Several Herbicides Tested for Wild Radish
Control in Wheat
Wild radish, a member of the
mustard family, is a troublesome
weed in grain crops in Alabama. It
has been reported that wild rad-
ish is toxic, particularly the seeds, to
farm animals and reduces their per-
formance. The seed are difficult to
clean from grain due to similarity in
size and shape.
Results of field experiments in
1988-89 and 1989-90 at the Plant
Breeding Unit, Tallassee, illustrate
the competitiveness of wild radish
with wheat. With a single wild
radish plant per 10 square feet
(4,356 plants per acre), a loss
equation indicated wheat yield
loss of 17.8 percent for 1988-89 and
a 1.4 percent loss for 1989-90. The
difference reflected the differ-
ence in growth of the wild radish.
Research since 1987 indicates the
potential for herbicidal control.
First-year findings with Har-
mony Extra@ indicate that a sur-
factant was needed for best wild
radish control and that tank mix-
ing Harmony Extra, X-77 non-
ionic surfactant, and liquid ni-
trogen increased wheat injury
but degree of injury was accept-
able and yield was not affected.
Wild radish control in this ex-
periment was good to excellent
with the early March application.
Comparisons of fall versus spring
application of Harmony Extra as well
as fall/spring sequential applica-
tions show excellent control with
fall application and poor control
with spring application. Excellent
control was also achieved with the
fall/spring sequential application
of Harmony Extra and the spring
RESEARCH UPDATE
?1991
GRAY
CROP
S
S
application of Harmony Extra plus
2,4-D.
In another test, Amber@ (0.026
and 0.013 pound), Harmony Ex-
tra (0.042 and 0.021 pound), Ex-
press@ (0.012 and 0.008 pound),
Buctril@ (0.75 
and 0.50 pound),
MCPA (0.75 and 0.50 pound), and
2,4-D (0.75 and 0.50 pound) provided
95 percent or greater control at an
Opelika location when applied alone
to weeds no larger than 6-inch ro-
settes. However, Buctril, Harmony
Extra, and Express applied alone at
Headland provided less control
because weeds were larger at ap-
plication. Tank mixing Buctril, Ex-
press, or Harmony Extra with
either MCPA or 2,4-D improved
control of the larger wild radish.
Results indicate the need to apply
herbicides in November or Decem-
ber for effective wild radish control.
Only Buctril, Harmony Extra, and
MCPA were labelled for use in 1990.
R.H. Walker, D.R. Wyatt,
and J.S. Richburg III[
Tillage and Cover Crops Affect Corn N Fertilizer Efficiency
An AAES study at the E. V. Smith
Research Center was designed to
determine if cover crops could,
alone or in combination with fall
deep tillage (paraplowing),
ameliorate soil compaction and
increase crop growth and yield po-
tential. The ultimate aim was to
improve N use efficiency of a sub-
sequent corn crop.
Winter cover crops of crimson
clover, rye, and Tifwhite-78 white
lupin were planted following either
disking or disking plus paraplowing.
A winter fallow treatment was also
included.
Tifwhite-78 lupin, a winter hardy
continued on page 2
ALBtA er CLURLXEIEN T oN ABR UIEST
LoELT.PoisDRETRAUUNUNVRITIALBM
Tillage and Cover Crops, continued
legume that has potential as a feed
grain, was included because re-
search in Australia has shown that
another species of lupin, blue
lupin, has the capacity to act as a
"biological plow" to improve soil
structure on compacted soils.
The paraplow is a conservation
tillage implement with an offset
blade at the end of a straight
shank. It effectively disrupts the
soil to a depth of 17 inches with a
minimum of surface soil disrup-
tion.
Prior to planting corn, the cover
crops were killed with a burndown
herbicide and disked into the soil
to a depth of 4 to 5 inches. The
corn was then fertilized with 0, 50,
100, or 150 pounds N per acre.
None of the cover crops appeared
to work as "biological plows" to
improve soil structure. The rye and
clover slightly increased soil com-
paction in the disked zone.
Paraplowing had a strong resid-
ual effect in alleviating soil compac-
tion for the subsequent 
corn crop,
but tended to reduce yields, table 1.
