58th and 59th
ANNUAL REPORTSe
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
oj Z" ALABAMA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE
January 1, 1947 - December 31, 1948
AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS
Egg Marketing Problems with Special Emphasis on Handling of
Seasonal Surpluses. (J. H. Blackstone.) -The first phase of this
project was a descriptive study of egg production and marketing
practices. A total of 914 schedules were secured on a master
sample basis in 23 counties. Of the 914 schedules, 277 were classi-
fied as producers and the remainder as non-producers. Producers
expected to sell two dozen or more eggs in some one month in
1948, while non-producers' sales would be lower.
All households surveyed averaged 24 hens and pullets per
flock, while producers averaged 51. Ten per cent of the pro-
ducers averaged above 74 birds per flock. One-fourth of the
producer flocks consisted only of hens. Eighty-eight per cent of
all the households had roosters.
Egg production by producers in 1947 averaged 415 dozen,
with sales averaging 6 dozen per week. Mash was fed all year
by 62 producers, while 162 fed none. Practically all producers
gathered eggs once a day. Metal pails or buckets were used by
two-thirds of the producers for gathering eggs.
The bulk of the egg sales was made by white land owners.
Before selling eggs, 95 producers made no attempt to clean
dirty eggs, while 145 washed dirty eggs in water. Only 102 pro-
ducers attempted to cool eggs before packing away for use or
sale. The kitchen was the most common place of storage. Eggs
were usually marketed in buckets, boxes, or paper sacks and
were sold as current receipts and of mixed colors. Eggs were
usually sold once a week with local prices seldom known ahead
of the sale.
4 ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
Most producers had no difficulty selling eggs at some price
in 1947; however 51 reported 
some difficulty in the spring 
and
summer. Country stores, rolling stores, and consumers were
the principal type buyers or places at which producers sold the
bulk of their eggs.
Farmers' Retail Curb Markets. (Joseph H. Yeager.)- Since
1923, 41 farmers' retail curb markets have been organized in
Alabama, 22 of which were operating in 1946. Most of them
have been located in towns of less than 11,000 persons. These
markets are characterized by having farm people sell their prod-
ucts to local townspeople at retail prices.
While several own the buildings in which they are housed,
most of the markets are housed in buildings provided by the
county, city, or a civic organization. Markets vary widely in
size, type of construction, facilities, and equipment.
Civic clubs, municipal groups, county extension workers, and
interested farm folk often perform vital parts in organizing and
operating the markets. Usually a market master is hired to
manage the organization. Income and expenses are small. The
income is principally from fees, while expenses are mainly salaries
or wages. Produce must be grown by those who sell on the market.
Saturday is the heaviest selling day, though most markets
operate three times weekly. Vegetables, poultry, eggs, and butter
were sold on all markets. On a value basis, it was estimated that
vegetables made up 58 per cent, flowers 11 per cent, eggs 10
per cent, poultry 9 per cent, butter 5 per cent, and miscellaneous
items 2 per cent of the total. Such items as meats, canned goods,
cake, handicraft, fruits, and berries constitute about one per cent
each.
Evidently, larger total sales in the last few years have been
due primarily to a higher price level and not because of a larger
physical volume of product. The heaviest part of the volume
comes seasonally during June, July, and August.
Sellers are predominantly women and they bring produce from
an average distance of 13 miles. Though fewer services are per-
formed, prices were about the same as regular store prices.
AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING
Peanut Harvesting. (F. A. Kummer and C. M. Stokes.) - The
1948 results at the Wiregrass Substation indicate that peanuts
produced entirely with machinery can be picked effectively with
58th and 59th ANNUAL REPORTS 5
either a combine or a peanut picker. Where tractor cultivation
was used throughout the cultivation period, the average picked
yield of peanuts was 1,856 pounds per acre. Where tractor cul-
tivation and hand hoeing were employed to keep the drills clean,
the average picked yield was 2,180 pounds per acre. This repre-
sents an increase of 
300 pounds per acre 
for the extra hand labor
involved in hoeing.
Where combines were used, the peanuts were harvested di-
rectly from the windrow. In one test, 4,390 pounds of peanuts
were harvested in 3 hours and 28 minutes of continuous opera-
tion with a combine. Two men were required to accomplish
this job. The picked weight per hour was 1,266 pounds, which
constituted the yield from approximately one-haf acre at the
Wiregrass Substation. These peanuts were cured in the windrow
and sold directly to the sheller for $205 per ton.
Results obtained during 
the past 2 years in Alabama 
show
that it is more economical to permit peanuts to dry, at least
partially, in the field before curing them artificially. It was
found that occasional rains during the field-curing period do
not necessarily affect the quality of peanuts. Artificial curing,
therefore, should be resorted to only during prolonged periods
of unfavorable weather when damage to quality becomes ap-
parent.
Peanut Curing. (J. L. Butt and F. A. Kummer.)- Experi-
ments were conducted to study some of the factors that influence
the artificial curing of peanuts. Two commercial scale drying
tests were conducted. The drying facilities consisted of 23 port-
able bins and a common air duct.
About 15 tons of peanuts were dried. Although the peanuts
had been partially dried in the field, they were rained on before
being taken to the drier. The moisture content before drying of
three batches was 18.5 per cent, 20.0 per cent, and 17.2 per cent.
They were dried to 7.8 per cent, 6.9 per cent, and 6.3 per cent,
respectively. The average time required for the three tests was
10 hours and 10 minutes. The drying-air temperature was be-
tween 1150 and 1200 F. Free fatty acid tests made before and
after each drying indicated no significant change. The damage
was 2 per cent in all tests and was the same as in peanuts dried
in the field after having been rained on. Peanuts from the same
field that had not been rained on showed no damage.
The percentage of sound, mature kernels became progressively
6 ALABAMA 
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT 
STATION
less with successive batches and was lowest in the field-dried
sample that had been rained on. This difference is partly ex-
plained by the fact that the last two batches dried artificially and
the field-dried batch contained high percentages of shrivels,
thereby reducing the percentage of sound, mature kernels. An-
other possible cause could be that the added moisture increased
the respiration rates, thereby consuming part of the reserve food
in the peanuts and reducing the total weight.
To establish its potential value, a rotary type potato dehydra-
tor was also used to dry peanuts. Peanuts in these tests were left
in the field during prolonged heavy rains. They contained as
high as 35 per cent moisture and could not be shelled at this
moisture content.
The air temperature was estimated between 1500 and 200' F.
and the temperature of the discharged peanuts from 180' to
1700 F. The rate of flow of peanuts through the drier was about
1 ton per hour, with each peanut remaining in the drum about
20 minutes. The final moisture content of the peanuts ranged
from 11 to 17 per cent. The cost of the operation would probably
not exceed $8 per ton.
Since the peanuts used in these studies were oil stock, the
primary considerations were: (1) moisture content, (2) shelling
quality, and (8) oil content.
The optimum desirable moisture content for selling oil stock
peanuts was 8 per cent. This value could have been reached
by adjusting feeding rates, air flow, and air temperature or by
running the peanuts through the drier a second time. Peanuts
having more than about 17 per cent moisture content will not
shell satisfactorily. Reduction to the proper moisture content for
selling also eliminated the shelling problem. The temperatures
used, although noticeably affecting the taste of the peanuts, did
not change the total oil content. (One peanut dealer estimated
that the value of the peanuts in these tests had been increased
about $30 per ton by artificial drying.
Mechanized Production of Cotton. (T. E. Corley and F. A.
Kummer.) - In a preliminary study, it was found that the stripper
will harvest a wide range of varieties fairly efficiently, and that the
greatest efficiency was obtained by harvesting varieties having
small stalks, short and high-fruiting limbs with somewhat storm
resistant bolls and not too fluffy locks.
The stripper harvested the cotton at a rate of about 1 acre per
6
ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
58th and 59th ANNUAL. REPORTS 7
hour. There was very little difference in the ginning qualities of
the varieties; however, Stormproof No. 1, which has a short staple,
could be cleaned better than the others. A low grade was ob-
tained from each variety. Although the cotton was well defoliated,
there was some leaf trash present. Much of this was from the
bract. Most of the trash in the lint was bark from the stems, which
was extremely difficult to remove in ginning.
Design and Construction of Special Farm Machinery and Equip-
ment. (F. A. Kummer and C. M. Stokes.)- Experimental work
on specialized equipment and machinery was conducted on three
problems: namely, (1) application of anhydrous ammonia as a
source of nitrogen, (2) control of weeds and grasses in row crops
by means of liquid petroleum gas flame cultivators, and (3) use
of tractor-mounted devices for chopping 
cotton mechanically.
In order to determine the problems involved in the handling
and application of anhydrous ammonia, a series of exploratory
tests were conducted. Methods for transporting and handling
the material were established so that recommendations could be
made to farmers desiring to use anhydrous ammonia. Preliminary
tests on nitrogen response showed that anhydrous ammonia com-
pares favorably with other sources of nitrogen.
In the tests with flame cultivators, it was found that weeds
of approximately the same size of the cotton plant could not be
controlled without injuring the cotton. Grasses and weeds that
emerge after the cotton plants have reached a height of 6 to 8
inches can be controlled by frequent flame cultivation.
Results of experiments with a tractor-mounted cotton chopper
showed that the initial preparation of the seedbed greatly affected
the performance of the machine. Soil clods and irregularities of
surface will produce unsatisfactory results because of depth va-
riation. Where conditions are suitable, the mechanical cotton
chopper will chop approximately 1 acre of cotton per hour
or the equivalent work of five to six choppers doing the same
operation with hoes.
Processing and Storing of Seed, Grain, and Hay. (J. L. Butt
and F, A. Kummer.) - In storage tests of blue lupine seed dur-
ing 6 months of the normal lupine storage season, the germin-
ability of seed stored under shelter at a depth of 3 inches was
not reduced where the original moisture content of the seed was
16 per cent and below. Where the moisture content was above
8 ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
16 per cent but below 19 per cent, the germination was affected
but still remained above 90 per cent. When the moisture content
exceeded 19 per cent, the germination suffered a heavier re-
duction. The moisture content after 6 months storage was about
the same in all samples regardless of the initial amount.
In simulated bulk storage tests, seed stored at a depth of 2
feet for 6 months during the normal lupine storage season did
not suffer a reduction in germination where the original moisture
content was 13 per cent. When the original moisture content
was 15.6 per cent and higher, the germinability was seriously
affected. Samples for these tests were taken at a depth of 18
inches. The final moisture content of the various samples of seed
did not vary appreciably from the original moisture content ex-
cept for the samples at 21 per cent initial moisture, which had
dropped to 17 per cent.
In an experiment designed to study the effect of constant
humidity storage on seed of various initial moisture contents,
seed at four moisture contents ranging from 10 to 21 per cent
were used. They were stored for 6 months at relative humidities
ranging from 60 to 100 per cent at intervals of 10 per cent. All
seed, regardless of the initial moisture content, stored at 100
per cent relative humidity were completely covered with mold.
The germination on all four samples stored at 90 per cent hu-
midity was below 50 per cent; the two with the higher initial
moisture contents being below 5 per cent. The germination was
above 95 per cent on all samples stored at 80 per cent humidity,
except the 21 per cent initial moisture sample which germinated
less than 40 per cent. All samples of seed stored at 70 per cent
humidity germinated above 95 per cent, except the 21 per cent
moisture sample which germinated 85 per cent. All samples
stored at 60 per cent humidity germinated 94 per cent or above.
A commercial drier was used to dry a 14 by 6.5-foot wagon
loaded with 2,800 pounds of loose hay having a 20 per cent
moisture content. The initial moisture content of the hay was
50 per cent. Air was distributed under the hay by an "A" frame
of 2 x 4 inches. To produce the final product desired, 20.5 gallons
of fuel oil for 5 hours of heat application plus 3 additional hours
of fan operation were required. This resulted in an operating
cost of $2.17 per ton of hay having a moisture content of 20 per
cent. The thermal efficiency of the operation was 20.4 per cent
where efficiency, moisture transfer coefficients, and wasted heat
were not considered. The final product graded No. 2 Green
58th and 59th ANNUAL REPORTS 9
Leafy and would have probably graded higher except for the
condition of the original product.
AGRONOMY and SOILS
Cotton Breeding and Improvement Investigations. 
(H. B. Tis-
dale and A. L. Smith.)- Work on improvement of the new
Deltapine 1096 and hybrid strains of cotton for resistance to
diseases and other important economic qualities was continued.
A new hybrid strain, No. 1282, has been developed from a cross
between Stoneville 5A and Clevewilt varieties of cotton. This
strain was planted in all variety tests and several strain tests
in 1947. Results showed that Hybrid 1282 was high yielding and
early maturing, was highly resistant to wilt, and produced good
quality staple of 1 to 1-1/16 inches in length.
Another new hybrid, CSS9 (Clevewilt X Stoneville 2B X
Stoneville 2B), appeared promising in yield tests conducted in
1947 and 1948. This hybrid yielded higher than most commercial
varieties at most locations in the variety trials. It has many 
of
the desirable characteristics of Stoneville 2B and in addition is
wilt resistant. Further improvement of this hybrid is being made
at the Station's Plant Breeding Unit, Tallassee.
One of the strains of cotton included in this improvement
work, No. 9531, was found to have high fiber tensile strength 
in
tests made by the United States Fiber Laboratory, Knoxville,
Tennessee. This strain is being used to develop a variety 
of
cotton of high fiber tensile strength adapted to growing conditions
in Alabama.
Cotton Variety Tests. (H. B. Tisdale) -Average results of
cotton variety tests conducted on the Main Station, Substations,
and Experiment Fields for the past 3 years, 1946-1948 show
that Stoneville 2B, Stonewilt, Empire, Miller 610, White Gold,
Coker 100 Wilt, and Deltapine 15 are very satisfactory varieties
for production, staple length and other fiber properties for plant-
ing in any section of Alabama that is free of the cotton wilt dis-
ease. Coker 100 Wilt, Stonewilt, and White Gold Wilt are the
most satisfactory wilt-resistant varieties for production, staple
length, and other fiber properties for planting in sections infested
with cotton wilt.
Cottonseed Treatment Materials. (A. L. Smith.) - Ceresan
M and Dow 9B were superior dust disinfectants in tests for
treating cottonseed. Both materials were used at the rate of 1
ounces per bushel. Ceresan M may also be used for treating
with a slurry machine. Two per cent Ceresan was a satisfactory
dust for cottonseed, but it is used at the rate of 8 ounces per
bushel and is more expensive than the other two materials.
Emergence and Yield of Fuzzy, Reginned and Acid Delinted
Cottonseed. (A. L. Smith.) - Acid delinted sinkers cottonseed
gave an average of 24 per cent more seedlings than fuzzy seed
when the same seed numbers were planted in tests conducted
2 years. Acid delinted seed were improved in germination by re-
moval of floaters. Reginned seed emerged 3 to 5 per cent less
than fuzzy seed. This difference is attributed to damage resulting
from the reginning process. The average emergence for the 2
years for fuzzy, reginned, and acid delinted seed was 55, 52, and
69 per cent, 
respectively.
Increased yields were obtained from both reginned and acid
delinted seed in 1948. Low soil moisture at planting time was a
limiting factor for obtaining stands. Acre yields of lint from acid
delinted, reginned, and fuzzy seed were 684, 609, and 573 pounds,
respectively.
Soil Fumigants for Controlling Cotton Wilt and Nematodes.
(A. L. Smith.) - Three soil fumigants, DD, Iscobrome D, and
Dowfume, controlled both cotton wilt and nematodes and gave
increased yields on a heavily infested soil at Tallassee. Row ap-
plication of DD applied at the rate of 81/2 gallons per acre
increased the lint yield of Coker 100 Wilt from 410 to 596 pounds,
a difference of 186 pounds. With Deltapine 15 the same treat-
ment increased the yield from 156 to 459 pounds, a difference of
803 pounds of lint. Larger amounts of Iscobrome D and Dow-
fume W-20 were necessary to produce corresponding increases
in yield.
