54th and 55th
ANNUAL REPORTS
,January i, 1943 - December 31, 1944
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
thM ALABAMA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE
M. J. Funchess, Director Auburn, Alabama
CO0N TE NT S
Page
AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS
AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING
AGRONOMY AND SOILS.9
ANIMAL AND POULTRY HUSBANDRY. 15
BOTANY AND PLANT PATHOLOGY.............19
HORTICULTURE AND FORESTRY..............20
ZOOLOGY - ENTOMOLOGY.................26
PUBLICATIONS.......................32
OFFICERS AND STAFF...................35
PUBLISHED 
JANUARY, 
1946 
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JANUARY, 1946
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54th and 55th
.!i 8 '62 
COr\,E..
ANNUAL REPORTS eIe
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
ALABAMA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE
January 1, 1943 December 31, 1944
AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS
A Brief Analysis of Progress of Tenant-Purchase Farms in Ala-
bama from 1940 through 1942 with Comparisons. (J. W. Lester
and Ben F. Alvord.) -A study for 1940 of success of 313 tenant-
purchase farms scattered throughout Alabama revealed the fol-
lowing: (1) they had on the average a larger total investment,
(2) larger total area, (3) larger productive area in crops and in
pasture, and (4) more livestock and equipment than the average
farm as reported by the Census.
This larger-than-average farm business yielded 
the tenant-
purchase farmer slightly larger-than-average total farm receipts.
However, gross receipts per acre of farm land was nearly one-
sixth less than average and one-third less per acre of cropland.
Some factors holding down gross receipts per acre appeared to be:
(1) "misfits" among tenant-purchase operators, (2) heavier-than-
average capital invested in buildings, (3) inadequate supervision,
(4) inadequate effort on the part of some clients, and (5) in-
sufficient time for the tenant-purchase farmer to get his business
efficiently organized.
A study of 272 of these farms through 1941 and 1942 indi-
cated that tenant-purchase farmers had increased their gross
farm receipts more rapidly than the average Alabama farmer.
Nevertheless, gross receipts of these farms per crop acre were
still behind those of the average farm.
4 ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
Losses Incurred in Peanut Harvesting, 1944. (A. H. Harring-
ton.)-A total of 19,930 questionnaires were sent to peanut
producers in nine southeastern Alabama counties to determine
1944 harvesting difficulties. Sixteen per cent of the questionnaires
were returned in complete and usable form. These 3,245 com-
plete replies represented 91,407 acres, or 23 per cent of the
estimated acreage of harvested peanuts in the nine counties in
1944.
These growers reported that their total acreage of planted,
dug, and hogged peanuts was more than 10 per cent larger in
1944 than in 1943. The group's total acreage of peanuts neither
dug nor hogged in 1944 was over 7 times greater than in 1943 -
1,500 acres as compared to 200. The total acreage they reported
dug abnormally late in 1944 was 33,000 acres as contrasted to
8,000 the previous season. Acreage intended for digging but hog-
ged was nearly four times larger - 12,000 in 1944, 3,500 in 1943.
Losses from late digging were indicated in 63 per cent of
the replies. These were reported to be 220 pounds per acre or
about 20 million pounds for the entire group in 1944, as compared
with reported losses from late digging of 4.5 million pounds in
1943. However, it seems possible that loss estimates from this
cause may have been confused with losses due to weather and to
worm damage. Assuming all farmers would have had as great a
decline in yields from other causes as did those reporting no late
digging, there would have been a loss of only 71 pounds per acre
rather than 220 pounds. Thus the total loss in production from
late digging would have been about 6.5 million pounds instead of
20 million pounds.
Most farmers assigned two or more reasons for late digging.
About 40 per cent of the reasons indicated labor shortage; 19
per cent, unusual maturing of the peanuts; 19 per cent, wet
weather; and 19 per cent, not enough power or equipment.
About 38 per cent of the replies reported acreages not dug
that were planted for digging. The undug acreage amounted to
12 per cent of the total planted for digging in 1944. Most of the
undug acreage was hogged off, so that total loss was avoided.
Losses could not be measured on these acres, since land with
poor yield prospects is generally abandoned first.
54th and 55th ANNUAL REPORTS, 1943-44 5
AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING
Dynamics of Soil Erosion and the Principles of Control: EFFECT
OF VEGETATIVE BALK IN CONTROLLING EROSION. (J. H. Neal.) -
Experiments with vegetative balks have been conducted for 3
years on six 15-by-50-foot plots. The balks used were strips of
close-growing vegetation between rows of a tilled crop. All
plots were treated the same during the winter. Each was fer-
tilized with 400 pounds per acre of 0-8-4, and seeded broadcast
to crimson clover in October.
During April, all of the clover was harvested from three
plots. On the other three plots, vegetative contour strips of about
1 foot wide were left unharvested every 7 feet. After the clover
was weighed, a proportionate amount was spread evenly over
the plots and turned under. The plots were then bedded and
fertilized with 200 pounds 0-8-4 per acre, and cotton was planted.
The balks were hoed out as soon as the clover seed matured
(latter part of June).
During the winter when all plots were treated alike, the run-
off and soil loss from the balk plots were, respectively, 110 and
70 per cent of the water and soil losses from the check plots.
The lower soil loss during the winter was probably due to
residual effect from a previous balk. The average runoff and
soil loss during the summer and fall were, respectively, 60 and
26 per cent of that from the check plots. Balks were very effec-
tive for controlling erosion, but they reduced the crop yields from
the plot studied.
EFFECT OF VEGETATION ON RUNOFF, SOIL LOSSES, AND IN-
FILTRATION, WHEN PLOTS ARE SUBJECTED TO ARTIFICIAL RAIN.
(J. H. Neal.)- Artificial rain was applied at different seasons
to one of the erosion plots with a 5 per cent slope, as described
in previous reports. The first series of rains was applied just
before turning the winter cover crop; the second series, just after
turning the winter cover crop; and the third series was applied
on mature cotton grown on contour beds.
These tests indicate that vegetation is not effective for con-
trolling runoff after the soil is saturated. However, vegetation
does reduce the soil losses. The soil lost from a turned plot was
6 ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
6 times that lost from a plot in crimson clover when the two
rains were of the same intensity and approximately the same
amount of runoff.
Design and Construction of Special Farm Machinery and Equip-
ment: (1) FEED DEHYDRATION. (F. A. Kummer and A. W.
Cooper.) - Experimental work on artificial dehydration of sweet-
potatoes for livestock feed was concluded in 1942. In order to
prolong the operating period of artificial dehydrators, experiments
were carried on with other feed crops including several hay
crops. Sweetpotato leaves and kudzu showed reasonable possi-
bilities. The sweetpotato leaves were harvested with a mowing
machine equipped with a buncher attachment. This equipment
permits cutting only the leaves and leaf stems, and the vines
are left in the field. It was possible to cut approximately one
acre per hour, with a yield of 1,200 to 1,500 pounds of green
leaves per acre. The kudzu, including vines and leaves, was
cut with a mowing machine equipped with a special cutting
attachment. The two crops were chopped in an ensilage cutter
and carried immediately through the dehydrator. It was found
that sweetpotato vines and leaves together were unsatisfactory
for mechanical dehydration. Sweetpotato leaves alone, 
however,
yielded an excellent feed product and are easy to dehydrate.
However, they lack the volume for extensive operations.
Kudzu (vines and leaves) appears to be the most profitable
hay crop for dehydration, because of the higher quality of feed
produced by artificial dehydration as compared with air drying.
Most significant are the relatively high carotene contents of both
sweetpotato leaves and kudzu, which compare favorably with
alfalfa leaf meal. Preliminary tests have shown that vitamin A
deficiencies in chickens may be corrected in 5 to 10 days if
small amounts of this meal are added to deficient rations.
(2) DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF SPECIAL EQUIPMENT FOR
DISTRIBUTION OF AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE AS A SOURCE OF NITRo-
GEN. (F. A. Kummer and A. W. Cooper.) - This work was done
in cooperation with the Tennessee Valley Authority and De-
partment of Agricultural Engineering, University of Tennessee.
54th and 55th ANNUAL REPORTS, 1943-44 7
Three small distributors with a displacement pump, devel-
oped by the University of Tennessee, were mounted on Covington
cotton planters for side application on row crops.
Fertilizer placement tests, using ammonium hydroxide as a
source of nitrogen and the nitrogen equivalent of a 6-8-4 mineral
fertilizer, were made on four 100-foot rows of sweetpotatoes. The
equivalent of 1,000 pounds of 6-8-4 per acre was applied as side
dressing in each case. The plots that received nitrate of soda as 
a
source of nitrogen yielded at the rate of 270 bushels per acre. The
plots that received the nitrogen equivalent in the form of ammon-
ium hydroxide yielded 330 bushels per acre, or an increase of 60
bushels.
(3) SWEETPOTATO PRODUCTION WITH MACHINERY. (F. A.
Kummer and A. W. Cooper.)- The value of sweetpotatoes
for livestock feed depends primarily upon the price at which
potatoes may be produced in comparison with corn. In order
to be comparable to corn, the labor requirements for the pro-
duction of the potato crop must be reduced to a minimum. Al-
though it has been possible to reduce hand preparation and
costs through the use of machinery, no satisfactory means has
yet been found to reduce cultivation and harvesting costs to a
reasonable level for feed production.
The experimental work was conducted on a 5-acre tract of
Norfolk sandy loam on three terrace intervals. Different methods
of planting and cultivation were tried. Tractor cultivator at-
tachments, both sweeps and disc hillers, were satisfactory for
weed control in middles, but were of no value for the control
of weeds on top of the rows. In all cases where machine culti-
vation was used for weed control on top of beds, serious damage
resulted to the crop either by covering the plants or uprooting
them. It was possible, however, during the one-year experiment
to obtain satisfactory weed control by preparing the beds 4
weeks in advance of planting and by leveling the tops of the
beds with a heavy wood plank immediately before planting.
