FEBRUARY 1978 * DEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY AND SOILS a DEPARTMENTAL SERIES NO.42 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AUBURN UNIVERSITY R. DENNIS ROUSE, DIRECTOR " AUBURN, ALABAMA O! f V ' 4 e .... .i is ALABAMA SOYBEAN VARIETY TESTS 1977 Donald L. Thurlow February 15. 1978 Department of Agronomy and Soils Dept. Series No. 42 Agricultural Experiment Station Auburn University R. Dennis Rouse, Director Auburn, Alabama The following is a suggested list of varieties by planting dates for northern, central, and southern Alabama. Within planting dates, varieties are listed in order of maturity with early maturity ones listed first. Northern Alabama Plantings May 1 to 31 Essex, Forrest, Coker 842, Centennial, FFR 666,.Lancer, Lee 74, McNair 600, Tracy Planting June 1 to 30 Essex, Forrest, Coker 136, Coker 842, Centennial, Lancer, Lee 74, McNair 600, Tracy, Davis, Bragg, Ransom Central Alabama Plantings April 25 to May 15 Forrest, Coker 136, Centennial, Davis, FFR 666, Lee 74, McNair 600, Tracy, Coker 842 Plantings May 16 to June 5 Forrest*, Coker 136*, Coker 842, Centennial, Davis, Lee 74, McNair 600, Tracy, Bragg, Ransom, Hutton, Coker 338 Plantings June 6 to 30 Centennial, Davis, Bragg, Ransom, Hutton, Coker 338, Cobb* Southern Alabama Plantings May 15 to May 31 Coker 842, Centennial, Davis, Lee 74, McNair 600, Tracy, Bragg Ransom, Hutton, Coker 338, Cobb Plantings June 1 to 30 Davis, Bragg, Ransom, Hutton, Coker 338, Cobb *Not suggested for Black Belt soils during these planting dates. Table of Contents Introduction. Experimental Procedures, Discussion of Data, Season Conditions, and Description of Data Recorded Sources of Seed Used in 1977 Tests.. ............. Soybean Variety Descriptions and Disease Resistance... .. .. .. Soybean Yield Data and Other Growth Characteristics by Location: Northern Alabama.................... . Sand Mountain Substation, Crossville, Ala. Tennessee Valley Substation, Belle Mina, Ala Upper Coastal Plain Substation, Winfield, Ala. Central Alabama. Black Belt Substation, Marion Junction, Ala. Iron Chlorosis Rating.... ...... Prattville Experiment Field, Prattville, Ala Southern Alabama............... . Brewton Experiment Field, Brewton, Ala . . . Gulf Coast Substation, Fairhope, Ala.. .. .. Monroeville Experiment Field, Monroeville, Ala Wiregrass Substation, Headland, Ala. ..0...... ii Page 1 2-5 6-7 8 9 10-46 17-19 20.-26 27 28-43 44 45-53 55 56-63 64-67 68-69 70 " t " " INTRODUCTION To properly evaluate a soybean variety it is necessary that it be grown at a number of locations, at various planting dates, and over a periodof years. This will subject the variety to differences in soil and climatic conditions that occur throughout the State. The most common limit- ing factor in soybean production is inadequate moisture during pod develop- ment and filling. Thus, it is important that varieties from more than one maturity group be evaluated at each location. Since soybeans are highly photoperiodic, the blooming period, period of pod development and fill, and maturity date of a particular variety do not vary greatly from year to year. Continued testing and evaluation of soybean varieties and experimental strains by agricultural experiment stations is essential if farmers, county Extension agents, seedsmen, and other agricultural workers are to be pro- vided with information to help them select varieties best adapted to their locality and individual requirements. