Agricultural Economics
Series 20
October 1970
Participation in 
Outdoor Recreation
in Alabama
(A Guide for 
Establishing Recreational 
Needs)
$
Agricultural Experiment 
Station
of Auburn University
E. V. Smith, Director
(7
)I
a
Auburn, Alabama

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword..........................................3
Introduction ...................................... 4
Methodology..................... ...........
4
Determining Area Participation 
8
Alternative Method of Computing Activity Occasions .. 14
Conversion Standards . ................ ...... 17
Summary .......................................,......18
Appendices .. ........................................ 20
A. Methodology of Projecting Activity Demand .. 20
B. Standards Used in the Alabama Plan.......... 35
FOREWORD
"Participation in Outdoor Recreation ... 
A Guide for Establish-
ing Recreation Needs" is the first of two volumes. 
This volume
establishes a method for deriving recreational demand 
data for an
area, and by use of conversion standards, establishes recreational
needs.
The second volume "A Computer Program for Summarizing Outdoor
Recreation Supply" indicates a format for supply data collection and
summarization. Use of the methodology presented in both volumes will
enable a planning agency to determine unmet recreational needs. Addi-
tional information regarding these volumes can be obtained by contact-
ing:
Outdoor Recreation Demand-Supply-Needs
Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology
Auburn University
Auburn, Alabama 36830
PARTICIPATION IN OUTDOOR RECREATION IN ALABAMA-
A GUIDE FOR ESTABLISHING RECREATIONAL NEEDS*
E. W. McCoyI/
Introduction
With the establishment of official planning and development districts
in Alabama and increased interest in recreational planning there is a
need for measurements of participation in various outdoor recreation
activities. Ideally each planner should conduct a participation survey
within his geographic area of interest before attempting to plan recrea-
tional developments. Such studies would yield the best estimates of
local participation and reveal any particular needs that are unique
for the local area. Often due to time or money constraints, it is not
feasible to conduct such a study. In those instances the information
presented in this report can be used to estimate local participation
for one or several adjoining areas.
Methodology
All values presented in this report were derived for use in the
demand sector of the Alabama Statewide Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation
Plan.
2 / 
The methodology of projection of demand is presented in Appendix
*Work on this study was conducted under project Alabama 1-037,
Comprehensive State Outdoor Recreation Plan, J. H. Blackstone, Project
leader. Appreciation is expressed to the many individuals who contributed
to the demand portion of the study. Special appreciation is expressed 
to
Mrs. B. T. Kenney who assisted with all phases of this study.
A/Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural Economics and
Rural Sociology.
2
/Alabama Department of Conservation; 1970 Alabama Statewide
Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan, Alabama Department of Conservation,
Montgomery, Alabama (8 volumes).
A. If the local area has sufficient data available, demand projections
can be derived using the method suggested in this report. The primary
assumption of the projection in this study is that as individuals 
move to
different age, income, or other socioeconomic levels they will begin to
assume the recreation characteristics of a different level.
The State was divided into four planning regions for purposes of
analysis, Figure 1. This subdivision allows a more precise estimate of
participation for Subareas within the regions. Thus a county in Region
1 will have a more accurate estimate of participation by using the
region parameters than by using state-wide estimates.
Participation data were derived from a sample of 1,346 individuals
within the State. The sample was stratified by the four planning regions
such that each regional sample was proportionate to the regional population.
Additional stratifications were made to select for urban and rural
proportions of the population. Additional secondary information was
used to supplement the sample.
Participation in outdoor recreation can be defined as the kind 
and
amount of outdoor recreation activities individuals presently engage in
given the present conditions of income, age, other socioeconomic condi-
tions and available supply. Demand, however, is the kind and amount 
of
outdoor recreation persons desire to participate in under given socioec-
onomic conditions without respect to available supply. Participation is
"expressed demand." It is of little value to derive demand estimates
if there is no likelihood that they can be "expressed." Demand in this
report refers to projected participation with the assumption that at
least the same supply-demand relationship will exist in future 
time
periods. In some areas this assumption is untenable. It may be unreason-
able to assume the water surface or hunting areas can be increased
Figure 1. Recreation planning
regions in Alabama
7
appreciably in some areas. In these areas modification of the pro-
jections must be made.
Data in this report are presented in two forms; the number of persons
participating in various outdoor recreation activities at least one time
per year and the average number of activity days of participation per year
for each person participating. An activity occasion is defined as parti-
cipation in a recreation activity for at least 30 minutes during a day.
One individual can participate in several activity occasions of outdoor
recreation during one day. The outdoor recreation population, i.e., per-
sons 12 years of age or older, is used as the base. It was explicitly
recognized that individuals under 12 engage in many recreation activities
and are especially active participants in swimming, however it was assumed
that these individuals are not direct recreation decision makers. Census
or other data can be used to determine the proportion of the population
within this age group. The State estimates for the proportion of the
population 12 years of age and older are:
Percentage of Population 12 Years of Age or Older in Alabama
Year Per Cent
1967 72.3
1980 72.4
2000 76.4
If it is more convenient to use the total population 
as a base then
the percentage participation and activity occasions data can 
be multiplied
by the percentage of the population over 12. This retains the assumption
of no participation by persons less than 12 years of age. A second alter-
native would be to multiply the total population by the percentage partici-
pation and user days. This assumes that persons under 12 participate 
at
the same rate as persons over 12. None of the alternatives are entirely
8
satisfactory. An example of the results using each method will be
presented in this report.
Determining Area Participation
The percentage of the resident population participating in 20 sel-
ected outdoor recreation activities is presented in Table 1. All of the
percentage participation figures have been adjusted to the proportion of
the population over 12. Data in Table 1 are divided by regions of the
State, Figure 1. To determine participation by the local resident
population within an area requires three steps.
Step I. Determine the region where the local area is located. Pike
County in Region 4 will be used as an example.
Step 2. Determine the population of the county or area. Census es-
timates or other sources can be used to derive population
figures. Pike County was estimated to have the following
population:;
/
Year Population
1967 25,300
1980 26,100
2000 28,400
Step 3. Determine the participation by the local area outdoor recreation
population. Picnicking is used for an example; however, the
outdoor recreation population derived by following the initial
three steps is used for all 20 recreational activities. The
picnicking participation percentages are listed in Table 1.
3/ Population projections based on logarithmic extension of
trend lines from census years adjusted for Census Bureau projections
of total State population.
Table 1. Present and Projected Percentage of the Population Participating in Select
Activities by Regions of the State, 1967, 1980, and 2000.