This operation removed 2 to 3 inches of soil from the top of the
beds and destroyed early weed growth.
It was only necessary to cultivate the middles one time
8 ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
during the growing season. It should be pointed out, however,
that this method may not be satisfactory in a wet season, when
early weed growth develops rapidly.
Grain Sorghum Cultural and Variety Tests, 1944. (J. H. Neal
and T. H. Rogers.) - Different cultural practices were tried on
three varieties of grain sorghum, Early Hegari, Bonita, and
Early Kalo. The following methods of planting were followed:
(1) two-row tractor planter with the rows spaced 38 inches; (2)
grain drill with rows spaced 71/2, 15, and 22/ inches apart;
and (3) broadcast at rates of 10 and 20 pounds per acre.
Fertilizer was applied at the time of planting at the rate of
600 pounds of 6-8-4 per acre, except on two of the drill plots
on which the applications were 1,200 and 1,800 pounds respec-
tively. On the row plots, the fertilizer was put down in the row
at the time of planting with a combination planter and distribu-
tor. On the broadcast and drill plots, the fertilizer was spread
broadcast over the plots just ahead of planting. No side-dress-
ings were applied.
The yield of grain sorghum increased about 575 pounds per
acre for each 600-pound increment of fertilizer above the first
600-pound application.
The cultural practices and yields are given in Table 1. Use
of the rotary hoe on the drilled plots produced significantly
higher yields (31 per cent) over those given no early cultivation,
but plowed once.
TABLE 1.-YIELDS OF GRAIN SORGHUM IN 38-INCH Rows WITH DIFFERENT
CULTURAL TREATMENTS
r tYield of grain per acre
Cultiural treatment Early Hegari Bonita Early Kalo
Pounds Pounds Pounds
Twice over with rotary hoe, plowed once 1,247 1,037 636
Hoed by hand, plowed once 1,162 719 880
Plowed once 889 819 567
Twice over with weeder, plowed once 796 709 577
54th and 55th ANNUAL REPORTS, 1943-449
AGRONOMY AND SOILS
Use of Nitrogen with Green-Manure Oats. (Randall J. Jones.)
-Turning under small grains for green manure usually de-
presses the yield of the succeeding crop unless nitrogen is added.
An experiment was begun on Norfolk sandy loam to study the
effect of green-manure oats on corn yields when various amounts
of nitrogen were added at different times.
Nitrogen was added to the oats in the fall at the rate of
40 pounds per acre, except plot 6 which received 80 pounds of
nitrogen. Uramon was used as the source of nitrogen for all
plots except plot 7, which received nitrate of soda. One ton
of dolomitic limestone was applied to all plots, and 0-14-10 was
applied at the rate of 300 pounds per acre to the winter crops
of oats and vetch and 200 pounds to the corn.
The green weight of oats produced by 40 pounds of nitrogen
from Uramon was 5,560 pounds per acre, whereas the yield was
only 2,775 pounds when nitrate of soda was used. This difference
was undoubtedly due to the leaching of nitrates which occurred
on this sandy soil. Where 80 pounds of nitrogen in the form of
Uramon was used, the green weight of oats amounted to 7,070
pounds. The dry weight yield, however, was about the same
as that from 40 pounds of nitrogen. Cold weather partially killed
the vetch, but it recovered and the second growth amounted to
8,270 pounds per acre (green weight).
The yield of corn was increased 4.8 bushels when nitrogen
was added as a side-dressing to corn rather than applying it
when the oats were turned.
Division of the nitrogen so that 20 pounds were added when
oats were turned and 20 pounds applied as a side-dressing to corn
gave the same yield as that obtained from applying the entire
40 pounds to the corn.
Value of Lime for Peanuts. (Howard T. Rogers.) - Numer-
ous greenhouse tests with several of the more extensive soil
types of the Coastal Plain have shown a striking response to
lime by Spanish peanuts. Frequently two crops of peanuts on
these light-textured soils under greenhouse conditions will de-
ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
plete the available calcium in the soil to such a level that it is
impossible to grow another crop of peanuts or other legumes
without heavy applications of lime.
In a comparison of 10 sources of lime for Spanish peanuts
and vetch in field tests, calcium silicate slag was the only material
that proved inferior and of questionable value. Heavy crops of
Monantha vetch were grown and turned under before planting
peanuts.
A maximum yield of 3,108 pounds per acre of nuts was ob-
tained from 3,000 pounds per acre of paper mill waste, while
the average increase in yield due to lime was about 800 pounds
per acre of peanuts. Ample phosphate and potash were supplied
in these tests, with 300 pounds of 0-14-10 fertilizer being ap-
plied to the vetch and a similar amount to the peanuts. Although
this was the second crop of peanuts removed from this soil
(Norfolk sand) in 2 years, 1,500 pounds per acre of limestone
applied broadcast was nearly as effective as double that amount.
In nine cooperative tests in Geneva and Houston counties
in 1943, 300 pounds per acre of finely ground limestone in the
row gave an average increase of 191 pounds of runner peanuts.
The quality of nuts appeared to be improved by liming, but
lowered by applying nitrogen or high rates of potash (120 pounds
per acre of K
2
0).
Alabama Soils Need Boron for Alfalfa. (Howard T. Rogers.)
- At several locations in the State, large increases in alfalfa hay,
ranging from 1/2 to 2 /2 tons per acre, have been obtained from
the application of 20 to 30 pounds per acre of borax. In tests
at Auburn, several locations in the Piedmont, and on Sand Moun-
tain, applications of borax have proved highly beneficial to this
crop.
Lime for Caley Peas. (Howard T. Rogers.) - Three sources
of lime for Caley peas (Lathyrus hirsutus) were compared on
both sandy and heavy textured soils of the Black Belt of Alabama.
Either Selma chalk or dolomite was a satisfactory source of lime
for this crop on all the areas tested. Calcium silicate slag was
inferior to the other liming materials on extremely acid land.
10
54th and 55th ANNUAL REPORTS, 1943-44 1
Peas failed completely without lime on Vaiden clay, having 
a
pH of 4.7. However, a yield of 11/2 tons of dry hay per acre
was obtained when sufficient lime was applied. Three of the
four areas tested showed an average increase for lime of about
one ton of dry hay per acre. Although Caley peas will grow on
slightly acid soil (pH 6.0 to 7.0), the crop has a rather high
lime requirement and is difficult to inoculate at a soil pH below
5.5.
Susceptibility of Winter Legumes to Injury by Borax. (How-
ard T. Rogers.) -The nature of the crop and degree of boron
deficiency of the soil will affect the best time and method of
applying borax. In a comparison of different methods of apply-
ing borax to several winter legumes, it was found that crops
varied greatly in their tolerance to this material, as well as in
their response to applications of boron. On a sandy soil highly
deficient in boron, bur clover died out during a dry fall when
no borax was added. On the other hand, severe injury to Austrian
winter peas, vetch, and crimson clover was observed after apply-
ing 20 pounds of borax per acre at time of seeding or 2 weeks
after seedling emergence. In susceptibility to injury by borax,
the several crops rank in the following order: Austrian winter
peas; crimson clover; vetch; and bur dclover and lupine, both of
which are highly tolerant.
Borax Increases Legume Seed Production. (Howard T. Rog-
ers.) - Five times as much crimson clover seed was produced
where 20 pounds of borax per acre were applied as was ob-
tained without borax on Norfolk sand at Auburn. The same
treatment more than doubled the yield of Monantha vetch seed.
However, with both crops the increase in vegetative growth was
small on some areas.
Residual boron from an application of borax the year before
(20 pounds per acre) was sufficient for vetch seed and alfalfa
hay production on a soil highly deficient in native boron at the
beginning of the test. A wide variation among legumes in boron
requirement was evident, since no response to borax was obtained
with Austrian winter peas and lupine on soils deficient in boron
for alfalfa, clovers, and vetch seed production.
54th and 55th ANNUAL REPORTS, 1943-44
11
ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
Effect of Fertilizer on the Yield of Alfalfa Hay. (D. G. Sturkie
and T. H. Rogers.) - Alfalfa produced an average yield of 8,996
pounds of hay per acre at Auburn in 1943 and 1944 on land that
received per acre 2 tons of dolomite, 500 pounds of superphos-
phate, 200 pounds of muriate of potash, 30 pounds of borax, and
5 tons of manure. This yield was obtained in an experiment with
fertilizers conducted on Bradley sandy loam soil. The alfalfa
was planted in the fall of 1942 and cut four times each year
during 1943 and 1944. In this test, all plots received an appli-
cation of 2 tons of dolomite in the summer of 1942 and an
annual application of 500 pounds of superphosphate per acre.
Marked increases in the growth of alfalfa were obtained from
applications of manure, borax, and potash in the presence of
phosphate and lime. These increases in yield amounted to 1,234
pounds per acre from 5 tons of manure, 1,174 pounds per acre
from 30 pounds of borax, and 2,863 pounds per acre from 200
pounds of muriate of potash.
Effect of High Rates of Nitrogen in Fertilizers on the Yields
of Peanuts. (D. G.Sturkie, E. F. Schultz, Jr., and H. R. Albrecht.)
- In a test on Norfolk _s6iVat Auburn in 1943, a yield increase of
1,016 pounds per acre of Spanish peanut seed was obtained from
an application of 750 pounds of nitrate of soda. This increase
from the use of a high rate of nitrogen was in contrast to the
results obtained in the past with low rates of nitrogen.
In 1944 two tests were run on Norfolk soil on farms in the
vicinity of Auburn. One test was on a sandy loam and the other
on a loamy sand. In these two tests, the yields of seed of Spanish
peanuts were increased by fertilization with nitrogen up to 500
pounds per acre of nitrate of soda, amounting to approximately
a pound of peanuts for each pound of nitrate of soda applied.
