TWENTY-FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
Agricultural Experiment Station
OF THE
ALABAMA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE
AUBURN, ALABAMA
JANUARY 31, 1912
OPELIKA. ALA:
THE POST PUBLISHING COMPANY
1912

ALABAMA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE.
Auburn, Ala., Jan. 31 1912.
GOVERNOII 
EMMET O'NEAL,
Executive Department," :.I
Montgomery, Ala.:
SIR: I have the honor herewith to transmit to 'Y:ou the
Twenty Fourth Annual Report of the Agricultural Ex-
periment Station of this College.
The report of the Treasurer, herewith included, -is for
the fiscal year ending June 30, 1911.
This report is made in accordance with the provisions
ofi the act of Congress (approved March 2, 1887), estab-
lishing Agricultural Experiment Stations in the several
States and Territories.
It contains the report of the Director, the Chemists, the
Veterinarian, the Agriculturist, the Biologist, the Horti-
eulturist, the Entomologist, and the Professor of Antimal
Industry, for the year ending December 31, 1911. .
Respectfully,
CHAS. C. THACH,
President.
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.
TRUSTEES.
His Excellency Emmet O'Neal, President............Ex-Offieio
H. J. Willingham, Superintendent of Education ...... Ex-Officio
A. W . Bell ....................................... A nniston, Ala.
N. B. Denson ................................... LaFayette, Ala.
W . F. Feagin ................................ M ontgomery, Ala.
H. L. M artin ............................. ............ Ozark, Ala.
W . K. Terry .................................. Birm ingham , Ala.
J. S. Frazer ..................................... 
Evergreen, Ala.
R. B. B arnes ...................................... Opelika, Ala.
H. F. Kolb .................................... M ontgom ery, Ala.
J. A. Rogers ......... ..................... Gainesv ille, Ala.
C. Ml. Sherrod .................................... Courgland. Ala.
STATION COUi\CIL
C. C. Thach ............................ ............. President
J. F. Duggar ......................... Director and Agriculturist
B. B. Ross .......................... Chemist and State Chemist
C. A. Gary ..... Veterinarian and Director of Farmers' Institutes
J. T. Anderson...........Chemist, Soil and Crop Investigations
C. L . H are ............................................. Chem ist
Dan T. Gray ................................. Anim al Industry
W . E. Hinds ...................................... Entom ologist
F . E . L loyd .................. .......................... B otanist
L. N. Duncan* .................. Agricultnral Extension Work
P. F. W illiam s ................................... Horticulturist
F. A. W olf ................................... Plant Pathologist
ASSISTANTS
T. Bragg .................................... Assistant Chem ist
C. S. W illiamson ............................ Assistant Chemist
J. B. Hobdy* ................... Agricultural Extension Work
E. F. Cauthen ............ Associate Agriculturist and Recorder
W. F. Ward* ..................... Junior Animal Husbandman
I. S. MeAdory ............................ Assistant Veterinarian
W. F. Turner ......................... Assistant in Entomology
M. J. Funchess ........................ Assistant Agriculturist
C. S. Ridgway ............................. Assistant in Botany
J. C. C. Price ........................ Assistant in Horticulture
L. W. Shook ...................... Assistant in Animal Industry
E. R. Eudaly* ..........Assistant in Beef and Swine Husbandry
J. T. Williamson..................Field Agent in Agriculture
L. L. Glover ......................... Field Agent in Agriculture
H. M. Conolly...................Field Agent in Horticulture
Della Stroud* ...........Assistant in Girls' Demonstration Work
0. H. Sellers ............................. Secretary to Director
tE. Hodson.......................Assistant in Agriculture
J. Cohen ............................... Assistant in Chem istry
I. W. Carpenter..................Field Agent in Entomology
L. W. Summers .................... Assistant in Animal Industry
S. S. Jerdan* ........................ Assistant in Beef Industry
A. H. Gissendanner.............Assistant in Swine Husbandry
C. D. Allis .................................. Assistant in Poultry
*In Co-operation with U. S. Department of Agriculture.
tResigned.
REPORT OF HATCH AND ADAMS FUND FOR 1910-1911.
Receipts.
To amount from U. S. Treasury ........ $
Disbursements.
Hatch Adams
15000.00 $ 15000.00
By Salaries......................... $ 8358.26 $ 8209.36
By Labor ............................ 1545.35 1315.24
By Publications ....................... 808.72
By Postage and Stationery ............. 390.96 177.86
By Freight and Express............ 345.09 281.29
By Heat, Light, Water and Power ..... 71.02 198.02
By Chemical Supplies ................. 462.26 691.15
By Seeds, Plants and Sundry Supplies.. 425.88 414.34
By Fertilizers ....................... 318.80 153.63
By Feeding Stuffs ................... .. 326.65 496.10
By Library ............ ... ............ 470.76 4.43
By Tools, Implements and Machinery.. 143.30 88.91
By Furniture and Fixtures ............. 29.50 245.08
By Scientific Apparatus ............... ... 96.18 1901.84
By Live Stock ........................ 800.00 376.35
By Traveling Expenses .................. 130.61 170.98
By Contingent Expenses ................. 25.00 20.00
By Buildings and Repairs ............. 251.66 255.42
Total ............................. $ 15000.00 $ 15000.00
STATE OF ALABAMA,
Lee County.
Personally appeared before me, Welborn Jones, a Notary
Public in and for said county, M. A. Glenn, known to me as
Treasurer of the Alabama Polytechnic Institute, who being
duly sworn, deposes and says that the above and foregoing ac-
count is true and correct.
Witness my hand this 31st day of January, 1912.
WELBORN JONES,
[Seal] Notary Public.
This is to certify that I have compared the account with the
ledger account of the Treasurer, and this is a correct transcript
of the same.
C. C. THACH,
President Alabama Polytechnic Institute.
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR AND AGRICULTURIST
J. F.' DuoAu.
)n. C. C. TrHACIH.
President Alabama Polytechnic Institute.
Smi:-I respectfully submit the following report for the
past year of the work under my charge as Director and
Agriculturist of the Alabama Experiment Station.
PUBLICATIONS.
D)uring the calendar year 1911 the publications of the
Alabama Experiment Station consisted of the annual
report, ten bulletins, six circulars, and eleven press bul-
letins. The titles and authors are given below:
Bulletin No. 152.-Self Boiled 
Lime Sulfur and Its Use;
by the Horticulturist and the Assistant 
Horticulturist.
(From Local Experiment Fund).
Bulletin No. 153. Experiments With Cotton. Vari-
oties, Boll Rot, Wilt, Phcsphates; by the Director and the
Associate Agriculturist.
Bulletin No. 154.-Corn, Soybean Pasture, Tankage,
Cotton Seed Meal for Fattening Hogs; by the Chief and
Assistants in Animal Industry.
Bulletin No. 155.-The Pecan In Alabama; by the Hor-
ticulturist. (From Local Experiment Fund).
Bulletin No. 156.-Peach Growing In Alabama; 
by the
Horticulturist and the Assistant Horticulturist.
Bulletin No. 157.--The Satsuma Orange; by 
the Hor-
ticulturist.
Bulletin No. 158.-Feeding Calves in Alabama; 
by the
Animal Husbandman and the Assistant.
Bulletin No. 159.-Heading Off the Boll Weevil 
Panic;
by the Entomologist. (From Local Experiment 
Fund).
Bulletin No. 160.-Local Fertilizer Experiments 
With
Cotton in South Alabama In 1911; by 
the Director and
Assistants. (From Local Experiment Fund).
Bulletin No. 161.--Lime /or Alabama Soils; by the Di-
rector and Assistant Agriculturist. (From Local Exper-
iment Fund).
Circular No. 8. Bud Worms in Corn; by the Assis-
tant Entomologist.
Circular No. 9.-The Relation of the County Superin-
tendent of Education to the Boy's Corn Club Work. How
to Organize a Club; by the Superintendent of Extension
Work. (From Local Experiment Fund).