This effect was greatest during the
extremely wet growing season of
1989. Paraplowing reduced
earlea f N, table 1, and increased soil
water content following rainfall.
Table 1. Effect of Cover Crop Tillage on Corn
Earleaf N and Grain Yield, 1988-90 Average
Tillage Earleaf N Grain/acre
Pct Bu.
Disk ........................ 2.56 89
Paraplow ................. 2.50 
83
Table 2. Effect of Cover Crop and fertilizer N
Rate on Corn Grain Yield, 1988-90 Average
Yield/acre, by N rate
Cover
0 50 100 150
lb. lb. lb.
Bu. Bu. Bu. Bu.
Clover .......... 87 95 111 110
Fallow .......... 42 71 88 101
Rye ........... 23 47 76 96
Lupin ........... 83 108 109 114
These results suggest that para-
plowing prior to planting the cover
crop increased water infiltration
and N leaching.
Yields peaked with 50 to 100
pounds N per acre following clover
and lupin and with 150 pounds N
following rye and fallow, table 2.
White lupin compared favorably to
clover in N production and result-
ant benefit to a corn crop. Lupin
winter killed in areas that were
poorly drained, but otherwise
showed potential as an alternative
winter crop for grain.
D.W. Reeves and J.T. Touchton
Broiler Litter and Tillage Systems for Corn
A study at the Wiregrass Substa-
tion, Headland, in 1990 investigated
utilization of N from broiler lit-
ter by corn under strip and con-
ventional tillage systems.
The strip tillage system employed
a planter with a leading parabolic
subsoiler matched to the planter
row width (36 inches) so that tillage
only occurred in a narrow band cen-
tered on the seed row. Conventional
tillage consisted of chisel plowing
one day prior to planting and two
diskingson the day corn was planted.
Broiler litter rates included 
2, 4,
and 8 tons per acre, (67, 133, and 267
pounds N per acre). For
comparison, matching
rates of N as ammonium
nitrate were applied. The
N sources were broadcast
before planting and were
incorporated with the
second disking in con-
ventional tillage. For strip
tillage, only that portion
of broiler litter or am-
monium nitrate within
the tilled zone was incor-
porated.
Strip tillage resulted in
higher grain yields across
all N sources and N rates, see table.
A 2- to 4-inch-thick hardpan exists at
the study location at a depth of ap-
proximately 10 to 15 inches below
the soil surface. Since 1990 was a
drought year at Headland, dis-
ruption of the hardpan via para-
bolic subsoiling in strip tillage
apparently increased corn rooting
and water availability. It was ex-
pected that N from broiler litter
would be less effective in increasing
grain yields under strip tillage than
under conventional tillage manage-
ment because of N volatilization
losses from broiler litter remaining
on the soil surface. This was not
the case in 1990, a drought year,
when water availability appeared to
be much more important than N
availability.
The ammonium nitrate source
produced greater corn grain yields
than broiler litter, and the optimum
N source/N rate combination was
ammonium nitrate at 133 pounds
nitrogen per acre. Eight tons of
broiler litter per acre (267 pounds
nitrogen) were required to ap-
proach the yield obtained with
133 pounds nitrogen from am-
monium nitrate.
Leaching of broiler litter N below
the root zone during the 1990 grow-
ing season was not likely because:
(1) water demand by corn exceeded
rainfall throughout the growing
season, and (2) N from ammonium
continued on page 3
Corn Grain Yields and Excess N as Affected by N Source
and Tillage System, 1990
Grain yield/acre Excess N/acre'
N source
and rate
2  
ST3 CT Av. ST CT Av.
Bu. Bu. Bu. Lb. Lb. Lb.
No N ...................... 25 14 20 0 0 0
Broiler litter
67 Ib. ......................... 66 48 57 39 47 43
133 lb. ....................... 65 39 52 110 118 114
267 b. ....................... 104 78 91 215 228 222
Ammonium nitrate
67 lb ......................... 84 43 64 31 
47 39
1331b. ....................... 125 83 104 76 88 82
2671b. .................... 113 78 96 206 222 214
Average.................. 106 62 84 104 119 112
Excess N = N not found in corn grain.