Runner peanut seed yields were not increased by application of
nitrogen beyond 125 pounds of nitrate of soda per acre. The
hay yields of both Spanish and runners increased as nitrogen
was added.
Another test was conducted in 1944 at the Main Station, Au-
burn, on 11 plots of Norfolk sandy loam soil that had received
differential treatments for the last 11 years. In 1944 the plots
12
54th and 55th ANNUAL REPORTS, 1943-44 1
were split into halves, one of which received nitrate of soda and
one of which did not. Spanish peanuts gave an average yield
increase of 349 pounds of seed per acre from an application of
750 pounds of nitrate of soda. Runner peanut seed yields 
again
were not increased by the addition of nitrate of soda. The appli-
cation of nitrogen did not significantly affect the percentage of
sound and mature kernels, rotten kernels, or "pops" of either
Spanish or runner peanuts in 1944.
Effect of Magnesium Fertilization on the Oil Content of Cotton
Seed. (Anna L. Sommer.) - The effect of magnesium fertiliza-
tion on the oil content of cotton seed was investigated in both
greenhouse and field experiments. No significant effects were
found.
Need for Sulfur as a Plant Food in Alabama. (N. J. Volk.)-
Sulfur brought down in the rain in the agricultural regions of
Alabama ranged from 7.2 pounds of SO
3 
per acre at Kinston to
15.5 pounds at Hanceville, according to results obtained over
the 1940-43 period. Data obtained from cooperative field tests
reveal that cotton in Alabama needs about as much SO
3 
per
acre as P205O, or around 40 to 50 pounds of SO
3 
per acre. The
sulfur brought down in the rain represents only about 20 to 30
per cent of what is needed. Consequently, if crops are fertilized
with fertilizers made up of nonsulfur-containing materials, gyp-
sum or some other sulfur compound should be added to the
fertilizer or to the soil.
Cultural, Fertilizer, and Seeding Test on Outlying Pastures on
Various Soil Types. (E. L. Mayton.) - The following points are
based on a summary of the results from some 30 different pasture
experiments conducted in nearly all sections during the past 3
seasons:
(1) All permanent pastures should contain both a spring clo-
ver and a summer grass. Of the two types of plants the clover
is the most important, since it extends the grazing season and
furnishes nitrogen for the stimulation of a summer grass crop.
(2) Clovers are the most difficult of the'two types of plants
54th and 55th ANNUAL REPORTS, 1943-44
13
ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
to maintain in a pasture sod. For this reason and because of
their importance, they should receive the greater attention-
supplying their fertilizer, cultural, and management requirements.
(3) The results of fertilizer experiments very definitely show
that applications of lime, phosphate, and potash are necessary
for the successful establishment and maintenance of clovers. The
only exception is on lime soils of the Black Belt where only
phosphate and potash need to be applied.
(4) When either lime, phosphate, or potash is omitted from
the application, it lowers the efficiency of the other elements.
(5) Spring-growing clovers should be seeded on a firm seed
bed in the fall. In most instances, late winter or spring seedings
have not given satisfactory stands or a seed crop sufficient for
reseeding.
(6) The establishment of a clover is proportional to the
amount of preparation given the seedbed. Disking in of the
fertilizers is about the minimum amount of preparation that can
be given and a successful stand established. If a stand of Dallis
grass is present, it need not be destroyed. However, a rather
thorough disking of sods, such as carpet grass and broomsedge,
is desirable.
Cotton Breeding. (H. B. Tisdale and J. B. Dick.) - Work was
continued for improvement in yield, wilt-resistance, and other
important agronomic qualities of Cook 144, Stoneville, Deltapine,
Miller, and Coker 100 Wilt varieties by straight line selection,
and by the hybridization and selfing program, involving several
varieties of cotton shown by variety tests to be well adapted to
conditions in Alabama. A new strain of cotton developed from
a Stoneville-Clevewilt cross, designated as Auburn Hybrid 9531,
was increased for limited distribution in 1945. This strain 
has
shown very satisfactory results in yield, staple length, and wilt-
resistance in strain and variety tests for the past 3 years. 
It has
medium to light foliage, medium to large size, oblong bolls,
around-38 per cent lint, one inch or better staple and high tol-
erance to wilt diseases.
14
54th and 55th ANNUAL REPORTS, 1943.44 1
ANIMAL AND POULTRY HUSBANDRY
Grazing Kudzu with Cattle and Hogs. (J. C. Grimes.) -Tests
have been conducted during the past several summers in graz-
ing Kudzu with both cattle and hogs. The following results were
obtained from grazing cattle: (1) one acre of Kudzu furnished
sufficient grazing for one cow from May I to September 1; (2)
cows on Kudzu gained from 1 to 11/4 pounds per day; (3) damage
to Kudzu stand was prevented by removing the cattle September
1, allowing the plants to put on a new crop of leaves before
frost; and (4) frosted leaves and plants may be grazed for a
month or 6 weeks after frost before deterioration sets in and
much of the food value is lost.
Results from grazing hogs on kudzu are as follows: (1) 50-
pound pigs getting no other feed just about maintained their
weight while grazing Kudzu; (2) dry sows and 100-pound shoats
without other feed gained from 1/4 to 1/3 of a pound per day
while grazing Kudzu; (3) shoats, weighing from 75 to 100 pounds
on Kudzu pasture, gained from 1/4 to 3/4 of a pound per day when
given one pound of corn per head daily in addition to grazing;
(4) shoats receiving a full feed of corn while grazing Kudzu
gained from 11/4 to 11/~2 pounds per day; (5) the use of a pro-
tein supplement for hogs that were being fed corn on Kudzu
pasture was of questionable value; and (6) the acreage of Kudzu
required for a given number of hogs depended on the growth
of the Kudzu, the size of the hogs, and the way they were being
fed. It appears that one acre of average Kudzu will be sufficient
for five or six large shoats or mature sows when they are receiving
no supplementary feed. If a full feed of corn is being allowed,
one acre should be sufficient for approximately 10 such hogs.
Green Feed as a Supplement to Grains for Laying Hens. (D. F.
King.)1- Starting on March 10, 1944, and continuing for a period
of 7 months, a pen of White Leghorn pullets, which received
greenfeed as a substitute for three-fourths of the laying mash,
was compared with a similar pen receiving unlimited amounts of
laying mash but no green feed.-" White Dutch Clover was grazed
from March 10 toIJune 20 and Otootan soybeans were grazed
from June 21 to September 30,
15
54th and 55th ANNUAL REPORTS, 1943-44
ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
The hens receiving green grazing produced eggs at the rate
of 52 per cent on a ration containing 28 per cent more grain
and 77 per cent less mash than the control hens, which laid at the
rate of 44 per cent. Since the grain and green feed can be pro-
duced on the farm, the advantages of this feeding system are
obvious. Even when the feeds were charged at market price,
the green-fed hens produced eggs at a feed cost of 15 cents per
dozen as compared with a feed cost of 25 cents per dozen for
the control hens.
Management of Farm Poultry Flocks. (D. F. King and G. J.
Cottier.) - The object of this project is to study under farm con-
ditions the importance of improved housing, feeding, and breed-
ing of hens, and improved methods of raising chicks.
On farms where all four improvement practices were followed,
egg production per hen was 212 times greater than where no
improvement practices were used. The improvement practices
having the greatest effect on egg production rank as follows:
breeding and feeding of hens, methods of raising chicks, and
housing of hens. Other factors affecting the yearly egg produc-
tion are date of hatching, age of birds in flock, consumption of
corn, and amount of range allowed the flock.
Effect of Gossypol or other Substances in Cottonseed Meal on
Egg Quality. (D. F. King and A. G. Williams.) -Rations con-
taining cottonseed meal were fed to hens to determine the effect
of cooking and the additions of ferrous sulphate on the quality
of storage eggs.
Results indicate that cooking cottonseed meal, which elim-
inates the free gossypol, reduced to a considerable extent the
dark yolk color of storage eggs. Additions of iron to a non-
cooked cottonseed meal ration also reduced the yolk discolora-
tion. Since eggs produced on a ration containing both cooked
cottonseed meal and iron showed only very little discoloration
after storage, it is assumed the iron must largely eliminate dis-
coloration caused by bound gossypol.
Studies to modify the methods of determining gossypol in
cottonseed meal for use in analyzing fresh eggs were somewhat
16
54th and 55th ANNUAL REPORTS, 1943-44
unsuccessful, because of the relatively small amount of gossypol
in eggs and the rather large amounts of fat present.
Study of the Transmission of Factors Related to the Economical
Production of Swine. (J. C. Grimes and A. H. Quinn.) - The ex-
periment to study the transmission of factors related to the
economical production of swine was continued. Twelve litters
of 68 pigs were tested in 1944. The best litter required only 311
pounds of feed for each 100 pounds of gain. This was the best
litter record in the experiment to date.
Since this experiment was started, seven generations of 665
pigs have been tested. The results have shown that the ability
to make rapid and efficient gains varies in individuals and in
families, and that the factors that control this ability are trans-
mitted.
Variations in the Vitamin A and Carotene Content of Milk
and Butter. (W. D. Salmon and Cornelia Flanagan.) - The vita-
min A content of butter showed some seasonal variation, but was
more nearly constant than was the carotene content. The low
level for the vitamin A content of butters assayed in 1944 was
in the range of 4.50 to 5.00 Rtg./gm. butter; the high level was
in the range of 6.50 to 7.60 1g./gm. butter. The low level of
carotene was in the range of 1.00 to 2.00 [tg./gm. butter and
the high level was in the range of 9.00 to 10.00 ig./gm. butter.
The high values for both vitamin A and carotene occurred from
May to October and the low values from November to April.
The variation in the vitamin A and carotene content of milk
followed a pattern similar to that of the butter. The minimum
vitamin A content was 0.26 itg./gm. or 253 Rtg./qt. and the
maximum vitamin A content was 0.41 [tg./gm. or 400 ig./qt.