Defoliants for Cotton. (A. L. Smith.) - Special grade Cyana-
mid gave the most satisfactory results of several defoliants tested.
Satisfactory defoliation was obtained when Cyanamid was used
as a dust at 30 pounds per acre. Heavy nightly dews are neces-
sary for best results. Poor results were obtained during the latter
part of August when soil moisture was low and dews did not
occur.
Lime and Boron Investigation: (1) EFFECT OF FINENESS OF
GRINDING AGRICULTURAL LIME. (F. L. Davis.) - The 7-year re-
ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION10
sults of a field test in which relative efficiencies of calcitic and
dolomitic limestones of different degrees of fineness were meas-
ured by the yields of crimson clover and Sudan grass show that:
1. The coarser grades, namely the 4 to 10- and 10 to 20-mesh,
were relatively inefficient in comparison to the agricultural grade.
2. The grades of dolomitic lime finer than 20-mesh were rela-
tively more efficient than the agricultural grade.
3. The finer grades of calcitic lime were less efficient than
the agricultural grade of the same material due to alkaline re-
actions of the soil and reduced yields of the crops the first year
or two after liming.
The average yields of Sudan grass and crimson clover pro-
duced by the agricultural grade and the relative efficiencies of
all other grades are given in Tables 1 and 2.
TABLE 1. - RELATIVE YIELDS OF CRIMSON CLOVER AND SUDAN GRASS FROM
DIFFERENT GRADES AND RATES OF DOLOMITIc LIMESTONE
Crops Yields Relative 
Relative yields from different 
fineness
grown and from.agr 
yields or grades of dolomitic 
limestone
rates of cutu from agri-
lime per clil cultural 4-10 10-20 20-60 60-100 100-200
acre me limestone mesh mesh mesh mesh mesh
Lb. Pet. Pet. Pct. Pet. Pet. Pet.
Crimson clover
1,500 lb. 12,146 100 65 67 114 115 110
3,000 lb. 17,832 100 44 67 108 111 96
Sudan grass
1,500 lb. 6,075 100 44 81 78 106 106
3,000 lb. 7,584 100 44 45 107 104 107
1 Green weight
TABLE 2. - RELATIVE YIELDS OF CRIMSON CLOVER AND SUDAN GRASS FROM
DIFFERENT GRADES AND RATES OF CALCITIC LIMESTONE
Crops grown Yields Relative Relative 
yields from different fineness or
and rates of from yields from 
grades of calcitic limestone
lime per agr'l agr'l lime- 4-10 10-20 20-60 60-100 100-200 
C. P.
acre lime
1  
stone mesh mesh mesh mesh mesh CaCOs
Lb. Pet. Pet. Pct. Pet. Pet. Pet. Pet.
Crimson clover
1,500 lb. 12,268 100 57 58 95 84 87 103
3,000 lb. 17,509 100 45 63 79 91 82 87
Sudan grass
1,500 lb. 6,386 100 62 71 118 85 92 87
3,000 lb. 8,305 100 62 84 87 110 108 103
1 Green weight
58th and 59th ANNUAL REPORTS 11
ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
(2) BORON REQUIREMENTS OF ALFALFA. (B. L. Collier and
F. L. Davis.) - Results of chemical analyses of alfalfa grown on
field tests of the comparative value of blast furnace slag and
agricultural lime with and without additional applications of
borax indicate that for normal growth alfalfa requires sufficient
boron to provide 28 to 30 p.p.m. in the dry hay. Plots on which
the alfalfa contained smaller amounts of boron gave decreased
yields of hay. Alfalfa containing 28.3 p.p.m of boron in the hay
utilized approximately 2 pounds of borax per ton of hay produced.
(3) BORAX FOR CRIMSON CLOVER SEED PRODUCTION. (F. L.
Davis.)- A recently completed experiment located on Norfolk
loamy sand at Auburn, has shown that annual applications of
10 to 15 pounds per acre of borax in addition to 800 pounds per
acre of an 0-14-10 fertilizer increased the average annual yield
of mature crimson clover seed from 90 pounds per acre to 850
pounds per acre. These yields of seed were obtained by hand-
harvesting and are somewhat higher than would be obtained by
combining or by mowing and threshing the crimson clover. The
vegetative growth, as measured by the weight of dry crimson
clover straw, was increased only 36 per cent or from 2,885 pounds
per acre to 3,912 pounds per acre.
(4) LIME INCREASES YIELD AND SHELLING PERCENTAGE OF
PEANUTS. (F. L. Davis.)-Applications of 1,500 and 3,000
pounds per acre of several different sources of lime to a Nor-
folk loamy sand at Auburn produced 6-year average yields of
1,135 and 1,409 pounds per acre of cured Spanish peanuts.
These yields represented average annual increases of 571 and
845 pounds of peanuts per acre, respectively, from the two rates
of liming. Average shelling percentages for the last 3 years of the
test (1946-1948) were 76.7 per cent for the 1,500-pound per acre
application and 78.1 per cent for the 3,000-pound application. The
largest average annual yield produced by the natural sources of
lime was obtained from dolomitic lime.
Behavior of Potassium in Soils. (Robert W. Pearson.) - Re-
sults of a study of the potassium-fixing capacities of five differ-
ent Alabama soils varying widely in chemical, physical, and
mineralogical characteristics has showed that this property is
strongly influenced by the clay mineral type. Highest fixation
was found in soils containing an unidentified mineral having a
14.3 A' fixed spacing, as determined by the X-ray diffraction
procedure.
12
58th and 5th ANNUAL REPORTS 1
A very close relationship was found between the original ex-
changeable potassium in eight Alabama soils and the amounts
of potassium removed by five crops grown under greenhouse con-
ditions. The amounts of potassium converted from non-exchange-
able to exchangeable form in- the soils during this period varied
from 0 to 40 p.p.m. No relationship could be found between the
rate of release of potassium and total amounts of this element
present in the soil, and between the original supply in the ex-
changeable form and the distribution of the total supply among
the soil particle size separates. Total potassium content of the soils
varied from only 355 to 7,831 p.p.m. Of the soils being studied, the
highly acid montmorillonitic types showed lowest potassium re-
lease, and the one calcareous soil containing montmorillonite had
the highest. The kaolinitic soils were intermediate in this respect.
Factors Affecting the Nature and Behavior of Native and
Added Phosphates in Soils. (1) ADSORPTION OF PHOSPHORUS BY
SOILS. (L. E. Ensminger.)- Factors affecting the adsorption
capacity of a number of minerals and soils have been studied.
The adsorption capacity of minerals vary considerably. How-
ever, there are indications that this variation may be due as much
to crystal size as to the composition and structure of the mineral.
Also, some of the clay minerals contain free iron and aluminum
oxides, which make it difficult to determine the capacity of the
mineral itself. Ingeneral, the phosphorus adsorption capacity
of minerals and soils increases with increase in acidity of the
saturating solution.
Preliminary data showed that water was released when min-
erals adsorbed phosphates. After refining the technique for de-
termining loss of water, additional data were obtained showing
the relationship between water lost and phosphate adsorbed for
several minerals and soil colloids at three pH levels. The ratios
(H
2
0/PO
4
) obtained should indicate the valence of the phos-
phate ion adsorbed. On the theoretical basis if phosphorus is
taken up as the H
2
PO
4 
ion by a material containing hydroxyl
groups, one mole of water should be released for every mole of
phosphorus taken up. If phosphorus is taken up as the HPO
4
ion, the ratio should be 2 and if taken up as the P0
4 
ion, the
ratio should be 3. The theoretical ratios for the oxides should
be one half as large in each, case.
The ratios (H
2
0/PO4) for hematite and A1
2
0
3 
were 0.54
and 0.57, respectively, at pH 4.25. These ratios are close to
58th and 59th ANNUAL REPORTS
13
ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
the theoretical ratio of 0.5 for oxides fixing phosphorus as the
H
2
PO
4 
ion. The ratio for A1
2
0s increased with increasing pH,
showing an average valence of 2.7 at pH 7.0. The data for
bauxite and hydrated alumina showed an average valence of
1.34 and 1.53, respectively, at pH 4.25. In case of hydrated
alumina, the ratio increased with increasing pH to 3.01 at pH
7.0. The ratios for soil colloids also show an increase with pH.
These ratios indicate that the valence of the adsorbed phosphate
ion depends on the pH of the saturating solution.
Powder X-ray diffraction patterns were made of some of the
phosphated materials. The X-ray data show that an aluminum
phosphate compound is formed on phosphating kaolinite similar
to the compounds formed on phosphating aluminum oxide and
aluminum hydrate. The type of pattern obtained on phosphating
the materials depends on the conditions maintained during the
phosphating process.
Many soils adsorb or fix phosphorus as measured chemically.
Field plot work, however, has shown that much of the so-called
fixed phosphorus is still available to plants. Results of residual
phosphorus studies showed that cotton grown on soils that had
accumulated an appreciable amount of applied phosphorus, gave
little response to phosphate fertilization. There seems to be
little or no relation between the phosphorus fixing capacity of
soils and the residual value of phosphorus as measured by crop
yields.
Zinc Content of Soil Extracts and Occurrence of Zinc Defici-
ency Symptoms. (Anna L. Sommer and John I. Wear.) - A
method was devised whereby soil extracts could be made and the
zinc therein determined within a working day. Extracts and zinc
determinations were made on samples of 15 soils by this method.
Zinc deficiency symptoms had been observed on eight of these
soils and the maximum concentration of zinc in the extract of
any of these soils was 0.9 parts per million. The minimum found
for soils where the corn showed no deficiency symptoms was
1.2 parts per million.
Iron Nutrition of Certain Plants with Special Reference to
Conditions Obtained in Calcareous Soils. (Anna L. Sommer and
John I. Wear.) - Peanuts and rice were grown in drip coltures
of different hydrogen ion concentrations and in calcareos soil
under different conditions. It was found easier to obtain chlorosis
with rice than with peanuts under drip culture conditions.
14
58th and 59h ANNUAIL REPORTS 1
In continuing the study of inoculated and uninoculated pea-
nut plants growing in calcareous soil, the marked differences of
the year before were not obtained. Uninoculated plants were not
as chlorotic as they were in the preceding year nor were the
inoculated ones as green.
Tightly compacting the soil was found to be as efficient a
way to prevent chlorosis in rice as it had been previously found
for peanuts. Rice was grown in puddled and normally loose
soil with ammonium sulfate as a source of nitrogen. It was
also grown at the same time in the loose soil, with sodium nitrate
as the nitrogen source. All plants grown in the puddled soil made
excellent growth and showed no signs of chlorosis. In the series
grown during the summer, plants with nitrate nitrogen were
more chlorotic than those with ammonium nitrogen. The op-
posite was the case in the series grown in the late fall and in the
early winter. Plants in the ammonium series were so chlorotic as
to make very little growth where the soil was loose, while the ni-
trated plants, though chlorotic, made considerably more growth.
Effects of Magnesium and Other Minor Elements on Growth
and Yield of Various Crops Under Field Conditions. (D. G.
Sturkie.) - The elements tested were zinc, manganese, copper,
boron, and magnesium. On the soil used the only element that
appeared to be deficient for the crops tested was zinc, and the
only crop responding to zinc was corn. The crops tested were
peanuts, cotton, corn, lupines, crimson clover, vetch, and Austrian
winter peas. The response of corn to zinc in some years was
very marked. The average (1946-48) increase in yield from an
application of 10 pounds of zinc sulfate has been 10 bushels of
corn per acre.
Magnesium and Minor Element Deficiencies in Some Alabama
Soils and Methods for Their Determination. (Anna L. Sommer
and John I. Wear.) - In field experiments cotton and corn were
found to respond to magnesium and to a minor-element mixture
of boron, copper, manganese, and zinc on a number of the
sandy soils in Alabama. Zinc appeared to be the element most
likely to be deficient for the two crops on the soils studied. In-
crease in yield due to boron in most cases and to manganese in
all cases was of doubtful significance. No increase due to appli-
cations of copper was found.
Since cotton and corn do not make normal growth in pots in
the greenhouse, an attempt was made to find what plants, when
58th and 59th ANNUAL REPORTS
is
ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
grown in the greenhouse, would respond to magnesium and
minor element treatments as did cotton and corn under field con-
ditions. The plants investigated were turnips, crotalaria, sorghum,
oats, common lespedeza, buckwheat, rape, millet, wild buckwheat
Fagopunum tartaricum, blue lupine, and flax.
The response of crotalaria to magnesium correlated well with
that of cotton and corn on the same soil in the field. In the case
of the minor element mixture, there was no correlation between
cotton and corn, and any of the plants studied. The growing of
cotton and corn in 4-gallon pots out of doors also failed to give
a good correlation with the results obtained under field conditions.
In a study to determine if there was a relationship between
the minor element content of the soil and satisfactory plant
growth, a method was devised for obtaining soil extract of rela-
tively soluble zinc and analysis thereof. A good correlation was
obtained between the amount of zinc so determined and the
occurrence of zinc deficiency symptoms of corn on corresponding
soils during the year the method was developed. Zinc deficiency
symptoms did not appear every year in corn grown on the same
soil, and increases in yield from zinc fertilization were not con-
sistent from year to year. During years in which deficiency
symptoms were more pronounced, a high correlation was ob-
tained between the amount of zinc in the soil and the zinc
deficiency symptoms of corn grown on that soil.
Auburn Reseeding Crimson Clover. (T. H. Rogers.)- A new
strain of hard-seeded crimson clover has been released by this
Station through the Alabama Crop Improvement Association.
This new strain of clover, designated as Auburn Reseeding
Crimson Clover, was developed from crimson clover that had
been volunteering at the Main Station in a Bermuda grass sod
for about 25 years. Auburn Reseeding Crimson Clover has pro-
duced satisfactory volunteer stands at a number of locations in
the State when grown in rotation with grain sorghum, Johnson
grass, Sudan grass, soybeans, and in pasture sod. Plants of this
strain can not be distinguished from those of ordinary crimson
clover. However, the percentage of hard seed in the new strain
is considerably greater than that of commercial crimson clover;
furthermore, the hard seed content is maintained until late sum-
mer or early fall.
During the fall 
of 1947 approximately 
2,600 pounds 
of Auburn
Reseeding Crimson Clover seed were distributed to 84 members
16
58th and 59th ANNUAL REPORTS17
of the Alabama Crop Improvement Association. Farmers receiving
this seed agreed to grow it under the regulations of the Crop
Improvement Association. Approximately 30,000 pounds of seed
were harvested during the spring of 1948.
Experiment on Maintaining Soil Fertility and Crop Production
in Cropping Systems Involving Harvested Peanuts. (D. G. Sturkie.)
- Several cropping systems and fertilizer applications involving
harvested Spanish peanuts have been studied over the 6-year
period, 1943-1948. The results indicate that for Spanish peanuts:
1. Application of 300 pounds of 0-14-10 increased the yield
of peanuts 429 pounds per acre.
2. Use of good cropping system and application of 300 pounds
of 0-14-10 increased the yield 1,010 pounds per acre.
3. The best cropping system tested was peanuts followed by
oats harvested for grain followed by vetch, which was turned
under ahead of peanuts.
4. Turning under oats as a green manure crop was either in-
jurious or of no benefit to cotton 
or peanuts.
5. Hogging peanuts or plowing under peanuts for soil im-
provement increased the yield of cotton only a little over 100
pounds of seed cotton per acre.
Production and Management of Alfalfa. (D. G. Sturkie.)-
Studies at Auburn and at most other localities in Alabama show
a dominant need for potash for alfalfa. Annual applications of
200 or more pounds per acre of muriate of potash are needed.
In some cases on sandy soils, applications as large as 600 pounds
per acre are necessary for maximum yields.
Lime is essential for alfalfa. In most cases applications of
2 to 3 tons of lime per acre are sufficient, but in some instances
4 to 8 tons are needed.
An application of 300 to 400 pounds of superphosphate an-
nually is sufficient.