2 Broiler litter contained 33.5 pounds N/ton.
3 ST = strip till, CT = conventional till.
Broiler Litter, continued
nitrate was more subject to leaching
than that from broiler litter because
most broiler litter N was in the or-
ganic form.
Excess N (that not taken up by the
crop) can lead to groundwater con-
tamination with nitrate. Because of
less available water and lower
yields, use of conventional tillage
resulted in more excess N than strip
tillage. The 133-pound N rate that
gave best corn grain production
had relatively low amounts of
excess N. The broiler litter rate re-
quired to produce nearly compa-
rable grain yields (8 tons) left siz-
able quantities of N in the environ-
mental system. Some of this N is
nitrate or will be converted to nitrate
and may be leached out of the root-
ing zone with winter 
rains. Thus,
the potential for groundwater con-
tamination with N exists when high
rates of broiler litter are land ap-
plied. Winter cover crops such as
cereal rye could be used to capture
some of this excess N.
Based on one year's data, it ap-
pears that strip tillage is superior
to conventional tillage with re-
spect to grain yield and N utili-
zation in the Wiregrass region
regardless of N source or N rate.
It also appears that broiler litter
is a less efficient source of N for
corn than ammonium nitrate.
C.W. Wood, C.D. Cotton,
and J.H. Edwards
Tropical Corn Disappointing In 1989-90 Tests
AAES research in 1989-90
evaluated tropical corn (Pioneer
304C) production systems and
measured the crop's response to
rates of fertilizer nitrogen, re-
sidual levels of soil phosphorus
and potassium, and soil pH. The
1989 tests were an intensive small
grain-corn-soybean rotation at
six locations. In 1990 the study
was expanded to add a continu-
ous small grain-tropical corn
double-cropping system at seven
locations. Plantings were made
in mid- to late June following
small grain harvest.
Tropical Corn Yields1 Following a Small Grain
Yield per acre
Location Tropical Small
corn,
grain 
grain'
1989
Bu. Bu.
Brewton ...................... 0 59
Monroeville ............. . 0 64
W iregrass .................... 36 32
Prattville .................... 42 70
Upper Coastal Plain..... 52 29
Sand Mountain ......... 65 46
(172 tons
silage)
Tennessee Valley ........ 35 59
'Yields are an average of plots at seven locations
a standard application of N-P-K fertilizer and no
2
Triticale at Brewton and Monroeville; wheat
locations.
3
All silage yields adjusted to 65 percent moistu
Corn grain yields were disap-
pointing in both 1989 and 1990
because of mid-summer insect
damage (armyworms and corn
earworms) and late summer-
early fall drought. 
Surprisingly,
yields were higher in north Ala-
bama than south Alabama where
tropical varieties are expected to
be better adapted. Worms de-
stroyed the total crop both years
at Brewton and Monroeville Ex-
periment Fields despite repeated
attempts to control the pests.
Grain harvests in north Ala-
bama were late (November/De-
cember) in 1989 and
Crop grain moisture was high
(approximately 30 per-
cent). In 1990, the crop
rropical was harvested 
only for
corn, silage because of a poor
silage
3  
grain crop.
1990 
Tropical 
corn ap-
Tons pears to respond 
to ni-
0 trogen rates and residual
0 soil nutrients (P, K, and
0 Mg) similar 
to temper-
11.1 ate varieties which were
10.0
planted on some of these
plots in 
1968-81.
9.5
receiving C.C. Mitchell and P.L. Mask
irrigaton.
at other
re.
Fungicides Increase Wheat Yields at Some Locations
Results from experiments con-
ducted during 1989-90 again showed
that diseases can have a significant
impact on wheat yields in some ar-
eas of Alabama. Various rates of
several labeled and experimental
fungicides were sprayed onto plots
of McNair 1003 wheat at three sub-
stations. Fungicides included were
ASC 66811 100E, Bayleton 
50W,
Dithane M-45, DPX H6573, Folicur
3.6F, RH-7592 2F, Spotless 25W, and
Tilt 3.6E. Initial applications of each
were made around the time of flag
leaf emergence; if needed, a second
application was made when the grain
heads were beginning to emerge.