Reggion
1 2 3
Activity 1967 1980 2000 1967 1980 2000 1967 1980 2000
picnicking .......... 44 50 54 44 50 58 36 43 45
Driving for pleasure. 35 35 34 35 35 37 35 35 34
Fishing, all waters.. 29 30 33 29 30 35 25 26 28
Swimming............. 26 31 31 26 31 34 29 35 35
Bird watching..,,..,, 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Playing golf.....,.. 5 6 6 5 6 6 5 6 6
Gardening.... .... 24 22 19 24 22 20 24 22 18
Walking for pleasure. 22 22 21 22 22 23 22 22 21
Sightseeing......... 22 22 21 22 22 23 22 22 21
Playing games........ 17 17 17 17 17 18 17 17 17
Boating.........,.... 14 19 21 14 18 23 12 16 191261
Viewing games......,. 36 37 36 37 37 38 37 37 363673
Bicycling............ 9 10 10 9 10 10 7 8 878
Water skiing.,....... 6 8 9 6 8 10 5 6 80
N~ature walking..,.... 8 8 8 8 8 8 5 6 556
Horseback riding..... 4 5 8 4 4 8 5 5 855
Camping........,..... 8 10 10 8 10 11 6 8 868
Hiking ............... 12 12 10 12 13 11 4 5 455
Hunting.............. 12 12 16 12 12 17 11 12 15 1 21
Viewing outdoor
exhibits........... 30 30 29 30 30 31 30 30 29300
00
7
9
7
3
6
9
2
2
7
9I
7
0
10
Percentage participation Pike County
in picnicking by Region Total population picnicking
Year 4 residents in Pike County population
1967 35 x 25,300 8,855
1980 43 x 26,100 = 11,223
2000 47 x 28,400 13,340
If the number of participants engaging in a recreational activity
is sufficient, then the three step procedure outlined above will allow
derivation of the participating population.
The procedure above delineates the number of persons who participate
in an outdoor recreation activity. Such data would be useful in determin-
ing the number of people who might be interested in using some recreational
development. In many instances it would be important to have some in-
dication of total participation in various recreational activities within
an area. Table 2 lists the average number of activity occasions by partici-
pants for each outdoor recreation activity by regions. To derive the number
of activity occasions of a selected outdoor recreation activity by
residents of an area the outdoor recreation population derived above is
multiplied by the average number of activity occasions:
Total activity
Average activity occasions Pike County occasions of pic-
of picnicking by residents picnicking nicking by Pike
Year of Region 4 population County residents
1967 14 x 8,855 = 123,970
1980 12 x 11,223 = 134,676
2000 12 x 13,348 = 160,176
The total activity occasions of picnicking indicates the number of per-
sons who engage in the activity as well as the frequency of participation.
The activity occasions indicate how many times the resident population will en
gage in picnicking without respect to where they will engage in the activity.
Table 2. Annual Per, Person Prcsent and Projected. Activity Occasionsof Participatioi
Recreation Activities by Regions of the State, 1967, 1980 and 2000
Region
1 234
Activity
1967 1980 2000 1967 1980 2000 1967 1900 2000
Picnicking .,1........ 10 10 9 10 
10 9 14 11 10
Driving for pleasure ..15 19 20 
15 19 22 17 19 21
Fishing, all waters... 8 8 
10 8 8 11 9 10 
12
Swimming............. 24 28 36 
24 28 40 23 25 34
Bird watching........ 5 5 6 
5 5 7 5 5 
6
Playing golf.......... 26 33 61 
26 33 64 28 33 62
Gardening............. 21 23 24 
21 22 28 21 22 25
walking for pleasure.. 24 29 35 
24 28 39 24 28 37
Sightseeing.........,. 20 29 42 20 
29 44 24 29 43 2 1 4
Playing games......... 31 43 45 31 
42 64 33 42 60 3 7 
5
Boating............... 15 18 22 16 18 
24 20 20 26 2 3 3
Viewing games....... 5 6 8 5 6 
8 6 6 8 67 1
Bicycling............. 37 37 42 37 
37 45 48 44 51 4 
9 6
Water skiing....... 19 23 30 20 23 
32 26 28 37 2 1 4
Nature Walking.......! 17 23 35 17 
23 36 30 34 52 3 5 
5
Horseback riding...... 20 23 20 19 
26 21 20 22 18 2 4 
2
Camping.............. 12 18 28 12 17 28 
19 22 35 1 3 3
Hiking................ 5 8 13 
5 8 14 18 19 31 1 
2 4
Hunting............... 12 16 16 12 
16 16 31 40 41 3 1 
4
Viewing outdoor
exhibits........... 1 6 1 15 16 17 
15 16 17 15 16 17
Ir
-A
F-4
12
All of the participation by residents does not occur within the local
area. Some of the activity occasions occur in other parts of the State and
some occur out-of-state. The proportion of total activity occasions that
occur within the State is listed in Table 3. To derive the number of
activity occasions occurring within the State, the total activity occasions
are multiplied by the proportion occurring within States
Total activity occa- Percentage of picnick- Total activity occa-
sions of picnicking ing activity occasions sions of within State
by Pike County resi- by Region 4 residents participation by Pike
Year dents occurring within State County residents
1967 123,970 x 47 = 58,266
1980 134,676 x 53 = 73,112
2000 160,176 x 66 = 105,716
The activity occasions of within State participation do not neces-
sarily occur within the local area. Local participation is dependent
on local supply conditions as well as socioeconomic conditions affecting
local residents. If information is not available regarding local use
patterns, then the within State participation can be used to approximate
local use on the assumption that other areas of the State contribute
approximately the same number of visitors to the local area as the local
area contributes to other areas of the State.
In addition to local participation in the local area some consider-
ation should be given to tourists recreating in the area. The estimated
number of activity occasions by out-of-state visitors should be added to
the net within area participation. If data are not available for estima-
ting tourism to the area, then the total activity occasions should be used.
Use of this figure would assume that total recreation out of the area is
balanced by visitor recreation within the area.