Circular No. 10.--Fighting the Cotton Worm; by the
Entomologist. (From Local Experiment Fund).
Circular No. 11. The Relation of the Teacher to the
Boy's Corn Club Work; by the Superintendent 
and As-
sistant in Extension Work. (From Local Experiment
Fund).
Circular No. 12. IHow to Organize and Conduct 
a
Girl's Canning Club; by the Assistant in Extension 
Work.
(From Local Experiment Fund).
Circular No. 13.-School Gardening; by the Botanist
and the Superintendent of Extension Work. (From Lo-
-cal Experiment Fund.)
Press Buletin No. 43. Tests of Varieties of Cotton 
in
1910; by the Director and 
the Associate Agriculturist.
Press Btilletin No. 44.-Protect Your Peaches from
Plum Curculio and Brotn Rot; by the Entomologist.
(From Local Experiment Fund.)
Press Bulletin No. 45.-Look Out for the Cotton Worm;
by the Entomologist. (From Local Experiment Fund).
Press Bulletin No. 46.-Cotton Worms Increasing; 
by
the Entomologist. (From Local Experiment 
Fund).
Press Bulletin No. 47.-Cotton Worms of Second 
Crop
Soon Due; by the Entomologist. (From 
Local Experi-
ment Fund).
Press Bulletin No. 48.-Cotton Worm Damage in Ala-
bama; by the Entomologist. (From Local Experiment
Fund).
Press Bulletin No. 49.-The Boll Weevil Is Spreading
Fast. Look Out/ for It; by the Entomologist. (From Lo-
cal Experiment 
Fund)
Press Bulletin No. 50.-Announcement of Boll W eevil
Line and Quarantine Rules Applying to Alabama; 
by the
Entomologist. (From Local Experiment 
Fund).
Press Bulletin No. 51.-Notice Relative to Shipments of
Articles Quarcintined Against on Account 
of the Boll
Weevil; by the Entomologist. (From 
Local Experiment
Fund).
Press Bulletin No. 52.-Tests of Varieties of 
Cotton in
1911; by the Director and the Associate 
Agriculturist.
(From Local Experiment Fund).
Press Bulletin No. 53.-Tests of Varieties of Corn 
in
1911; by the Director and the Associate Agriculturist.
The reason for the larger number of publications 
in
1911 than in any former year lies in 
the fact that a part
of the appropriation for local experiments, 
made for the
first tirme in 1911, was available for meeting 
expenses of
publication.
STAFF.
Early in November, 1911, Dr. F. A. Wolf entered upon
his duties as Plant Pathologist of the Experiment 
Sta-
tion, dividing his time between Adams fund work 
and
work on plant diseases under the Local Experiment 
Law.
Extensive additions to the staff of assistants were made
as the result of the Local Experiment Law.
LOCAL EXPERIMENT W;ORK THROUGHOUT THE STATE.
This Station entered in 1911 on the most important
era of expansion in its history as 
the result of the passage
by the Legislature of Alabama in February 1911 of a bill
appropriating funds for 
the purpose of conducting 
pop-
ular experiments throughout the State. Under this law
the followming anrnal appropriations are made for the
purposes named:
For local fertilizer experiments in the several counties
and for the investigation and introduction of new or
improved field crops and forage plants ........ 
$7,000.
For combatting the cotton boll weevil and other injur-
ious insects ..................................$2,300.
For plant breeding of field and forage crops .. . . $1,200.
10
For vork in drainage, irrigation and farm machinery
* ...... $1,500.
For publication and administrative expenses, etc., $2,-
500.
For horticultural investigations .............. $2,000.
For live stock investigations ............... $3,500.
For investigations of diseases of cotton and other
plants .............. .......... .......... $1,000
For promoting the poultry industry.......... $1,000.
For agricultural extension work ............. $5,000.
Under the provisions of this Act the work in field crops
was organized and begun in March 1911 and during the
summer a beginning was made in the local experiment
-work in entomology, horticulture, extension, animal in-
zdustry, poultry industry, and drainage. As soon as the
?position of Plant Pathologist could be filled, which was
-later in the year, preliminary work was begun along this
line.
lUnder tlhis law it became possible for a number of
assistants to be added to the staff, namely, three in ag-
riculture, drainage, and plant breeding; five in animal
industry; two in extension; one in horticulture, and one
in entomology. By the employment of these new as-
sistants it became possible for several departments of the
Experiment Station to conduct their experiments on
farms throughout the State and to carry their lessons to
the farmers of every part of Alabama.
By this means the Animal Industry Department has
been able to inaugurate experimental work in Animal
Industry or Poultry Industry in eight localities; the De-
partment of Horticulture and Entomology to operate in
about half the counties of the State; the Extension De'
partment to extend its activities into all parts of Ala-
bama; and the Agricultural Department to conduct fertil-
izer experiments, variety tests, and other special investi-
gations in every county in the State.
More detailed infermation relative to the Local Exper-
iment WVork is contained in the reports of the heads of
departments mentioned.
11
AGRICULTURAL DEPARTMENT.
l'he work on the Experiment Station farm has been
(continued in much the same lines as in previous years.
Plant breeding with cotton, oats, and corn, has required
more time than any other single line of effort. In ad-
dition, the following may be named as the most impor-
tant lines of investigations still in progress on the farm
at Auburn:
Cotton, relative fertilizng values of ground phosphate
rock and acid phosphate.
Cotton, effects of planting heavy and light seed.
Cotton, a continuation of the study of varieties.
Cotton, best time for applying nitrate of soda.
Corn, variety and culture experiments.
Oats, variety and culture experiments.
Crimson clover, variety and culture experiments.
Cowpeas, variety tests.
Sorghum, variety tests.
Relative amounts of food produced by various crops
suitable for hogs.
:Soybeans, variety and culture experiments.
A study of numerous forage plants, including alfalfa,
vetches, clovers, kudzu, and grasses.
Experiments in the manufacture on the farm of drain
tile from cement and sand.
Rotation of crops.
Wheat, tests of varieties and mixtures.
LOCAL EXPERIMENT WVORK IN THE AGRICULTURAL
DEPARTMENT.
Local drainage investigations were begun in the sum-
mer of 1911 in co-operation with the Drainage Division
of the Office of Experiment Stations, U. S. Department of
Agriculture. The main points investigated are the numer-
ous problems arising in connection with the application
of tile drainage to the stiff lime or so-called prairie soils
of central Alabama. Provision has been made for the ex-
perimental drainage of five small fields and the work
12
on most of these was nearly completed before the end
of the calendar year. The experiments are so arranged
as to determine the best depth and distance for tiles 
on
this character of land and to throw light on other drain-
age problems. The work thus inaugurated should con-
tinue to give instructive results for a number of years. It
is planned that the next experiments in tile drainage shall
be on a different type of land, so that as results on the
several types of soils become available we shall be able to
answer the questions that arise in connection with tile
drainage on different characters of land.
In farm machinery a beginning was made in testing.
machines for the sowing of oats by the open-furrow
method.
In plant breeding the principal work done consisted
in testing out, in numerous localities, varieties and
strains which had been selected or bred at Auburn in
previous years.
The following is a list of the local experiments (that
is, experiments made elsewhere than at Auburn) under-
taken in the agricultural department during the ten
months between March I and December 31, 1911,
Regular fertilizer experiment with cotton.
Complete nitrate experiment with cotton.
Special phosphate experiment with cottoln.
Special nitrate experiment with cotton.
Cotton variety test, extensive.
Cotton variety test, extensive, wilt-resistant kinds.
Cotton variety test, short.
Cotton variety test, short,'wilt-resistant kinds.
Cotton isolation test (plant breeding).
Regular fertilizer experiment with corn.
Complete nitrate experiment with corn.
Corn variety test, extensive.
Corn variety test, short, hard varieties.