At the Gulf Coast Substation, all
fungicides tested gave good to ex-
cellent control of Septoria glume
blotch and leaf rust, and increased
yield. Yields from plots sprayed
with fungicides averaged 46 to 65
bushels per acre, as compared to 34
bushels from the unsprayed plots.
Only leaf rust occurred in the tests
at the Wiregrass Substation, and then
at relatively low levels. All fungi-
cides reduced the disease, but yield
continued on page 4
I
Fungicides, continued
responses were not as marked as at
the Gulf Coast Substation. Yields
from fungicide-trea ted plots ranged
from 40 to 61 bushels per acre; those
from unsprayed plots averaged 45
bushels. At the Sand Mountain Sub-
station, most of the fungicides tested
reduced the levels of Septoria leaf
blotch, the only disease that devel-
oped in this test, but there were no
significant yield increases from any
fungicide treatment.
R.T. Gudauskas and D.J. Collins
Hand-held Meter Predicts Corn N Needs
Methods of predicting nitrogen
(N) needs by corn have not been
reliable for Southeastern condi-
tions. Soil tests have shown little
success. Corn leaf tissue tests for N
have shown promise, but time in-
volved with sampling and labora-
tory analyses may prevent timely
producer response to corn N needs.
Measuring corn leaf tissue chlo-
rophyll, which is directly related to
corn leaf tissue N, may be an
equivalentmeansof determin- 
G
ing the need for supplemental 
p,
fertilization. In a field study in 1
1990attheE. V. SmithResearch
Center, use of a newly devel-
oped chlorophyll meter to pre- 1
dict supplemental N needs in
corn showed promise. The
meter is lightweight (less than
1/2 pound), is powered by bat-
teries, provides instantaneous
readings (SPAD units), and can
store up to 30 readings.
Irrigated corn (Dekalb 689)
was grown at the site and was
fertilized with broadcast-applied
ammonium nitrate at rates of 0, 50,
100, 150, 200,250, and 300 pounds N
per acre to establish a range of grain
yield and chlorophyll tissue levels.
Chlorophyll was measured at the
10-leaf stage (V10)because this stage
of growth would allow supplemen-
tal N applications to the corn crop.
Corn grain yields increased with
increasing rates of N fertilizer, with
peak yields at approximately 150 to
200 pounds nitrogen.
Chlorophyll measurementsatV10
did an excellent job of predicting
corn grain yields, as illustrated by
the graph. Chlorophyll measure-
ments for the N rate range that pro-
duced top yields (150 to 200 pounds
N) were between 55.5 and 56.7SPAD
units. This suggests that supple-
mental N may be needed if chloro-
phyll readings are below 55.5 SPAD
units at the V10 stage of growth.
C.W. Wood and D.W. Reeves
O0 I I I I
40 45 50 55 60
V10 chlorophyll, SPAD units
Boron Fertilizer Not
Necessary for Irrigated
Corn
Coastal Plain soils of Alabama
are low in ex tractable boron and it is
often assumed that irrigated corn
needs boron applications for maxi-
mum yields. However, this was not
continued on page 5
Disease Problems
Reduced in 1990
Corn and Small
Grains
Incidence and severity of diseases
in grain crops were low in 1990 (in
some cases lower than in 1989). De-
tailed results have been reported in
the Corn Variety Report and Small
Grain Variety Report, which were
issued by the AAES in late 1990.
Corn. Levels of the virus diseases
maize chlorotic dwarf (MCD) and
maize dwarf mosaic (MDM) were
unusually low in regular corn vari-
ety tests and in the general crop
statewide. Low incidence of both
precluded meaningful comparisons
of hybrid performances at the Black
Belt Substation, Marion Junction, and
the Prattville Experiment Field. In
tests of 49 hybrids at the Tennessee
Valley Substation, Belle Mina, and
the Upper Coastal Plain Substation,
Winfield, incidence of MCD ranged
from 0 to 10.5 percent, and aver-
aged 0.9 percent; MDM levels
ranged from 0 to 11.6 percent, and
averaged 0.5 percent. Several hy-
brids at both locations showed no
symptoms of either disease.