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES All tests were conducted at outlying units of the Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station of Auburn University. A randomized block design with 4 replications was used at each of 10 locations. Where possible several plant- ing dates were used at each location with the first plantings made at the optimum time for maximum yield. Plots were planted with regular commercial soybean planters equipped with a special seed hopper adapted for small plots. Plots were four rows wide and 23 feet long with 16 feet of the two center rows harvested for yield determinations. Row width varied from 36 to 40 inches depending on location. Seeding rates were 10 viable seed per foot of row based on germination at 750 F. All plot areas were fertilized according to soil test. The entries in these tests included varieties released prior to 1977, a number of unreleased strains in the late stages of development from the USDA Regional Testing Program, and some commercial lines. Sources of seed are listed on pages 6 and 7. DISCUSSION OF DATA Since results of field plot research are influenced by inherent soil differences and soil moisture availability, it is not possible to deter- mine exactly the yield potential of a variety at a given location. Varietal performance may vary from year to year because of variation in rainfall, temperature, diseases, and nematodes. Therefore, the longer term yield averages are more reliable in evaluating varietal performance. Differences in yield data for 1977 have been computed using Duncan's New Multiple Range Test at the 5% level of probability. Yields followed by the same letter are not considered to be significantly different. Co- efficients of variation (C.V.) are footnoted in the tables. This value reflects the relative precision of the experiment, a small C.V. indicates more precision in estimating the relative performance of varieties. SEASONAL CONDITIONS Early season moisture was quite variable during the growing season in 1977. Northern Alabama had sufficient moisture early for good stands and adequate early growth, but midsummer drought was quite severe. There was a dry period of 64 days in July and August at Belle Mina which resulted in pod drop and consequently low yields. Similar dry conditions were evident at the other locations in Northern Alabama but were not as drastic as at the Tennessee Valley Substation. The heavy rains in September after the dry August re- sulted in very poor quality beans from early harvested varieties. Rainfall in central and southern Alabama was below normal in April, May, and early June, which resulted in stand problems and very slow early growth. Tests were abandoned at Lower Coastal Plain Substation and Wire- grass Substation because of very poor stands. A dry period early in July at the Black Belt Substation caused severe iron chlorosis on varieties in all three planting dates as shown in table 34. Highest yields were obtained from tests in southern Alabama at Brewton and Monroeville Experiment Fields where 25 and 23 inches of rainfall re- spectively was measured during the period of July, August, and September. Yields varied from 33 to 62 and 37 to 58 for the two locations respectively. The early Group V maturity varieties were the lowest yielding varieties and the highest yielding varieties were full season varieties in Maturity Groups VII and VIII. The mid- to late-season varieties have tended to yield the best in central and southern Alabama locations for the past 5 years as is evident in the 5-year average tables. This was also true for the early plantings in northern Alabama due to the early summer drought; however, early varieties yielded well at later planting dates as is evident at the Sand Mountain Substation. Lodging was not a problem at any location or planting date in 1977 due to early summer drought. Seed quality was very poor in northern Alabama for all early maturing varieties when planted early. Table 1. Rainfall by Location During the Period August 30 for 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, and 1977 15 through September Location 