The minimum carotene content was 0.23 itg./gm. or 224 ixg./qt.
and the maximum carotene content was 1.06 tg./gm. or 1,033
[g./qt.
The carotene and vitamin A contents of milk and butter were
directly related to the amount of green forage or grazing con-
sumed by the cow.
17
ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
Relation of B-Vitamins, Fats and Amino Acids to Growth of
Rats. (W. D. Salmon.) - Increasing the level of thiamin above
20 ig. per rat daily did not increase the rate of growth of rats
receiving a high-sucrose diet. The addition of brewer's yeast,
however, to a high-sucrose diet, supplemented with the known
crystalline vitamins except biotin, increased the growth rate
significantly. When the basal 
diet contained 30 per cent of lard,
the addition of brewer's yeast had no significant effect on the
growth rate. The retardation of growth by the addition of cystine
to a low casein-high sucrose diet was diminished by the addition
of brewer's yeast.
Lathyrism in Relation to the Use of Coley 
Peas (Lathyrus
hirsutus) for Livestock. (D. M. Turney, D. H. Copeland 
and
W. D. Salmon.) - Severe anatomical deformities were produced
by the inclusion of 25 to 50 per cent of Caley pea seed in other-
wise adequate rations for rats, chicks, and pigs. The bone ash
of affected animals was 3 to 6 per cent lower than that of control
animals. Reproductive failure occurred in rats receiving 25 per
cent of the seed in the diet. The addition of 0.20 to 0.50 per
cent of manganese sulfate to diets containing 50 per cent of the
seed gave increased growth, lowered mortality, and some delay
in the development of anatomical abnormalities. However, the
protection was not sufficient to be of practical importance. On
the basis of these results the feeding of mixtures of oats and
Caley pea seed would appear to be risky.
The harmful effect of the seed was not overcome by cooking.
Cooking Losses of Ascorbic Acid and Carotene in Large Scale
Cooking. (W. D. Salmon and Cornelia Flanagan.) - In large
scale cooking practice, losses of ascorbic acid for different vege-
tables averaged as follows (in per cent): lima beans 81.0; string
beans 74.5; cabbage 76.0; carrots 46.0; cauliflower 44.5; boiled
potatoes 50.8; mashed potatoes 47.3; oven-browned potatoes 80.0;
spinach 95.8; baked sweetpotatoes 11.0; turnip greens 58.8; and
turnip roots 55.6. The use of large quantities of cooking water,
18
54th and 55th ANNUAL REPORTS, 1943-44 1
which was discarded, and excessive cooking time appeared to
be the factors responsible for the high losses.
Carotene losses were less serious than the ascorbic acid losses.
BOTANY AND PLANT PATHOLOGY
Cause and Control of Concealed Damage in Peanuts. (Coyt
Wilson.) - During the summer and fall of 1944, an effort was
made to determine the cause of concealed damage and the con-
ditions that favor its development. Samples of peanuts were
collected in the field before digging, from various types of shocks
and stacks, from windrows, and from farmers' stocks delivered to
the shelling plant. These were examined and the percentage of
damage determined.
The disease was found to occur in the field. The majority of
the samples collected before digging did not contain concealed
damage, but one sample was found to contain 12 per cent
damage. A few other samples were collected that contained
less than 3 per cent 
damage.
The disease appears to progress most rapidly under condi-
tions that retard rapid curing. The percentage of damage in
samples collected from the top and outside of shocks contained
from none to 1 per cent damage. Samples collected from the
bottom and center of the same shocks contained from 6 to 35
per cent damage. The same trend was evident in stacks, most
of the damage being found in the center of the stack. Peanuts
cured in the windrow were found to contain very little or no con-
cealed damage.
No evidence of correlation was found between soil type or
soil fertility and development of concealed damage.
Spanish peanuts sometimes contain concealed damage, but
the disease is far more prevalent in peanuts of the runner type.
A fungus, tentatively identified as Diplodia theobromae (Pat.)
Nowell, has been isolated repeatedly from seeds with concealed
damage. Over 1,200 seeds from 12 samples collected in different
localities have been plated. This fungus has been isolated from
65 per cent of these seeds, and it has constituted 95 per cent of
all cultures obtained.
54th and 55th ANNUAL REPORTS, 1943-44
19
ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
HORTICULTURE AND FORESTRY
Comparative Yields from Slash and Loblolly Pines at Auburn.
(L. M. Ware, J. E. Bryan, and R. Stahelin.) - Data taken during
the winter of 1943-44, at the Main Station as part of a thinning
operation offer a good basis for comparing the volume of slash
and loblolly pine. Two ages and sites were involved. One plant-
ing, 17 years old, was on what was at one time an abandoned
and rather severely eroded hillside. The other, 12 years old, was
on a flat, sandy area of rather low fertility. The rate of growth
of the slash was higher than the loblolly on both sites at both ages.
TABLE 2.-VOLUME OF WOOD AND RATE OF GROWTH OF
PINE
SLASH AND LOBLOLLY
SClass of Volume Rate of Growth
AgeClass of Volume per acre per year
Slash Loblolly Slash Loblolly
Cords Cords Cords Cords
17 yrs. Total volume 32.5 27.0 1.91 1.60
17 yrs. Total volume 31.2 26.2 1.83 1.54
17 yrs. Pulpwood 22.8 20.2 1.34 1.20
17 yrs. Pulpwood 20.0 19.5 1.18 1.15
12 yrs. Total volume 26.5 18.7 2.21 1.56
12 yrs. Total volume 24.7 20.5 2.16 1.71
12 yrs. Pulpwood 16.8 12.2 1.40 1.02
12 yrs. Pulpwood 16.0 12.3 1.33 1.02
Rate of Growth of Wood in Young Stands a Function of the
Number of Trees Per Acre. (L. M. Ware, Rudolph Stahelin, and
J. E. Bryan.) - Spacing experiments with artificial plantings of
pines on the Main Station serve a purpose much beyond that of
showing the influence of trees per acre on the rate of growth,
the volume of growth, and the quality of the wood in artificial
stands.
TABLE 3.-VOLUME PER ACRE AND RATE OF GROWTH OF SLASH PINE
Spacing 
Volume per acre 
Rate of growth
at 12 years per acre per year
Feet Cords Cords
4 by 4 35.6 2.96
6 by 6 26.2 2.18
8 by 8 15.8 1.32
10 by 10 14.5 1.20
12 by 12 13.1 1.10
16 by 16 8.1 .68
20 by 20 2.9 .25
20
These experiments show the basic relation of the number
of trees per acre to growth, volume, and quality of wood, ir-
respective of whether the stand is natural or artificial. The results
show that the rate of growth of wood is a mathematical function
of the number of trees per acre. Results from the spacing ex-
periment are given in Table 3.
Returns from Artificial Planting of Slash Pine in Short Ro-
tation. (L. M. Ware, R. Stahelin, and J. E. Bryan.) - The data
in Table 4 are from a 12-year-old planting on a rather level,
sandy area but low in fertility. Trees were originally spaced
6 by 6 feet apart. The total volume of wood was calculated before
thinning, the stands were then thinned, and the thinnings meas-
ured. The thinnings were sold as pulpwood and as firewood. The
amount of labor required to cut, stack, load, haul, and load on
the cars or deliver to the customer was recorded.
TABLE 4.-YIELD AND VALUE PER ACRE OF 12-YEAR-OLD SLASH PINE
PLANTATION
Yield Cost Net
Product
Volume Value Labor 
Truck Value
Cords Dollars Man Hours Dollars Dollars Dollars
Trees cut in thinning
Pulpwood 6.7 45.50 54 13.50 3.50 28.50
Firewood 5.8 29.00 66 16.50 3.00 9.50
Total 12.5 74.50 120 30.00 6.50 38.00
Yield and value of trees left
Pulpwood 10.7 73.00 86 21.50 5.50 46.00
Firewood 4.2 21.00 48 12.00 2.00 7.00
Total 14.9 94.00 134 33.50 7.50 53.00
Yield and value of all trees
Pulpwood 17.4 118.50 140 35.00 9.00 74.50
Firewood 10.0 50.00 114 28.50 5.00 16.50
Total 27.4 168.50 254 63.50 14.00 91.00
Response of Hybrid Sweet Corn to Intensive Methods. (L. M.
Ware and W. A. Johnson.) - Yield of corn in the United States
is known to decrease from the Canadian border to the Gulf.
Yields in Alabama and neighboring states are low. High moisture,
high nitrogen, high amount of organic matter in the soil, and high
temperatures are favorable to high yields.
54th and 55th ANNUAL REPORTS, 1943-44 21
TABLE 5.-YIELD AND CHARACTERISTICS OF HYBRID SWEET CORN IN RESPONSE To FERTILIZERS, ORGANIC MATERIAL, AND
IRRIGATION
Treatment
Amount of
fertilizer
6-8-4 ap-
plied, per 
1
acre
Pounds
1 1,O000
2 0
3 1.O00
4 1,000
5 1,000
6 1,000
7 1,000
8 1,000
9 1,000
10 1,000
11 1,000
12 1,000
13 1,000
14 1,O00
15'2 1,500
16 2,000
17 1,000
Amount
of irri-
gation
3er week'
Inches
0
0
0
0
,000
000
Amount
manure
applied
per
acre
Tons
0
0
12
0
0
0
12
0
0
12
6
0
12
12
12
12
0
Characteristics of ears
Other
organic
matter
0
0
0
Vetch
Rye
0
0
Vetch
0
Vetch
Vetch
Rye
Vetch
Vetch
Vetch
Vetch
Rye
Percentage Percentage
of hills of hills
with two with large
ears ears
Per cent Per cent
2 0
0 0
23 14
29 5
15 0
9 0
61 64
46 26
7 0
59. 98
54 56
48 30
33 18
77 80
47 76
58 93
25 5
Large and
medium
ears per
100 hills
Number
0
0
72
47
17
15
126
88
10
154
130
91
81
148
135
157
28
Yield
Market-
able
ears
Pounds
2,281
0
8,176
7,395
4,810
4,217
11,146
8,883
3,584
13,945
11,712
8,269
9,11(4
13,939
12,169
14,310
59491
Dozen
ears
Number
307
0
879
839
573
506
1,106
1,013
426
1,399
1,093
853
1,093
1,359
1,199
1,412
613
'One inch irrigation per week if rain had -nt supplied this amount.