Small Grains. Most of the com-
mon diseases occurred in the small
grain variety tests 
planted at 12 sub-
stations and experiment fields
throughout the State. However, the
incidence and severity were gener-
ally lower than in 1989. Leaf rust was
light to severe and Septoria blotch
was moderate to severe on wheat
entries at most locations. Outbreaks
of powdery mildew occurred in
tests at the Sand Mountain Substa-
tion, Crossville, and the Wiregrass
Substation, Headland; otherwise, its
incidence was generally light. With
few exceptions, only trace levels of
barley yellow dwarf were noted in
continued on page 5
rain yield
er acre, bu.
50 r-
00
501
Boron Fertililzer, continued
true in an AAES field test at the E.
V. Smith Research Center on
Goldsboro soil.
Boron treatments of 0, 2, and 4
pounds per acre were applied as four
split applications each year. Nitro-
gen and sulfur fertilizers were ap-
plied at the same times. All phos-
phorus, potassium, and zinc fertiliz-
ers and lime were incorporated be-
fore planting each year. Irrigation
treatments were: (1) 
no irrigation,
(2) drip irrigation with control
tensiometers at a depth of 6 inches,
and (3) drip irrigation with control
tensiometers at a depth of 13 inches.
Three-year average yields for the
treatments were:
No irrigation
No boron ................... 100 bu.
2 lb. boron ..................... 107 bu.
4 lb. boron ..................... 106 bu.
Drip irrigation, 13-in. control
No boron ................... 205 bu.
2 lb. boron ..................... 206 bu.
4 lb. boron .................... 187 bu.
Drip irrigation, 6-in. control
No boron ................... 214 bu.
2 lb. boron .................. 207 bu.
4 lb. boron ..................... 212 bu.
Although boron applications did
not increase grain yields, they did
increase the earleaf boron concen-
tration at silking from 14 to 26 parts
per million. Thus, boron from the
fertilizer was available to the crop.
J. W. Odom
Disease Problems, continued
wheat. Incidence of loose smut was
low everywhere, and stem rust was
not seen in any test in 
1990. On oats,
crown rust was moderate to severe
on most entries at the Gulf Coast
Substation, Fairhope, and the
Wiregrass Substation, as was leafspot
at the Piedmont Substation, Camp
Hill, and barley yellow dwarf at the
Tennessee Valley Substation.
Septoria blotch was prevalent on
triticale entries at all locations.
R.T. Gudauskas
Annual Ryegrass Controlled in Wheat 
with
Postemergence Hoelon Application
Annual ryegrass is a common and
pernicious weed species that is a
problem in wheat production. Forty
annual ryegrass plants per square
yard have been shown to cause
wheat yield reductions of 19-26
percent. Reduced grain quality is
also caused by ryegrass seeds.
Ryegrass control experiments
were conducted in 1988-89 at
Prattville and Tallassee and at
Prattville, Tallassee, and Marion
Junction in 1989-90. Two rates and
four application timings of
Hoelon@ herbicide were compared.
Hoelon was applied at 0.5 and 1.0
pound ai (active) per acre preemer-
gence and postemergence to ryegrass
with 2, 4, and 8 leaves. A non-ionic
surfactant was included in all
postemergence applications. All
applications were made in a volume
of 15 gallons per acre.
Prattville. Annual ryegrass seeds
were sown broadcast at 20 pounds
per acre and Saluda wheat seed were
then planted at 70 pounds per acre in
7-inch rows on 9/22/88 and 10/22/
89. Hoelon was applied preemer-
gence on 9/23/88 and 10/22/89.
Application dates for the post-emer-
gence treatments were: 10/13/88,
10/26/88, 11/11/88, 12/4/89, 1/3/
90, and 2/6/90, which corresponded
to ryegrass growth stages of 2, 4,
and 8 leaves for the respective years.
Two-year average ryegrass con-
trol at harvest was good to excellent
(80 to 98 percent) with all Hoelon
applications. Slightly less control
was evident when Hoelon was ap-
plied at 0.5 pound ai per acre at
the 4-leaf stage (85 percent) and
both rates at the 8-leaf stage (80
to 82 percent), but this did not
translate into lower wheat yields.
Wheat yield with all Hoelon
treatments ranged from 58 to 70
bushels per acre. Yield averaged 68
and 58 bushels, respectively, for the
hand-weeded and non-weeded
treatment. Test weight for all
Hoelon treatments ranged from 56
to 57 pounds per bushel, compared
to 56 pounds for the non-treated and
57 pounds for the hand-weeded
treatment.
