Economist
E. E. HUTTO, B.S.-------Assistant Superintendent, Sand Mountain Substation
A. E. SCHAEFER, Ph.D. ------------------------- Associate Animal Nutritionist
D. C. SHELTON, Ph.D.-----------------------------------Associate Animal Nutritionist
ALLENE L. STmwrs, M.S. ----------------------- Assistant Human Nutritionist
CAROLYN K. TAMBLYN, M.S.-----------------Assistant Human Nutritionist
F. H. VOGEL, Ph.D. -------------- ------ Forester
Deceased
K. G. BAKER, B.S.------ ---- Superintendent, Black Belt Substation
1952 Appointments
F. B. ANDERSON, M.S-------- ------ Assistant Agricultural Economist
B. M. CoOL, M.S-----. . .----------------------------Assistant Forester
U. L. DIENER, M.S ------------------- Assistant Plant Pathologist
G. E. HAWKINS, JR., Ph.D. ------------------ Assistant Dairy Husbandman
H. A. HENDERSON, M.S.------------------- Assistant Agricultural Economist
E. J. HODGKINS, JR., M.S-------- ---------------------- Associate Forester
C. J. JACOBs, B.S_ ......------- Assistant Superintendent, Piedmont Substation
M. W. Loupo, M.S. ----- ------------ Assistant Agricultural Engineer
C. M. MARTIN, Ph.D. --------------- - Associate Animal Husbandman
F. D. ROBINSON, B.S. ------- Asst. Supt., Upper Coastal Plain Substation
P. R. SATTERWHITE, B.S----. -Asst. Supt., Lower Coastal Plain Substation
G. T. SHARMAN, JR., B.S. ----------------- Assistant in Agronomy
H. F. TUCKEn, M.S.. .. ------------------ Assistant in Animal Husbandry
1952 Resignations
R. S. DAVIDSON, Ph.D. -------------- Plant Pathologist
R. W. ENGEL, Ph.D. ------------------------- Animal Nutritionist
W. B. PRATHER, B.S. ------------------ Assistant Dairy Husbandman
J. F. SEGREST, JR., B.S. -------- -------------- Field Superintendent
S. W. WILLIAMS, Ph.D ........... ......---------------- Agricultural Economist
Deceased
JoHN T. WILLIAMSON, B.S. -- .... . . - Agronomist
ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION60
FINANCIAL REPORT
Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1951
HatBankhead- 
Research & All
Hatch Adams Purnell Jones 
Marketing Other
BALANCE JULY 1, 1950 .00 .00 .00 .00 41,084.00 842,828.89
INCOME 15,000.00 15,000.00 60,000.00 96,152.81 141,959.56 1,118,586.25
TOTAL FUNDS AVAILABLE 15,000.00 15,000.00 60,000.00 96,152.81 188,043.56 1,460,915.14
EXPENDITURES
PERSONAL SERVICES 13,994.02 10,442.69 
48,388.13 73,833.07 98,995.94 549,081.80
TRAVEL 92.10 288.91 631.84 
2,107.91 7,813.50 29,435.43
TRANSPORTATION OF THINGS 64.90 22.28 76.54 
146.80 1,392.39 6,994.10
COMMUNICATION SERVICE 12.56 16.90 203.91 105.04 
408.99 5,411.98
RENTS & UTILITIES 76.52 777.29 1,892.16 745.44 
1,614.95 19,147.50
PRINTING & BINDmINc .00 .00 1,180.51 290.00 750.69 
4,282.67
OTHER CONTRACTUAL SERVICES 80.45 58.45 694.21 817.05 
3,684.95 75,837.94
SUPPLIES & MATERIALS 551.99 1,307.04 3,758.65 13,624.13 19,314.93 346,851.38
EQUIPMENT 127.46 1,886.44 2,824.05 3,120.66 22,352.05 100,769.78
LAND & STRUCTURES .00 700.00 400.00 1,862.71 2,041.29 86,801.75
TOTAL EXPENDITURES 15,000.00 15,000.00 60,000.00 96,152.81 158,319.68 1,174,613.88
BALANCE ON HAND JUNE 80, 1951 .00 .00 .00 .00 24,723.88 286,801.81
TOTAL EXPENDITURES & BALANCE 15,000.00 15,000.00 60,000.00 96,152.81 183,043.56 1,469,915.14
04
0%
CI
z
z
m
I
CA
FINANCIAL REPORT
Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1952
BALANCE JULY 1, 1951
INCOME
TOTAL FUNDS AVAILABLE
EXPENDITURES
PERSONAL SERVICES
TRAVEL
TRANSPORTATION OF THINGS
COMMUNICATION SERVICE
RENTS & UTILITIES
PRINTING &BINDING
OTHIER CONTRACTUAL 
SERVICES
SUPPLIES & MATERIALS
EQUIPMENT
LAND & STRUCTURES
TOTAL EXPENDITURES
BALANCE ON HAND JUNE 
80., 1952
TOTAL EXPENDITURES & BALANCE
Hatch
.00
15000.00
15,000.00
13,98.28
189.06
76.22
29.80
76.45
.00
4.50
584.79
131.40
.00
15,000.00
.00
15,000.00
Adams
.00
15,000.00
15,000.00
117838.33
882.88
16.75
38.50
525.00
.00
167.83
992.43
741.98
401.80
15,000.00
.00
15,000.00
Pumear Barkhead-
Purnell Jones
00 .00
60,000.00 88,305.89
60,000.00 88,305.89
48,948.38 71,960.65
1.,819.47 1.,612.68
19.68 59.84
123.28 140.43
1,352.60 937.98
1,451.62 .00
459.40 442.41
4,915.07 11,432.84
6,410.50 1.,719.56
.00 .00
60,1000. 00 88,805.89
.00 .00
60,000.00 88,805.89
Research & All
Marketing Other
24,0728.88 286,81.81
187,129.85 1,846,281.85
161,858.23 1.,682.,582.66
101,884.88 628,729.62
6589.84 37,908.15
588.15 7,849.89
458.88 7,092.76
1,760.71 19,116.96
2,1107.00 4,272.32
2,868.61 401,717.76
22.,611.-91 890,912.060
17,497.15 101,964.42
6,546.65 84,052.80
161,853.28 1.,267,616.78
.00 864,965.88
1613,858.28 1,682,582.66
14
le
~-(~-- -r rrrrrrrr, Irmr\~r a~T~T~ CTT/r~ %M ;~~1
C)
I-
x
m
z
-4
I1Fi