On most soils alfalfa responded to applications of borax; 15
pounds per acre annually appears to be sufficient.
Grazing during the winter reduces the yield of alfalfa the
following summer.
Pasture Studies: (1) INFLUENCE OF LIME, FERTILIZER, AND
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON PRODUCTIVITY OF PERMANENT PAS-
TURES. (E. H. Stewart and J. M. Scholl.) - Results from a rate-
of-lime study conducted at 11 widely separated locations have
58th and 59th ANNUAL REPORTS
17
ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
shown that white clover pastures respond favorably for at least
5 years to the following amounts of lime: 2 to 3 tons per acre
on heavy-textured acid Black Belt soils, 1 to 2 tons per acre on
alluvial creek-bottom or flood-plain soils, and 11/2 tons on sandy
soils.
The data from 19 tests at several locations indicate that white
clover yields from plots receiving basic slag and colloidal phos-
phate were 93 per cent and 53 per cent, respectively, when com-
pared with superphosphate.
Productive white clover-grass pastures can be established
usually on soils to which they are adapted by following recom-
mended cultural, fertility, and seeding practices. After a period
(3 to 5 years) of good clover growth, during which time recom-
mended fertilizers are applied, many of the white clover stands
become materially reduced. It has been observed that these
white clover failures are usually associated with heavy grass com-
petition and that under these close grazing of the grass in the
late summer is beneficial.
(2) LADINo CLovER.-Experiments with Ladino clover seeded
in September 1946, in both heavy- and light-textured soils, with
and without grass companions and in comparison with white
Dutch clover have shown that:
1. Following the establishment of good stands of both clovers
on the two soils, Ladino produced 10 per cent more green ma-
terial in 1947, but approximately the same amount of dry material.
2. White Dutch clover was a much more prolific seed pro-
ducer.
3. Good stands of perennial plants of both clovers survived
the extremely dry summer of 1947.
Success with Ladino clover depends to a large extent upon
recognizing the following facts about its growth behavior:
1. It requires high levels of fertility and moisture for best
results because of its capacity to produce high yields.
2. It is one of the most palatable crops.
3. Ladino clover is susceptible to injury from insects and from
overgrazing by livestock because of its high palatability.
4. It is slower to recover from close grazing than is common
white clover.
(3) WINTER GRAZING CROPS.- The incorporation of such re-
seeding winter legumes as crimson and bur clovers into Bermuda
grass sods resulted in more productive upland pastures by ex-
18
58th and 59th ANNUAL REPORTS 1
tending the grazing period and by furnishing much needed
nitrogen to the grass. After establishment in thoroughly-disked
Bermuda grass pastures, these clovers have successfully volun-
teered and have furnished winter grazing for 2 successive years
in six tests on soils varying from light loamy sands to clay loams.
Good stands were produced in the fall of 1947, which was gen-
erally unfavorable for winter legumes. In these tests crimson
clover was productive only where the Bermuda grass was closely
grazed or renovated in the fall.
Subterranean clover, Trifolium subterraneum (L.), an annual
reseeding winter clover, has about the same soil and fertility re-
quirements as white Dutch clover. It has shown" promise on
Susquehanna clay at the Tuskegee Experiment Field and on a
Mallory very fine sandy loam at the Alexandria Experiment Field.
This clover has volunteered to excellent stands for 2 successive
years and has furnished grazing as early in the fall as crimson or
bur clover and produced more grazing in the spring of 1947.
Subterranean clover appears to be more tolerant to wet soils than
crimson and bur clovers. Its seed-forming habit is unique in that
the seed are produced on or below the soil surface, thus allow-
ing for greater reproduction under closer grazing conditions than
the more upright-growing clovers. Seedlings make more rapid
growth than those of white clover; hence, this legume may have
a definite place in pastures where white clover cannot be main-
tained as a perennial due to dry summer conditions.
Effect of Sources of Phosphate on the Growth of White Clover.
(J. M. Scholl.) -Field and greenhouse tests established in 1947
on both acid and alkaline soils have shown that rock and colloidal
phosphates are ineffective for supplying the phosphorus required
to establish productive white clover pastures. Colloidal phos-
phate, when applied at rates of 288, 576, and 1,152 pounds of
P
2
0
5 
per acre, was inferior in all tests to superphosphate at 144
pounds of P
2
0
5 
per acre in the establishment and first year's
growth of white clover. Superphosphate to supply 144 pounds of
P
2
0
5 
per acre was superior to rock phosphate supplying 576 and
1,152 pounds of P
2
0 
5 
per acre. The tests in subsequent years
will furnish data to show when and in what measure phosphorus
from colloidal and rock phosphates become available to the
plants.
Tall Fescue for Alabama Postures. (J. M. Scholl.) - Tall fes-
cues, viz., Kentucky 81 and Alta, have been gaining in popularity
58th and 59th ANNUAL REPORTS 19
ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
in Alabama. Observations and experimental data have indicated
the following:
1. Tall fescues are more widely adapted in Alabama than any
of the present perennial winter grasses and usually provide more
forage.
2. They possess a considerable degree of summer dormancy
and should be grown in combination with summer legumes or
with summer grasses that are supplied with commercial nitrogen.
3. They apparently have a higher palatability rating in the
South than in northern states.
4. Tall fescues can successfully compete with many of the
serious pasture weeds, such as dock and thistle, and they make
possible the establishment of productive pastures on moist, weed-
infested soils.
ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
Production and Utilization of Pasture and Feed Crops in East
Alabama. (J. C. Grimes and D. G. Sturkie.)- Ten beef cows
and 25 acres of pasture and hay crops were used in a feed pro-
duction and utilization study in 1948.
The 25 acres of crops consisted of 10 acres of lespedeza sericea,
7 acres of alfalfa, and 8 acres of a combination of Johnson grass,
reseeding crimson and manganese bur clovers. The ten cows and
eight calves they raised received all their feed from crops grown
on the 25 acres of land. The surplus crops were converted into
hay and sold or fed to other stock.
Returns from the 25 acres were as follows: (1) eight calves
weighing 4,115 pounds at 20 cents per pound, $822; (2) 21 tons
of surplus alfalfa hay at $40 per ton, $840; (3) two and one-half
tons of surplus Johnson grass hay at $20 per ton, $50; (4) gross
returns, $1,712; (5) gross returns per acre, $68.48; (6) cost of
fertilizer per acre, $9.94; and (7) return per acre to capital and
labor, $58.54.
Grazing and Forage Crop Studies. (J. C. Grimes and A. E.
Cullison.) - Results of studies of grazing and management of
pasture crops indicate that the most reliable grazing crops for
November, December, and January are oats or rye grass and
annual crimson clover. If these crops are planted from the first
to the fifteenth of September on a well prepared seedbed and
are properly fertilized, they will nearly always furnish good graz-
ing by the first of November.
20
58th and 59th ANNUAL REPORTS 2
Once they are established, reseeding crops such as hard-
seeded crimson and manganese bur clover require less labor and
are cheaper to grow than grazing crops that must be planted
each year. If temperature and moisture conditions are favor-
able during the fall, reseeding crops will provide grazing in No-
vember, December, and January. However, they cannot be relied
upon always for grazing during these months. In the fall of
1946 these crops were ready to graze by November 1, but in
the fall and winter of 1947-48 they were not ready until February
1. These crops make their greatest growth from the middle of
February to the middle of May.
Reseeding clovers have been grown successfully in combina-
tion with Johnson grass, sudan grass, or grain sorghum.
It has proved difficult to provide all of the feed needed by
cows throughout the entire year from grazing crops alone. It
seems wise to store some hay, grain sorghum, stover, or other dry
feed for winter use. The beef herd on the Main Station farm, in
recent years, has been wintered on grazing crops and hay fed
from the stack.
Hogging Off Grain Sorghum. (H. J. Smith and J. C. Grimes.)
- Twelve pigs averaging 107.3 pounds were moved into a field
of 4 acres of Early Hegari on September 28. Five more pigs,
averaging 118.2 pounds, were added to the test on October 25.
The grain sorghum was exhausted by November 8, and all pigs
were removed from the field on that date.
The yield of grain was estimated by sampling methods at 35
bushels per acre. A protein supplement consisting of equal parts of
cottonseed meal (36 per cent) and tankage (50 per cent) was
self-fed. A mineral mixture (2 parts steamed bone meal and 1
part salt) was also available at all times.
The 4 acres of grain sorghum plus 608 pounds of supplement
furnished 574 hog days of feed and grazing. Total gain was
949 pounds, and the average daily gain was 1.65 pounds. The feed
required per 100 pounds of gain was 866.3 pounds of grain and
67.4 pounds of supplement. The rate of gain is regarded as satis-
factory, but the feed required per unit of gain is extremely high.
Although no accurate check on losses due to various factors
could be made, it was evident that a considerable amount of grain
was lost to birds and to weather damage from shattered grain fall-
ing on the ground and sprouting.
One acre of grain sorghum and 152 pounds of supplement pro-
duced 237 pounds of gain on the hogs.
58th and 59th ANNUAL R-EPORTS
21
ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
The supplement cost $.05 per pound or $7.60, and the gain
produced on the hogs was worth $.20 per pound or $47.49.
After subtracting the cost of the supplement, there was left
a gross return of $39.80 per acre from the grain sorghum.
Relation of Diet to Development and Growth of Liver Tumors
Induced by p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene (Butter 
Yellow). (R. W.
Engel, D. H. Copeland, and W. D. Salmon.)- In initial studies
concerned with the relation of diet to development of butter-
yellow-induced liver tumors, those diet ingredients reported by
other investigators to have positive effects in either enhancing or
inhibiting liver tumor development have been studied.
Increasing the riboflavin from 1 mg/kilo to 20 mg/kilo of diet
delayed the development of liver tumors and reduced the severity
of the liver lesions considerably. Increasing the pyridoxine from
2 mg/kilo to 10 mg/kilo of diet failed to influence tumor develop-
ment. Other workers have reported that high-pyridoxine diets
enhance tumor development.
Supplementing the basal diet with DL-methionine or with
choline chloride failed to prevent tumor formation. When both
of these nutrients were included in the diet tumor development
was not prevented but no metastases to other tissues were ob-
served, whereas liver tumor metastases to other tissues were
observed in 50 per cent of the animals receiving either of these
nutrients singly.
When hydrogenated coconut fat, corn oil, or coconut oil served
as sources of fat in the diet, the tumor incidence was 100 per
cent regardless of type of fat in the diet. Other investigators have
reported a delay in tumor formation when hydrogenated coconut
fat served as dietary fat source. Liver tumor metastases to other
tissues were absent in the animals receiving hydrogenated coconut
fat. Metastases were observed in one of three animals receiving
corn oil and two of four animals*receiving coconut oil.
It has also been reported by other investigators that the in-
clusion in the diet of mineral oil or detergents inhibited tumor
development.
A detergent was added to the diet at four levels: 0.0, 0.25,
1.0, and 8.0 per cent of the diet. A 100 per cent incidence of liver
tumors was observed in all animals, indicating that the detergent
did not retard liver tumor formation.
22
58th and 59th ANNUAL REPORTS 23
BOTANY AND PLANT PATHOLOGY
Studies on Control of Late Blight (Phytophthora infestans) of
Irish Potato. (Coyt Wilson, Otto Brown, and Frank E. Garrett.)
- Late blight did not become a limiting factor in the test area
in 1947. However, there was considerable early blight in the area
at the time the plots were harvested. While late blight appeared
in the plots one month before harvest in 1948, fair weather re-
tarded its development. Potato yields were increased from 19
to 28 bags per acre as a result of five applications of fungicides
at the Gulf Coast Substation in 1948. The test consisted of seven
fungicidal treatments and an untreated check. Insects were con-
trolled on all plots by use of DDT. There were four replications
of each treatment, with the plots being six rows wide by 60 feet
long. All fungicides tested, except Phygon, increased yields.
Although Phygon controlled late blight as effectively as any
other fungicide, the yields were practically the same as those
of the check.
The treatments and the yields, expressed as bags per acre,
were as follows: no fungicide, 129; Phygon spray (2 pounds per
100 gallons), 129; Z-78 dust (containing 3.9 per cent zinc ethylene
bisdithiocarbamate), 148; General Chemical dust (containing 6
per cent zinc-nitro-dithioacetate and 6 per cent copper-nitro di-
thioacetate), 149; Parzate dust (containing 6 per cent zinc ethyl-
ene bisdithiocarbamate), 153; COCS dust (containing 6 per cent
metallic copper), 154; Z-78 dust (containing 6 per cent zinc
ethylene bisdithiocarbamate), 156; and Dithane D-14 spray (2
quarts per 100 gallons), 157.
Peanut Seed Treatments. (Coyt Wilson.) - Average emer-
gence from machine-shelled runner peanuts planted at the Wire-
grass Substation without treatment was 47 per cent. Treatment
with Ceresan M at the rate of 1 ounces per 100 pounds of seed
increased the emergence to 78 per cent. Smaller, but significant
increases in emergence were obtained by treating the seed with
any one of the following rates of fungicides per 100 pounds of
seed: Arasan, 2 to 8 ounces; Phygon, 3 to 6 ounces; wettable
Phygon, wettable Spergon or regular Spergon, 3 ounces; Dow 9B,
2 to 8 ounces; and red copper oxide, 16 ounces. Seedox at
either 2 or 3 ounces per 100 pounds of seed did not increase
emergence; neither did Dow 9B when applied at the rate of 1
ounce per 100 pounds of seed.
Ceresan M applied at greater dosages than 11 ounces per
100 pounds of seed reduced emergence.
Studies on Control of Fruit and Foliage Diseases of Tomato.
(Coyt Wilson, Harold F. Yates, and L. M. Ware.) - Dithane D-14
spray containing 2 quarts of Dithane; Bordeaux spray, 4-4-50;
Parzate dust containing 8.0 per cent zinc ethylene bisdithiocarba-
mate; and Copper A Compound dust containing 6.3 per cent
metallic copper were tested on tomatoes against an untreated
check at the Gulf Coast Substation and at Auburn. Late blight
was present but not destructive at the Gulf Coast Substation.
There was no late blight at Auburn. Early blight was present in
both tests.
The greatest increases were obtained with Parzate dust or
with Copper A Compound dust. The yield of marketable toma-
toes at the Gulf Coast Substation was increased from 5.0 tons per
acre to 8.8 tons per acre by Parzate dust and to 8.9 tons per acre
by Copper A dust. There was no significant increase from either
of the two sprays. At Auburn, Parzate dust and Copper A dust
treatments each resulted in 5.2 tons of marketable tomatoes per
acre, while the check plots produced only 3.1 tons per acre. No
yield records were obtained on the spray plots at Auburn.
Blue Lupine Seed Treatments. (Coyt Wilson and James A.
Lyle.) - The following materials were tested on blue lupine seed
for their effect on emergence and on nodulation: 2 per cent Cere-
san, Phygon, Arasan, Spergon, Dow 9B, and Mercan A. All
materials were applied at the rate of 4 ounces per 100 pounds
of seed except Phygon and 2 per cent Ceresan, which were ap-
plied at the rate of 2 ounces per 100 pounds of seed. Treatments
were applied about one week before planting time. At planting
the seed were inoculated with the appropriate strain of Nitragin.
Plantings were made at Auburn and at the Gulf Coast Substation.
All materials except Mercan A increased emergence. Spergon in-
creased emergence from 54.5 per cent to 65.9 per cent. Phygon
and Arasan gave 64.9 and 61.4 per cent emergence, respectively.
None of the materials interfered with nodulation.
Studies on Control of Cercospora Leafspot of Peanuts. (Coyt
Wilson.) - Tests on Spanish peanuts with different fungicides.
proved that the two best fungicides for control of leafspot were
dusting sulphur and dusting sulphur containing 3.5 per cent
metallic copper.