While a complete system for estimating outdoor recreation for sel-
ected activities has been presented, it is not necessary to use all data
Table 3. Present and Projected Percentage of Within State Activity Occasions of Sel
Recreational Activities by Regions of the State, 1967, 1930 and 2000
Region
l 2 3
Activity
1967 1930 2000 1967 1930 2000 1967 1930 2000 16
Picnicining 5 " " ..... 55 54 59 54 54 62 47 
54 60 4
Driving for pleasure... 83 73 7 33 78 30 79 73 79
Fishing, all waters... 93 90 73 93 90 79 97 90 73
S wzmminmmin........... 74 69 63 74 63 66 63 63 64
Bird watchingn.. g3..5 3. 5 84 73 84 84 C0 32 34 79
Playing golf....3.... 32 66 48 32 65 51 77 65 49
Gardening.......... 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 
100 100 10
Walking for pleasure.. 33 30 74 33 30 76 33 79 75
Sightseeing........ 41 33 26 41 32 23 34 32 27 3 6 3
Playing games. 3. 1 76 62 30 76 73 76 76 72 
7 9 6
i; oating.. . 69 63 52 69 62 55 63 62 53 6 5 5
Viewing games... 93 90 79 93 90 31 91 90 30 
9 1 3
Bicycl ing 3...... 1 72 60 31 71 63 76 71 62 7 4 6
Water skiing....... 62 62 53 59 62 61 56 62 60 5 5 6
Nature walking..,38 30 22 33 29 25 32 29 23 3 
4 2
Horseback riding.. 60 50 42 60 50 45 53 50 43 5 
4 4
amig..60.00 34 25 19 34 25 21 23 26 20 2 9 2
Hi ing .......... 54 50 43 54 49 46 46 
49 44 4 3 5
Hunting............. 95 94 92 95 94 92 97 97 97 
9 7 9
Viewing outdoor
exhibits 94 90 34 93 90 34 91 90 34 9 0 3
It
14
presented. If a local area can obtain population data for the study
area, participation estimates can be derived. However, any additional
outdoor recreation information that is available for the local area
can be fitted into the procedure. For example, if local area data re-
garding tourism are available, this should be added to net activity oc-
casions. If data indicating more or less people participate in an
activity than is shown in the tables, these data should be substituted.
The procedure and data in the tables were derived to supplement local
information and not to supplant it. Local areas should use the data
in the tables only for those activities where local data are not avail-
able. The data are averages for the entireregion and will not precisely
portray any subsector within the region.
Alternative Method of Computing Activity Occasions
If local data are available for 1967 or some other recent year,
the information in Table 4 can be used for estimating participation.
Table 4 indicates the proportionate change in activity occasions over
time. The number of activity occasions in the base year is multiplied
by the appropriate table figure to project activity occasions. Using
the Pike County data derived previously:
Total activity occa- Projected change in Projected activity occa-
sions by Pike County picnicking partici- sions of picnicking by
Year residents, 1967 pation, Region 4 Pike County residents
1967-80 123,970 x 1.22 = 151,243
1967-2000 123,970 x 1.62 = 200,831
The alternate method is independent of the first method presented and
the results will be similar only if the area selected has population growth
characteristics similar to the region in which it is located. The alter-
nate method combines changes in population as well as changes in average
activity occasions into one multiplier. The results will be seriously
Table 4. Index of Projected Changes in Activity Occasions of Selected Outdoor Recreation Activities
by Regions of the State, 1967 to 1980, 1967 to 2000, and 1980 to 2000
Region
1 2 3 4
Activity 1967 1967 1980 1967 1967 1980 1967 1967 1980 1967 1967 1980
to to to to to to to to to to to to
1980 2000 2000 1980 2000 2000 1980 2000 2000 1980 2000 2000
Picnicking ............ 1.49 2,.09 1.40 1.50 1.98 1.32 1.30 1.77 1.35 1.22 1.62 1.33
Driving for pleasure.. 1.61 2.43 1.51 1.61 2.37 1.47 1.53 2.28 1.49 1.48 2.18 1.47
Fishing, all waters... 1.42 2.92 2.05 1.42 2.83 1.98 1.42 2.87 2.02 1.40 2.70 1.93
Swimming.............. 1.84 3.58 1.94 1.84 3.42 1.85 1.70 3.23 1.90 1.62 2.30 1.42
Bird watching......... 1.49 2.53 1.69 1.47 2.42 1.65 1.44 2.38 1.65 1.44 2.36 1.63
Playing golf.......... 2.14 5.42 2.52 2.15 5.08 2.36 2.03 4.98 2.45 1.93 4.42 2.29
Gardening............. 1.25 1.71 1.37 1.25 1.71 1.37 1.24 1.71 1.37 1.25 1.71 1.37
Walking for pleasure.. 1.56 2.82 1.81 1.56 2.74 1.75 1.57 2.79 1.78 1.52 2.64 1.74
Sightseeing........... 1.92 4.01 2.09 1.93 3.65 1.89 1.62 3.22 1.99 1.46 2.71 
1.85
Playing games......... 1.81 2.79 1.54 1.82 3.47 1.91 1.71 3.33 1.95 1.65 2.37 1.44
Boating............... 1.94 4.18 2.15 1.95 3.94 2.02 1.77 3.70 2.09 1.68 3.32 1.98
Viewirng games......... 1.48 2.54 1.72 1.48 2.48 1.67 1.45 2.46 1.70 1.43 2.35 1.65
Bicycling............. 1.49 2.45 1.65 1.49 2.34 1.57 1.41 2.26 1.61 1.35 2.08 1.54
Water skiing.......... 2.20 4.91 2.23 2.11 4.45 2.11 2.00 4.36 2.17 2.00 4.18 2.10
Nature walking........ 1.90 3.97 2.09 1.91 3.60 1.88 1.59 3.16 1.98 1.43 2.63 1.84
Horseback riding...... 1.73 3.37 1.95 1.74 3.14 1.80 1.54 2.89 1.88 1.43 2.53 1.77
Camping............... 2.34 5.93 2.54 2.35 5.35 2.27 1.94 4.65 2.40 1.73 3.85 2.22
Hiking................ 1.93 3.94 2.04 1.94 3.68 1.90 1.68 3.31 1.97 1.56 2.91 1.87
Hunting............... 1.78 3.35 1.88 1.80 2.95 1.64 1.81 3.23 1.78 1.55 2.53 1.63
Viewing outdoor
exhibits............ 1.41 2.07 1.46 1.43 1.82 1.28 1.41 1.93 1.37 1.20 1.51 1.25
:eed
1980
3
196:
to
200
1,7
2,2
2,8
3,2
2,3;
4 .9r
1,7
2,7
3,2
16
maladjusted for areas in which growth -exceeds or lags.behind the-growth of
the region. The method also should only be used when independent estimates
of present activity occasions are available. Adjustment of the activity
occasions follows in the same manner as previously outlined. Interpolation
within the table is valid under the assumption that change will be relative-
ly constant over the time period. Thus if data are available for 1970,
the multiplier for 1980 projections will be 10/13 of the table figure
for the 1967 to 1980 times the 1970 data. If the planner has information
to indicate growth will occur in a different fashion, then these data
should be used.
If the entire population is used as a base, under the assumption
that individuals under 12 recreate in all activities at the same rate
as persons over 12, the number of activity occasions is increased. For
Pike County the present and projected activity occasions of picnicking
would be higher as shown
Activity occa- Activity
Population Percentage parti- sions per person occasions o
of Pike cipation in pic- of picnicking, picnicking,
Year County nicking, Region 41i/ Region 4 ike County
1967 25,300 x 48 x 14 = 170,016
1980 26,100 x 59 x 12 = 184,788
2000 28,400 x 62 x 12 = 211,296
V Table 1 percentage'divided by population 
adjustment on page 7.