'All plots supplied lime and boron except this plot.
Gross
value
per
acre
Dollars
153.00
0
439.50
419.50
286.50
253.00
553.00
506.50
213.00
699.55
546.50
426.50
546.50
679.50
599.50
706.00
306.50
t')
Pni
U)
T(z
df
L ~~ L1 ~1 I L1\
To determine the extent to which these conditions might be
supplied and the corresponding increase in yield, one of the
hybrid varieties of sweet corn was grown under conditions that
supplied singly and in combinations fertilizers, stable manures,
irrigation, and green manures. The results are given in Table 5.
Influence of the Rate of Fertilizer Application, Time of Plant-
ing, and Spacing on the Yield and Grade of Sweetpotatoes. (L. M.
Ware and W. A. Johnson.) - Studies have been conducted for
5 years in which were compared the yield by grades of sweet-
potatoes from 3 rates 
of application of fertilizer, 
4 spacings, and
3 planting periods. The yields are given in Table 6.
TABLE 6.-YIELD AND GRADE OF SWEETPOTATOES OBTAINED FROM DIFFERENT
RATES OF FERTILIZER, TIME OF PLANTING, AND SPACING; 5-YEAR AVERAGE
Approximate .Fertilizer' Spacing in Yields per acre
planting rates 3-foot
dates rows T'otal
2  
Marketable Jumbo
Pounds Inches Bushels Bushels Bushels
April 1 900 8 289 232 16
900 12 285 235 23
900 16 271 228 36
900 20 274 232 40
600 12 223 182 6
1,200 12 294 244 21
May 1 900 8 237 176 4
900 12 236 181 8
900 16 271' 222 25
900 20 244 201 19
600 12 209 157 2.2
1,200 12 273 215 20
June 1 900 8 170 118 0
900 12 155 108 2
900 16 152 113 1
600 12 135 86 0
1,200 12 172 124 0
1
A 4-10-7 (N-P-K) fertilizer was used.
2Includes sound culls and small potatoes.
'Reason for this unusual yield not known.
Nitrogen Requirement of Sweetpotatoes and
and without Vetch. (L. M. Ware and W. A.
experiment was undertaken to determine the
Sweet Corn with
Johnson.) - This
extent to which
winter legumes might supply the nitrogen needs of sweetpotatoes
and sweet corn. The crops were grown on plots (Norfolk loam
soil) with and without legumes. In each series applications sup-
54th and 55th ANNUAL REPORTS, 1943-44 23
ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
plying 0, 20, 40, 60, and 80 pounds per acre of nitrogen were
made. Yields from these treatments are given in Table 7.
TABLE 7.-YIELDS OF SWEETPOTATOES AND SWEET CORN RECEIVING VETCH
AND NO VETCH AND DIFFERENT RATES OF NITROGEN
Fertil- Total 
yield of sweetpotatoes 
Yield of marketable 
sweet corn
1,000 lb. With 
Without Increase 
due to With 
Without Increase 
due to
per acre
N-P-K vetch vetch vetch vetch vetch vetch
Bushels Bushels Bushels Pct. Pounds Pounds Pounds Pct.
0-10-7 469 211 258 122.3 6,285 916 5,369 586.1
2-10-7 443 356 87 24.4 7,095 2,973 4,122 138.6
4-10-7 445 411 34 8.3 7,379 5,187 2,192 42.3
6-10-7 478 451 27 6.0 7,623 5,917 1,706 28.8
8-10-7 525 535 -10 0 7,533 7,840 -3071 01
8-10-7
+ lime 523 532 - 9 0 10,877 8,609 2,278 26.5
IThe total yield of sweet corn was increased by 2,145 pounds per acre or 20.6 per cent
due to vetch.
Sweetpotato Flour and Its Uses. (Mrs. Mildred S. Van de
Mark.) - Among the many new products developed by the Ala-
bama Agricultural Experiment Station from sweetpotatoes, one
consists of a flour prepared by grinding filaments, which have
been baked and toasted until crisp. This is a fully-cooked product
with properties quite different from flour prepared from dehy-
drated sweetpotatoes.
The fully-cooked flour is quite hygroscopic, and because of
this property it is especially good for making cakes, cookies,
candies, and icings. Cakes containing sweetpotato flour are of
fine texture and grain and have elastic quality that makes possible
cutting a fresh or warm cake. Moisture is held approximately
twice as long as in plain cakes made from other flours. Candies
and cake icings made from sweetpotato flour are of excellent
quality, smooth and creamy in texture, and have the natural
caramel flavor characteristic of the baked sweetpotato. These
products hold their moisture for days.
The finest properties of sweetpotato flour are obtained by
combining sweetpotato flour with water to a thin batter-like con-
sistency, and then allowing it to remain in refrigeration 12 to 15
hours before using in cakes and icings.
Sweetpotato flour may be used to replace one-fourth to one-
24
54th and 55th ANNUAL REPORTS, 1943-44 2
third of the eggs, butter, and sugar in cakes with a considerable
saving in cost and without loss in desirable color, texture, or
flavor. Sweetpotato flour has been substituted for a portion 
of
the wheat flour in fruit cakes, plain cakes, cookies, doughnuts,
brown bread, muffins, and biscuits. This resulted in improve-
ment in texture and flavor. It has further been found that a
delicious ice cream may be made from sweetpotato flour for
both home and commercial uses. Candy bars have been de-
veloped in which from one-fourth to one-half of the ingredients
is sweetpotato flour.
Influence of Pruning on the Rate of Growth of Pines. (W. R.
Boggess, Rudolph Stahelin, and L. M. Ware.)-In 1941 experi-
ments were started in Barbour County to determine the influence
of three degrees of pruning on growth. The species was slash
pine and the trees were 6 years old at the time of the first pruning.
The results are given in Table 8.
TABLE 8.-GROWTH OF SLASH PINE AT DIFFERENT PERIODs FOLLOWING
DIFFERENT DEGREES OF PRUNING
Diameters at different Increase 3 years
Amount of periods after pruning
Amount of
pruning After 
1 After 2 After 3
Original year's years' years' Diameter Height
growth growth growth
Inches Inches Inches Inches Inches Feet
No pruning 1.22 1.97 2.73 3.32 2.10 8.9
One-fourth
branches removed 1.53 2.18 3.00 3.55 2.02 9.4
One-half
branches removed 1.44 2.02 2.68 3.22 1.78 8.1
Three-fourths
branches removed 1.44 1.98 2.60 3.11 1.67 7.5
Use of Kudzu Bands in Terrace Construction, Hay Produc-
tion, and as an Inter-Terrace Cover. (J. C. Moore.) -An experi-
ment was started at the Main Station in the winter of 1939-40
to study the use of kudzu bands for terrace construction, for
hay production, for cover between terraces, and for turning and
following with field crops.
Nichols' type terraces were developed above the permanent
bands of kudzu. These channels, which have been very effective,
54th and 55th ANNUAL REPORTS, 1943-44
25
ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
were built with a two-horse plow. (Previously reported in 52nd
Annual Report, 1941.)
Several rotations and treatments were used. In the rotation
of corn, kudzu, and cotton, the kudzu in the contour bands was
allowed to grow into the corn after the last plowing. The kudzu
was not disturbed the second year. In the third year of the rota-
tion, the kudzu was cut for hay, and it was followed with cotton
the fourth year. The kudzu in the contour bands was not cut
during the time the runners were covering the areas between
terraces. In other years, the bands were used for hay.
Results of this experiment are given in Table 9.
TABLE 9.-YIELDS OF COTTON AND CORN GROWN IN ROTATIONS WITH COVER
CROPS AND GIVEN DIFFERENT FERTILIZER TREATMENTS, 1944
Fertilizer treatment Yields
Crop rotation Cotton Acre Corn Acre Seed Corn
rate rate cotton
Pounds Pounds Pounds Bushels
Cotton - corn -
kudzu - kudzu 0-8-4 600 None 704.66 20.75
Cotton - corn 6-8-4 800 Nitrate 200 532.38 16.00
Cotton- vetch -
corn 12-8-4 400 None 522.65 7.42
Cotton - corn None --- None 451.05 6.66
ZOOLOGY - ENTOMOLOGY
Boll Weevil Control. (J. M. Robinson.) - In 1943 cotton
plots at the Main Station fertilized at the rate of 500, 1,000,
1,500, and 2,000 pounds per acre were poisoned with calcium
arsenate for boll weevil control. Poisoning gave gains of 322,
454, 484, and 268 pounds, respectively, per acre of seed cotton
over no poisoning.
Poisoning unfertilized plots gave only an increase of 102
pounds of seed cotton over unpoisoned, unfertilized plots.
In the 11 years of boll weevil control experiments, the average
increases from poisoning were dependent upon time of planting,
seed germination, rate of fertilizer, and percentage of infestation.
The 11-year average increases per acre from poisoning were:
200, 330, 456, and 450 pounds of seed cotton per acre on plots
receiving 500, 1,000, 1,500, and 2,000 pounds of fertilizer per
2.6
acre, respectively. The 11-year average increase from poisoning
on unfertilized plots was 47 pounds of seed cotton per acre.
Fumigation of Plants with Methyl Bromide. 
(L. L. English.) -
All stages of the greenhouse thrips, Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis
(Bouche), were destroyed on 21 varieties of rooted azalea cut-
tings by fumigating with methyl bromide at the rate of 2 pounds
per 1,000 cubic feet for 1.5 hours at a temperature of 90' F. A
dosage of 2 pounds per 1,000 cubic feet for 1 hour at 900 F. killed
all stages of the red mite, Paratetranychus ilicis McG. on azaleas.