24 ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
The average yield of runner peanuts during the 2-year period,
1947-48, was 2,675 pounds per acre of cured peanuts when dusted
four times with copper-sulphur as compared with 1,971 pounds
per acre for undusted peanuts. Plots that received one, two, or
three applications produced 2,346, 2,451, and 2,509 pounds per
acre, respectively.
DAIRY HUSBANDRY
Relative Accuracy of Milk Yields Estimated from Four-Day,
Two-Day and One-Day Weighings. (K. M. Autrey.)- For 
the
dairyman monthly milk production yields estimated from weights
taken one day during a given month are adequate for his use in
identifying profitable cows and culling "boarders." In DHIA
production testing work, this procedure is customarily used.
However, for obtaining milk yield estimates on cows used in
experimental units, will one-day's milk weights each month be
sufficiently accurate? To obtain daily milk weights on each cow
in a dairy herd is a time-consuming chore.
This study was designed to compare the relative accuracy of
milk yields estimated from 4-day, 2-day, and 1-day weighings as
compared with actual milk yields. For the 4-day estimates, milk
weights were taken 1 day each week; for 2-day estimates, weights
were taken 1 day every 2 weeks; and for 1-day estimates, 1 day
every 4 weeks. Production records on 29 Jersey cows of the API
College herd during the 4-month period, beginning March 1,
1948, were involved. Daily production records were kept on each
cow during the experimental period.
An analysis of variance was made on actual production records
for comparison with estimates obtained by each of the other
three methods. The mean monthly production per cow, as de-
termined by the various methods, was as follows: actual record,
715.1 pounds; 4-day weighings, 717.2 pounds; 2-day weighings,
720.5 pounds; and 1-day weighings, 738.5 pounds. Statistical
analysis shows that there is a significant difference between actual
milk weights and those obtained by estimates from one-day
weighings, although the latter estimate is in this case only about
3 per cent greater than the actual record.
Estimates based on 4-day weighings per month were only
slightly different from actual records, and those based on 2-day
weighings were almost as accurate. It seems that, unless an
exacting comparative trial is involved, milk weights taken 2 days
58th and 59th ANNUAL REPORTS 25
ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
each month will provide a satisfactory estimate of milk production
in experimental dairy herds.
Techniques in Artificial Insemination of Dairy Cattle. (K. M.
Autrey and Pete B. Turnham.) - In order that a reasonably large
percentage of Alabama dairy cows may eventually benefit from
artificial insemination, a simplified technique must be developed
- one that the farmer himself may apply. Using the conventional
technique, it is necessary that a skilled technician be employed
to breed cows, and only counties with relatively large dairy cow
numbers can support such a technician.
In 1947 an experiment was designed to compare three methods
of inseminating cattle. The API College dairy herd was separated
at random into three groups. In the first group diluted semen
was placed in the vagina in the same relative position a bull would
deposit raw semen in natural service. Conception rate on first
service was 57 per cent. Cows in the next group were insemi-
nated by depositing at the base of thecow's cervix with a balling
gun a 2-cc. capsule filled with dilute semen. Thirty-one (31) per
cent conceived on first service by this method. Cows in the last
group were bred by the conventional speculum and light method.
Conception on first service was 63 per cent by this technique.
Because of inadequate cow numbers, results obtained were
not conclusive. However, they did indicate that the capsule
method is less effective than the other two.
FORESTRY
Growth of Southern Pine Plantations at Various Spacings. (L. M.
Ware and R. Stahelin.) - An experiment was started at the Main
Station, Auburn, in the spring of 1932 to study the influence of
spacing and time of later thinnings on the yield of slash, longleaf,
and loblolly pine plantations established on abandoned fields. The
spacings were 4 by 4 feet, 6 by 6 feet, 8 by 8 feet, 9.6 by 9.6 feet,
12 by 12 feet, and 16 by 16 feet. Some of the 4 by 4-foot plots
were thinned to approximately 8 by 8-foot spacing when they
were 8 years old, and some of the 6 by 6-foot plots were thinned
to 400 to 600 trees per acre at the age of 12 years. All trees very
badly cankered by cronartium were removed in a sanitation cut-
ting during the winter of 1942-43.
Measurements at the end of the fourteenth growing season
warrant the following conclusions:
26
58th anrd 59th ANNUAL REPORTS 2
1. Total wood production was roughly related to density of
stocking.
2. Spacing had no important influence on the height growth
of the dominant trees.
3. Spacings of 6 by 6 feet to 8 by 8 feet and 10 by 10 feet
provided an adequate number of trees for a good final crop.
4. Trees spaced 6 by 6 feet or closer and thinned at 12 years
to 500 trees per acre left a stand equal in quantity and far superior
in quality to unthinned 8 by 8-foot or 10 by 10-foot spacings.
5. With a good pulpwood market, an early thinning would
pay for the investment in a 6 by 6-foot planting.
6. A 4 by 4-foot spacing led to early overcrowding with con-
sequent slowing down of individual tree growth.
7. Spacings wider than 10 by 10 feet gave insufficient desir-
able crop trees and incomplete use of the growing space for at
least the first 14 years.
8. Spacings of 5 by 5 feet and 9 by 9 feet were the two
extremes suitable for slash and loblolly pines on abandoned fields
in central Alabama.
9. Crowding retarded and wide spacing stimulated both dia-
meter and volume growth of loblolly pines more than of slash
pines on this site.
10. Longleaf pine apparently should always be planted closer
than slash or loblolly pines because of its different growth habits
and frequently lower survival.
1947 Fence Post Treating Experiment. (W. R. Boggess and R.
R. Newman.) - Work done during 1947 on the preservative treat-
ment of fence posts was a part of the cooperative treating experi-
ment between the Tennessee Valley Authority and the Alabama,
Mississippi, Virginia, and Tennessee agricultural experiment sta-
tions.
The species used in this experiment consisted of shortleaf pine
that showed symptoms of little leaf disease, plantation-grown slash
pine, sweetgum, and post oak.
The posts were immersed horizontally in an unheated solution
of 5 per cent pentachlorophenol dissolved in No. 2 fuel oil. The
9 by 3 by 2.5-foot metal tank used for treating was furnished by
the Tennessee Valley Authority as a part of the cooperative agree-
ment.
58th and 59th ANNUAL REPORTS
27
ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
Twenty-eight posts of a given species and diameter group'
were measured to determine average diameter and length and
then weighed. During the soaking period, the sample posts were
weighed until: (1) 6 pounds of preservative per cubic foot of
wood was absorbed, or (2) the posts showed no further increase
in weight. All posts were removed from the preservative and
weighed, and absorption per cubic foot was calculated, Table 3.
TABLE 3. -- SIZE, WEIGHT, AND ABsoRPTION OF PRESERVATIVE OF 28 POSTS
EACH OF SHORTLEAF PINE, POST OAK, SWEET GUM, AND SLASH PINE
Average post Absorb. 
Time in Tem-
Species per cu. solu- pera-
Mid.-diam. Volume foot tion ture
In. Cu. ft. Lb. Hr. o F.
Post oak 3.3 .405 3.24 46:00 88-910
Post oak 4.8 .875 4.18 71:30 90-92o
Sweetgum 3.6 .511 4.95 5:30 94-96
Sweetgum 5.5 1.144 5.47 23:30 85-86
Shortleaf pine 3.8 .557 3.88 7:00 84-90
Shortleaf pine 5.2 1.019 5.13 23:00 90-960
Slash pine 3.5 .415 6.99 1:00 68-740
Effect of Spacing on Quality of Lumber. (R. Stahelin.) 
- Prices
of forest products depend largely on their quality. Number and
size of knots are a major factor determining quality of lumber.
One of the reasons for close spacing in plantations is that trees
develop larger branches with wide than with narrow spacings.
Natural pruning progresses more rapidly with 
close spacings,
Table 4.
The cross section of the branches or stubs refers to their sec-
tional area outside bark at the point where the branches leave
the stem. Knots that were completely healed over by growing
wood were not counted, since it was not possible to determine
their number and size. Not only size, but also condition of the
branches must be considered in judging the effect of branches
on quality of the wood that will be produced. Only live limbs
and sound dead limbs will continue to form knots in the growing
annual wood layer of the stem of the tree. Where advanced de-
composition of the branches has softened their structure, the
growing wood tissue pinches them off. For small knots, the scars
1 Posts were divided into two diameter groups - 2.5 to 4.5 inches, top diameter;
and 4.6 to 6.0 inches, top diameter.
28
TABLE 4. - RELATION BETWEEN SPACING AND DEGREE OF KNOTTINESS, FIRST
16-FOOT LOG OF 16-YEAR-OLD PLANTATION, AUBURN
Spacing in feet Average
Item 
4x4 6x6 
8x8 10x1012x1216x16 
Lob- Slash
Av. diameter
breast high 6.8 7.6 8.0 9.0 10.2 10.3 8.9 8.4
Total cross section
of branches or stubs
in square inches 12 15 21 22 26 31 22 20
Av. diameter per
branch or stub in
inches .79 .81 .89 .90 .99 1.13 .97 .88
Percentage of knots
impairing quality
of future growth 10 11 44 35 48 62 44 37
left by the disappearing branch stubs soon heal over. Only living
branches, sound dead branches, and rotten branch stubs of over
one inch in diameter will seriously influence the quality of the
future wood growth. The bottom line of Table 4 shows the
percentage of the total cross section that belongs to branches or
stubs that will continue to cause knotty wood for many years. A
comparison of the top and bottom lines of the table shows further
that with 4 by 4- and 6 by 6-foot spacings the wood growing
around the present 7- to 8-inch core will furnish practically clear
lumber in the 16-foot butt log. With the 12 by 12- and 16 by
16-foot spacings, wood growing around the present 10-inch core
will still be low grade lumber. Slash pine crop trees are slightly
clearer of limbs than the loblolly pine crop trees.
Forest Fire Damage to 
Pines Planted in Hardwood 
Stands. (R.
Stahelin.) - An 80-acre tract stocked with young hardwoods near
Talladega was underplanted with slash and loblolly pines in 1941.
In 1944 and 1945, the hardwoods were cut on a portion of this
tract to release the planted pines. Results of this experiment were
reported in the annual report for 1946. A wild fire burned over
the whole tract in February 1947. The following observations
are of importance in relation to the conversion of hardwood to
pine stands:
1. The fires had no visible effect on the vigor of the uncut
hardwoods, even on areas where they killed practically all pines.
2. The damage to pines was on an average inversely related
to the size and vigor of the trees.
58th and 59th ANNUAL REPORTS 29
30 ALABAMA AGRICULTURALEPRMN TTO
3. The percentage of trees killed by the fire was greater for
loblolly than for slash pines.
4. Suppressed trees, both slash and loblolly, were generally
killed by the fire even where the surrounding forest litter was
hardly touched.
5. Practically all new hardwood sprouts were killed back on
the clear-cut plots, but very few hardwood clumps failed to send
out new sprouts in the spring following the fire.
HORTICULTURE
Influence of Fertilizer, Organic Matter, and Irrigation on Yield
of Pole Beans. (L. M. Ware and W. A. Johnson.) -The study
was conducted for 4 years in composited field bins on a Chester-
field soil of average fertility. Irrigation gave large increases 
in
yields during the seasons of inadequate rainfall but gave small
increases or lower yields during seasons of adequate rainfall.
Pole beans receiving 1,000 pounds per acre of a 6-10-4 fertilizer
in the two dry seasons of 1946 and 1948 yielded 120 bushels
per acre; irrigation increased the yield to 217 bushels, animal
manure to 210, and rye to 152 bushels per acre. Irrigation in
these 2 years increased the yield from 210 to 311 bushels per
acre on plots receiving 1,000 pounds of commercial fertilizer and
12 tons of animal manure. The yield of plots receiving 1,000
pounds of commercial fertilizer and vetch turned under was in-
creased from 122 to 202 bushels with irrigation. Irrigation in-
creased the yield of plots receiving 1,000 pounds of commercial
fertilizer and rye turned under from 152 to 265 bushels per
acre. The yield of plots receiving 1,500 pounds per acre of com-
mercial fertilizer, 12 tons of animal manure, a turned-under crop
of vetch, and irrigation was 805 bushels per acre for the two dry
seasons.
Effects of Fertilizers, Organic Matter, and Irrigation on Produc-
tion of Broccoli. (L. M. Ware and W. A. Johnson.) - In a study
involving different rates of fertilizer, different kinds of organic
matter, and irrigation, yields of broccoli increased with each added
practice. The per acre yields of broccoli (flower heads) from dif-
ferent treatments were as follows: no treatment, 154 pounds; 500
pounds per acre of fertilizer, 1,297 pounds; 1,000 pounds per acre
of fertilizer, 1,680 pounds; 1,000 pounds of fertilizer plus a
legume, 3,492; and 1,000 pounds of fertilizer, a legume, and irri-
gation, 4,365 pounds. Corresponding yields of the total top were
30 ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
58th and 59th ANNUAL REPORTS 3
423, 4,139, 6,287, 15,321, and 19,601 pounds per acre. The legumes
consisted of 2 tons of dry lespedeza added in February and 6 tons
of green crotalaria applied in August. Irrigation consisted of
one inch of water per week if rain did not supply this amount.
Effects of Legume on Nitrogen Requirements of Vegetable
Crops. (1) EFFECTS OF SUMMER LEGUMES ON FALL TuRNIPs. (L.
M. Ware and W. A. Johnson.) - The study has extended over a
period of 5 years. Turnips were grown on plots receiving 0, 20,
40, 60, and 80 pounds per acre of nitrogen with and without a
summer legume turned under.
By turning the legume, total yield of turnips (tops and roots)
over the 5-year period was increased from 10,626 to 27,053 pounds
per acre on plots receiving no commercial nitrogen, from 14,281
to 32,021 pounds on plots receiving 20 pounds per acre of nitro-
gen, and from 29,986 to 36,401 pounds on plots receiving 40
pounds per acre of nitrogen. Yields of plots receiving 60 pounds
of nitrogen without a legume was 36,290 and with a legume
38,676 pounds. Plots receiving 80 pounds of nitrogen but without
a legume yielded 37,373 pounds per acre and with a legume
38,993 pounds.
(2) EFFECTS OF WINTER LEGUMES ON SWEET CORN. (W. A.
Johnson and L. M. Ware.) - Over a 5-year period, the yield of
marketable corn was increased from 747 pounds per acre to 5,648
pounds by turning under a winter legume on plots that received
no commercial nitrogen. On plots that received 20 pounds of
commercial nitrogen, turning under a winter legume increased the
yield from 2,095 to 7,533 pounds per acre. Yields were increased
from 3,589 to 7,598 and from 5,893 to 7,702 by turning a winter
legume on plots receiving 40 to 60 pounds of commercial nitrogen,
respectively. The yield was 7,216 pounds without a legume and
6,958 pounds with a legume on plots receiving 80 pounds per
acre of commercial nitrogen.
(3) EFFECTS OF SUMMER LEGUMES TURNED UNDER IN FALL ON
YIELD OF IRISH POTATOES THE FOLLOWING SPRING. (W. A. Johnson
and L. M. Ware.) - Yields of potatoes were measured after an
intervening crop of fall turnips was grown.
The total yield and the yield of No. 1 potatoes increased at
each higher nitrogen rate from 0 to 80 pounds per acre of com-
mercial nitrogen. There was, however, no significant difference in
the yield of potatoes on plots receiving and not receiving a turned-
under crop of summer legumes at any rate of nitrogen.
58th and 59th ANNUAL REPORTS
31
ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
Comparative Study of Tilford Wilt-Resistant and Royal Asters
in the Cloth House. (Henry P. Orr.) -Fusarium wilt causes fail-
ure of many aster plantings unless the planting site is selected
in an area where asters have not been previously grown or when
the soil is sterilized or wilt resistant varieties are used. The latter
method of control would be the most economical.
In a comparative study in 1948 of the Tilford wilt-resistant
asters and the Royal asters under cloth house conditions at the
Main Station, Auburn, the Tilford varieties were 46 per cent sus-
ceptible to fusarium wilt, whereas the Royal varieties were 5 per
cent susceptible.