Conversion of the total activity occasions to- the local are& would follow
the same procedure as previously outlined.
The data derived must always meet the criteria of discretion for
knowledgable persons in the local area. The figures in the tables are
only estimates and should be adjusted to conform to local situations.
In highly urbanized areas the number of persons and the amount of swim-
ming that occurs should be increased while the amount of hunting and
fishing should be decreased.
17
Certain of the outdoor rec*eation activities do not exhibit an upward
trend in activity occasions over time. In the case of driving for pleasure,
the proportion of the population participating is projected to decline even
though the activity occasions per person are projected to increase. Picnick-
ing exhibits a different trend with an increase in the proportion of the
population participating and a decrease in the activity occasions per parti-
cipant. Other activities increase both in proportion participating and the
average number of activity occasions. Each recreational activity was pro-
jected using the methodology outlined in Appendix A. Changes in age, income,
and other factors influence activities differently. They also have di-
verse effects upon the number of participants and the activity occasions
of participation within a single activity.
Conversion Standards
The derivation of participation data is only the first step in deter-
mining recreational needs. The participation data must be converted to
supply units for comparative purposes. Conversion standards were derived
for the Alabama Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan and are reproduced
in Appendix B. The conversion standards are based on "best" estimates of
use of facilities that will contribute to recreational enjoyment without
appreciably destroying the environment. The standards are estimates and
should be adjusted in those areas where more precise information is
available.
Facility needs for the individuals recreating in the area are deter-
mined by dividing the participation data by the appropriate standard. The
resultant facility needs figure indicates the number or amount of supply
facilities that are needed to allow participation to occur at the rate pos-
Within State picnick-
ing participation by
Year Pike County residents
1967 58,266
1980 78,112
2000 105,716
A
+
Picnicking table
conversion standard
rural area
900
900
900
Picnicking fa-
cility needs in
Pike County
65
87
117
tulated and under the supply conditions incorporated into the standards.
The present supply then can be compared with participation. A method for
determining supply is presented in Volume 2, "A Computer Program for
Summarizing Outdoor Recreation Supply."
Summary
A method for estimating the present and projected facility needs
for selected outdoor recreation activities has been presented. A work
table example is presented to demonstrate the entire procedure in an
orderly fashion. Items 8 and 10 in the work table specify the need
for local data. The facility needs can be estimated from population
data alone; however, any local recreational estimates that are available
will improve the precision of the facility needs.
19
Work Table for Estimating Facility Needs
Activity: Picnicking
Item
1. Area population 
Census Projections
2. Percentage participation by Table 1
region residents (insert 
local
estimates when available)
3. Number of residents partici- 1 x 2
pating
4. Average number of activity Table 
2
occasions per participant
per year (insert local es-
timates when available.)
5. Total resident activity 3 x 4
occasions
6. Percentage resident participa- Table 3
tion within State (insert
local estimates when available.)
7. Total resident within State 5 x 6
activity occasions
8. Percentage resident partici- local data
pation within local area
/
9. Total resident activity 7 x 8
occasions within local area
10. Number of tourist activity local data
occas ions2!
11. Total activity occasions in 9 + 10
local area
12. Conversion standard for acti- Appendix 
B
vity (insert local estimates
when available.)
13. Facility needs for local area/ 11 4 12
Year: 1980
Pike County
example
26,100
43
11,223
12
134,676
58
78,112
90%
70,301
35,000
(est.)
105,301
900
117
tables
_1If local estimates are not available insert 100 per cent.
2/If local estimates are not available insert the difference of 
No. 7 -
No. 5; in the example 134,676 - 78,112 = 56,564.
3/Facility needs should be subtracted from present supply to determine
unmet needs.
- -- - ------ ---- Soure
APPENDIX A
ETHOD OLOGY OF PROJECTING ACTIVITY DEMAND
Demand for outdoor recreation activities consists of two facets.
First, the proportion of individuals w;;ho engage in the activity and
second, the number of occasions they engage in the activity in a given
unit of time. Taking each independently--
The Percentage Participation
Percentage participation estimates for 1967 were derived from
primary sample data. Socio-economic factors related to users were
devised from the same sample thus;
/1967 n i =
where
? = average percentage participation
x2= number of participants in the ith group
n = total number in all groups
T = number of groups
The group might be based on age with the population subdivided into
various age groupings. Using swimming as an example:
Age groups No. swimmers Per'.cent of swimmers Per cent of total
12-19 150 22.9 11.1
20-29 142 27.4 10.5
30-39 148 23.5 11.0
40-49 49 9.4 3.7
50-59 19 3.7 1.4
60-69 7 1.3 .5
70-79 4 .8 .3
Total swimmers 519 100.0 38.5
Total sample 1,346
Assuming that individuals continue to swim at the same proportion by
age groups over time, the only change in percentage would be because
21
Appendix Table 1. Present and Projected Age Distribution of Alabama
Population, 12 Years of Age or Older
Age 1967 1980 2000
Per cent
2-19 ... ... 14.7 14,2 15.0
20-29 ............... 15.4 15.8 14.5
30-39."".... .9.7 10.8 12.5
40-49 ."........ 10.4 9.3 11.6
50-59 ."."......... 9.7 9.3 9 .0
60 and over .. ......... 12..4 13.0 13.8
The projection model for age would be.
pj 
c bl 
i -
1...T
,, ,1
where:
j = projected percentage participation
ci = percentage of total in the ith group
b. = percentage of future population in the ith group
Ai percentage of 1967 population in the ith group
For the 1980 projection the distribution would be:
Age Projected per cent of total
12-19 10.7
20-29 10.7
30-39 12.2
4 0-49 3.3
50-59 1.3
60-69 .8
Total 39.0
The same procedure was used with place of living, income, race, and other
factors. The net effect of each of these was added to the present
participation to derive the aggregate projected participation.
22
PA P
1967 
: (Pj " 1967) 
j 
= 
1...L
where:
PA = aggregate projected participation rate
P1967 = 
1967 participation 
rate
Pj = projected participation rate based on the
.th socio-economic factor
J
L = number of socio-economic factors included
The User Occasion Days of Participation
Estimates of average user occasion days were derived from the sample
for 1967. Projections were made on the basis of analysis of regression
techniques. Assuming factors related to present participation would
remain relatively constant over time a projection model was derived.
Y = a + 5(bixi) where i = 1...n
a = constant participation rate
bi= coefficient of change with unit changes in variable
xi= factors related to the user day rate
Three types of factors were present in the regression equation
factors that cause adjustments in 
"a"
factors related to the family
factors related to the individual
With the use of 0- 1 variables the constant was adjusted for nominal
scale factors. Family and individual factors were entered as ordinal
values. The entire procedure used to derive and project weekend summer
boating is presented below.