Peony scale, Pseudaonidia paeoniae Ckll., on azaleas, was com-
pletely killed by 2 pounds per 1,000 cubic feet with an exposure
of 3.5 hours at 70' F. Of the 108 species of plants tested, 79
were not injured by the use of fumigation schedules effective
against insect pests. A limited number of camellia scions was
successfully fumigated with methyl bromide before grafting.
Fumigation of Potting Soil. (L. L. 
English.) - Soil for pot-
ting gardenias was freed of nematodes by fumigating with a
proprietary mixture composed of methyl bromide 12.2 per 
cent,
carbon tetrachloride 26.2 per cent, and ethylene dichloride 
61.6
per cent. With an exposure of 90 hours, a dosage of 100 
cc.
per 55-gallon drum of soil was effective. Grass and weed 
seed
in the soil were also killed and there was no injury to the gar-
denias when potted in the soil immediately after 
opening the
drums.
Experiments with Camellia Cuttings. (L. 
L. English.) - In
general the rate of root production on camellia cuttings in-
creased as the number of leaves was increased 
from 1 to 4.
Crowding, however, is apparently a factor that must 
be consid-
ered in using cuttings with 3 or 4 leaves.oIn 
three different
greenhouses, best results were obtained with 2-leaf 
cuttings when
planted in sand at depths of 1/ to 2 inches. 
Planting to a
depth of 21/ inches retarded root development. The 
response
of cuttings to the rooting compound, Hormodin No. 
3, varied
greatly with the variety and the greenhouse in which 
they were
planted. On some varieties there was no response, 
while on
54th and 55th ANNUAL REPORTS, 1943-44 27
ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
others there was an increase of as much as 300 per cent over
untreated cuttings during the period of the test. Bordeaux mix-
ture was not beneficial as a fungicidal dip for cuttings before
planting.
Fertilizer Experiments with Camellias. (L. L. English.) - In
pots without fertilizer, a slightly increased growth resulted when
the proportion of Florida peat to virgin sandy soil was increased.
The addition of 6-8-6 fertilizer more than doubled the growth in
pots with and without peat.
Camellias made better growth in unfertilized pots with mix-
tures of ground peanut hulls and sand than in mixtures of peat
and sand. One part of peanut hulls to 6 of sand was essentially
as good as 1 part to 11/ parts of sand. It was difficult to get
the plants started and to maintain the proper moisture level in
pots with a high proportion of peanut hulls.
Control of the Velvetbean Caterpillar on Soybeans and Peanuts.
(L. L. English.) - In tests on Otootan and Ogden soybeans, effec-
tive control of the larvae of Anticarsia gemmatilis (Hbn.) was
obtained with both cryolite and DDT (Dichloro-diphenyl-tri-
chloroethane) in sprays applied with a potato sprayer, using one
nozzle per row. Cryolite and DDT dusts were better than the
sprays. The DDT treatments appeared to be more effective than
the cryolite treatments. Plots treated with a 3 per cent DDT
dust yielded approximately 500 pounds more per acre of Ogden
beans than untreated plots. No increase in yield was obtained
with Otootan beans, apparently because of later maturity and
natural control of the worms by a fungus.
Cryolite and DDT dusts were highly effective in controlling
worms on peanuts when applied at the rate of about 20 pounds
per acre. Worm counts indicated that the DDT was more effec-
tive than cryolite, but the difference between the two was not
manifested in the yields to any appreciable extent. Dusting in-
creased the yields from 300 to 800 pounds per acre, depending
on whether the peanuts were dug soon after defoliation or later.
One dusting gave commercial control when properly timed, but
the indications were that 2 or 3 applications would pay with
severe worm infestations and high peanut prices.
28
54th and 55th ANNUAL REPORTS, 1943-44 2
Control of Weevils in Stored Corn with DDT. (L. L. English.)
- DDT dust uniformly distributed in 20-pound samples of corn
effectively controlled weevils and other pests in shelled, ear, and
shuck corn when used at the rate of 1 part of DDT to 50,000
parts of corn by weight. Approximately 90 per cent of the weevils
were killed in shelled and ear corn with DDT at the rate of 1
part to 100,000 parts of corn.
Farm Ponds. (H. S. Swingle and E. V. Smith.)- Selection
and breeding of largemouth black bass for efficiency of food
utilization was continued for the third year. The efficiency with
which bass utilized food was measured by determining the ratio
of weight increase to weight of food consumed. The ranges
in ratios for the 3 years of the experiment have been: 1941,
1 : 1.5 to 1 : 24.2; 1942, 1 : 2.1 to 1 : 6.03; and 1943, 1 : 3.0
to 1 : 6.3. By selection, it appears that the most inefficient in-
dividuals have been eliminated. Great variation still exists in
the rates of growth of various individuals.
It was found that ponds filled with water several months in
advance of stocking often produced large crops of predacious
insects (dragon-fly larvae, backswimmers, and others) which
destroyed up to half of the small fish used in stocking.
Kudzu hay used as a fertilizer for fish ponds appears to be
unprofitable. When used at the rate of 4 tons per acre per sea-
son, kudzu gave an increase in production of 78 pounds of fish, or
19 pounds of fish per ton of hay. Four tons of hay plus 800
pounds of superphosphate per acre gave an increase in produc-
tion of 105 pounds of fish, or 21 pounds of fish for each ton of
hay and 200 pounds of superphosphate used.
Stable manure as a fertilizer for fish ponds was used at the
rate of 1 ton per acre per application. Four applications gave
an increase in fish production of 174 pounds or 44 pounds of
fish per ton of manure. The addition of superphosphate to the
manure did not materially increase production.
The addition of ground dolomitic limestone at the rate of
800 pounds per acre of water decreased fish production in fer-
tilized ponds.
Golden shiner minnows (Notemigonis crysoleucas), when add-
54th and 55th ANNUAL REPORTS, 1943-44
29
ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION30
ed to a bluegill-bass combination, did not increase the production
of edible fish. These minnows were unable to maintain their
numbers in this combination, and were practically eliminated by
the bass within 12 to 18 months.
Shad (Dorosoma cepedianum), when added to a bluegill-bass
combination, also did not increase the production of edible fish.
By the end of 2 years after stocking, shad made up 65 per
cent of the total weight of fish in the pond and none of these
shad were small enough for the bass to eat.
Shellcrackers (Lepomis microlophus) grew at a more rapid
rate than bluegills (L. macrochirus) under similar conditions.
Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) grew at a relatively
satisfactory rate in fertilized ponds but did not reproduce.
Speckled catfish (Ameiurus nebulosus marmoratus) grew well
in ponds and also reproduced.
In experiments using white wheat bread as a food for bream
and bass, it was found that 8 pounds of bread was required to
produce 1 pound of fish.
Fish were found to leave ponds during heavy floods. In a
0.5-acre pond, 92 per cent of the stocked fish were lost when
water passed over the spillway 2 feet in depth. For proper man-
agement of ponds, floodwater must be controlled.
In studies on the production of goldfish for bait, it was found
possible to produce as high as 63,000 per acre in fertilized ponds.
The cost of fertilizer per 100 goldfish was 7.5 cents.
The amount of carbon dioxide in water as free CO
2 
and
HCO
3 
was found to influence the productivity of pond waters.
The addition of materials furnishing CO
2 
upon decomposition
(such as wheat flour) was found to increase the 
production of
fish in fertilized ponds.
Ponds stocked with 1,500 fingerling bream per acre in the fall
were stocked with bass fry the following spring at rates of 100,
150, 200, and 400 per acre. The lowest rate was the most satis-
factory. The average size of the bass varied inversely with the
number used in stocking; overstocking with bass reduced the
total weight of all fish produced.
Yearly drainage of 1.3-acre pond to determine the weight of
54th and 55th ANNUAL REPORTS, 1943-44 31
fish present was found to reduce the productivity of the pond
during a 8-year experiment.
For the control of water-lilies inponds, five cuttings per year
for a 2-year period killed all lilies except those in extremely
shallow water (less than 18 inches). The yearly cost of cutting
was approximately $24 per acre.
Bladderwort was controlled in an 18-acre lake by controlling
the lilies, which furnished support and protection for this water
plant.
Quick frozen fish prepared in various ways were kept in a
locker plant for 18 months. The fish that were gutted but not
scaled, wrapped in waxed paper, and then frozen kept best over
this period. Fish that were scaled, gutted and frozen, and glazed
with ice kept the poorest because the ice covering evaporated
and allowed the fish to dry out and become somewhat rancid.
ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
PUBLICATIONS
Experiment Station Bulletins
No. 258 Prices Received by Alabama Farmers for Farm Products, August
1909-August 1942. J. N. MAHAN and JOHN F. MARSH. 1943.
No. 259 The Detoxification of Cottonseed Meal for Hogs. W. E. SEWELL.
1943.
Experiment Station Circulars
No. 87 Factors Affecting the Reproduction of Bluegill Bream and Large-
mouth Black Bass in Ponds. H. S. SWINGLE and E. V. SMITH.
1943.
No. 88 Types of Houses for Laying Hens. R. C. CHRISTOPHER and D. F.
KING. 1943.
No. 89 Equipment for Shredding Sweet Potatoes Prior to Drying for
Livestock Feed. F. A. KUMMER. 1943.
No. 90 Food Crops for Game Birds on Farm Lands. A. M. PEARSON and
D. G. STURKIE. 1944.
Experiment Station Leaflets
No. 20 Ponds for Improving Stream Fishing. E. V. SMITH and H. S.
SWINGLE. 1944.
Experiment Station Mimeograph Series
No. 1 Stimulating Hens to Set. D. F. KING. 1944.
No. 2 Use of Hammermill to Hull and Scarify Lespedeza Sericea Seed.