Tallassee. Planting was identical
to that at Prattville except wheat and
ryegrass seeds were planted 10/28/
88 and 10/25/89. Preemergence
treatments were applied 11/1/88
and 10/25/89. Postemergence
treatments were applied 
11/22/88,
12/8/88, 1/12/89, 11/24/89,1/22/
90, and 2/26/90, which corre-
sponded to ryegrass growth stages
of 2, 4, and 8 leaves for the re-
spective years.
Two-year average ryegrass con-
trol at harvest was 86 to 98 percent
for all Hoelon treatments, except the
0.5-pound rate applied to ryegrass
at the 8-leaf stage averaged 76 per-
cent control. Wheat yield for Hoelon
treatments ranged from 50 to 62
bushels per acre. Test weight was
50-51 pounds per bushel for all
Hoelon treatments, and 49 and 50
pounds, respectively, for the non-
treated control and for the hand-
weeded treatment.
Marion Junction. This location
was not included in 1988. Planting
was identical to the above except
wheat and ryegrass seeds were
planted 10/30/89. Preemergence
treatments were applied 10/30/89.
Postemergence treatments were
applied 12/5/89, 2/28/90, and
3/13/90, which corresponded to
the three growth stages.
Ryegrass control at harvest was
good to excellent (83 to 95 percent)
for all Hoelon treatments, except for
both rates applied to ryegrass
with 8 leaves. The 0.5-pound rate
continued on page 6
Annual Ryegrass, continued
provided only 63 percent control,
while the 1.0-pound rate aver-
aged 75 percent. There was a
trend for wheat yield to be higher
for Hoelon applied at either rate
to ryegrass with 2 leaves and the
0.5-pound rate applied at the 4-leaf
stage. Also, the 1.0-pound rate ap-
plied preemergence produced good
ryegrass control and high wheat
yield.
Hoelon offers the grower a good
chemical tool for control of annual
ryegrass in wheat. Postemergence
application at 0.5 pound ai per acre
to ryegrass with 2 to 4 leaves ap-
pears to be the optimum rate and
time of application. On heavy clay
soils, preemergence application of
Hoelon at 1.0 pound ai per acre may
be advantageous if problems with
postemergence applications are
likely due to wet soils.
R.H. Walker, D.R. Wyatt,
and J.S. Richburg 
III
CONTRIBUTORS To
GRAIN CROPs RESEARCH
PROGRAM, 
1990
Wheat and Feed Grains Producers
E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Co.
Fermenta ASC Corporation
Gustafson, Inc.
Mobay Corporation
Rohm and Haas, Inc.
EDITOR'S NOTI:
Mention of company or trade names does not
indicate endorsement by the Alabama Agricul-
tural Experiment Station or Auburn University
of one brand over another. Any mention of non-
label uses or applications in excess of labeled rates
of pesticides or other chemicals does not constitute
a recommendation. Such use in research is simply
part of the scientific investigation necessary to
fully evaluate materials and treatments.
Information contained herein is available to all
persons without regard to race, color, sex, or
national origin.
February 1991 9M
Composted Broiler Litter Good as Corn Fertilizer
Broiler litter has long been rec-
ognized as a good source of ni-
trogen (N) for corn production.
However, it is known that too much
litter can reduce yields of corn
and lead to a loss of N that could
otherwise be used for plant
growth. Much of the N present
in fresh litter is readily available
for plant use or lost to the atmo-
sphere as a gas. Composting litter
converts N to forms that are not
as readily lost to the environment.
Tests at the Sand Mountain Sub-
station, Crossville, compared corn
yield response to ammonium ni-
trate, fresh broiler litter, and
composted litter at several rates.
Despite a dry, hot growing season,
corn responded equally well to all
three sources of N. Grain yield
data indicate that ratesof fertilizer
exceeding 80 pounds of N per acre
had no benefit. This corresponded
to 2,080 dry pounds 
of fresh litter,
3,600 dry pounds of compost, and
235 pounds of ammonium nitrate
per acre applied at planting.
R.P. Flynn and C.W. Wood
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