Boating 1/
During the 1967 year 18.7 per cent of the population 12 years of age
or older engaged in boating. The average number of activity days per
participant was in excess of 17 including both resident in and out of
State participation. This did not represent the entire boating population
since 85 per cent of the boating families included at least one member
less than 12 years of age.
The age, income, sex, race, and place of residence classification of
the boating population are shown in Appendix Table 2. Assuming the
1/Each of 21 activities was individually estimated based upon sample
participants engaging in the activity similar to the method illustrated
by boating.
23
Appendix Table 2. Percentage of Boating 
Population Within Selected
Cross Groupings, Alabama, 1967
Percentage of
Grouping population participating
Age: 12-19 
3.7
20-29 4.8
30-39 5.4
40-49 2.5
50-59 1.5
60 and over 0.8
Race: White 
17.6
Non-white 
1.1
Sex: Tale 10.7
Female 8.0
Living
Classification:
Urban 
11.8
Rural non-farm 6.3
Rural farm 
0.6
Income: 0-2,999 
0.5
3,000-5,999 2.8
6,000-8,999 5.8
9,000-11,999 5.2
12,000-14,999 ' 3.4
15,000 and over 1.0
24
incidence of boating remains constant within groups, projections of
changes in the total incidence of boating can be derived by examining the
projected changes within groupings, i.e., the present population
participation rate in the age grouping 12-19 is 3.7 per cent. This age
group represents 14.7 per cent of the population. In 1980 the age group
is projected to represent 14.2 per cent of the population. This
distributional shift within the population should lead to a decrease of
0.7 per cent in boating participation. Continuing through the age
distribution and aggregating the changes would result in a 19.0 per cent
participation rate in 1980 because of shifts in the age distribution.
Further shifts in the age distribution by 2000 would increase the partic-
ipation rate to 20.3 per cent. Shifts in the age distribution alone would
increase boating participation by 1.6 per cent by 1980 and 8.0 per cent
by 2000.
Taking the second factor, income, into consideration and assuming
the participation within an income group remains constant, the 1980
boating participation rate increases to 22.9 per cent or an absolute
increase of 22.5 per cent. The year 2000 participation rate increases
to 22.5 which is 20.3 per cent higher than the 1967 rate but 1.8 per cent
lower than the 1980 rate. The incidence of participation is less
strongly affected as the population moves to higher income ranges. If
age and income effects are linear additive, then the projected participation
based on these factors alone would be 23.2 per cent in 1980 and 24.1 per
cent in 2000.
Race
In Alabama as in other states public recreation facilities are
integrated. Unlike certain other areas this is a comparatively recent
occurrence. While federal laws specify integrated public facilities,
custom and history have specified separate facilities. In Alabama 23.6
per cent of the white population engaged in boating in 1967 while only
4.3 per cent of the non-white population participated. It is difficult
to mathematically separate racial effects and income effects; however,
if the non-white population began to engage in boating at the same rate
as the white population there would be a net increase of 26.2 per cent
in boating. Since these differences are assumed to narrow by 1980, no
projections based on race are made beyond that date. The participation
in 1980 based on race, age, and income would be 28.1 per cent. This
percentage would increase to 29 per cent by 2000.
Sex
Certain outdoor recreational activities are more suitable to one
sex than the other. A notable example is hunting which has over 90 per
cent male participants. Among all boaters 57.2 per cent were male and
42.8 per cent were female which differs from a 50:50 ratio. The small
changes in the sex ratio of the population will have little influence
on boating participation. In the event females were to increase their
participation in boating to the male rate, total boating participation
25
would increase by 14.4 per cent. The total aggregate participation
rate would be 30.8 per cent in 1980 and 31.7 per cent in 2000.
Place of Residence
Where an individual lives may influence not only the availability
of boating facilities but the desire to engage in boating activities.
For the boating population 63 per cent lived in urban areas and 37 per
cent lived in rural areas. This differed significantly from the sampled
population. The number of urban boaters was significantly less pro-
portionately than the number of urban dwellers in the sampled population.
The shifts of population from rural to urban will lead to a decrease of
5.6 per cent in boating by 1980 and 8.7 per cent by 2000.
Number Employed and Hours Worked
Participation in boating should be highly related to the number of
household members employed. For the boating population 74 per cent of
the participants were from families with one member employed, 21 per cent
from families with two members employed and 5 per cent from family units
with three or more members employed. With a projected increase in the
number of women employed, the amount of time available for boating will
be lessened. This factor will be curtailed somewhat by a decrease in
the number of working hours per week. During 1968, 78 per cent of the
household heads of families which engage in boating worked 40 hours per
week. The remaining 22 per cent worked more than 40 hours per week. The
form of the increased free time will strongly influence the type of
recreational activities an individual can engage in.
Summary of Factors Affecting Boating Participation
The total projected boating participation rate.s for 1980 and 2000
are indicated in Appendix Table 3. The projected 1980 participation rate
based on the selected thirteen factors and the assumptions in the body
of the report is 24.3 per cent. The projected participation rate in
2000 is 27.4 per cent. Under different assumption or using different
factors the rates would differ.
The Activity Days of Participation
While aggregation analysis coupled with visitation assumptions can
reveal some basic boating relationships,the family participation function
is required to determine the intra-family participation. This function
is based on the assumption that the family member has alrea y decided to
participate in boating. The family member boating model equation is:
26
Appendix Table 3. Percentage Boating Participation By 
Factors
Factor
Age of participant .....
Family income ......... . . . *......*,
Race of participant ..
Sex of participant ... *, *.. * .... "
Place of residence ..
Le~sure timer ............
Number employed in household ........
Faobily ize!. .. "...........e"g...... C..@.
Distance *"a" .... ""f"""-"""*"*"*. ..
*""""""
Handicap 9.. . .. . . . . .. ..".f..
Education .**. . . . . . . . .
. ** .. **
Family composition y""""""."""
Aggregate boating participation
4
/..
1980 2000
Per cent
19.0 20.3
22.9 22.5
23.6 23.6
21.4 21.4
17.7 17.2
18.1 18.0
16.5 16.0
17.0 16.2
17.3 17.5
19.0 23.0
19.2 20.1
18.5 18.0
18.0 18.0
24.3 27.4
1/ liNultiple factor composed of hours worked by husband, wife, and
other family members.
2Completion of interstate, increased automobile registrations,
changes in residence (moving).
21 Age distribution of family members i.e. under 6, 6-11l, over 
12.
Wom 4/ Linear additions of 1967 rate (18.7) and factor changes.