Corn variety test, short, soft varieties.
Corn breeding, ear-to-row test.
Corn, isolation test (plant breeding).
Special nitrate experiment with oats.
13
'Cowpea variety test, extensive.
Cowpea variety test, short.
Regular fertilizer experiment with peanuts.
Peanut variety test, extensive.
Regular fertilizer experiment with sugar cane.
Special fertilizer experiment with sugar cane.
Nitrate of soda experiment with sugar cane.
Regular fertilizer experiment with sweet potatoes.
Sweet potato variety test.
1Sweet potato isolation test.
Soy bean test.
Lime experiments (various crops).
-Wheat experiments.
Lyon bean and velvet bean experiment.
Johnson grass fertilizer experiment.
Winter forage crop test, extensive.
Bur clover test.
Crimson clover test.
Vetches.
IForage crops, miscellaneous, (clovers, etc.).
Respectfully submitted,
J. F. DUGGAR,
Director and Agriculturist.
REPOR T OF THE CHEMIST
B. B. Ross.
Da. C. C. THACH,
President Alabama Polytechnic Institute.
SIR:- I beg to submit the following report with re-
gard to the work of the Chemical Department of the
Experiment Station for the year just ended.
The work performed in this department includes in-
vestigations carried out under the provisions of the or-
iginal Hatch Experiment Station Act, work conducted
under authority of the later Adams Act, and inspection
work under the police requirements of State laws pro-
viding for the analysis of fertilizers, feed stuffs, foods.
and drugs, illuminating oils, etc. In addition to the work
just outlined, a large number of miscellaneous samples
sent in by citizens of the State have been analyzed,*reports.
of analyses being made direct to the parties sending in
samples. Among the miscellaneous materials analyzel
were samples of soils, marls, natural phosphates, ores,,
waters, insecticides, etc.
The report presented by Dr. J. T. Anderson gives a.
resume of the work carried out by him in connection
with the investigation of the effects of certain elemehts,
of plant food upon the composition and productiveness.
of the plant, attention having been directed especially
to the influence of potash when applied in varying
amounts.
Prof. C. L. Hare also gives in his report a statement
with regard to the work performed by him, under both
the Hatch and Adams Acts, in connection with investiga-
tions he is conducting with a view to noting the effect
of breeding upon the oil and protein content of cotton'
seed, and also in studying the effects of different feeds.
for hogs upon the composition and quality of lard pro-
duced.
15
Some very interesting data has already been secured
and the investigations above outlined are being con-
tinued.
Analytical work has also been performed in conneetion
with experiments and investigations conducted by other
dpartments of the Experiment Station, quite a number
cf analyses being made in connection with tests of in-
secticides carried out by the Department of Entomology.
The fertilizer work of the past season exceeded in vol-
ume that of any preceding year, the total number of
official and unofficial samplP analyses being about 1750.
As all of these samples are analyzed in duplicate, this is
equivalent to about 3500 analyses, requiring more than
15,000 separate determinations.
The new feed stuff law enacted by the legislature of
1911 also became effective during the past year, more
than 300 duplicate analyses of commercial feeding stuffs
having been made up to this date. About 200 samples
of foods have also been analyzed under the provisions of
the Food and Drug Law of the State, while between 300
and 400 samples of illuminating 
oils have been examined,
other tests being still in progress.
The results of the above analyses and tests are em-
bodied in four different bulletins, two of which have
already been published, while still another is in the hands
of the printer.
Very respectfully,
B. B. ROSS,
Chemist.
REPORT OF VETERINARIAN
C. A. CARY.
DR. C. 
C. THACH,
President Alabama Polytechnic Institute.
DEAR SIR:- I respectfully submit 
a synopsis of the
work of the Veterinary Department 
for 1911.
A study of the effects of china 
berries when fed to
hogs and mules has 
been started. Farmers 
have used
these berries to produce supposed 
therapeutic actions in
Ihorses, cattle and hogs. Traditional 
reports have been
,heard concerning the actions 
of these berries on birds. We
Jhave found that the berries do have 
some physiological
actions on pigs. Further 
tests will be made 
on mules,
horses and chickens.
A series of tests on the effects of cocklebur 
have been
:started. Numerous reports from 
farmers assert that the
young cooklebur plants are poisonous 
to pigs. It is our
.aim to thoroughly test the plant 
by feeding it to animals
in its various stages of growth.
WVe-are also continuing the study 
of the effects of cot-
ton seed meal on hogs, horses 
and mules.
The infectious and pathological 
changes in cows ud-
ders are being continued.
The effects of peanuts as 
a single ration for pigs is
being studied. Also an effort 
is being made to determine
ie ea use of paraplegia inhogs.
When cases are presented, 
observations are made
on cases of osteo-porosis with a view 
of discovering the
cause and a means of prevention.
The problems of farm santitation 
are considered and
many suggestions are offered 
to live stock and dairy
farmers. Meat and milk inspection, 
the location of
slaughter houses and dairy 
barns in cities of Ala-
bama.
Observations and records on 
the animal parasites of
domestic animals are being made 
with the view of learn-
17
ing more about their pathological effects on the hosts
and to find better methods of preventing the infestatioi
of the hosts and the eradication of the pests.
The Farmer's Institutes of 1911 were greater in number
and in attendance than usual.
During 
1911,
The number of Farmer's Institutes held 
was. ... 33-
The number of counties visited...............24
The number of sessions held................. 
54
The average attendance per session............95
The total attendance .......................
5115-
The Round-up Farmers' Institute and Summer 
School
for Farmers were held at Auburn from 
July 29th to
August 5th, 1911. The lectures began at 8 A. 
M. and con-
tinued until 10 P. M. every day, 
with short intermissions
for dinner and supper. From 60 
to 70 lectures and de-
monstrations were given. The 
lectures on cooking and
home economics and home sanitation 
were especially for
women. A large number of women 
and girls from tha
farms were in attendance and 
were greatly benefitted by
these lectures delivered by women 
who were experts
in their respective lines of work. 
The total enrollment
for the Summer School for Farmers 
was 1100.
C. A. CARY,
Veterinarian.
REPORT OF CHEMIST OF SOILS AND CROP
INVESTIGATION
JAS. T. ANDERSON.
DR. C. C. 
THACGH,
President Alabama Polytechnic Institute.
DEAR SIR:-I beg herewith to submit the following re-
port of work done in this subdivision of the Department
of Chemistry of the Agricultural Experiment Station
during the year 1911.
The investigations along the line of the Adams Pro-
ject, Soil Requirements by Plan Analysis were continued.
As previously, the Cotton Plant was grown in open plots
in the fields, in clay cylinders imbedded in the ground, in
sand cultures, in imbedded clay cylinders, in wire baskets
and during the last season, in ordinary earthen pots; and
at the four-leaf stage, were drawn and analyzed. It has
been deemed advisable to withhold from publication the
,analytical data obtained until the series is complete;
when all can be published and studied together. Suffice
it for the present to say, that it seems established that by
fertilization with potash, for instance, the potash con-
tent of the plant is materially, and with more or less uni-
formity, increased. Whether this increased fertilizer
content in the plant bears any fixed and definite relation
to increased fruitage and consequent crop production, is
the task set specially for the incoming season. To de-
termine the effect of fertilization on crop production, the
soil will be tested in the usual way in open plots in the
field. The difficulty of getting proper samples of plants
for analysis from the plots away from Auburn, proves
insurmountable. Hence for getting these samples the soil
will be transported to Auburn to be used in earthen pots,
these pots to be numbered and fertilized correspondingly
with the plots in the field. Our experience with these
earthen pots for this purpose during the summer of 1911
19
was altogether satisfactory. By-resorting to the method
of sub-irrigation, the chief trouble with the wire baskets,
-with stiff clay soils, black root in the plants, was elimina-
ted. The greater ease of manipulation is also, an item
of importance in their favor.