The remaining plants of the Tilford varieties produced more
salable flowers per plant than the non-wilt resistant types.
Effects of Short-day Treatment on Several Varieties of Chrysan-
themum in Cloth House. (William S. Wise.) -By reducing the
day-length to a 10-hour day from August 5 until the buds showed
color, 15 varieties of chrysanthemums flowered an average of 24
days earlier than an untreated plot. In the reduced-day length
plots, the pompoms produced practically all terminal bud forma-
tions. In the check plot the pompoms produced practically all
crown bud formations.
Effects of Methods of Peeling and Processing on Color of Sweet-
potatoes. (Hubert Harris.) - A study was made to determine the
cause of discoloration in canned sweetpotatoes. Treatments in-
cluded peeling by the lye-bath and the steam pressure methods;
solid pack and syrup pack; processing at 2400 F. for 115 minutes
and at 250 F. for 90 minutes; and packing immediately and
leaving exposed 1 hour before canning.
All steam-peeled lots were of good color, including those
canned immediately and those left exposed for I hour. Lye peel-
ing resulted in some discoloration when packed immediately and
in considerable discoloration when left exposed I hour. Discolora-
tion following a lye dip was attributed to the effect of the alkaline
bath. Quick handling after peeling and processing reduced dis-
coloration. It would appear that an acid wash will be necessary
following the lye dip if discoloration is to be prevented. The
higher processing temperature gave a little better flavor with solid
pack, but the lower processing temperature was better with
syrup pack.
32
58th and 59th ANNUAL REPORTS 3
Suitability of Alabama-Grown Irish Potatoes for Potato Chips
and Effect of Length and Temperature of Storage of the Tubers on
Quality of Chips. (L. M. Ware, Mildred S. Van de Mark, aid
Hubert Harris.) - Tests conducted on five varieties of Irish pota-
toes stored for different periods at four different temperatures
showed marked differences in the suitability of different varieties
of Alabama-grown potatoes for chip manufacture, and in the
length of time high-quality chips could be made from tubers
stored at different temperatures.
The sugar content of tubers stored at 370 and 440 F. increased
rapidly; chips made from these tubers were brown in color and
low in quality.
The best chips at all temperatures for the longest period were
produced from the Sebago variety. The Chippewa variety was
second, the Irish Cobbler and the Katahdin varieties were third,
and the Triumph variety was poorest in the quality of chips pro-
duced.
Chips from the Sebago variety were good in color and flavor
for 30 days at all temperatures. By the 46th day, a brown color
and a bitter taste had developed at a storage temperature of
370 F.
Chips made from the Chippewa variety were light in color
and of good flavor for a period of 46 days at storage temperatures
of 540 and 780 F. and of fair quality with medium brown color
at storage temperatures of 440 F. for 46 days. They had developed
a bitter taste by the 19th day at a storage temperature of 370 F.
Chips from Katahdin and Irish Cobbler varieties began to
develop a dark color and a bitter taste by the 19th day at storage
temperatures of 54' or below.
Chips made from the Triumph variety were bitter and dis-
colored at the end of 12 days at storage temperature of 440 F.
or lower.
The quality of chips made from tubers transferred from low
storage temperatures to high temperatures were not as high as
those made from potatoes that had been stored continuously at
high temperatures.
New Products made from Irish Potatoes. (L. M. Ware and Mil-
dred S. Van de Mark.) - A number of new products have been
made from Irish potatoes by essentially the same process devel-
oped for the preparation of new sweetpotato products. The
process as adapted to the Irish potato consists of boiling, peeling,
58th and 59th ANNUAL REPORTS
33
34 ALABAA GRICULTURLEPEIET TTO
and pulping the potato, extruding the puree on trays, and toast-
ing at carefully controlled temperatures until crisp.
By adding other ingredients, two types of products have been
prepared. One type consisted of salted products, the other type
of candies.
Four very satisfactory salted products were made. They were
a peppered Irish potato crisp, a potato cheese straw, a potato-
pimiento-cheese straw, and a peanut straw or crisp.
Of the salted products, one of the best was a peppered Irish
potato crisp. This product was prepared in the form of a thin
wafer. It was tender and crisp and left a 'atisfying "after taste"
in the mouth. The taste appeal and the texture of this product
was rated very good.
The Irish potato-pimiento-cheese straw was rated very good
in quality and had a very attractive color. It was generally felt,
however, that the added cost of the pimiento was hardly justified.
A number of candies were made with the Irish potato used
as a base. Two of these were rated good to very good. One of
the best candies was made of Irish potatoes, coconut, and sugar.
It was extruded in the form of a ribbon. The product was crisp
and of very good quality. Another candy product made of Irish
potatoes, peanut butter, and sugar, was rated good.
Effects of Different Sources of Nitrogen on Soil Acidity and
Yields of Index Truck Crops. (W. A. Johnson and L. M. Ware.) -
This experiment was conducted in field bins. The soil was a
Chesterfield sandy loam. Four different sources of nitrogen were
used. Other treatments consisted of adding limestone to the soil
to effect different degrees of lime saturation and to the fertil-
izers to effect different degrees of neutralization of the potential
acidity developed by the added nitrogen materials. The soil in
all bins was composited and treatments were replicated four times.
The materials were nitrate of soda, uramon, ammonium sulphate,
and calcium cyanamid.
The pH of the soil at the start of the experiment was 6.20.
Mustard has been grown as a fall crop and lettuce as a spring
crop. An application of 80 pounds per acre of nitrogen (N) has
been added annually.
Repeated applications 
of acid-forming 
fertilizers developed
within a few years enough acidity to reduce the yield of both
lettuce and mustard. With ammonium sulphate, yields began to
drop by the 2nd and 3rd years. By the 4th year yields from
ammonium sulphate were low.
34
ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
58th and 59th ANNUAL REPORTS 3
Addition of lime to the fertilizer, to the soil, or to both pre-
vented development of excessive acidity in plots receiving acid-
forming fertilizers and resulted in good crop yields.
Nitrate of soda or combinations of nitrate of soda and am-
monium sulphate produced the highest yields of mustard the
6th year. Good yields of lettuce were obtained from applications
of ammonium sulphate with lime additions.
The two highest yields of head lettuce the 6th year came
from the use of calcium cyanamid and from nitrate of soda with
the addition of lime to the soil.
The highest yields of leaf lettuce the 6th year were obtained
from the use of ammonium sulphate with full neutralization of
the potential acidity of the fertilizer plus lime to the soil to effect
60 to 100 per cent calcium saturation.
By the 6th year plots receiving ammonium sulphate with-
out lime added to the soil or to the fertilizer had a pH of
4.53. The pH of the soil was 5.66 in plots that received ammonium
sulphate with lime added only to the fertilizer to effect complete
neutralization. By the 6th year the pH of the soil was 5.82 in
plots receiving limestone to effect 100 per cent calcium saturation
of the soil and 100 per cent neutralization of the acidity of the
fertilizer. Plots receiving nitrate of soda had a pH of 6.14 and
those receiving calcium cyanamid 6.68.
Laboratory Tests with Muscadine Grapes. (T. B. Hagler.)-
Fruit from 15 varieties and selections was tested in the laboratory
to determine the quality and size of muscadine grapes.
One-pound samples of grapes, as nearly uniform in maturity
as possible, were selected from field samples. The number of
fruit per pound was recorded. The grapes were crushed by
hand, and the juice was strained through several thicknesses of
cheese cloth. A 50-cc. sample of juice was used for each test.
Refractive index was determined by the use of a hand re-
fractometer capable of reading total dissolved solids according to
the International Sugar Scale of 1936.
Electrical resistance was determined by the use of the Wheat-
stone Bridge.
The pH was determined by the Beckman's pH meter, and the
acidity was determined by diluting 10 cc. and neutralizing with
1/10 N NaOH. Phenolphthalein was used as an indicator.
Results of the tests on each variety are recorded in Table 5.
58th and 59th ANNUAL REPORTS 35
36 ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL 
EXPERIMENT STATION
TABLE 5. - CHARACTERISTICS OF MUSCADINE 
VARIETIES, MAIN STATION, 1948
Electric Per cent Berries Date
Variety Acidityl 
pH Elsectric 
solids in per 
sedresistance s per
solution pound
Dulcet 3.9 3.40 253 
19.30 159 9/ 6/47
Howard 3.5 3.35 275 
16.85 69 9/ 6/47
Hunt 5.1 3.33 
182 16.90 116 9/ 6/47
Dawn 4.1 3.30 272 
17.90 92 9/ 6/47
Thomas 4.0 3.20 
272 18.90 151 9/ 6/47
Scott 3.4 3.28 281 
16.10 88 9/ 8/47
Scuppernong 6.7 3.05 
203 16.30 99 9/ 8/47
Tarheel 8.6 2.98 
150 15.60 244 
9/ 8/47
Spalding 7.3 3.00 153 
15.10 108 9/ 8/47
Ala. No. 193 5.6 3.08 225 
14.65 56 9/18/47
Ala. No. 166 4.7 3.08 293 
14.20 80 9/18/47
Ala. No. 125 3.9 3.21 263 
15.70 63 9/18/47
San Alba 4.3 3.40 250 
16.40 142 10/ 1/47
Yuga 5.6 3.40 241 
19.00 170 10/ 1/47
Creek 8.3 3.30 201 
18.20 201 10/ 1/47
1 Number of cc. of 1/10 N. NaOH 
to neutralize 10 cc. juice.
Phenolphthalein used as indicator 
(3 drops).
Comparison of Harvesting Methods 
for Muscadine Grapes and
Characteristics of Varieties. 
(T. B. Hagler.) - One 
of the largest
costs in muscadine grape production 
is that of harvesting the
fruit. Preliminary tests were 
conducted in 1947 to determine 
the
cost of "shaking" 
or "jarring" 
compared 
to hand picking.
Two sheets approximately 
8 by 20 feet were used to catch
the grapes. They were placed 
(one on each side) parallel to 
the
trellis, covering the ground under 
the vine. Four men were 
used
to handle the sheets, two on 
each side of the vine. Each 
of the
arms or canes of the vine was 
shaken with a quick jerk. The
amount of shaking necessary 
varied with the variety, Table 
6.
Heavy trash was removed from 
the sheets by hand, and the grapes
were poured into bushel baskets.
TABLE 6.- SHAKING TESTS ON MUSCADINE 
GRAPES, MAIN STATION, 1947
Average time Ease of 
Amount of
Variety required 
per separation 
bleemodint of
vine of berries
Minutes
Howard 8 
Easy Slight
Scott 8 
Easy Slight
Hunt 8 
Easy Slight
Thomas 10 
Difficult Slight
Spalding 10 
Difficult Very bad
Dulcet 12 
Very difficult Slight
Dawn 10 
Difficult Very little
Creek 10 
Difficult Very bad
58th and 59th ANNUAL REPORTS 3
Approximately, 143 man-hours per ton were required for
hand harvesting, whereas only 35.7 man-hours per ton were re-
quired for harvesting by shaking. Cost per ton at present farm
prices for labor (35 cents per hour) would be $50.05 and $12.49,
respectively, for the two methods. Average yield per vine in the
shaking tests was about 40 pounds.
Since there would be no material difference in the time re-
quired to harvest the crop with an 80-pound yield or a 40-pound.
yield per vine, the cost of harvesting by shaking could be reduced
to about $6 to $7 per ton for high-producing vineyards.
Effects of Extra Straw and Extra Nitrogen on Yield of Crops and
Available Nitrogen in Garden Soils. (L. M. Ware and W. A. John-
son.) - Field bin studies over a period of 9 years have provided
evidence to show that extra amounts of straw in excess of that
generally supplied with manures did not reduce materially nitrates
available for plant growth. Furthermore, the extra nitrogen added
to the soil to offset that supposedly "locked up" by increased
bacterial activity resulted in greater yields.
During the last 4 years of the experiment, the average yield of
lettuce from plots getting 4 extra tons. of dry straw but no extra
nitrogen was 1,945 pounds per acre more than the yield of plots
receiving no extra straw or extra nitrogen. Four extra tons of
straw plus 80 pounds per acre of extra nitrogen increased the
yield 3,335 pounds per acre over the no extra-straw or extra-
nitrogen plots.
Average yield of mustard during the last 4 years of the ex-
periment from 4 extra tons of dry straw but no extra nitrogen
was 4,317 pounds per acre and from 4 tons of extra straw plus 80
pounds per acre of nitrogen 8,423 pounds per acre more than plots
receiving no extra straw or extra nitrogen.
Endive Studies. (C. L. Isbell.) -To compare the growth
habits, winter hardiness, and reseeding possibilities of different
varieties of endive, small plantings of seed of six varieties were
made October 1, November 1, and December 1, 1945.
Results from these plantings and from their volunteer reseed-
ings through 1947 indicate the following:
1. The White Curled variety grew slowly and produced weak
plants as compared with the other varieties. The green varieties,
Large Curled and Green Curled which are quite similar, grew
well.
2. The green thick leaved varieties, Broadleaf, Deep Heart,
37
58th and 59th ANNUAL REPORTS
38 ALABAMA AGRICULTURA XEIEN TTO
and Cos, grew very well, with leaves of the Cos growing more
upright than the others.
3. Plants from October seeding started to grow well by De-
cember 31, but were not large enough for table use. Later plant-
ings had made very little growth by this date.
4. All varieties survived winter with comparatively little cold
injury.
5. Plants from reseedings began to come up freely in late
July and August and were large enough for table use in early fall.
POULTRY HUSBANDRY
Decreasing Adult Mortality in the Domestic Fowl by Breeding,
(D. F. King and G. J. Cottier.) - Since 1985 there has had under-
way at this Station a project designed to develop a strain of
single comb White Leghorns that would be capable of resisting
diseases. The adult mortality of the pullets housed each year
from 1935 to 1947 was: 89, 91, 54, 48, 27, 41, 32, 47, 39, 32,
22, and 18 per cent. Variations from year to year were partly
due to different degrees of exposure.
Performance tests were carried on in 1946 and 1947 to com-
pare the Auburn Strain with five other strains of White Leghorns
being produced in the State. Each year chicks from these breeders
were mixed with chicks of the Auburn Strain for a 155-day
growing period and a 365-day laying period. All chickens re-
ceived the same treatment and no culls were removed at any time.
Results were as follows:
1. The Auburn Strain produced eggs as early or earlier than
any of the five tested strains in both 1946 and 1947.
2. It was superior in egg weight to four of the five strains
in 1946. Although eggs of the Auburn Strain weighed over 24
ounces per dozen in 1947, they were slightly smaller than the
other five strains tested.
3. The Auburn Strain ranked second from standpoint of low
growing mortality in 1946, fourth in 1947, and ranked first by a
considerable margin in low adult mortality for both years.
4. It produced more eggs per hen than any of the other strains
tested both in 1946 and 1947.
Effect of Mosquitoes on Poultry. (S. A. Edgar and 0. M. Wil-
liams.) - Surveys made at the Station's poultry farm and at
numerous other farms throughout the State during 1947 and 1948
38
ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
58th and 59th ANNUAL REPORTS 3
revealed that the common pest mospuito, Culex quinquefasciatus,
has a high preference for the blood of the domestic fowl, Gallus
domesticus. This species comprised over 99 per cent of the mos-
quitoes seen or collected in or near chicken houses. Determina-
tion revealed that blood meals of over 97 per cent of the engorged
females collected in chicken houses and 90 per cent of those col-
lected from other farm buildings were of avian blood. On general
farms this species was found most often in chicken houses rather
than adjacent stock barns. Evidence was also gathered indicating
that this mosquito may cause a loss in egg production during
the peak of the mosquito season (September, October, and early
November), and is capable of transmitting fowl pox and fowl
cholera.
Green Feed as a Supplement to Grain for Laying 
Hens. (J. G.
Goodman.) - Green forage crops were used as a substitute for
three-fourths of the laying mash that is normally consumed by
layers when the mash-grain feeding system is used.