II
27
Y = blx
1 
+ b
2
x
2 
+ b
3
x
3 
+ b
4
x4 + b
5
x
5
where:
Y = estimated number of activity days of boating
bi = linear relationship between the dependentx variables
and boating activity days
x
i 
= education of the household head (coded)
x
2 
= age of the youngest child (years)
x
3 
= place of residence (coded)
x
4 
= family income (coded)
x
5 
= hours worked 
by the household 
head (hours)
The numerical predictor equation is:
y = 0.58 x
1 
+ 0.13 x
2 
+ 1.67 x
3 
- 0.52 x
4 
+ 0.10 x
5
Std. error (.31) (.06) (.56) (.20) (.03)
Two of the variables are quantitative and measured in uncoded units.
Family income and education were coded to facilitate tabulation
although each was initially measured quantitatively. The place of
residence is a qualitative measure and is measured as linear shifts in
the intercept value. The code values are given in Appendix Table 4.
While the coefficients are all significant at the .10 level, the explan-
atory power of the entire equation is low. Only 50 per cent of the total
variation is removed by regression. The standard error of estimate
was 6.1 activity days.
By 1980 the general educational level of the Alabama population is
projected to increase. The age of the youngest child is projected to
increase primarily because of a lowering of the number of children in
families. The residence classification is projected to move toward urban.
Family income is projected to increase and the hours worked by the head of
the household is projected to decrease. In terms of the predictor equation
two variables tend to increase participation. Under prevailing conditions
the boating population is relatively well educated (intercept value
4.34) and relatively high income, intercept value 6.46. One upward
step in education will cancel an increase in income. A one-year increase
in average age of the youngest child will cancel a one-hour decrease -
in hours worked by the household head. Movement into urban areas can
change activity days a minimum of .65 days per year. In effect the equa-
tion indicates little change in activity days per person because of the
28
Appendix Table 4. Data Code for 
Computation of Regression Equations
Factor Code Value 
Factor Code Value
Income Range
D ollars
0-1,499.......... 1
1,500-2,999..........2
3,000-4,499.........3
4,500-5,999..........4
6,000-7,499..........5
7,500"82999......9..*.v* *6
9,000-10,499 ......... 7
10,500-11,999 ....... 8
12 ,000--13,499 ....... 9
13,500-14,999 ..... .. 10
15 ,000-19, 999 ..... .. 11
20, 000 and over ..... 12
of School
0-4
5-8
9-11
12
Some College
IMI .S.
Ph.D.
Place of Residence
Urban
Rural non- farm
Farm
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
~ ~~A A AAI
29
relevant factors in the equation. When three additional factors which
are expected to change are included in the equation, the results are
somewhat different. Forced entry of hours worked by the wife, the number
of members in the family and the number of family members employed does
not appreciably change the coefficients of the previous entrants but adds
to the activity days projected. Using the entire equation based on an
intercept value of 17.3 activity days in 1967, the projected 1980 activity
days are 19.1 and 25.0 in 2000. The entire projected values are presented
in Appendix Table 5.
Appendix Table 5. Present and Projected Boating Resident Participants and
Activity Days of Participation, 1967, 1980, 2000
Participation Activity days
Year Percentage 
Days per
participation Totall participant Total
Per cent 1,000 persons Days 1,000 days
1967 ........ 18.7 476 17.3 8,244
1980 ........ 24.3 797 19.1 15,258
2000 .. ,..... 27.4 1,253 25.0 
31,384
!/Based on resident outdoor recreation population of 2,544,700 in
1967, 3,277,200 in 1980 and 4,577,000 in 2000
Multiple Activity Analysis
Participation in various types of outdoor recreation activities are
not mutually exclusive. To the contrary, some types of recreational
activities display an almost symbiotic relationship. Competitive,
complementary and supplementary type relationships exist in outdoor
recreation. In planning and designing multiple use recreation facilities
some indication of the magnitude of these relationships would be useful.
Using the boating segment of the population as an example a method
of designating joint recreational relationships was derived. The dual
activity table, Appendix Table 6, has a listing of the joint relationship
of boating and nine other outdoor recreation activities. The per cent
boating column indicates the percentage of the boating population who also
participated in the cross referenced activity. The per cent B column
indicates the percentage of the cross referenced activity who engaged in
boating. The per cent population column indicates the percentage of the
sample who engaged in both activities.
30
Appendix Table 6. Dual Activity Table " Boating
Activity Per cent Expected Per cent
B boating per cent B
boating
Picnicking.......88.9 56.9 29.2
Swirming..........77.3 38.6 37.3
Camping..... ..... 29.4 9.9 57.3
Fishing..........70. 6 37.9 34.9
Hunting...'....... 3C.5 16.5 34.7
Bicycling........25.0 11.2 41.7
Horseback riding.15.9 6.5 50.0
Water skiing.....31.4 7.2 81.4
Golf~ing..........14.7 7.0 40.0
Expected Per-cent Expected
per cent popula- per cent
B tion population
cent.
18.7 16.6 10.6
18.7 14.6 7.2
18.7 5.5 1.9
18.7 13.2 7.1
18.7 5.7 3.1
13.7 4.7 2.1
18.7 3.0 1.2
18.7 5.9 1.3
18.7 2.3 1.3
-- $one 1-
.....mu
31
Approximately 57 per 
cent of the population 
participated in
picnicking. If no relationship 
existed between picnicking 
and boating
the expected percentage 
of the boating population 
who engage in picnicking
would be 57 per cent. The 
expected percentage of picnickers 
whq also engage in
boating would be 18.7 
per cent; and the expected 
percentage of the popu-
lation who engage in 
both activities would 
be 10.6 per cent or the
product of the individual 
percentages. In actuality 
almost 90 per cent 
of
all boaters engaged 
in picnicking which 
was substantially 
higher than
expected. Picnicking 
and boating were 
highly related. Most 
of the
boating population 
also engage in picnicking; 
however, only about 
30
per cent of the picnickers 
engage in boating. 
Water skiing represents
a different position. 
Over 80 per cent of the 
water skiing population
also engage in boating; 
however, only 31 per 
cent of the boaters 
also
engage in water skiing. 
In planning facilities 
for boating consideration
should be given to the 
inclusion of ancillary 
facilities for water skiing,
picnicking, swimming 
and fishing. Additional 
facilities for camping
might be considered 
since the joint relationship 
between these activities
indicates over half of the 
campers participate in 
boating.
A priority of site facility 
development can be made 
based on the
key activities with 
their joint activities. 
The effects of these 
joint
relationships were considered 
when feasible in projecting 
demand. An
increased demand for 
picnicking was incorporated 
into the increased
demand for boating. 
Certain primary activities 
such as boating were
assumed to influence 
secondary activities. 