As is customary, the attention of this sub-division,
along with the rest of the Chemical Staff, was given to
fertilizer analysis for the State Department of Agricult-
,ure. In the present instance this work began the first of
March and ran well into the month of July. The number
of official samples analyzed was 1475, thus breaking the
record of previous years by several hundred.
Respectfully submitted,
JAS. T. ANDERSON,
Chemist of Soils and Crop Investigations.
REPORT OF PHYSIOLOGICAL CHEMIST
C. L. HARE.
DR. C. C. THACH,
President Alabama Polytechnic Institute.
SIR:-In this department the problems which have
been the subject of study for the past two or there years
were continued in the investigations during 1911.
Continued effort has been made to breed Cotton seed
with high oil content without sacrificing the quantity and
quality of the fibre.
In this investigation there is being observed the rela-
tion of oil to weight and size of seed, of lint to weight
and size of seed and amount of oil, the ratio of hulls to
meats and of oil to proteids and other like practical in-
quiries.
The study of the properties of lards as affected by
feeds has progressed so far that a mass of analytical
data has been securect.
The information sought, it is hoped, will possess a
certain scientific value and throw light upon practical
problems such as the effect of feeds upon the keeping
qualities of lards, and other factors which make themn
more or less merchantable.
Respectfully,
C. L. HARE,
Physiological Chemist.
REPORT OF ENTOMOLOGIST
W. E. HINDS.
DR. C. C. 
THACH,
President Alabama Polytechnic Institute.
SIR:-The entomological work in the Experiment Sta-
lion has increased rapidly during the past year. In addi-
tion to the writer and Mr. W. F. Turner, Assistant Ento-
mologist, Mr. I. W. Carpenter, of Louisiana, took up the
work of Field Assistant the middle of August continuing
through the balance of the year, and Mr. N. C. Powell
became Secretary to the Entomologist the middle of July.
'This additional assistance has enabled us to extend very
materially the correspondence and publication work of
the department.
CORRESPONDENCE.
During the year 1911, the correspondence increased to
,more than 3,000 dictated letters giving advice and in-
formation in regard to insect control principally. Be
side this, form letters of inquiry and of information were
sent out numbering between 4,000 and 5,000 copies.
PUBLICATIONS.
During the year, we have issued quite a number of
Press Bulletins giving information of immediate impor-
tance and requiring rapid and widespread distribution,
These included Press Bulletins Nos. 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49,
.50 and 51, Circulars Nos. 8 and 10 and Bulletin No. 159,
copies of which are attached hereto. Aside from the
Station publications, many articles have been issued
through the daily and weekly press which have been
most cordial in their support of our work.
Aside from these publications of a popular nature, two
articles in connection with Adams Fund investigations
have been published in the Journal of Economic Ento-
22
mology. In one the life history of the rice weevil in corr
was given and in the other were recorded some facts in
regard to fumigation for the control of this insect giving
warning particularly against the danger involved in the
carbon disulphide treatment applied to corn that was in
process of heating. The publications in the Experiment
Station series cover about 50 pages with editions of from
5,000 to 50,000 copies.
PUBLIC ADDRESSES.
The number of these increased materially during the
past year and the subjects considered became more varied
than formerly. Stereoptican illihstrated lectures on the
boll weevil have been given a number of times and other
special boll weevil lectures without illustrations. In con-
nection with the campaign against the cotton worm
during August and September, 1911, a large number of
addresses were given ranging from one to four per day
much of the time during a period of six weeks. If the
funds needed for meeting traveling expenses, etc., were
available, many invitations for lectures which now have
to be declined, could be accepted with, we believe, advan-
tage to the public and to the work which we are seeking
to do.
FAIR EXHIBIT.
In connection with the station exhibit at tho State
Fair at Montgomery, the Department of Entomology
again showed a large number of enlarged photographs,
charts, insect specimens, spraying apparatus, insecticide
materials, etc., which attracted considerable attention and
opened the way for the spread of much information re-
garding insect control.
A similar exhibit was made by the department of en-
tomology at the Gulf Coast Tropical Fair held later in
Mobile.
THE COTTON WORM.
During the latter part of July reports were received of
the occurrence of the cotton worm at widely 
separated.
23
points through the South and at a few points in Ala-
bama. These reports when considered with the season
of their occurrence and the condition of the cotton crop.
together with the prevailing climatic conditions, indi-
cated to the-writer that a widespread and serious out-
break of this cotton pest was almost certain to occur.
Warnings of the danger were spread broadcast through-
out the State and planters were thus led to watch their
cotton closely. The worms soon appeared with surpris-
ing rapidity and in enormous quantities stripping with-
in a few days fields where they had not been suspected
of being present. We had notified the manufacturers of
insecticides of the threatened danger and received most
hearty co-operation from them in securing the movement
into the State of practically all of the PaNs green and
powdered arsenate of lead available in the eastern United
States. The newspapers were full of reports of the oc-
currence of the cotton worm and willingly gave space
to the publications of the department advising as to the
best methods of control. It was shown that the pest
could be readily controlled by properly dusting the cotton
plants with powdered arsenical poison as soon as the
works of the worms began to show. Powdered arsenate of
lead gave especially satisfactorily results in this work
and will henceforth be much more generally used in this
State for other leaf-eating pests as well as for the cotton
worm when it appears again. In spite of our utmost ef-
forts we were unable to forestall the necessity of express.
shipments of poison being made over long distances,
scores of tons being moved in this way for hundreds of
miles so great was the demand for poison that developed.
From careful examinations in the field we are con-
vinced that the cotton worm actually decreased the Ala-.
bama crop of 1911 by approximately 10 per cent. In
spite of this an unusually good crop was secured. The
counties on the eastern border of the State were less se-
verely affected than most of the counties as the worms
did not appear therein until late in the season. No on,
can foretell whether the cotton worm will appear in num-
24
bers in 1912, but the severity of the present winter gives
some indication that it will not.
MEXICAN COTTON BOLL WEEVIL.
The advance of the boll weevil began during the latter
part of August,1911, and continued until about the middle
.of November when frost killed the cotton. The infested
area then included all or part of twelve counties in Ala-
bama, the weevil line extending in a general southeasterly
direction from near the northeast of Pickens county to
the middle of Escambia county. This line is shown in
our bulletin No. 159 entitled "Headinq Off Boll Weevil
Panic. The quarantine zone includes also a "safety
zone" 20 miles in width immediately adjoining this wee-
vil infested area in Alabama or in other states. The area
:now infested by the weevil should porduce about 10 per
cent of the normal Alabama crop. The damage done
Iby the weevil increases generally during the first three
years of its occurrence and then decreases as planters
become accustomed to it and adopt those methods of
fighting the weevil which have given best results in other
-infested sections.
The work of determining 
the line of weevil infestation
increases steadily as the weevil advances in the State.
This is of fundamental importance in the administration
of quarantine regulations. Alabama is now on the firing
line in this work. The entomologists of. the cotton grow-
ing states at a meeting held in Atlanta early in December
1911, agreed upon a uniform set of regulations and upon
practically a uniform system of certification, etc., in con-
nection with shipments to be made from infested to un-
infested territory. These recommendations conformed in
nearly all respects to what has been previously adopted
'and put in practice in Alabama by the Alabama State
'Board of Horticulture which has placed the Entomologist
(of the Experiment Station in charge of the administra-
tion of its boll weevil quarantine regulations. These 
re-
gulations with amendments thereto are shown in publi-
cations which are available for general distribution.
25
ADAMS FUND INVESTIGATIONS.
The two projects previously started have been contin-
-ued throughout the past year with steady advance. The
life history of the rice weevil has been quite thoroughly
determined. Much data of a fundamental nature has
been gathered in regard to fumigation. Difficulty was ex-
perienced in the early part of this work through un-
.avoidable leakage in the apparatus constructed for car-
rying on fumigation experiments and the necessity for
.a metal, gas-tight apparatus became apparent. Conse-
quently, a fumigation tank was designed and has been
made to order. With this apparatus more satisfactory
results 
are being 
obtained.