D. G. STURKIE and F. A. KUMMER. 1944.
No. 3 Growing Alfalfa on Sand Mountain. R. C. CHRISTOPHER. 1944.
No. 4 Control of Worms in Hogs. W. E. SEWELL. 1944.
No. 5 Raising Fish Worms for Bait. H. S. SWINGLE and D. G. STURKIE.
1944.
No. 6 Lespedeza Sericea for the Tennessee Valley. FRED STEWART. 1944.
No. 7 A Year Around Feed and Forage Cropping System for Cattle in
the Piedmont and Upper Coastal Plain Regions. J. C. GRIMES.
1944.
No. 8 Construction of Farm Ponds. H. S. SWINGLE. 1944.
No. 9 Feed and Forage Cropping System for Process Milk Production
in the Tennessee Valley. FRED STEWART and JOHN BOSECK. 1944.
No. 10 Establishing Rapid Feathering in Chickens. PAUL D. STURKIE.
1944.
No. 11 Small Grain Variety Tests in Alabama, 1941-43. T. H. ROGERS.
1944.
32
Miscellaneous
Special Leaflet. Wagon-Type Fertilizer Spreader. 
F. A. KUMMER and
H. W. DEARING. 1943.
Special Leaflet. Alabama Agriculture after 
the War. M. J. FUNCHESS.
1944.
Special Leaflet. The Economic Situation of Alabama Peanuts. 
A. H.
HARRINGTON. 1944.
Fifty-Second Annual Report, 1944.
Fifty-Third Annual Report, 1944.
Mimeograph. Sulfathiazole for Colds in Chickens. PAUL D. STURKIE. 1943.
Mimeograph. Sweetpotato Meal for Fattening Steers. J. C. GRIMES. 1943.
Mimeograph. The Vegetable Garden-When, What, and How Much to
Plant. C. L. ISBELL. 1943.
Mimeograph. Storing and Drying Vegetables on the Farm. C. L. ISBELL.
1943.
Mimeograph. Notes on Victory Garden for City People. L. M. WARE. 1943.
Mimeograph. Results of 1943 Corn Variety Tests in Alabama. T. H.
ROGERS. 1944.
Mimeograph. Results of 1943 Cotton Variety Tests in Alabama. H. B.
TISDALE and J. B. DICK. 1944.
Mimeograph. Alabama Postwar Agriculture, Chapter III. Committee on
Postwar Agriculture, BEN F. ALVORD, Chairman. 1944.
Mimeograph. Agricultural Production Adjustments for 1945 in Alabama.
State Committee on Agricultural Adjustment, BEN F. ALVORD,
Chairman. 1944.
Mimeograph. Production Adjustments After the War Under Assumed Con-
ditions in Alabama. State Committee on Agriculture, BEN F.
ALVORD, Chairman. 1944.
Articles in Scientific Journals
COPELAND, D. H. Strain Differences in the Choline Requirements of Rats.
Soc. Expt. Biol. and Med. Proc. 57: 33-35. 1944.
ENGEL, R. W. The Choline Content of Animal and Plant Products. Jour.
Nutr. 25 (5): 441-446. 1948.
. Liver Cirrhosis and Choline. Fed. Proc. 2 (1): 62. 1943.
"Inherited Differences in the Choline Requirement of Rats.
Soc. Expt. Biol. and Med. Proc. 57: 33-35. 1948.
HOVE, E. L. Gossypol as a Carotene-Protecting Antioxidant, In Vivo and
In Vitro. Jour. Biol. Chem. 156 (2): 633-642. 1944.
, and HOVE, ZELDA. The Effect of Temperature on the Relative
Antioxidant Activity of a-, fl-, and y-Tocopherols and of Gossypol.
Jour. Biol. Chem. 156 (2): 623-632. 1944.
54th and 55th ANNUAL REPORTS, 1943-44
33
ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
The Chemical Estimation of a-Tocopherol
and Total Tocopherol in Mixtures of the a, 8, and y Forms. Jour.
Biol. Chem. 156 (2): 601-610. 1944.
A Method for Estimating Total Fat-Solu-
ble Antioxidants Based on the Relation Between Fat Peroxides and
Carotene Destruction. Jour. Biol. Chem. 156 (2): 611-621. 1944.
ISBELL, C. L. A Continuous Supply of Fresh Sweetpotatoes for Table Use
on the Farm. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. Proc. 45: 891-395. 1944.
. Propagating Cabbage by Leaf Cuttings. Amer. Soc. Hort.
Sci. 44: 491-493. 1944.
JOHNSON, W. A. Effect 
of Sawdust on the Production 
of Tomatoes and
Fall Potatoes and on Certain Soil Factors Affecting Plant Growth.
Amer. Hort. Sci. Proc. 44: 407-412. 1944.
KOEHN, C. J. Vitamin A Activity of Milk as Related to Pasture and Feeding
Practices in Alabama. Jour. Dairy Sci. 26 (8): 673-681. 1943.
KUMMER, F. A. and JOHNSON, H. W. Studies on Johnin: IV. Dermal
Thickness Gage. Amer. Jour. Vet. Res. V (15): 189-192. 1944.
SALMON, W. D. Soybeans for Human Food. Jour. Home Econ. 35 (4):
201-202. 1943.
SMITH, E. V. The Poisonous Plant Problem in the Southeastern States.
North Amer. Vet. 24: 345-353. 1943.
and SWINGLE, H. S. Results of Further Experiments on the
Stocking of Fish Ponds. Trans. 8th N. Amer. Wildlife Conf.
168-173. 1943.
STURKIE, PAUL D. The Reputed Reservoir Function of the Spleen of the
Domestic Fowl. Jour. Physiol. 138 (4): 599-602. 1943.
. Five Years Selection for Viability in White Leghorn
Chickens. Poultry Sci. 23: 155-160. 1943.
-Suppression of Polydactyly in the Domestic Fowl by
Low Temperature. Jour. Expt. Zool. 93: 825-346. 1943.
SWINGLE, H. S. and SMITH, E. V. Effect of Management Practices on the
Catch in a 12-Acre Pond During a 10-Year Period. Trans. 8th
N. Amer. Wildlife Conf. 141-151. 1943.
VOLK, GARTH W. Availability of Rock and Other Phosphate Fertilizers as
Influenced by Lime and Form of Nitrogen Fertilizer. Amer. Soc.
Agron. Jour. 86: 46-57. 1944.
WARE, L. M. Value of Organic Matter and Irrigation in the Production
of Potatoes in Alabama. Amer. Potato Jour. 20: 12-23. 1943.
, and JOHNSON, W. A. Nitrogen Requirement of Different
Groups of Vegetables. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. Proc. 44: 343-345.
1944.
34
Officers and Staff
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
Alabama Polytechnic Institute
December 31, 1944
Trustees
His EXCELLENCY, CHAUNCEY SPARKS, Chairman Ex-Officio
E. B. NORTON, State Superintendent of Education Ex-Officio
FRANCIS W. HARE (First District) Monroeville
GEORGE BLUE (Second District) Montgomery
T. D. SAMFORD (Third District) Opelika
S. L. TOOMER (Third District) Auburn
WALKER REYNOLDS (Fourth District) Anniston
W. B. BOWLING (Fifth District) -Lafayette
ROBERT K. GREEN (Sixth District) Greensboro
PAUL S. HALEY (Seventh District) Jasper
EDWARD A. O'NEAL (Eighth District) Florence
VICTOR H. HANSON (Ninth District) Birmingham
RALPH B. DRAUGHON, Secretary of Board, Auburn
Administration
LUTHER NOBLE DUNCAN, M.S., LL.D., President
M. J. FUNCHESS, M.S., D.Sc., Director
E. V. SMITH, M.S., Ph.D., Assistant Director
W. H. WEIDENBACH, B.S., Assistant to Director
K. B. RoY, B.J., Agricultural Editor
C. H. CANTRELL, A.B., M.A., A.B.L., Director of Libraries
NINA HALL, A.B., Agricultural Librarian
Agricultural Economics
B. F. ALVORD, M.S.
*J. N. MAHAN, M.S.
M. J. DANNER, M.S.
A. H. HARRINGTON, M.S.
*B. T. LANHAM, JR., M.S.
"J. W. LESTER, M.S.
E. E. MANSFIELD
J. H. NEAL, Ph.D.
***"R. M. MERRILL, B.S.
I. F. REED, M.S., A.E.
E. D. GORDON, M.S.
*On leave for Military Service.
* *Resigned.
***On leave.
Head of Department
Associate Agricultural Economist
Associate Agricultural Economist
Associate Agricultural Economist
Assistant Agricultural Economist
Assistant Agricultural Economist
Statistical Clerk
Agricultural Engineering
Head of Department
Senior Agricultural Engineer (Coop. USDA)
Senior Agricultural Engineer (Coop. USDA)
Agricultural Engineer (Coop. USDA)
54th and 55th ANNUAL REPORTS, 1943-44 35
ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
*N. J. VOLK, Ph.D.
D. G. STURKIE, Ph.D.
**G. W. VOLK, Ph.D.
J. T. WILLIAMSON, B.S.
0 0
H. R. ALBRECHT, Ph.D.
J. B. DICK, M.S. A
L. E. ENSMINGER, Ph.D.
"**R. J. JONES, Ph.D.
E. L. MAYTON, M.S.
"J. A. NAFTEL, Ph.D.
'R. W. PEARSON, Ph.D.
HOWARD T. ROGERS, Ph.D.
T. HAYDEN ROGERS, M.S.
A. L. SOMMER, Ph.D.
H. B. TISDALE, M.S.
H. W. REUSZER, Ph.D.
H. R. BENFORD, M.S.
F. E. BERTRAM, B.S. (Prattville)
E. C. RICHARDSON, M.S.
J. W. RICHARDSON, B.S. (Brewton)
E. F. SCHULTZ, JR., B.S.
'E. H. STEWART, M.S.