A demand increase in
picnicking would 
not increase demand 
for boating. Judgement 
assumptions
regarding primary activities 
were made based on 
survey data and secondary
information.
Specific formulations regarding 
all activities shown 
in this report
can be obtained from 
the Department of Agricultural 
Economics and
Rural Sociology, Auburn 
University, Auburn, Alabama 
36830.
32
Definition of Outdoor Recreation Activities
Picnicking
An outdoor activity where the primary purpose is the preparation or
eating of food. This includes cookouts and barbecues other than at
home but excludes normal meal preparation while camping or hiking.
Driving for Pleasure
Driving or riding in an automobile when the purpose is primarily
for pleasure.
Fishing
The attempt to catch fish whether successful or unsucessful in
fresh, brackish or salt water for noncommercial purposes.
Swimming
Swimming in a pool, lake, stream or ocean and includes wading,
surfing, skin diving and sunbathing at swimming areas.
Bird watching
Specific observation of birds in their natural surroundings.
Playing golf
Engaging in golf activities at a facility specifically designed
and maintained for that purpose.
33
Gardening
Planting and/or maintenance of vegetables, flowers, trees, grass, or
shrubs for pleasure.
Walking for ple
a s u r e
Any walk with pleasure as the primary motive that is not classified
as hiking or nature walk.
Sightseeing
The viewing of a specific outdoor attraction.
Playing games
Engaging in competitive activities, i.e., croquet, badminton, volley-
ball, softball, baseball, etc. for pleasure and not as a means of
livelihood.
Boating
The recreational use of any boat. The use of a boat for trans-
portation or to assist in other recreational activities is excluded.
Viewing games
The attendance at any sporting event as a spectator.
Bicycling
Any bicycle riding for pleasure.
Water skiing
Any of several activities where an individual is towed behind a boat.
34
Nature walking
Purposeful walking to observe plants, birds, etc., often along
designated trails with identified plants.
Horseback riding
Riding horses for pleasure. This includes buggy rides or other
horse-drawn vehicle rides.
Camping
Living outdoors overnight. This includes group camping which may
be indoors.
Hiking
Walking with a back pack.
Hunting
Search for game for noncommercial purposes.
Viewing outdoor exhibits
This includes outdoor concerts, plays, dramas, art shows, 
outdoor
movies, and special events such as the blessing of the shrimp fleet,
the rock swap, etc.
Other
Included are air sports, archery, target shooting, wildlife and
bird photography, training animals, skiing, ice skating, spelunking,
mountain climbing, and other activities.
APPENDIX SECTION B
Standards Used In The Alabama Plan
Demand for outdoor recreation exists in terms of individuals
and is measured in units of user or activity days. Supply exists
as physical units of facility, i.e., picnic tables or beach areas.
Before comparative statements can be made regarding supply and demand
they must be expressed in the same units. Since the planner initially
is concerned with supply facilities for existing demand, it is
most convenient to convert demand data to physical units. The
choice of conversion standard influences the amount of supply
necessary to meet the demand. Conversion standards are based on
the following criteria: (1) providing the recreational user with a
pleasant experience, (2) conservation of the recreational resource,
and (3) consideration of the recreational patterns of use. Thus
standards include consideration of spatial as well as time aspects
of recreational use. Observation and inquiry has established that
present usage approximates the standards as given. Future needs are
projected on the basis of changing use patterns. Obviously one set of
standards is not ideal for rural and urban population nor for present and
future populations. Urban picnicking is not as firmly linked to other
recreational activities, thus the turnover rate is somewhat higher.
Certain activities do not have specified supply facilities as such.
Walking, sightseeing, driving for pleasure and birdwatching are rec-
reational activities for which supply facilities are difficult to define.
However, standards were developed for these activities to use in
providing a guide to requirements.
Standards were derived to calculate the carrying capacity of
certain recreational resources for the Alabama plan. Standards were
devised faortwenty-six outdoor recreational activities including four
activities which do not have designated facilities. Urban and rural
standards were devised for facilities located in these districts. Other
factors were considered in the development of standards including
but not restricted to:
1. The average number of persons the supply unit can
accommodate at any one time without overcrowding.
2. The length of daily use - daily turnover rate.
3. The length of season during which the facility is
primarily used during a 
12-month period.
There are two sets of standards for most activities, urban
standards for planning areas exceeding 50,000 in population and 
rural
standards for the remaining areas. As an area changes from rural 
to
urban the use standards will change to acknowledge the increased
concentration of population.
The distinction between urban and rural areas serves a dual
purpose. First it accounts for an increased level of usage with in-
creased population and secondly it points towards the need to increase
facilities before the population growth occurs. An area which 
is
expanded in acreage to satisfy rural standards may only require additional
tables or sites on this expanded acreage to satisfy urban standards.
Standards are tools for comparing supply of facilities and the
demand for outdoor recreation activities. The level of standards
37
specified can influence 
supply needs. The standards 
presented in
Appendix Table B 1 
are designated to 
meet the three criteria 
previously
listed.
38
Appendix Table B 1. General Recreation Standards for 
Urban and Rural
Planning Districts, Alabama
Item Planning district
temUrban 
Rural
Picnickin
Unit of land, acres.................. 1 1
No. of tables per acre ................ 9 6
No. of persons per table5...........5
Daily rate of turnover................1.5 1.0
Length of picnic season, days.....180 180
Activity occasion per acre 12,150 5,400
Activity occasion per table .... 1,350 
900
Swimming in pools
1/
Unit of water, 1 sq. ft. *.......... 1 1
No. of persons per sq. ft.
of water............................037 .037
Daily rate of turnover................2 1
Length of swimming season,
days............................ 108 108
Activity occasion per sq.
ft. of water ................ 8 4
1
/Deck area should. be twice the water area.
Swimming in lakes, reservoirs, or Gulf
Unit of beach, 1 lineal yard ......... 1 1
Beach area per lineal yard
of beach, sq. ft. ........ .. 405 405
Beach water per lineal yard of
beach, sq. ft. ............. 81 81
No. of persons per lineal
yard of beach...........".... 1 1
Daily rate of turnover-........... 2 1
Length of season, days.............. 103. 108
Activity occasion per lineal
yard of-beach...........216 108
Activity occasions per sq. ft.
of beach...................... 53 .27
Activity occasions per sq. ft.
of water .......................... 2.7 1.3
39
Appendix Table B 1-- Continued
Item 
Planning district
Urban Rural
Playing golf - 9 hole course
Unit of course, holes 9 9
No. of persons per hole 4 4
Daily rate of turnover 3 2
Length of golf season, days 220 220
Activity occasions per 9 hole
course 23,760 15,840
Playing golf - 18 hole course
Unit of course, holes 18 18
No. of persons' per hole 4 4
Daily rate of turnover 2.0 1.5
Length of golf season, days 220 220
Activity occasions per 18 hole
course 31,680 23,760
Boating
Unit of water, acres 1 1
No. of boats per acre of
water .05 .05
No. of boat access areas per
acre of water needed .001 .001
No. of boat and trailer parking
per acre of water needed .05 .05
No. of persons per acre of
water .2 .2
Daily rate of turnover 2 1
Length of season, days 180 180
Activity occasions per acre
of water 72 36
Activity occasions per boat 1,440 720
Activity occasions per access
area 72,000 36,000
Activity occasions per parking
space 1,440 720
40
Appendix Table B. 1-- Continued
Item Planningdistrict
Urban Rural
Water skiing
Unit of water, acres................. 11
No. of tow boats per acre
of water..02 .02
No. of boat access area per
acre of water..001 .001
No. of boat and trailer parking
per acre of water......0.........2.