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 In. In. In. In. In. Black Belt Substation 4.88 9.87 7.72 6.20 6.31 (Marion Junction) Brewton Experiment Field 8.43 8.19 9.77 5.43 8.97 (Brewton) Gulf Coast Substation 12.77 10.40 14.54 8.33 9.96 (Fairhope) Lower Coastal Plain Substation - 9.37 5.76 (Camden) Monroeville Experiment Field - 7.06 6.32 (Monroeville) Prattville Experiment Field 2.95 10.12 9.09 9.76 5.88 (Prattville) Sand Mountain Substation 8.18 3.96 6.95 3.37 11.07 (Crossville) Upper Coastal Plain Substation 4.82 8.71 7.45 5.15 9.01 (Winfield) Tennessee Valley Substation 3.58 4.49 5.76 5.87 6.20 (Belle Mina) Wiregrass Substation 6.26 8.73 6.41 7.42 9.59 (Headland) DATA RECORDED The yield of a crop is the primary factor of production when profits are to be maximized. Other characteristics which are important are plant height, height of first pod, maturity, lodging, and size and quality of seed. Yield of soybeans was determined by cutting the two center rows of each plot and threshing with a plot thresher (or small plot combine). Plot yields were adjusted to 13% moisture and converted to bushels (60 pounds) per acre. First bloom was taken as the date when there was one flower at any node on 10% of the plants. Maturity was rated as the date when the pods were dry and most of the leaves had dropped. Under most conditions, the stems were also dry. Harvest date was approximately 7-10 days later than maturity date. Lodging was based on a scale of 1 to 5 according to the following criteria, see page 5 for illustrations: 1 - almost all plants erect. 2 - either all plants leaning slightly (less than 45 ? ) or a few plants down. 3 - either all plants leaning moderately (approximately 450) or 25 to 50% of the plants down. 4 - either all plants leaning considerably (more than 45 ? ) or 50 to 80% of the plants down. 5 - all plants down. Shattering ratings were based on shattering of the border rows 14 days after maturity. The visual estimates were rated on a scale of 1 to 5 as follows: 1 - no shattering 2 - 1 to 3% shattering 3 - 4 to 8% shattering 4 - 9 to 19% shattering 5 - 20% or more shattering Plant height was determined as the average length of plants from the ground to the top extremity at time of maturity. Height of first pod was determined as the average height of the lowest pods from the ground at maturity. Seed size for each variety was determined from a composite sample of all replications at a given planting date and location. Seed size is reported as grams per 100 seeds. Seed quality was based on a rating from 1 to 5 according to the follow- ing scale: (1) very good, (2) good, (3) fair, (4) poor, and (5) very poor. The factors considered were development of seed, wrinkling due to late har- vesting and to excessive rain. Purple stain ratings were given to seed samples on a scale of 1 to 5 as follows: 1 - no purple staining 4 - 9 to 19% staining 2 - 1 to 3% purple staining 5 - 20% or more staining 3 - 4 to 8% purple staining VARIETY DATA Soybean varieties grown in Alabama are in Maturity Groups V, VI, VII, and VIII. The following is a list of the varieties and strains with source of seed for 1976 listed by maturity groups. For more information on these varieties see table 2. 4 3 -r +t I A.I Lodging was based on a scale of 1 to 5 according to the following criteria and illustrated by figures 1 through 5 respectively. 1 - almost all plants erect. 2 - either all plants leaning slightly (less than 450) or a few plants down. 3 - either all plants leaning moderately (ap- proximately 450) or 25 to 50% of the plants down. 4 - either all plants leaning considerably (more than 450) or 50 to 80% of the plants down. 5 - all plants down. c, i N c' s'' +" , ''~K 4'I ,f k a/r ' *Fj 41 I r %*ll 'CC ~*y~ p ~ ti "A. I Y- , 0-~~ I i' Yields with a common letter are not different (P = .05). is given on page 3 of this report. eties Maturity-/ Dates 10/22 10/18 10/23 10/13 10/26 10/23 10/26 10/24 10/23 10/13 10/16 10/15 10/05 10/25 10/25 10/17 11/03 10/18 10/18 10/09 10/16 10/10 10/17 10/13 10/10 9/29 9/22 9/24 9/23 9/25 S, Plant ht.2 In. 36 37 38 33 42 39 40 37 39 35 36 37 36 41 44 39 40 40 38 34 34 35 38 29 23 34 30 20 28 32 .L . H~t. 1st pod?