Some of the results obtained call for co-operative ex-
perimental work with the department of Agronomy and
this will be continued during the coming year.
Respectfully submitted,
W. E. HINDS,
Entomologist.
REPORT OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGIST.
FRANCIS E. LLOYD.
DR. C. C. 
THACH,
President Alabama Polytechnic Institute.
DEAR SIR:-I beg to hand you my report for the work
of the Department of Plant Physiology of the Alabama
Agricultural Experiment Station for the year just end-
ing. All the investigations in this department have been
carried on under the subvention of the Adams fund.
The general results, so far obtained, may be stated in
broad outlines as follows.
TRANSPIRATION IN COTTON, GOSSYPIUx HERBACEUM.
(A portion of this project, namely, that relating to
boll shedding, is being carried on under co-operation
with the Bureau of Plant Industry, United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture). This project involves a study of
physiological methods for the investigation of transpira-
tion and associated phenomena, including stomatal be-
havior, rates of diffusion of water vapor relative to the
size of the stomatal pore, and boll shedding. The mater-
ial for study was grown from seed supplied by the Bu-
reau of Plant Industry through Dr. W. A. Orton. Mater-
ial advance has been made in this investigation, for the
pursuit of which it was found necessary to rent a small
piece of ground, apart from the Experiment Station do-
main. Efficient assistance, during the summer of 1911,
was afforded by Mr. Charles S. Ridgway and Mr. Edgar
A. Hodson. Part of my own time was spent in studying
the same variety of cotton in Arizona for the sake of ob-
taining comparative results. I wish to acknowledge the
co-operation of the Desert Botanical Laboratory of the
Carnegie Institution of Washington and the courtesy of
Dr. D. T. MacDougal, Director of the Department of
Botanical Research, for causing a number of cotton
27
plants to be grown for my use and for the privilege of
the laboratory. The following results have accrued. A
new method for the direct observation of stomata on the
living leaf, this remaining attached to the plant the
while, has been worked out. It has been found possible
to determine miscroscopically the dimensions of the
stomatal pores, even of very thick leaves, by the use either
of very strong artificial illumination or by means of di-
rect sunlight. A substage cooling cell is necessary to pro-
tect the leaf from damage by heat. A new type of micro-
scope for field work has been designed by me and is in
course of building. The method thus briefly stated
makes it 'possible for an observer to follow the behavior
of one or more stomata during an extended period of
time and makes a distinct advance in the study of these
organs. A full series of observations of the evaporation
rate per hour, together with other meteorological data
for the whole of the growing season of the cotton plant,
has been obtained. For the evaporation studies black and
white Livingston porous cup atmometers were used. The
march of transpiration for the cotton plant for several
24 hour periods was obtained in full triplicate series,
both in terms of weight and volume. These data enable
us to compare the transpiration of the plant with the
purely physical evaporation from the porous cup and
will doubtless afford ground for some important con-
clusions in regard to the value of evaporation studies
of plant physiology. Determinations of leaf water per-
mit the extension of my previous studies of the ocotillo
(Fouquieria splendens) to the cotton and show that the
amount of leaf water is increasingly reduced after sun-
rise until some time in the afternoon.
Full data in regard to the rate of boll shedding per day
for the whole season have been obtained and have been
studied in the light of the meteorological data above men-
tioned. The indications are pretty definite that, under
the soil water conditions in this place, boll shedding is
a response to the evaporating power of the air. In the
light of the work of Mr. W. Lawrence Balls, of the Khe-
28
<livial Agricultural Society, Cairo, Egypt, this conclusion
is of considerable interest. Under the climatic conditions
of Egypt, the position of the water table is of very con-
.siderable, apparently major, importance. The apparent
difference in results, however, I believe, may be harmon.-
ized, as will be shown in a publication of the work done
here. In passing I wish to emphasize the importance of
work done under the semi-arid conditions found in the
Southwest (and similarly in Egypt) which permit a more
definite determination of the water relations of plants.
Evidence has been obtained that boll shedding results
directly from peculiar anatomical relations in the inter-
node below the insertion of the boll, due to the concres-
cence of a stem of determinate growth with one of in-
determinate growth. These anatomical peculiarities af-
feet the relative water carrying capacity of these organs.
'The conclusion that the shedding of bolls is quite definite-
ly related to the transpiration stream is thus rather clear-
ly indicated, from the physiological-anatomical point of
view. The absence of an abciss layer when the separa-
tion of the boll proceeds decurrently, together with the
role played by the cambium, is to be noted.
Fumigation. This project starts with the assumption
that the diffusion of gases into the plant is related to the
condition of the stomatal openings. For this reason a
study of the stomatal behavior of a number of economic
plants during the whole day period is under way.
Ripening of Persimmons. As may be 
seen from an
examination of the publications from this department
on this subject, this work has taken two directions, con-
tinuous with my previous work done on the date, Phoe-
nix dactylifera. On the 
one hand, an explanation 
of the
peculiar behavior of the tannin during that period of
ripening in which the fruit becomes non astringent has
been sought for, and it is maintained that the becoming
nonastringent is due to the adsorption of the tannin by
an associated colloid (a hydrogel) upon its coagulation.
In support of this contention a considerable body of evi-
i-dence has been published in the papers listed below.
29
This study- has been extended to the acorn (in parti-
cilar the fruit of the water oak, Quercus laurifolia) and
conditions have been found also in this form analogous
to those described for the persimmon tannin cells. The
more immediately practical, aspect of the problem, name-
ly, that of processing the Japanese persimmon so as to
render it nonastringent in advance of the remaining pro-
cesses of ripening, has resulted in confirming the work
of Mr. H. C. Gore, of the Bureau of Chemistry, U. S. De-
partment of Agriculture, showing the availability of car-
bon dioxide for the purpose. In addition, my results in-
dicate that the churn barrel may serve well the practical
demands as a container during treatment. Experiments
with carbon dioxidce under 15 pounds pressure carried
on in an autoclave appear to justify the conclusion that
the reagent has a coagulating effect on the associated
colloid, and that a quantitative relation between the
amount of carbon dioxide and the rate of coagulation ex-
ists. If on further investigation this conclusion turns
out to be correct, the period required to render a particu-
lar variety of the persimmon nonastringent may be con-
siderably shortened, as appears actually to be the case
for two varieties (recognized 
at this Station as Hyakume,
the astringent variety, and Taber 129) and for the native
species, Diospyros virginiana. It is hoped that the work
of the coming season will permit a definite determination
of the correctness of these views and of the results so far
obtained.
Aside from the above work done under the Adanms
Fund, a study of the-guayule rubber plant (Parthenium
arigentatum) is being continued. It is of interest to note
in this connection that a considerable 
number of inquir-
ies have come in from various quarters of the globe, to-
gether with several requests for seed. The publication
of my memoir on the subject, cited below, has brought
to light a wide spread interest in the plant. Of the sev-
eral extended reviews of this volume may be mentioned'
especially that under the title "The Story of Guayule,"
published in the Bulletin of the Pan American Union.
30
Publications dealing with the results above briefly in-
-dicated are in process of preparation. During the past
year the following papers have appeared.
( ") The Artifcial Ripening 
of Persimmons. Proc. 8th
Ann. Meeting Ala. State Hort. Soc., Bull. Ala. Dept. Agri.
No. 42, pp. 42-49. January 19-20, 1911.
(2) Cedar Apples and Apples. Bull. Ala. Dept. Agri.
No. 39, p. 19. March 1, 1911. (With C. S. Ridgway).
(3) Manufacture of Rubber from the Guayule Plant.
Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 12: 96-97. May, 1911.
(4) An Unusual Pine. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 12: 98-102.
May, 1911.