No. of persons per acre of water ".... .06 .06
Daily rate of turnover5........... .5 2
Length of skiing season, days.... 150 150
Activity occasions per acre of water"45 18
Activity occasions per boat...... 2,250 900
Activity occasions per access
area ........................45,000 18,000
Activity occasions per
parking space2..........9.....2,250 900
Birdwatching and wildlife photography
Unit of land, acres
of habitat ....................... 1 1
No. of persons per acre of
habitat .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..-. .. .. ... 2 
.2
Daily rate of turnover....... 2 1
Length of season, days............. 180 180
Activity occasions per acre of
habitat........... .............. 72 36
Unit of land, miles of
footpaths......... ................ 1 1
No. of persons per mile of
footpath......................... 20 10
Daily rate of turnover ............... 4 4
Length of season, days............. 200 200
Activity occasions per
mile of footpath............. 16,000 8,000
41
Appendix Table B. 1-p Continued
Item
Planning district
Urban Rural
Viewing outdoor games
Unit of measure, seats.............. 
1
No. of persons per unit
of seat.........................1
Daily rate of turnover.............. 
2
Length of season, days . .... 100
Activity occasions per seat........200
Viewing outdoor exhibits
Unit of measure, exhibit.............1
No. of persons per exhibit.........500
Daily rate of turnover.............. 
4
Length of season, days.............120
Activity occasion per
exhibit.......... .....
240,000
SightseeinL
Unit of measure, miles 
of
road.................. ..... 
1
No. of persons per
automobile...................2.5
No. of automobiles 
per
mile of road ....................
5
Daily rate of turnover..............80
Length of season, days..............80
Activity occasions 
per
mile of road.................80,000
Driving for pleasure
Unit of measure, miles of road....... 
1
No. of persons per automobile...... 
02.5
No. of automobiles per
mile of road.................... 
10
Daily rate of turnover............*100
Length of season, days.,........140
Activity occasions per
mile of road............... 350,000
Four wheel drive and trail 
bike
Unit of measure, miles of
rough road....+....................I
No. of persons per mile of
rough road.............2
Daily rate of turnover................ 
2
1
1
1
100
100
1
500
2
120
120,000
1
2.5
5
50
80
50,000
1
2.5
5
80
140
140,000
1
2
1
180
360
_ __
____ ~ ___~ _
42
Appendix TableB1--- Continued
Item Planning districts
Urban Rural
Playing outdoor games
Unit of land, acres.. .... .... 11
No. of persons per acre of
land.............................15 12
Daily rate of turnover...............1.4 1.2
Length of playing season,
days1....... .............. 80 180
Activity occasions per acre
of land.......................3,730 2,590
Bicycling
Unit of land, miles of
trail.1 1
No. of persons per mile of
trail ........................... 10 10
Daily rate of turnover .3. .4. .... 4
Length of bicycling season,
days............................ 180180
Activity occasions per mile
of trail..... ................ 14,400 7,200
Nature walking
Unit of land, miles of trail.1 1
No. of persons per mile
of trail.........................20 20
Daily rate of turnover.............. 5 1.5
Length of season, days............. 150 150
Activity occasions per mile
of trail............7,500 4,500
Unit of land, miles of trail......... 1 1
No. of persons per mile
of trail......................... 10 5
Daily rate of turnover..........50 .33
Length of hiking season, days...... 280 280
Activity occasions per mile
43
Appendix Table B 1-- Continued
Item 
Panning 
dstricts
UrbanRua
Big game- hunt in 2
Unit of land, acres of habitat....... 11
No. of persons per acre of
habitat.............. .. ..... 0.0055 0.0055
Daily rate of turnover............... 11
Length of hunting season,days......, 90 90
Activity occasions per acre of
habitat..........0................0.50 0.50
Small dame hunting?!
Unit of land, acres of habitat.......1 1
No. of persons per acre of
habitat ...........................0.0167 0.0167
Daily rate of turnover............... 1 1
Length of hunting season, days..... 120 
120
Activity occasions per acre of
habitat...........................2.00 2.00
Waterfowl huntin?./
Unit of water, acres ...... ....... 11
No. of persons per acre of
water....................... 
. 0.0167
Daily rate of turnover~,,,,,,,,,,1... 1
Length of hunting season, days.......60 60
Activity.occasions per acre of
surface water .....................1.00 1.00
Tent a in
Unit of land, acres.1 1
No. of tent sites per acre........... 4 3
No. of persons per site.............. 3 3
Daily rate of turnover............... 1 .7
Length of season, days............. 135 135
Activity occasions per acre
of land..................... 1620 850
Activity occasions per tent
site ............................ 405 283
44
Appendix Table B 1-- Continued
Planning district
Item 
Urban Rural
Group Camping
Unit of land, 30 beds per acre 1 1
No. of people per acre 30 30
Daily rate of turnover 1 1
Length of season, days 90 90
Activity occasions per acre 2,700 2,700
Activity occasions per bed 90 90
Fishing i
Unit of water, acres 1 1
Activity occasions per acre of
water:
Lakes and reservoirs 10 
10
Rivers and creeks 5 5
Small bodies of water 15 15
Put-grow-take ponds 1,500 1,500
Brackish and salt water 30 30
Activity occasions per access
area:
Lakes and reservoirs 22,500 20,000
Rivers and creeks 15,000 12,000
Brackish and salt water 20,000 20,000
Activity occasions per parking
space:
Lakes and reservoirs 450 400
Rivers and creeks 300 240
Brackish and salt water 400 400
/Standards developed in cooperation with personnel of Game
and Fish Division, Alabama Department of Conservation. The standards
developed for fishing and hunting are in line with present fish and
wildlife harvest needed to make these two activities interesting. In
the future, more land and water will be needed to meet these yields,
or higher yields will have to be produced per acre, or the activity
occasions per acre of land and water will have to be increased with
a corresponding decrease in yield per activity occasion.