/ In. 2.0 2.3 2.5 3.0 3.3 2.3 2.3 2.5 2.5 2.5 3.0 3.5 3.5 2.3 1.3 3.0 2.8 3.0 2.3 2.5 2.5 3.0 2.8 2.5 1.8 2.5 3.3 2.0 2.5 3.3 Lodgincr/ Rating 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.. 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Shatterin g Rating 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1.5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Seed!. quality Rating 1 2 I 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 In I 1.1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 Purple stain Rating 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 2 2 . Seed size g/100 seed 19.0 17.6 16.8 16.5 19.3 17.6 23.2 19.6 18.9 17.8 19.4 19.0 16.5 19.8 19.3 16.0 16.5 18.4 16.1 18.9 14.3 16.9 17.5 16.3 17.4 17.9 15.0 19.1 20.3 18.5 ro L, rlAC-15 I I )II III/I I (U ( II I II r\r\ rr\ Table 56. Two-Year Averages for Yield, First Bloom and Maturity Dates, Plant and First PodHegtLdian S of Soybean Varieties Planted May 25 on Monroeville Experiment Field During '1976 thruh17 1st Plant Ht. 1st Variety Yield!' :bloom' ,.Maturit ?V ' ht. 1/ pod3! Lodgin~/Satrn 3 Bu/A Dates Dates In. In. Rating Rtn McNair 3131 51.4 Bragg 48.1 Hutton 48.1 Ransom 48.0 Coker 842 48.0 Coker 338 47.5 McNair 600 46.1 Davis 45.9 McNair 800 45.9 Cobb 45.2 ,Lancer 42.8 Centennial 42.7 Tracy 40.8 Forrest 40.2 Lee 74 39.0 FFR 666 38.7 Coker 136 35.0 Mack 34.3 Essex 31.8 1/Yields adjusted to 13% 2/An explanation of data 3/1977 first bloom dates 7/25 7/18 7/20 7/16 7 /10 7/20 7/14 7/14 7/26 7/25 7 /14 7 /14 7/15 7/14 7 /14 7/14 7 /13 7 /13 7 /15 moisture and 10/21 10/20 10/23 10/19 10/14 10/23 10/12 10/09 10/15 11/02 10/05 10/11 10/10 9/28 10/13 10/11 9/26 9/27 10/01 60 pounds per 33 36 35 32 29 37 32 32 30 39 32 34 33 28 26 20 32 28 20 2.4 2.6 2.1 2.5 2.1 2.4 2.1 2.5 2.0 2.8 2.8 2.4 1.8 3.3 1.8 1.4 3.8 2.4 1.9 bushel. and ratings is given on page 3 of only. hattering 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.1 1.1 1.4 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.5 1.0 1.3 1.4 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.4 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0, 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.3 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 this report. ?Ilr Table 57.Yield/of Soybean Varieties 1973 through 1977 when Planted at Wiregrass Substation Variety 1977 1976 1975-1976 1974-1976 1973-1976 bu/A bu/A bu/A bu/A bu/A Cobb 34.0 a 38.2 32.9 34.0 3/ Coker 338 33.6 ab 37.6 31.9 35.5 31.1 Davis 28.5 abc 40.7 37.7 40.7 35.3 Bragg 28.2 abc 44.7 37.5 37.9 35.2 Hutton 25.6 abc 37.4 34.7 36.9 33.8 Ransom 25.3 abc 43.7 39.9 40.6 35.6 Tracy 22.9 bc 37.6 38.9 40.5 3/ Centennial 22.4 bc 38.9 36.8 3/ 3/ Forrest 22.3 c 27.6 30.9 34.5 30.5 C.V.% for 1977 test 21.6 1/Yields adjusted to 13% moisture and 60 common letter are not different (P=.05). pounds per bushel. Yields with a 2/Due to lack of moisture and severe damage to stands caused by the lesser corn stalk borer the original variety test planted at the Wiregrass Substation was scratched. A late test of 9 varieties was replanted there July 11 to at least render some yield data this year. The four-year average planting date for soybeans there has been May 17. This year's data will be treated as a separate test but it will be compared to the last four year's average data to give you some idea of the potential of these varieties planted at such a late date. 3/Variety was not available for planting. 70