In a 2 year test, 1947-1948, egg production from such green
crops as alfalfa, crimson clover, soybeans, or irrigated white
Dutch clover was as good as that from hens fed a full ration of
mash and grain without green feed. Similar results were obtained
from green crops whether grazed or cut and fed daily. Good
leafy-quality, artificially-cured alfalfa hay was as satisfactory as
succulent green crops.
In 1948 non-irrigated white Dutch clover did not give as good
egg production as irrigated clover. Non-irrigated white clover
was not grazed in 1947 because of insufficient growth.
Hens grazing rape and sudan grass did not lay as many eggs
as hens fed a full ration. Eggs laid by these hens were observed
to be lower in market quality. Olive-green yolks were obtained
in 43 per cent of the eggs from hens grazed on these two crops.
Grazing periods of alfalfa and a combination of crimson clover
and soybeans were 5 to 8 months, while white Dutch clover
periods were only half as long.
Artificially cured alfalfa hay or succulent green crops fed in
the ration as a partial substitute for laying mash saved 40 to 50
per cent of the feed costs per dozen eggs produced.
All birds were vigorous and of good body weight-at the end
of each year. No detrimental effects were observed when the
rations of the hens were changed from a green-feed schedule to
full mash feeding.
58th and 59th ANNUAL REPORTS
39
ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
Breeding and Immunizing Chickens for Resistance to Cocci-
diosis. (1) BREEDING. (D. F. King, S. A. Edgar, and L. W. John-
son.) - First generation offspring of parents selected as being
resistant to cecal coccidiosis showed a 10 per cent greater liva-
bility when exposed to the disease than offspring from unselected
parents. The resistant offspring also showed a greater rate of
growth for a 14-day period following infection than the offspring
from unselected stock. This is further evidence of greater genetic
resistance, since decreased rate of growth is concurrent with cocci-
diosis infection.
(2) ARTIFICIAL IMMUNIZATION. (D. F. King, S. A. Edgar, and
L. W. Johnson.) - Laboratory tests indicate that chicks may be
immunized against coccidiosis without excessive losses. Four-day
old chicks were infected by feeding mash moistened with a
dilute culture of oocysts of Eimeria tenella, and successive cycles
of the disease were controlled by stirring the litter or feeding
sulfa-drugs. Chicks so treated had a mortality of 6 to 11 per
cent from all causes up to 30 days of age, and were 99 per cent
immune to a lethal dose of cecal coccidiosis when 1 month old.
Raising Broilers on Used Litter. (G. J. Cottier.) - Five pens of
broilers were raised on clean litter and another five pens were
raised on dirty litter. Broilers grown out on clean litter were
slightly heavier at 10 to 11 weeks of age and were less infested
with large round worms in the intestines than broilers produced
on dirty litter. Average Ascaridia galli count per broiler was 1.1
and 31.7, respectively.
Another test was conducted using the same litter for a third
time in the broiler house for one pen. As a control, a pen of
broilers was raised on clean litter. Average number of ascarids
in the intestines was 132.7 per bird in the dirty-litter pen as com-
pared to 0.1 per broiler in the pen started on clean litter. In one
10-week-old broiler, 346 worms were counted, 239 of which were
mature ascarids.
Egg Marketing with Special Emphasis on the Handling of Sea-
sonal Surpluses. (D. F. King and R. F. Scofield cooperating with
Department of Agricultural Economics.) - Results of experiments
with storing seasonal surplus eggs by freezing in local quick
freezing plants show that keeping the bacterial count low with
a minimum of equipment is possible. Eggs frozen at 10 degrees
below zero had a lower bacterial count than eggs frozen at 0 or
40
10 degrees above zero. Dirty eggs resulted in a frozen product
of much higher bacterial count than clean eggs, especially when
the eggs were frozen at 10 degrees above zero. It was also found
that eggs frozen in small containers had lower bacterial counts
than those frozen in larger containers. High quality frozen eggs
were obtained with inexpensive equipment when clean eggs,
small containers, and low temperatures were used.
Survey of Parasites of Alabama Chickens. (S. A. Edgar.) 
- A
total of 221 chickens of various ages and breeds, a few turkeys
and one peafowl, were examined during 1948. These birds came
from 52 different farm flocks from widely scattered points over
the State. Parasites found included nematodes, cestodes, pro-
tozoa, and ectoparasites, or a total of 49 species in all; 40 of
these were from the chicken alone.
ZOOLOGY-ENTOMOLOGY
Control of Cotton Insects. (F. S. Arant.)- Replicated small-
plot and field-scale dusting experiments were done for control of
the boll weevil, Anthonomous grandis (Boh.), and the associated
cotton pests, bollworm, Heliothis armigera (Hbn.), and cotton
aphid, Aphis gossypii (Glov.). Heavy infestation of all three
species occurred in 1947. During 1948 infestations were light.
Effective control of boll weevil resulted from the use of
calcium arsenate alone or with nicotine, benzene hexachloride
(BHC) alone or with DDT (3 per cent gamma -5 per cent
DDT), and 20 per cent toxaphene. Five and 10 per cent chlor-
dane and 10 per cent toxaphene were less effective; 2 per cent
parathion was ineffective against boll weevil.
Excellent control of bollworm resulted from the use of toxa-
phene and BHC-DDT, 3-5 mixture. Other dusts were less effec-
tive; more bollworm damage occurred on plots dusted with
parathion, BHC (without DDT), and 5 to 10 per cent chlordane
than on undusted plots.
Parathion, and BHC alone or with DDT gave excellent con-
trol of cotton aphids. Toxaphene dust and applications of calcium
arsenate alternated with either BHC-DDT mixture or calcium
arsenate containing 2 per cent nicotine resulted in satisfactory
suppression of cotton aphids. Serious aphid damage developed
on plots dusted with calcium arsenate without nicotine.
Three dusting treatments were found suitable for general use
and have been recommended to farmers. These treatments are:
58th and 59th ANNUAL REPORTS 41
ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
(1) 20 per cent toxaphene; (2) BHC-DDT mixture (3 per cent
gamma -5 per cent DDT); and (3) alternate applications of
calcium arsenate and calcium arsenate containing 2 per cent nico-
tine, or alternate applications of calcium arsenate and BHC-DDT
3-5 mixture.
Over a 2-year period, 51 replications of 20 per cent toxaphene
resulted in an average gain of 532 pounds of seed cotton per acre
over undusted cotton; 26 replications of BHC-DDT, 8-5 mixture,
resulted in a gain of 440 pounds per acre; 3 applications of an
effective insecticide applied just as the cotton began squaring
failed to increase the yield, whereas 5 dustings made while the
crop was being set and matured increased the yield of seed cotton
431 pounds per acre in the same experiment.
Laboratory experiments were conducted for control of boll
weevil and other major pests of cotton. Benzene hexachloride was
much faster in toxic action against boll weevil than any other
insecticide tested. Its residual action was sufficient to cause 100
per cent mortality of weevils placed on dusted cotton exposed 2
days to sunshine and wind. Toxaphene was somewhat slower in
action than benzene hexachloride, but its residual action was suf-
ficient to cause a net mortality of 85 per cent to boll weevil adults
placed on foliage 4 days after dusting. Chlordane and calcium
arsenate were slow in action. The residual effect of calcium
arsenate was of the same order as toxaphene, while residual effect
of chlordane was shorter than that of benzene hexachloride. The
experiment was conducted during a period when maximum daily
temperatures did not exceed 920 F.
DDT Residues on Alfalfa. (W. G. Eden and F. S. Arant.) -
Experiments were conducted in 1947 to determine DDT residues
on alfalfa foliage following application of 3 per cent dust at the
rates of 15 and 30 pounds per acre. The foliage was so harvested
by hand that all leaves were retained during curing. DDT was
present in significant amounts on all foliage 40 days after dusting.
The lowest residue of 10 p.p.m. occurred on alfalfa dusted once
with 3 per cent dust at the rate of 15 pounds per acre.
Hemocytes of the Common Yellow Mealworm. (Jack Colvard
Jones and F. S. Arant.) - The hemocytes of 
the common yellow
mealworm, Tenebrio molitor (Linnaeus) were studied with regard
to the following points: (1) cell shape and size, (2) nuclear-cyto-
plasmic dimensions, (3) structure of the cytoplasm, (4) type and
degree of cytoplasmic granulation, and (5) number of cytoplas-
42
mic cysts. As a result of this study, the hemocytes were divided
into eight classes and 23 types. Differential counts were made
of the different classes of cells in an effort to establish a normal
blood picture of the insect.
Influence of Nitrogen on the Susceptibility and Resistance of
Certain Plants to Injury by Insects. (Calvin M. 
Jones and Gerald
W. Naylor.) - A study was made on the relation of aphid popu-
lation to fertilizer treatment on oats. There were more aphids,
Toxoptera graminum (Rondani), per unit of leaf surface on plants
grown in soil without added nitrogen than at higher levels of this
nutrient. The number of aphids decreased as the rate of nitrogen
was increased. These population differences were more pro-
nounced where no lime was applied.
Preliminary data on the aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), in-
festing turnips showed no marked differences that can be corre-
lated with fertilizer treatments.
Control of Peanut Insects. (F. S. Arant.) - DDT 
and toxa-
phene dusts were effective in control of thrips, Frankliniella fusca
(Hinds), and leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (Harr.), on peanuts.
Gains in yield resulting from thrips control were not consistent.
Yield increase of Spanish peanuts resulting from four applications
of dust for leafhopper control ranged from 182 to 316 pounds per
acre. On runners the gains varied from 220 to 705 pounds of
peanuts per acre. Where sulfur-copper dust was applied with
the insecticide, dusted runner peanuts yielded 369 to 1,589 pounds
per acre more than undusted areas. Based on these experiments,
it is recommended that four dustings with 21/ per cent DDT or
10 per cent toxaphene be made at 10-day intervals for control of
leafhopper. The last dust should be applied one month before
harvest. The insecticide should be blended with a mixture con-
taining 3.4 per cent copper and 65 per cent sulfur or with dusting
sulfur.
Fall armyworm, Laphygma frugiperda (A. & S.), was effec-
tively controlled by the following dusts applied at the rate of 25
pounds per acre: 10 per cent toxaphene, 5 per cent DDT, cryo-
lite, and 1 per cent parathion. Less effective control resulted
from the use of 5 per cent toxaphene, 5 per cent methoxychlor,
and 2 per cent DDT.
Velvetbean caterpillar, Anticarsia gemmatilis (Hbn.), was sat-
isfactorily controlled by the following dusts applied at the rate
of 25 pounds per acre: 1 per cent parathion, 2 per cent Hyman
58th and 59th ANNUAL REPORTS 43
ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
118, 5 per cent DDD (TDE), cryolite, 5 per cent toxaphene, and
5 per cent methoxychlor.
Increased yields of peanuts resulting from protecting foliage
from fall armyworm and velvetbean caterpillar varied from 453
to 501 pounds per acre.
Control of Insects Attacking Stored Corn. (F. 
S. Arant and W.
G. Eden.) - Experiments were continued in 1947 and 1948 to
determine the effectiveness and feasibility of insecticidal dusts in
the control of rice weevil, Sitophilus oryza (L.), in stored corn.
Benzene hexachloride, pure gamma isomer of benzene hexa-
chloride, DDT, and chlordane were highly effective against the
rice weevil in shelled corn. Methoxychlor was somewhat less
efficient. Benzene hexachloride containing 2 parts gamma isomer
per million parts of corn gave excellent control over a 3-month
period; smaller amounts gave good control for shorter periods.
Pure gamma isomer at the rate of 1 p.p.m. appeared as effective
as 2 p.p.m. of gamma in the mixed isomers, 10 p.p.m. of DDT, 4
to 6 p.p.m. of chlordane, and 40 p.p.m. of methoxychlor over a
3-month period. Basic slag at concentrations up to 2,000 p.p.m.,
cryolite at 40 p.p.m., and toxaphene at 20 p.p.m. were ineffective.
Magnesia No. 2663 (MgO) at concentrations of 500 and 1,000
p.p.m. was also ineffective in shelled corn at average moisture con-
tent of 12.5 and 19 per cent. The higher moisture level greatly
decreased the residual action of benzene hexachloride.
Corn in the shuck required much higher dosages of insecti-
cides for control of rice weevil than did shelled corn. Best control
in unshucked corn was obtained from the following: DDT, 100
p.p.m., in open metal cans, 67.3 per cent control; pure gamma
isomer, 20 p.p.m., in open metal cans, 80.2 per cent; pure gamma
isomer, 20 p.p.m., in open fiberboard boxes with perforated walls,
66.7 per cent control. Pure gamma isomer, 20 p.p.m. in shelled
corn, was not detrimental to germination over a 5-month period.
Field plot and airplane dusting of corn for weevil control with
1 per cent gamma benzene hexachloride resulted in from 5 to 7
per cent reduction in kernal damage at harvest. Studies on 28
varieties of corn at harvest showed variations from 12.1 per cent
damage on Florida W-1 variety to 87.1 per cent on U. S. 13.
Control of Legume Insects. (W. G. Eden.) - Studies in 1948
revealed that at least 13 species of insects were doing economic
damage to alfalfa, nine to sericea, and five to kudzu. Five per
cent DDT dust gave excellent control of the clover leafhopper,
44
Aceratagallia sanguinolenta (Prov.); the fall armyworm, La-
phygma frugiperda (A. & 
S.); and the tarnished plant bug,
Lygus pratensis (Say), on alfalfa. Ten per cent toxaphene was
nearly as good. The three-cornered alfalfa hopper, Stictocephala
festina (Stal.), was not effectively controlled by 5 per cent DDT,
10 per cent toxaphene, or 10 per cent sabadilla dusts. Ten per
cent DDT and 2 per cent parathion dusts gave excellent control
of the striped blister beetle, Epicauta vitatta (Fab.), on alfalfa.
Twenty per cent toxaphene was not effective.
Farm Ponds. (H. S. Swingle, E. E. Prather and J. M. 
Law-
rence. ) - When speckled bullhead catfish fingerlings were added
to a pond prior to stocking the pond with bass, the catfish spawned
before the bass were large enough to eat the young catfish. As
a result, the pond became so overcrowded the first year that
neither the bluegills nor the catfish reached edible size.
When fishing was begun in new ponds before the bass had
spawned the first time, an unbalanced population usually resulted
due to removal of too many bass. When fishing was delayed
until bass had spawned the first time, the ponds remained in
balance regardless of the amount of fish removed by pole-and-line
fishing.
Green sunfish were practically eliminated from a pond within
1 year when they were in combination with largemouth black
bass. These fish can maintain themselves for a longer period in a
pond with bass if bluegills or some other buffer species is present.
However, eventually they are eliminated unless restocking occurs.
The crappie in a bass-bluegill-crappie combination 
were prac-
tically eliminated from a 1-acre pond by 2 years of fishing.
Only eight crappie remained when the pond was drained at the
end of a 3-year experiment.
A method was developed for reduction of stunted fish popu-
lations by partially poisoning the pond with derris. The most
effective method was to use one pound of derris (5 per cent
rotenone) per 300 feet of shore line. The derris was mixed to a
thin paste and applied in a continuous line in the water approxi-
mately 15 feet from the bank. This killed large numbers of small
stunted fish without killing appreciable numbers of large fish.
Several treatments per year, followed by restocking with bass,
were necessary to correct unbalanced ponds.
Shad, Dorosonma cepedianum, were found to be very detri-
mental to the production of bluegills and bass in small ponds.
58th and 59th ANNUAL REPORTS 45
ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
Shad overcrowded such ponds, preventing reproduction of both
other species.
The natural mortality of largemouth bass in a pond was found
to be 52 per cent during a 3-year period.
Jackfish, Esox niger, 
were able to reproduce 
in farm ponds.
They began to spawn at a temperature below 740 F., and con-
tinued producing young in small numbers over a period of several
months.