.(5) Guayule: A Rubber Plant of the Chihuahuan Des-
ert. VI and 213 pages, 46 plates, 20 text figures. Cam.
Inst. Wash. Publ. 139, 1911.
(6) Ueber den Zusammenhang zwischen Gerbstoff
und einem andern Kolloid in Reifenden Fruchten, 
ins-
besondere von Phoenix, Achras und Diospyros.
Zeitschr. f. Chemie u. Industrie d. Kolloide. 9: 65-73.
(7) The Tannin-Colloid Complexes in the Fruit of the
Persimmon, Diospyros. Biochemical Bulletin I: 7-41. pl.
1-3. September 
1911.
(8) Carbon Dioxide at High Pressure and the Artificial
Ripening of Persimmons. Science N. S. 34; 924-928. Dec.
1 0 'ertain Phases of the Behavior of the Stigma Lips
in Diplacus glutinosus Nutt. Plant World 14: 257-267.
fig. 1. Nov. 1911.
(10) The Propagation of Guayule. A Criticism. India
Rubber World 45: No. 4. 164-5. Jan. 1, 1912.
(11) The Relation of Transpiration and Stomalal
Movements to the Water Content of the Leaves in Fou-
quieria splendens. Plant World 15: 1-14. Jan. 1912.
(12) The Behavior of the Nectar Gland 
in the Cacti,
With a Note on the Development of the Trichomes and
31
Areolar Cork. (With C. S. Ridgway) Plant World. In
press.
(13) School Gardening. Ala. Agri. Expt. 
St. Circular
No. 13. Dec. 1911, 27;pp. 4,fig. (With L. 
N. Duncan).
Respectfully submitted,
FRANCIS E. LLOYD,
Plant Physiologist.
REPORT OF ANIMAL HUSBANDMAN
DAN T. GRAY.
DR. C. C. 
THACH,
President Alabama Polytechnic Institute.
DEAR SIR: Three bulletins have been issued from the-
Animal Industry Department the past year. Bulletin 154
has to do with the problems of feeding "Corn, Soy Bear
Pasture, Tankage and Cotton Seed Meal to Fattening
Hogs." In bulletin 158 is found a summary of the calf
feeding experiments which have been carried on in Sum-
ter County in co-operation with the Bureau of Animal
Industry at Washington. In bulletin 163 is found the
partial summary of the steer feeding work which has.
also been done in Sumter County in co-operation with
the Bureau of Animal Industry. A large demand has
been created for these bulletins, especially the one deal-
ing with the problem of feeding hogs.
As a result of the increased appropriations made by the
last State Legislature, the work of the Department has
been considerably enlarged during the year. Some new-
problems have been undertaken 
as a result of the in-
creased funds, but a large portion of the new appropria-
tion has been devoted to enlarging the work already un-
der way. In a general way, the experimental work con-
tinues as reported in the last annual report . The present
activities of the Department may be summarized as fol-
lows:
WITH SWINE.
First, to study the economic results of finishing swine
by dry lot methods as compared to the methods of using
green pasture crops. This feature of the swine work has
been considerably enlarged during the past year. At the.
present time, co-operatice work is being done with four
of the District Agricultural Schools. Sufficient funds
were not available to undertake this co-operative work
with all of the District Schools, so the four schools loca-
33
ted in the corners of the State were selected as the ones
with which to work. The schools at Jackson, Abbeville,
Hamilton and Albertville are co-operating in swine feed-
ing work; arrangements have been completed to under-
take poultry experiments with the Albertville school. Ap-
proximately 100 hogs have been fed upon the Station
grounds of these various schools the past year.
Second, to study the subject of hardening flesh and
lard after they have been rendered soft as a result of the
animals having grazed certain green crops. This work
is done in co-operation with the Department of Chemis-
try. The peanut crop has been under investigation the
past year, as has also rape, rye, velvet beans and cow-
peas. This feature of the work has also been considera-
bly enlarged during the year as a result of the extension
of the first part of the swine work.
Third, to learn the effect of some of the southern swine
feeds upon the frame work of the body. As in the past,
samples of the bones have been taken from each hog
slaughtered on the Station farm. This division of the
swine work is also being done inco-operation with the
Department of Chemistry.
Fourth, to determine the most profitable kinds of con-
centrates, and the amount of each, to feed with such
green pastures as peanuts, rye and rape. During the year
a test was made to determine whether it was profitable to
use tankage as a supplementary feed to peanut pastures.
Fifth, to study the question of the home curing of
meats. Several questions of scientific interest are asso-
ciated with this work, as the effect of feeds upon the
keeping qualities, and the effect of feeds upon'the shrink-
age of meats.
Sixth, two experimental hog farms are now estab-
lished in the State. The object of this work is to deter-
mine the cost and the best methods of producing pork
under average farm conditions. One of the farms is loca-
ted in Sumter County; this farm is managed in co-opera-
lion with the Bureau of Animal Industry at Washington.
The second farm is located in Houston County; the es-
34
tablishment of this second center of swine experimenta-
tion was made possible by the recent appropriation of
the State Legislature. Both of these farms are carried on.
in co-operation with farmers who furnish everything ex-
cept a trained man to superintend the work.
WITH BEEF CATTLE.
The co-operative beef work with the Bureau of Animal
Industry at Washington is still going forward in an ex-
ceedingly satisfactory manner. On account of the fact
that it is impossible to get good pastures and good cattle
near the Station farm at Auburn, this part of the work
is located in Sumter County, one of the farms being lo-
cated in the northern part of the County and the second
one in the southern part. The questions under considera-
(ion at the present time are:
First, to study the cost of carrying beef cows through
the year, or to determine the cost of raising a beef calf
under average southern conditions. A breeding herd of
about 60 cows is being used. Their calves are kept until
about one year of age, and then finished for the market.
Second, to deterlmine the profit, if any, in supplement-
ing the summer pastures with certain cotton seed by-
products.in finishing cattle for the summer and fall mar-
kets. 75 gteers were fattened last summer. Hereafter,
corn is to be introduced into the summer rations.
Third, to study the question of fattening calves during
the winter months on dry feeds and silage. At the pres-
ent time, 120 calves are being fattened. They will 
be sold
in March and April.
Fourth, to determine the profit, if any, in using certain
hays along with cotton seed meal and hulls in fattening
steers. Johnson Grass hay has, so far, been tested and
the results seem to indicate that it is not profitable to add
it to a ration of cotton seed meal and hulls.
WITH DAIRY CATTLE.
Heretofore, the work with dairy cattle has been largely
devoted to breeding the herd up to a sufficient number
35
of animals so that experimental work could be under-
taken. The herd now consists of about twenty reason-
ablygood milking animals; 
it is expected that lines of
experimental work will be undertaken this summer.
When the Animal Industry Department was established,
there were only four milking dairy cows in the herd.
WITH POULTRY.
The last Legislature made an appropriation of $1000 to
be used in poultry experimental and educational work.
The law states that this work must be done away from
Auburn, so the experimental phases of the work were
undertaken with Mr. C. D. Allis, of Pinson, who is a grad-
uate of both Auburn and Cornell. The work was inau-
gurated June 1, 1911, and is divided into two parts.
First, a complete flock record of the detailed expenses
and receipts is kept. As a result of keeping this com-
plete record for a series of years, it will be possible to
determine accurately the profit, if any, to be derived from
the poultry business in Alabama.
Second, tests are under way to determine the value of
certain pasture crops for laying hens. It is expected that
many different crops will be tested before this line of
work is finished. During the present year, dry feeds
have been compared to crimson clover, rye pastures and
mangels.
Very respectfully submitted,
DAN T. GRAY,
Animal Husbandman.
REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST
P. F. WILLIAMS.
]DR. C. C. THACH,
President Alabama Polytechnic Institute,
SIR: I respectfully submit the following report for
the year ending December 31st, 1911.
ADAMS INVESTIGATION.