'J. I. WEAR, M.S.
**J. T. COPE, B.S.
Head of Department
Agronomist
Soil Chemist
Agronomist
Associate Plant Breeder
ssociate Agronomist (Coop. USDA)
Associate Soil Chemist
Associate Soil Chemist
Associate Agronomist
Associate Soil Chemist
Associate Soil Chemist
Associate Soil Chemist
Associate Agronomist
Associate Soil Chemist
Associate Plant Breeder
Agent (Coop. USDA)
Assistant Agronomist
Assistant Agronomist
Project Supervisor (Coop. USDA)
Assistant Agronomist
Assistant Plant Breeder
Assistant in Agronomy
Assistant in Soils
Graduate Assistant
Animal and Poultry Husbandry
J. C.. GRIMES, M.S.
D. F. KING, M.S.
W. D. SALMON, M.A.
W. E. SEWELL, Ph.D.
*J. .D. CAPPS, Ph.D.
G. J. COTTIER, M.S., D.V.M.
*R. W. ENGEL, Ph.D.
**E. L. HOVE, Ph.D.
S*C. . KOEHN, Ph.D.
*W. C. SHERMAN, Ph.D.
**P. D. STURKIE, Ph.D.
*On leave for Military Service.
**Resigned.
Head of Department
Poultry Husbandman
Animal Nutritionist
Animal Husbandman
Associate Animal Nutritionist
Associate Poultry Husbandman
Associate Animal Nutritionist
Associate Animal Nutritionist
Associate Animal Nutritionist
Associate Animal Nutritionist
Associate Poultry Husbandman
36
F. A. KUMMER, M.S. Agricultural Engineer
O. A. BROWN, Ph.D. Associate Agricultural Engineer (Coop. USDA)
* E. G. DISEKER, M.S. Associate Agricultural Engineer
R. E. JEZEK, B.S. Associate Agricultural Engineer (Coop. USDA)
J. O. LAWS, B.A. Assistant Soil Conservationist (Coop. USDA)
D. A. PARSONS, B.A. Project Supervisor (Coop. USDA)
A. W. COOPER, M.S. Assistant Agricultural Engineer
*C. C. MORGAN, JR., M.S. Assistant in Agricultural Engineering
Agronomy and Soils
54th and 55th 
ANNUAL REPORTS, 
1943-44 
37
D. H. COPELAND, B.S.
A. H. QUINN, B.S.----
D. MA TURNEY, M.S.7--
A. G. WILLIAMS, M.S.
Assistant Animal Nutritionist
Assistant in Animal Husbandry
Assistant Animal Husbandman
Assistant in Poultry Husbandry
Botany and Plant Pathology
J. L. SEAL, Ph.D. Head of Department
J. R. JACKSON, Ph.D.-------------------------- Assistant Botanist
COYT WILSON, M.S.-------- Assistant Botanist and Plant Pathologist
'T. R. WRIGHT, M.S. (Fairhope) ---- Assistant Plant Pathologist (Coop.
State Dept. of Agriculture and Ala. Extension Service)
Horticulture and Forestry
L. M. WARE, M.S.
C. L. ISBELL, PhD.
"J. C. CRAIG, M.F-
'E. W. MCELWEE, M.S-
K. B. MCCLINTICK, M.F-
RUDOLPH STAIELIN, MS.
'K. A. BRINKMAN, M.S
'E. R. TOOLE, Ph.D.--------Jun,
'O. A. ATKINS, M.S.- -----------
'W R. BOGGESS, M.F.----------
HUBERT HARRIS, M. s.---------
J. R. JACKSON, Ph.D.-----------
'F. E. JOHNSTONE, Ph.D.---------
J. C. MOORE, M.S.----------
MILDRED S. VAN DE MARK, M.A.
T. P. WHITTEN, M.S. (Atmore) -
'J E. BRYAN, JR., B.S.----------
FRANK GARRETT (Fairhope) 
----
'H. A. NATION, M.S.-----------
W. A. JOHNSON, M.S.----------
JF. DUGGAR, MS.
----------- -Head of Department
------------ Horticulturist
----------------------A ssociate Forester
-Associate Horticulturist
----- --------- -Associate Forester
Associate Forester (Coop. USDA)
------Junior Forester (Coop. USDA)
ior Forest Pathologist (Coop. USDA)
-----------------Assistant Horticulturist
---------------------L Associate Forester
-----------------Assistant Horticulturist
-----------------Assistant Horticulturist
---------Assistant Vegetable Breeder
Issistant Horticulturist (Coop. USDA)
---------------Assistant Horticulturist
-----------------Assistant Horticulturist
----------------------A ssistant Forester
--Part time Assistant in Horticulture
--------------Assistant in Horticulture
----------------Laboratory Technician
Special Investigations
-Research Professor of Special Investigations
Zoology- Entomology
J. M. ROBINSON, MA.
L. L. ENGLISH, Ph.D. (Spring Hil
H. S. SWINGLE, M.S-
'F. S. ARANT, Ph.D.
'R. 0. CHRISTENSON, Ph.D.
A. M. PEARSON, Ph.D.
*On leave for Military Service.
" Resigned.
------------------Head of Department
1) ------------------- Entom ologist
-------------------------- F ish C ulturist
------- Associate Entomologist
-----------------Associate Parasitolo gist
Associate Biologist (Coop. USD1 and
State Department of Conservation)
54th and 55th ANNUAL REPORTS, 1943-44 37
38 ALABAMA 
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT 
STATION
J. W. WEBB, M.S.--- --
"J. T. GRIFFITHS, JR., Ph.D.-----------
"
0
J. M. LAWRENCE, MAS.---------------
Substations
Assistant in Fish Culture
Assistant Entomologist
Assistant Fish Culturist
BLACK BELT - Marion Junction, Dallas County
K. C. BAKER, B.S. --- u----n---------------------------tendent
'J. W. MCCLENDoN, B.S. Assistant Superintendent
GULF COAST - Fairhope, Baldwin County
OTTO BROWN, M.S. Sun---dn-----t--------------------
HAROLD YATES, B.S.------------------ Assistant Superintendent
SAND MOUNTAIN - Crossville, DeKalb County
R. C. CHRISTOPHER, B.S. --------------- Superintendent
S. E. GiSSENDANNER, B. S.---------------- Assistant Superintendent
TENNESSEE VALLEY - Belle Mina, Limestone County
FRED STEWART, B.S.- ---------------------------- Superintendent
J. K. BOSECK, B. S.----------------------- Assistant Superintendent
UPPER COASTAL PLAIN - Winfield, Fayette County
W . W . COTNEY, B.S.---------------------------- Superintendent
WIREGRASS - Headland, Henry County
J. P. W ILSON, B.S.-------------------------------- Superintendent
'C. A. BROGDEN, B'.S.---------------------- Assistant Superintendent
R. P. GOGGANS, B. S.- --------------------------------- A ssistant
CHANGES IN STATION STAFF
1943 Appointments
D. H. COPELAND, B.S-
J. C. CRAIG, M. F.
M. J. DANNER, M.S.-------
FRANK GARRETT ---------
NINA HALL, A.B
E. L. HOVE, Ph.D.--------
J. W. LESTER, MS.
J. C. MOORE,.MS.
T. HAYDEN ROGERS, MS.
K. B. Roy, BJ.-----------
RUDOLPH STAHELIN, M.S. -
----------Assistant Animal Nutritionist
------- Associate Forester
-----Assistant Agricultural Economist
----Part time Assistant in Horticulture
------------------Agricultural Librarian
--------Associate Animal Nutritionist
Assistant Agricultural Economist
Assistant Horticulturist (Coop. USDA)
-------------------Associate Agronomist
----------------------Agricultural Editor
----Associate Forester (Coop. USDA)
1943 Resignations
D. CAPPS, Ph.D.--------
T. COPE, B.S.- ----------
T. GRIFFITHS, JR., Ph.D.
MA LAWRENCE, B.S.-----
W. LESTEB, M.-------
C. MOORE, M. S.--------
-Associate Animal Nutritionist
- Graduate Assistant
--------------- -Assistant Entomologist
--------------Assistant in Fish Culture
------Assistant Agricultural Economist
Assistant Horticulturist (Coop. USDA)
*On leave for Military Service.
**Resigned.
J.
J.
J.
J.
J.
J.
38 ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
1944 Appointments
W. W. COTNEY, B.S. Superintendent, Upper Coastal Plain Substation
L. E. ENSMINGER, Ph.D. Associate Soil Chemist
J. C. MOORE, M.S. Assistant Horticulturist (Coop. USDA)
K. B. McCLINTICK, M.F. Associate Forester
A. H. QUINN, B.S. Assistant in Animal Husbandry
E. F. SCHULTZ, JR., B.S. Assistant Plant Breeder
E. V. SMITH, Ph.D. Assistant Director
D. M. TURNEY, M.S. Assistant Animal Husbandman
MILDRED S. VAN DE MARK, M.A. Assistant Horticulturist
J. W. WEBB, M.S. Assistant in Fish Culture
T. P. WHITTEN, M.S. Assistant Horticulturist
A. G. WILLIAMS, M.S. Assistant in Poultry Husbandry
COYT WILSON, M.S. Assistant Plant Pathologist
1944 Resignations
H. R. ALBRECHT, Ph.D.
J. C. CRAIG, M.F.
E. G. DISEKER, M.S.
E. L. HOVE, Ph.D.
R. J. JONES, Ph.D.
P. D. STURKIE, Ph.D.
G. W. VOLK, Ph.D.
N. J. VOLK, Ph.D.
Associate Plant Breeder
Associate Forester
Associate Agricultural Engineer
Associate Animal Nutritionist
Associate Soil Chemist
Associate Poultry Husbandman
Soil Chemist
Head, Agronomy and Soils
54th and 55th ANNUAL REPORTS, 1943-44 39