It was found necessary to use 100 bass per acre to balance
fertilized ponds containing 1,000 bluegills per acre even when the
bluegills were stocked as late as June 27.
Smallmouth bass, Micropterus dolomieu, used in a combina-
tion with bluegills failed to spawn the second year. They grew
slowly even in an overcrowded bluegill population, indicating that
they probably fed largely upon insects rather than fish. At the
end of 1 year of fishing, it was found that of the original stock
of smallmouth 50 per cent had been caught, 40 per cent had
died, and 10 per cent remained in the pond.
Stocking ponds with three adult bluegills per acre in the
winter followed by 100 bass fry per acre the next spring resulted
in unbalanced ponds overcrowded with bluegills during the
second year. When no bass fishing was allowed until the third
year, the bass were able to balance one pond that contained little
cover, but were unable to balance another that contained consider-
able amounts of cover for bluegills.
Bluegill fingerlings in small concrete pools were fed grain
sorghum, cracked corn, cottonseed cake, trout food, white bread,
hog supplement, laying mash (pellets), wheat, and a mixed fish
food (containing cottonseed meal 35 per cent, soybean meal 35
per cent, and dry skim milk 30 per cent). The foods utilized
most efficiently were the following: mixed food - 7.6 pounds
required to make 1 pound of gain; laying mash - 7.7 pounds to
make 1 pound of gain; cottonseed cake - 8.7 pounds to make 1
pound of gain.
Carp utilized turkey growing mash as a food, making 1 pound
of gain for each 3.1 pounds of mash added to the pond.
Bluegills and bass were fed a mixture of cottonseed meal
(35 per cent), soybean meal (35 per cent), and dry skim milk
(30 per cent). They made 1 pound of gain for each 14 pounds
of food added to the pond.
In bass-feeding experiments, the weight of fathead minnows
required to produce a pound of bass varied from 1.8 to 8.7
46
pounds. The 10 bass making the most efficient gains were se-
lected for brood stock for the 1949 experiments.
A total of over 300,000 bait-sized goldfish minnows was pro-
duced per acre by feeding and fertilization. The total weight of
fish was 1,450 pounds per acre. Figuring only the cost of food
and fertilizer used, the cost of producing goldfish in this pond
was about 1/28 of a cent per minnow.
The anchor parasite Lernaea (sp.), which attacks bait min-
nows and almost every other species of pond fish, may be elimi-
nated by poisoning the water of infested ponds with 5 per cent
rotenone compounds, killing all fish present, draining the ponds,
refilling with new water, and restocking with parasite-free fish.
Fathead minnow Pimephales promelas (Rafinesque) eggs will
not hatch when transferred from brood ponds to rearing ponds
unless the guarding male is also transferred to keep the eggs
clean and aerated.
Fathead minnows, when transferred from brood ponds to
rearing ponds as fry, sustained a 22 per cent mortality. However,
those that survived reached bait size within 2 months. The fat-
head brood pond stocked at the rate of 4,000 adults per acre in
a 4-month period produced 131,000 young fatheads that weighed
176 pounds.
In a largemouth black bass-bream combination, where the
bream population consisted of 50 per cent bluegills and 50 per
cent shellcrackers, the bluegills comprised 65 to 75 per cent of
the total catch of bream.
In a largemouth black bass-bluegill-black crappie combination
stocked with 100 crappie fingerlings per acre prior to stocking
with bass, a 1.8 acre pond produced a total of 481.7 pounds of
fish per acre when drained at the end of 2 years. Total production
of edible-sized fish was 95.6 pounds per acre. Bluegills caught
in this pond during its second summer averaged 0.1 pound in
weight. The small size of the bluegills was caused by competition
between bluegills and small crappie.
Freshwater mussels Lampsilis claibornensis (Lea.) in excess
of 1,000 pounds per acre were produced in a 2-acre fertilized
pond 6 years after stocking; there was no apparent effect on fish
production. Results of other experiments have indicated that a
like poundage can be grown in 1 year in a fertilized pond.
Sprays of various 2,4-D formulations successfully controlled
several species of emergent weeds including arrowhead, cattail,
47
58th and 59th ANNUAL REPORTS
needlerush, and knotgrass. From one to three applications 
of a
0.25 per cent 2,4-D solution (butyl ester form) were 
necessary
for control of most emergent pond weeds. However, 
the ester
forms of 2,4-D were found to be rather toxic to both bass and
bluegills. Practically complete mortality of bluegills resulted when
ponds were refilled and stocked one day after the bottoms were
sprayed with a 1 per cent water solution of 2,4-D in the butyl
ester form applied at a rate of 400 gallons per acre. Also, indi-
cations were that in fertilized ponds, the use of the above men-
tioned amount of 2,4-D, either in the salt or ester form, reduced
the weight of fish produced by about 60 pounds per acre. Bottom
sprays of 2,4-D were ineffective in controlling several species of
submerged weeds, such as 
Najas, fine-leaf Potamogeton, 
cabomba,
and coontail. They materially aided in control of water grass,
Hydrochloa carolinensis, when applied to the pond bottom at a
rate of 800 to 400 gallons per acre of a 0.25 per cent solution of
2,4-D (butyl ester form). The latter treatment was not lethal 
to
fish when an interval of 5 to 7 days elapsed between application
of the treatment and restocking the refilled ponds.
In preliminary tests indications were that DDT emulsifiable
solutions in concentrations greater than 0.01 p.p.m. were toxic to
small bluegills and adult largemouth black bass.
48 ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
49
PUBLICATIONS
Experiment Station Bulletins
No. 254 Management of Farm Fish Ponds. H. S. SWINGLE AND E. V.
SMITH, (Revised) 1947.
No. 260 Farm Power and Equipment Costs in Northern Alabama. BEN T.
LANHAM, JR. 1947.
No. 261 Types of Houses for Laying Hens. D. F. KING, S. E. GISSEN-
DANNER, AND R. C. CHRISTOPHER. 1947.
No. 262 Fruit and Vegetable Concentration Markets in North Carolina,
South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama. 1947.
No. 263 Effects of Some Environmental Factors on the Seed and Lint of
Cotton. D. G. STURKIE. 1947.
No. 264 Experiments on Pond Fertilization. H. S. SWINGLE. 1947.
No. 265 Cost of Producing Fluid Milk in Alabama. J. HOMER BLACKSTONE.
1948.
No. 266 Improved Pastures and Grazing Crops for Increased Vitamin A
Content of Milk and Butter. C. J. KOEHN AND W. D. SALMON.
1948.
Experiment Station Circulars
No. 94 Occurrence of Little Leaf Disease of Pine and Its Effects on
Forestry in Alabama. W. R. BOGGESS AND R. R. NEWMAN. 1947.
Experiment Station Leaflets
No. 23 Seed Treatment for Peanuts. COYT WILSON. 1947.
No. 24 New Dusts for Cotton Insect Control. F. S. ARANT AND W. A.
RUFFIN. 1948.
No. 25 Effects of Time of Planting and Digging on Yield and Grade of
Sweetpotatoes in Southern Alabama. T. P. WHITTEN. 1948.
Experiment Station Progress Report Series
No. 30 Green Feed as a Substitute for Laying Mash for Hens. D. F.
KING. 1947.
No. 31 Time of Planting Cotton in Alabama. W. T. WILLIAMSON. 1947.
No. 32 Studies of the Control of Peanut Leafspot. J. P. WILSON AND
COYT WILsON. 1947.
No. 33 Determining Cost of Tractor and Machinery Use. BEN T. LAN-
HAM. 1947.
No. 34 Grain Sorghum Production in Alabama. D. G. STURKIE AND T. H.
ROGERS. 1947.
No. 35 Alabama Farm Flock Laying Houses. D. F. KING. 1947.
58th and 59th ANNUAL REPORTS
50 ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
No. 36 White Dutch Clover-Dallis Grass Pasture for the Gulf Coast Area
of Alabama. OTTO BROWN AND HAROLD F. YATES. 1947.
No. 37 Milk Production from a Year Around Feed and Forage Cropping
System in the Piedmont and Upper Coastal Plain Areas. J. C.
GRIMES, D. G. STURKIE AND A. H. QUINN. 1947.
No. 38 Comparative Performance of the Auburn Strain of White Leg-
horn. D. F. KING AND G. J. COTTIER. 1948.
No. 39 Size and Shape of Plots and Distribution of Plot Yield for Field
Experiments with Peanuts. T. A. BANCROFT, COYT WILSON, AND
J. P. WILSON. 1948.
No. 40 How to Establish Stands of Crimson Clover - Sericea Combination
for Grazing in the Tennessee Valley. FRED STEWART. 1948.
Miscellaneous
56th and 57th Annual Reports. 1948.
Articles in Scientific Journals
ARANT, F.S. Results Obtained from Use of Various Insecticides in Cotton
Insect Control at Alabama Experiment Station. Proc. S. E. Cotton Insect
Control Conf. pp. 23-25. 1948.
. Status of Velvetbean Caterpillar Control in Alabama. 
Jour.
Econ. Ent. 41: 26-30. 1948.
Preliminary Field Tests with New Insecticides for Control of
Velvetbean Caterpillar. Jour. Econ. Ent. 41: 803. 1948.
DICKERSON, G. E., AND GRIMES, J. C. Effectiveness of Selection for Efficiency
of Gain in Duroc Swine. Jour. Anim. Sci. 6: 265-287. 1947.
EDEN, W. G., AND ARANT, F. S. DDT Residues on Alfalfa. Jour. Econ. Ent.
41: 383-387. 1948.
ENGEL, R. W. Anemia in Chronic Choline Deficiency in the 
Rat. Fed.
Proc. 7: 285. 1948.
Anemia and Edema of Chronic Choline Deficiency in the
Rat. Jour. Nutr. 86: 739-750. 1948.
, AND COPELAND, D. H. Mammary 
Carcinoma in Female Rats
Fed 2-Acetylaminofluorene. Sci. 108: 33886-33887. 1948.
7 COPELAND, D. H., AND SALMON, 
W. D. Carcinogenic Effects
Associated with Diets Deficient in Choline and Related Nutrients. 
Ann.
N. Y. Acad. Sci. 49: 49-67. 1947.
ENSMINGER, L. E., AND COPE, J. T., JR. Effect of Soil Reaction 
on the
Efficiency of Various Phosphates for Cotton and on Loss 
of Phosphorous
by Erosion. Jour. Amer. Soc. Agron. 39: 3-11. 1947.
JOHNSON, W. A., AND WARE, L. M. Effects of Rates of 
Nitrogen on the
Relative Yields of Potato Vines and Roots. Amer. Soc. 
Hort. Sci. Proc.
52: 318-816. 1948.
KOEHN, C. J. Relative Biological Activity of Beta-Carotene and Vitamin A.
Arch. Bichem. 17: 337-344. 1948.
MAYTON, E. L., GRIMES, J. C., AND ROGERS, H. T. Effects of Grazing Man-
agement on Beef Gains from White Clover-Grass Pastures in Central
Alabama. Jour. Amer. Soc. Agron. 39: 584-595. 1947.
ROGERS, H. T. Boron Response and Tolerance of Several Legumes to Borax.
Jour. Amer. Soc. Agron. 39: 897-913. 1947.
Iron Deficiency of Crimson Clover in a Calcareous Soil and
Method of Diagnosis. Jour. Amer. Soc. Agron. 39: 638-639. 1947.
Water-Soluble Boron in Coarse-Textured Soils in Relation to
Need of Boron Fertilization for Legumes. Jour. Amer. Soc. Agron. 39:
914-928. 1947.
. Liming for Peanuts in Relation to Exchangeable Soil Calcium
and Effect on Yield, Quality, and Uptake of Calcium and Potassium.
Jour. Amer. Soc. Agron. 40: 15-31. 1948.
SALMON, W. D. Some Physiological Relationships of Protein, Fat, Choline,
Methionine, Cystine, Nicotinic Acid, and Tryptophane. Jour. Nutr. 83:
155-168. 1947.
Relation of Corn Products to the Requirement of the Rat
for Dietary Nicotinic Acid. Jour. Nutr. 33: 169-176. 1947.
. The Tryptophane Requirement for Growth of the Rat. Fed.
Proc. 7: 298. 1948.
SHERMAN, W. C. Relative Gastro-Intestinal Stability of Carotene and Vitamin
A and the Protective Effect of Xanthophyll. Proc. Soc. Expt. Biol. and
Med. 65: 207-210. 1947.
, AND KOEHN, C. J. Beta-Carotene from Sweet Potatoes.
Indus. and Engin. Chem. 40: 1445-1448. 1948.
SMITH, A. L. Control of Cotton Wilt and Nematodes with a Soil Fumigant.
Phytopath. 88: 943-947. 1948.
WARE, L. M., AND JOHNSON, W. A. Effects of Organic Materials, Fertilizers,
and Irrigation on the Yield of Sweet Potatoes. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. Proc.
52: 817-321. 1948.
, AND STAHELIN, RUDOLPH. Growth of Southern Plantations at
Various Spacings. Jour. Forestry. 46: 267-274. 1948.
WEAR, JOHN I., AND SOMMER, ANNA L. Acid-Extractable Zinc of Soils in
Relation to the Occurrence of Zinc-Deficiency Symptoms of Corn: A
Method of Analysis. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 12: 143-144. 1947.
WILSON, COYT. Concealed Damage of Peanuts in Alabama. Phytopath. 37:
657-668. 1947.
Yoru, E. T., AND ROGERS, H. T. Influence of Lime on the Solubility of
Potassium in Soils and on its Availability to Plants. Soil Sci. 63: 467-
477. 1947.