Several trees were obtained from the crosses made in
-1910 and these are in vigorous condition at present.
About 4000 crosses were made in the orchard in the
spring of 1911 and over 500 in the greenhouse. A large
number of perfect pits were obtained from the crosses in
the greenhouse while the number obtained from those in
the orchard was comparatively small. Severe frost at
blooming time resulted in a heavy loss of crossed fruits.
An additional Adams project was started the past year.
The object of this experiment was to determine the fac-
tors essential to the successful germination of this crop
in producing a fall crop. A storage room under the Agri-
cultural building is being used for the experiment and a
self recording temperature and humidity machine has
been placed in it.
CITRANGE INVESTIGATIONS.
Owing to a heavy freeze in the spring it was impossible
to make any progress with this work.
GREENHOUSE.
Excellent results have been obtained in forcing toma-
toes under glass. The low, solid 
bed is essential in this
work. The work along this line has been enlarged and
the data accumulated during the last three years will be
published this coming year.
For the past four years tests have been made to deter-
37
mine the most desirable Chrysanthemum varieties for
forcing in the greenhouse. "Commercial" and "Exhibit"
varieties have been selected. Among the most desirable
"Commercial" varieties are, Colonel Appleton, Dr. En-
quehard, Mrs. H. Robinson, Intensity, Yellow Eaton,
Golden Glow, Roi de Italia, Mrs. Clay Fricke, M. Simon
Gauthier and Crocus. For "Exhibit" purposes the fol-
lowing varieties are recommended; Beatrice May, Mon-
rovia, M. Louis Tousseau and Alice Byron.
Variety tests have been conducted in the field with cab-
bage, sweet corn, peppers, tomatoes, English peas, Irish
potatoes, turnips, beans, cucumbers, and beets. Fertil-
izer tests have been continued with cabbage, potatoes
and tomatoes. This work will be enlarged for the season
of 1912.
In the orchard good results have been obtained in con-
trolling pear blight by careful pruning; usilg Muriate of
Potash about the trees in the spring and in maintaining
sod culture.
A considerable increase in the fruit planting will be
made this winter. Spraying for the control of the San
Jose scale, Brown Rot and the Plum Curculio has been
continued with the same degree of success as in preced-
ing years. Peach tree borers have also been controlled
by the method of banking.
Japanese persimmons responded readily to the action
of well balanced 
fruit fertilizers.
A large number of apple trees were top worked with
the more promising varieties for this section and the
courtesies extended by the Virginia Station in supplying
cions aided materially in this work. Many promising
seedling apples have been reported the past year in dif-
different sections of the State and these will be propo-
gated at the Station for trial purposes.
Cions from a seedling pear supposed to be entirely re-
sistant to blight have been successfully grafted into many
of the old trees in the orchard and the showing of these
will be watched with much interest.
38
Canning the surplus fruit and vegetables has been con-
tinued.
A collection of standard pecans and also promising
seedling pecans has been made which represents some
-50 standards and 30 seedlings.
Practically every promising peach variety is represen-
led in the collection of preserved fruits which was pre-
pared for exhibit purposes. The preservation of fruits
and vegetables for exhibit purposes involves consider-
able study and the relation of soils and the mineral con-
tent of each fruit and vegetable must be taken into coll-
sideration.
Variety tests with carnations were started this last fall
and splendid blooms were obtained from such varieties
as Magora, Winona and Mrs. Chas. Knapp.
A new barn has been erected the past year for the De-
partment which contains ample space for fertilizer mix-
ing, tools, storage, etc.
PUBLICATIONS.
The following bulletins have appeared the past year:
152.-Self Boiled Lime-Sulphur and Its Use.
155. The Pecan in Alabama.
156.-Peach Growing in Alabama.
157. The Satsuma Orange.
Numbers 153 and 156 were joint publications; Mr. 
J.
C. C. Pric, assisting me materially with their preparation.
Mr. H. M. Conolly, a graduate of the Michigan Agri-
cultural College, was appointed July 1st, 1911 to 
take up
the field work of the Department which was made 
possi-
ble by an appropriation known as the Local Experiment
Fund. MIuch valuable data has been obtained 
from his
travels over the State and co-operative experiments 
have
been instituted in many counties, both with 
relation to
truck and fruit growing.
NURSERY INSPECTION.
Mr. J. C. C. Price and Mr. H. M. Conolly have both as-
sisted me in carrying on the inspection of nurseries the
past season.
39
The lists of State nurserymen, out of the State Nur-
serymen and Dealers, follow:
CERTIFICATES ISSUED 1911-12.
Alabama Nurserymen.
1. Oak Lawn Nursery, A. W. Newson, Prop., Huntsville.
2. W. W. Gravlee, Newtonville.
3. The Suggs Nursery Co., Gladstone.
4. J. O. Kelly & Sons, Jeff.
5. Rolfe Nursery Co., Huntsville.
6. Huntsville Wholesale Nurseries, Huntsville.
7. Fraser Nursery Co., Huntsville.
8. Chase Nursery Co., Huntsville and Chase.
9. A. E. Welch, Madison.
10. C. S. Biggers, Cullman.
41. John Rehberg, Vinemont.
12. Colmant Nurseries, Birmingham.
13. Birmingham Landscape and Nursery Co., Elyton.
14. Arlington Nursery, W. D. Summerfield, Birmingham.
15. Carlos Reese, Birmingham.
46. G. E. Luffman, Glen Iris, Birmingham.
17. Rosement Gardens, Montgomery.
18. Fernhill Greenhouse, Montgomery.
19. E. 11. Williams, Montgomery.
20. Eagle Pecan Co., Willis Thompson, Prop., Pittsview.
21. Eufaula Pecan Co., Cliffe A. Locke, Prop., Eufaula.
22. Sneed Bros., Pronto.
23. Whetstone Nursery, L. M. H. Whetstone, Autaugaville.
24. Frank Holman, York.
25. Wakefield Nursery, Wm. Wake, Flematon.
26. John P. Brown, Carney.
27. J. S. Gaylord, Barnwell.
28. Figdale Nurseries, Magnolia Springs.
29. Fairhope Nursery. A. M. Troyer. Fair Hope.
30. J. M. Crutchfield. Vinemont.
31. Industrial School Gardens. Mobile.
32. Ravier & Sons. Mobile.
33. Little Gcm 
Floral Gardens. 
Mobile.
34. Shad Stevenson. Russell.
35. R. H. Diekie. Citronelle.
36. Dixie Co-operative Nurseries, Deer Park.
37. Citronelle Nursery & Orchard Co. Citronelle.
38. Roseview Nurseries. F. E. Welch. Chunbchula.
39. J. P. Jones. Fabius.
40. Citrus Fruit Co. Deer Park.
41. G. W. Lipp. Roanoke.
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42. J. B. Earnest. Roanoke.
43. W. L. Owen. Ashland.
44. Irvington.Nursery, A. H. Daves, Irvington.
45. E. A. Smith. Theodore.
46. W. P. Brock. Fruitdale.
47. W. L. Morris. Cusseta.
48. E. Downing, Jr., Castleberry.
49. C. S. Harris. Citronelle.
50. Paul Hoffman. Waverly.
II. Alabama Dealers.
1. C. S. Biggers. Cullman.
2. G. E. Luffman. Birmingham.
3. A. E. Welcb. Madison.
4. D. G. Calkins. Foley.
5. J. J. Holmes. Montgomery.
6. A. M. Preston. Blountsville.
7. Loveman, Joseph & Loeb. Birmingham.
8. M. M. Dawson. .Montgomery.
9. Horticultural Sales Co., J. L. Hoffman, Mgr. Birminghgan
10. Homer N. Sneed. Pronto.
11. Judson Strock. Verbena.
12. F. J. Ulbricht. Anniston.
13. A. M. Troyer. Fairhope.
14. W. D. Whetstone. Grandview.
15. T. Swift. Fairhope.
Ill. Nurserymen Outside The State.