58th and 59th ANNUAL REPORTS 51
ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
Officers and Staff
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
Alabama Polytechnic Institute
December 31, 1948
His EXCELLENCY JAMES E. FOLSOM, Chairman -------------- Ex-Officio
A. R. MEADOWS, State Superintendent of Education Ex-Officio
FRANCIS W. HARE, (First District) -------------------- Monroeville
V. S. SUMMERLIN (Second District) ----------------------- Luverne
ROBERTS H. BROWN (Third District) ----------------------- Opelika
S. L. TOOMER (Third District) --------------------------- Auburn
WALKER REYNOLDS (Fourth District) ----- ---------------- Anniston
JOE DAVIs (Fifth District) ---------------------------- Albertville
W. L. PARRISH (Sixth District) -------------------------- Clanton
PAUL S. HALEY (Seventh District) J-------------------------asper
REDUS COLLIER (Eighth District) ------------------------ Decatur
FRANK P. SAMFORD (Ninth District) --- ---------------- Birmingham
Administration
RALPH BROWN DRAUGHON, LL.D., President
M. J. FUNCHESs, M.S., D.Sc., Director
E. V. SMITH, Ph.D., Assistant Director
W. H. WEIDENBACH, B.S., Assistant to Director
L. O. BRACKEEN, B.S., Director of Publicity
C. H. CANTRELL, M.A., A.B.L.S., Director of Libraries
NINA HALL, A.B., Agricultural Librarian
Agricultural Economics
B. F. ALVORD, M.S.------------------------------------Head of Department
M. J. DANNER, M.S. --------------- Associate Agricultural Economist
S. W. WILLIAMS, Ph.D. ------------ Associate Agricultural Economist
J. H. BLACKSTONE, M.S. ------------ Assistant Agricultural Economist
R. W. ROBINSON, B.S. -------------- Assistant Agricultural Economist
J. G. THOMAS, JR., M.S. ------------ Assistant Agricultural Economist
E. E. MANSFIELD --------------------------------------- Statistical Assistant
Agricultural Engineering
F. A. KUMMER, M.S. ---------------------- Head of Department
C. M. STOKES, M.S. ---------------- Associate Agricultural Engineer
I. F. REED, M.S., A.E.- Senior Agricultural Engineer (Coop. USDA)
R. E. JEZEK, B.S..-.....Associate Agricultural Engineer (Coop. USDA)
J. L. BUTT, B.S..........--------------------Assistant Agricultural Engineer
T. E. CORLEY, B.S.-------------------------Assistant Agricultural Engineer
52
Agronomy and Soils
C. F. SIMMONS, Ph.D ---------------- - Head of Department
F. L. DAVIS, Ph.D.------------------------------ Soil Chemist
A. L. SMITH, Ph.D. ------------------- Pathologist (Coop. USDA)
D. G. STURKIE, Ph.D. -------- ----- Agronomist
J. T. WILLIAMSON, B.S.----------------------------------Agronomist
L. E. ENSMINGER, Ph.D. -------- Associate Soil Chemist
R. W. PEARSON, Ph.D. ---------------- Soil Chemist (Coop.. USDA)
T. H. ROGERS, M.S.---------------------------Associate Agronomist
J. M. SCHOLL, Ph.D.------------- --------------------------- Associate Agronomist
A. L. SOMMER, Ph.D.--------------------------------Soil Chemist
H. B. TISDALE, M.S. --------------------- Plant Breeder
F. E. BERTRAM, B.S. -------------- ------------------ Field Superintendent
'P. B. GIBSON, M.S.-------------------------------------- Assistant Agronomist
E. C. RICHARDSON, M.S.----------Project Supervisor (Coop. USDA)
J. W. RICHARDSON, B.S. -- -------------- Field Superintendent
A. E. ROYER, M.S. ---------------------------------- Assistant Soil Chemist
E. F. SCHULTZ, JR., B.S. -------------------Assistant Plant Breeder
J. F. SEGREST, JR., B.S.------------------------------- Field Superintendent
*J. I. WEAR, M.S.------------------------------------ Assistant Soil Chemist
Animal Husbandry and Nutrition
J. C. GRIMES, M.S. Head of Department
R. W. ENGEL, Ph.D.-------------------------------------- Animal Nutritionist
E. L. HOVE, Ph.D. ---------- -Animal Nutritionist
W. D. SALMON, M.A. --- -------------------- Animal Nutritionist
D. H. COPELAND, B.S.--------------------------- Associate Animal Nutritionist
H. E. SAUBERLICH, Ph.D. ------------------------ Associate Animal Nutritionist
A. E. SCHAEFER, Ph.D. --------------- Associate Animal Nutritionist
H. J. SMITH, Ph.D. --------------------- Assistant Animal Breeder
Botany and Plant Pathology
J. L. SEAL, Ph.D. ------------------------- Head of Department
COYT WILSON, Ph.D. -------------------------- Plant Pathologist
H. E. BREWER, Ph.D. ------------------------- Associate Botanist
J. A. LYLE, M.S. ---------------------- Assistant Plant Pathologist
Dairy Husbandry
K. M. AUTREY, Ph.D. ---------------------- Head of Department
W. E. ALSTON, B.S. ------------------------- Dairy Husbandman
W. B. PRATHER, B.S. ----------------- Assistant Dairy Husbandman
* Leave of absence
58th and 59th ANNUAL REPORTS 53
Forestry
T. D. STEVENS, Ph.D. ---------------------- Head of Department
F. H. VOGEL, MS.S...------ ---- --------------------- Forester
H. E. CHRISTEN, M.F.-- ---------------------- Associate Forester
WILBUR DEVALL, M.S.-- -------- ------------- Associate Forester
HENRY DORR, JR., M.S.------------------- Associate Forester
G. I. GARIN, Ph.D. ---------- --------------- Associate Forester
F. F. SMITH, M.F., M.A. ---------------------- Associate Forester
J. F. GOGGANS, M.F.---------------------------------- ------ Assistant Forester
C. W. LEACH, M.F. -------------------------- Assistant Forester
K. W. LIVINGSTON, M.F.---------------------------------Assistant in Forestry
W. W. GASKINS, M.S.F. Assistant in Forestry
Home Economics
FLORENCE PEARL DAVIS, M.S. -------------------- Associate Home Economist
Horticulture
L. M. WARE, M.S.------------------------ Head of Department
WALTER GREENLEAF, Ph.D. -- -Vegetable Breeder
C. L. ISBELL, Ph.D . ------------------------------------------------ Horticulturist
HUBERT HARRIS, M.S.----- --------------------- Associate Horticulturist
*T. B. HAGLER, M.S.-----------------------Assistant Horticulturist
H. P. ORR, M.S. -- ------- Assistant Horticulturist
T. P. WHITTEN, M.S. ---------------------- Assistant Horticulturist
FRANK GARRETT ---- ---------------- Part-Time Assistant in Horticulture
W. A. JOHNSON, M.S. ---------------------- Laboratory Technician
W. S. WISE, B.S. -------------------- Greenhouse Manager
Poultry Husbandry
D. F. KING, M.S. -------------------------- Head of Department
G. J. COTTIER, M.S., D.V.M...----------Associate Poultry Husbandman
*S. A. EDGAR, Ph.D. --------------- Associate Poultry Pathologist
J. G. GOODMAN, M.S. --------------- Associate Poultry Husbandman
*0. R. INGRAM, B.S. ---------------- Assistant Poultry Husbandman
Publications
K. B. Roy, B.J.---------------------------Head of Department
J. 0. COOPER, B.S. ------------- Assistant Agricultural 
Editor
Zoology-Entomology
J. M. ROBINSON, M.A ...... .. ------- Head of Department
F. S. ARANT, Ph.D. _,-----.-----------------.Entomologist
* Leave of absence
54 ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
555
H. S. SWINGLE, M.S. ---------------------------- Fish Culturist
J. S. DENDY, Ph.D.---- --------------------- Associate Zoologist
J. M. LAWRENCE, M.S. ------------------ Assistant Fish Culturist
E. E. PRATHER, M.S.---------------- ------- Assistant Fish Culturist
W. G. EDEN, M.S.--------------------------------------Assistant Entomologist
A. L. BLACK -- ------------------------------ Superintendent of Ponds
Substations
BLACK BELT, Marion Junction, Dallas County
K. G. BAKER, B.S. ----- __------------------Superintendent
W. B. KELLEY--------------------Assistant Superintendent
CHILTON AREA HORTICULTURE, Clanton, Chilton County
C. C. CARLTON, B.S.----- ------- - Superintendent
GULF COAST, Fairhope, Baldwin County
OTTO BROWN, M.S. --------,-------- -------- Superintendent
J. E. BARRETT, JR., B.S. --------------- Assistant Superintendent
HAROLD YATES, B.S.---- -- ------------ Assistant Superintendent
NORTH ALABAMA HORTICULTURE, Cullman, Cullman County
T. S. MORRow, B.S.----_- --------- Superintendent
PIEDMONT, Camp Hill, Tallapoosa County
E. L. MAYTON, M.S. ------------------------- Superintendent
SAND MOUNTAIN, Crossville, DeKalb County
S. E. GISSENDANNER, B.S. ---------------------- Superintendent
W. S. KIRKSEY, B.S. ------------------- Assistant Superintendent
TENNESSEE VALLEY, Belle Mina, Limestone County
FRED STEWART, B.S. ----------- ---------- Superintendent
J. K. BOSECK, B.S. -------------------- Assistant Superintendent
C. H. JOHNSTON, B.S. -------------- Assistant Superintendent
UPPER COASTAL PLAIN, Winfield, Fayette County
W. W. COTNEY, B.S. ------------------------- Superintendent
T. S. BRYARs, B.S. -------------------- Assistant Superintendent
WIREGRASS, Headland, Henry County
J. P. WILSON, B.S. ------------- -------------- Superintendent
C. A. BROGDEN, B.S. ------------------ Assistant Superintendent
J. G. STARLING, B.S. ------------------ Assistant Superintendent
58th and 59th ANNUAL REPORTS
ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
CHANGES in STATION STAFF
1947 Appointments
K. M. AUTREY, Ph.D. --------------- Head, Department of Dairy Husbandry
F. L. DAVIS, Ph.D. ------------------------------- Soil Chemist
J. S. DENDY, Ph.D. -------------------------- Associate Zoologist
J. F. GOGGANS, M.F.------------------------Assistant Forester
W. H. GREENLEAF, Ph.D .---- Vegetable Breeder
C. W. LEACH, M.F.--- --------------------------- Assistant Forester
J. A. LYLE, M.S. ----------------------- Assistant Plant Pathologist
H. P. ORR, M.S. -------------------------- Assistant Horticulturist
J. P. RIDGEWAY ------------------------------------ Superintendent of Ponds
A. E. ROYER, M.S. ------------------------- Assistant Soil Chemist
A. E. SCHAEFER, Ph.D. ----------- Associate Animal Nutritionist
J. M. SCHOLL, Ph.D. --------------- - Associate Agronomist
J. F. SEGREST, JR., B.S. --------------- Assistant Agronomist
H. J. SMITH, Ph.D- -------. Assistant Animal Breeder
T. D. STEVENS, Ph.D. ----------------- Head, Department of Forestry
C. M. STOKES, M.S.-- ------------- Associate Agricultural Engineer
S. W. WILLIAMS, Ph.D.- ------------- Associate Agricultural Economist
1947 Resignations
W. R. BOGGESS, M.F. ------------------ ------ Associate Forester
F. E. JOHNSTONE, Ph.D.--------- -------------- Vegetable Breeder
C. J. KOEHN, Ph.D. ----------------------- Animal Nutritionist
J. W. McLENDON, B.S.-----------Assistant Superintendent, Piedmont Substation
E. W. McELWEE, M.S.-----------------------------------------------Horticulturist
J. P. RIDGEWAY ---------------------------------- Superintendent of Ponds
W. C. SHERMAN, Ph.D. ----------------------- Animal Nutritionist
J. W. WEBB, M.S. ----------------------- Superintendent of Ponds
R. H. WESTVELD, Ph.D.......----------------Head, Department 
of Forestry
1948 Appointments
J. E. BARRETT, JR., B.S. ------------- Asst. Supt., Gulf Coast Substation
A. L. BLACK ------------- ------------------------- Superintendent of Ponds
T. S. BRYARS, B.S. --------- Asst. Supt., Upper Coastal Plain Substation
J. L. BUTT, B.S. -------------------- Assistant Agricultural Engineer
C. C. CARLTON, B.S. -------- Supt., Chilton Area Horticulture Substation
J. 0. COOPER, B.S. -------------------- Assistant Agricultural Editor
T. E. CORLEY, B.S. ------------------ Assistant Agricultural Engineer
FLORENCE P. DAVIS, M.S. ---------------- Associate Home Economist
HENRY DORR, JR., M.S. ------------------------ Associate Forester
W. G. EDEN, M.S. ----- ---------------- Assistant Entomologist
G. I. GARIN, Ph.D. ---------------------------- Associate Forester
W. W. GASKINS, M.S.F. -------------- Assistant in Forestry
E. L. HOVE, Ph.D. ----------------------- Animal Nutritionist
56
58th and 59th ANNUAL REPORTS 57
C. H. JOHNSTON, B.S. Asst. Supt., Tennessee Valley Substation
W. S. KIRKSEY, B.S.---------------Asst. Supt., Sand Mountain Substation
K. W. LIVINGSTON, M.F. ---------------------- Assistant in Forestry
T. S. MORROW, B.S.----------------Supt., North Alabama Horticulture Substation
W. B. PRATHER, B.S. ------------------ Assistant Dairy Husbandman
R. W. ROBINSON, B.S.----------------------- Assistant Agricultural Economist
H. E. SAUBERLICH, Ph.D. --------------- Associate Animal Nutritionist
J. G. STARLING, B.S.----------------------------------Asst. Supt., Wiregrass Substation
J. G. THOMAS, JR., M.S. -------------- Assistant Agricultural Economist
F. H. VOGEL, M.S. ------------------ Forester
W. S. WISE, B.S. ------------ ---------------- Greenhouse Manager
1948 Resignations
B. W. APPLETON, B.S. ---------- Asst. Supt., Sand Mountain Substation
W. V. CHANDLER, M.S. -------------- Assistant Soil Chemist
A. E. CULLISON, M.S. ----------------------- Animal Husbandman
R. R. NEWMAN ----------------------------------------- Assistant in Forestry
R. B. POLK, B.S.F. -------------------------- Assistant in Forestry
E. H. STEWART, M.S. ----------------------- Assistant Agronomist
A. G. WILLIAMS, M.S., D.V.M. ---------- Associate Poultry Husbandman
FINANCIAL REPORT
Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1947
Hatch Adams Purne Bankhead- 
Research All Other
atchJones & Mktg. Funds
BALANCE JULY 1, 1946 .00 .00 .00 .00 248,191.62
APPROPRIATION 15,000.00 15,000.00 60,000.00 89,423.98 591,984.72
TOTAL 15,000.00 15,000.00 60,000.00 89,423.98 835,176.34
EXPENDITURES
PERSONAL SERVICES 12,486.14 12,798.62 46,713.84 67,800.28 279,873.74
TRAVEL 154.01 159.00 606.92 1,089.59 16,970.70
TRANSPORTATION 15.67 34.11 116.46 436.57 4,802.29
COMMUNICATION 292.57 .76 154.61 131.35 2,559.52
RENTS & UTILITIES 469.17 1,648.47 1,639.65 7,968.35
PRINTING & BINDING 578.51 86.24 893.64 2,407.98
OTHER CONTRACTUAL SERVICES 32.95 47.24 406.05 1,621.65 76,029.84
SUPPLIES & MATERIALS 977.55 1,066.15 4,184.68 11,827.78 124,019.46
EQUIPMENT 462.60 424.95 6,000.14 3,983.47 46,672.03
LANDS & STRUCTURES 82.59 40,771.64
TOTAL EXPENDITURES 15,000.00 15,000.00 60,000.00 89,423.98 602,075.55
BALANCE JUNE 80, 1947 .00 .00 .00 .00 2833,100.79
TOTAL 15,000.00 15,000.00 60,000.00 89,428.98 835,176.34
1 Includes State appropriations, sales, and grant funds exclusive of T. V. A.
Prepared November 12, 1949, A. P. I. Business Office, W. T. Ingram, Business Mgr., By A. C. Pearson, Auditor.
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FINANCIAL REPORT
Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1948
Hatch AdBankhead- 
Research All 
Other
Adams Purnell 
Jones & Mktg. 
Fundsl
BALANCE JULY 1, 1947 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 281,028.89
APPROPRIATION 15,000.00 15,000.00 60,000.00 89,423.99 71,168.78 814,511.79
TOTAL 15,000.00 15,000.00 60,000.00 89,423.99 71,168.78 1,045,535.68
EXPENDITURES
PERSONAL SERVICES 18,912.02 11,248.22 44,399.36 63,864.81 81,846.85 874,596.47
TRAVEL 43.05 89.35 1,023.95 1,435.50 6,166.12 17,218.58
TRANSPORTATION 23.09 40.93 176.76 383.36 310.81 6,021.92
COMMUNICATION 94.67 .16 87.75 83.81 166.40 4,264.83
RENTS & UTILITIES 144.00 410.32 1,641.75 1,596.79 1,201.88 8,872.91
PRINTING & BINDING 50.89 485.27 217.32 1,603.17
OTHER CONTRACTUAL SERVICES 27.58 505.40 920.85 4,356.56 1,811.90 36,364.43
SUPPLIES & MATERIALS 543.40 1,789.91 6,883.29 13,618.76 5,282.85 182,872.76
EQUIPMENT 161.30 915.71 2,361.51 3,274.18 17,880.96 70,449.65
LANDS & STRUCTURES 2,019.51 593.40 502.45 82,997.85
TOTAL EXPENDITURES 15,000.00 15,000.00 60,000.00 89,428.99 64,169.17 784,762.07
BALANCE JUNE 80, 1948 .00 .00 .00 .00 6,999.61 810,773.61
TOTAL 15,000.00 15,000.00 60,000.00 89,423.99 71,168.78 1,045,585.68
1 Includes State appropriations, sales, and grant funds.
Prepared November 12, 1949, A. P. I. Business Office, W. T. Ingram, Business Mgr., By A. C. Pearson, Auditor.
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