1. A. C. Oelchig and Sons. Savannah, Ga.
2. Oakland Nurseries, W. Y. C. Grant, Columbia, Tenn.
3. Commercial Nursery Co., Winchester, Tenn.
4. Southern Nursery Co., Winchester, Tenn.
5. The United States Nursery Co., Roseacres, Mississippi.
0. Mount Arbor Nurseries. E. S. Welch, Shenandoah, Iowa.
7. Wild Bros. Nursery Co., Sarcoxie, Mo.
8. Stark Bros. Nurseries and Orchards Co., Louisana, Mo.
9. Hoopes Bros. & Thomas, West Chester, Pennsylvania.
10. Wm. Warner Harper, Chestnut Hill, Pennsylvania.
11. Centre Grove Nursery Co., Smithville, Tennessee.
12. Excelsior Nurseries, Rome, Georgia.
13. The Morris Nursery Co., Westchester, Pennsylvania.
14. Jackson & Perkins Co., Newark, New York.
15. T. V. Munson & Son, Denison, Texas.
16. Dreer Nurseries, Henry A. Dreer, Inc., Riverton, NewJersey-
17. The Shenandoah Nurseries. D. S. Lake, Prop. Shenan-
doah, Iowa.
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18. Biltmore Nurseries, Biltmore, N. C.
19. A. D. Williams. Yatesville, Georgia.
20. Knoxville Nursery Co., Knoxville, Tennessee.
21. P. J. Berckmans Co., Augusta, Georgia.
22. J. G. Harrison & Sons. Berlin, Maryland.
23. The Anderson Nursery. Win. Anderson, Prop. Temple, Ga.
24. Easterly Nursery Co., Cleveland, Tennessee.
25. Geo. S. Josselyn. Fredonia, New York.
26. Perter Henderson & Co., Jersey City, New Jersey.
27. Bobbink & Atkins. Rutherford, New Jersey.
28. Ellwanger & Barry. Rochester, New York.
29. T. S. Hubbard. Fredonia, New ork.
30. Thomas Meehan & Sons, Germantown, Pennsylvania.
31. Continental Plant Co., Kittrell, North Caoolina.
32. W. N. Scarff, New Carlisle, Ohio.
33. J. C. Hale Nursery Co., Winchester, Tennessee.
34. The Schmidt & Botley Co., Springfield, Ohio.
35. Thomas Meehan & Sons. Dresher, Pennsylvania.
36. J. Van Lindley Nursery Co., Pomona and Kernersville, N. C.
37. Richland Nurseries. Rochester, New York.
38. Brown Bros. Co., Rochester, New York.
39. Greensboro Nurseries. Greensboro, North Carolina.
40. Wagner Park Conservatories. Sidney, Ohio.
41. Franklin Davis Nursery Co., Mullikin, Mr.
42. Lewis Roesch & Son. Fredonia, New York.
43. James Brodie, Biloxi, Mississippi.
44. Georgia Seed Co., Jno. Wilkinson, Prop., Hogansville, Ga.
45. Bluhm Nursery Co., Smithville Tennessee.
46. Smithville Nursery Co., Smithville, Tennessee.
47. Will F. Halliday. Decherd, Tennessee.
48. Simpson Nursery Co., Monticello, Florida.
49. Concord Nurseries. Smith Bros., Proprs., Concord, Ga.
50. J. Steckler Seed Co., Ltd., New Orleans, Louisiana.
51. G. M. Bacon Pecan Co., Dewitt, Georgia.
52. Prosperity Nursery. Smithville, Tennessee
53. Forest Nursery & Seed Co., McMinnville, Tennessee.
54. Blanche Nursery Co., Blanche, Tennessee.
55. Bell & Conger Nursery Co., Smithville, Tennessee.
56. Lone Oak Nursery. Smithville, Tennessee.
57. California Rose Co., Pomona, Calif.
58. J. M. Cantrell, Smithville, Tennessee.
59. The Florida Nursery & Trading Co., Walton Co., Florida.
60. Pike County Nurseries, A. A. McElveen, Prop. Concord, Ga.
61. Big Four Nursery Co., Smithville, Tennessee.
62. Lynnville Nurseries, Lynnville, Tennessee.
63. Cedar Hill Nursery Co., Winchester, Tennessee.
64. Mount Hope Nursery, Smithville, Tennessee.
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65. Jas. Cureton, Austell, Georgia.
66. The Royal Palm Nurseries, Reasoner Bros., Prop., Oneco,.
Florida.
67. Miller & Gossard, Summit Nurseries, Monticello, Florida.
68. Union Nursery Co., Smithville, Tennessee
70. The Fresno Nursery Co., Inc., Fresno, California.
71. Chase Bros. Co., Rochester, New York.
72. Vinehill Nursery, M. G. Black, Mt. Pleasant, Texas.
73. Frank H. Wild Floral* Co., Sarcoxie, Missouri.
74. The Grifling Bros. Co., Griffing's Nurseries, Macclenny, Fla.
75. Keltonsburg Nursery, Smithville, Tennessee.
76. The Turkey Creek Nurseries, Maeclenny, Florida.
77. Greens Nursery Co., Rochester, N. Y.
78. American Rose & Plant Co., Apha Jackson, Mgr., Spring-
field, Ohio.
79. Tullahoma Nursery, Tullahoma, Tennessee.
80. Woodlawn Nursery, Prospect Station, Tenn.
81. The Glenn St. Mary Nurseries Co., Glen St. Mary and
Winter Haven, Florida.
82. Pecan Grove Nursery, J. B. Wight, Prop., Cairo, Georgia.
83. Old Dominion Nurseries. W. T. Hood & Co., Richmond, Va.
84. Sneed's Nursery. Jno. F. Sneed, Tyler, Texas.
85. The Donaldson Co., Sparta and Warsaw, Ky.
86. Mountain Spring Nursery, Smithville, Tenn.
87. Jno. D. Stroud, Pass Christian, Miss.
88. Pure Fountain Nurseries, Smithville, Tenn.
89. Alvin Japanese Nursery, Houston and Alvin, Texas.
90. Storrs and Harrison, Painesville, Ohio.
91. The Old Denny Orchard and Nursery Co., Lucedale, Miss.
92. Southern Nut Tree Nursery, Thomasville, Ga.
93. The Wm. H. Moon Co., Morrisville, Pa.
94. The Chattanooga Nurseries, Chattanooga and Soddy, Tenn.
95. The Ramsey Pecan Nursery Co., Ocean Springs, Miss.
96. The Newton Nurseries, Newton, Miss.
97. The Eastern Nurseries, Holliston, Mass.
98. G. H. Mellen Co., Springfield, Ohio.
99. The Fairview Floral Co., Springfield, Ohio.
100. The Bechtel Pecan Nurseries, Ocean Springs, Miss.
101. The Jefferson Nursery Company, Monticello, Fla.
102. C. Forkert, Ocean Springs, Miss.
103. The Tennessee Nursery Co., Cleveland, Tenn.
104. S. Saibara, Webster, Texas.
105. J. W. Adams Co., Springfield, MaSs.
106. Rood Pecan Groves, Albany, Ga.
107. H. S. Taylor & Co., Rochester, N. Y.
108. The Peachwood Nurseries, State Line, Miss.
109. F. H. Lewis, Scranton, Miss.
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110. F. W. Meneray Crescent Nursery Co., Council Bluffs, Iowa.
111. American Pecan Co., Jas. A. Bair, Pres., Palatka, Fla.
112. Barnesville Nursery, W. C. Stafford, Prop., Barnesville, Ga.
113. J. R. H. Hilton, Knoxville, Tenn.
114. D. Hill Nursery Company, Dundee, Ill.
115. German Nurseries, Carl Sonderegger, Prop., Beatrice, Neb.
Respectfully submitted,
P. F. WILLIAMS,
Horticulturist.