Research Update
=60 1990
QRAIN
ROPS
FRST WNRA N
CROPS 
RESEARC 
H
PD-ATi EI S
This is the first grain
crops research report
publshed m a new series.
Rv s arch Update ' inaugu-
S9 by th,' Alabama
:-)" /,.; v (
Statioi (iAAES., This new
series is meant to promote
imel/ mportin of research
ir '" crop
t0on to ai proc ers of tnat
particular commodity. in this
,ase, tne targe audience is
-o: more information
about grain crops production
-di. the latest recommen-
,our county Extension
Service office.
I
Grain Disease Ratings Available
in Variety Reports
Corn
Incidence of virus diseases, maize
chlorotic dwarf (MCD) and maize
dwarf mosaic (MDM), was deter-
mined in corn variety tests at four
locations in central and northern
Alabama. Levels of MDM were I to
3 percent in all tests, which was
unusually low. Incidence of MCD
was about 0.5 percent in two tests in
central Alabama and ranged from 4
to 6 percent at the two northern loca-
tions. Several hybrids showing no
symptoms of either disease were
found at all locations. All virus dis-
ease ratings were included in the
1989 Corn Variety Report, which is
available upon request from the
Department of Research Informa-
tion, 110 Comner Hall, Auburn Uni-
versity, Alabama 36849.
Wheat
Several fungicides were evaluated
forcontrol of foliar diseases on wheat
at three locations in the State. Gen-
orally, one or two applications of
each fungicide were made between
the time of flag leaf appearance and
emergenceof the grain heads. At the
Gulf Coast Substation in Fairhope,
most of the 30 fungicidal treatments
tested gave good to excellent control
of leaf rust on susceptible cultivars.
Yield increases associated with
fungicidal treatments ranged from 0
to 24 bushels per acre. Similarly,
several of the 15 fungicides evalu-
ated at the Sand Mountain Substa-
tion in Crossville gave good control
of Septoria blotch. No yield increases
were associated with any treatment
at this location, presumably because
the disease did not appear until late
in the season.
In additional tests at Fairhope and
at the Wiregrass Substation in Head-
land, initial applications of fungi-
cides were made just after wheat
began to tiller, followed by applica-
tions at flag leaf or head emergence
in an effort to control powdery mil-
dew. The lack of continued devel-
opment of the disease obviated any
evaluation of fungicidal control;
however, most of the fungicides
controlled leaf rust. Meaningful
evaluations of disease control and
yield responses in these tests were
confounded by heavy infestations
of Hessian fly at both locations.
Entries in small grain variety tests
at 12 substations and experiment
fields throughout the State were
A LABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AUBURN UNIVERSITY
LOWELL T. FROBISH, DIRECTOR AUBURN UNIVERSITY, ALABAMA
rated for disease reactions. Gener-
ally, disease incidence and severity
were higher at most locations than
in recent years. Powdery mildew
was severe on wheat in most tests
during winter and early spring 
but
often did not progress beyond 
the
lower leaves. Leaf rust and Septoria
blotch were severe on some wheat
entries at many locations. Stem rust
occurred on some wheats in south
Alabama, but usually at low levels.
Downy mildew, an unusual 
and
apparently insignificant 
disease,
occurred sporadically in some wheat
entries at one location in north Ala-
bama. All disease ratings were in-
cluded in the 1989 Small Grain Vari-
ety Report, which also is available
upon request from the Department
of Research Information.
R.T. Gudauskas, 
A.K. Hagan,
and J.M. Mullen
Tropical 
Corn
A Late Season 
Option
Tropical corn has been grown in
Florida for grain and silage 
for sev-
eral years. 
In north Florida, 
opti-
mum planting 
date is from 
June 10
to July 10. AAES 
research is looking
at how tropical 
corn can fit 
into crop-
ping systems in Alabama.
Reseeding Clover 
Provides Corn Nitrogen
Requirements
Nitrogen fertilizers make up the
single largest portion of the total
synthetic energy required to pro-
duce an acre of corn in the United
States. One alternative is growing
legumes to offset the N needs of
subsequent corn crops, but the cost
of establishing legume cover crops
has been too high and yields of these
crops too low to be economically
feasible.
This need for reduced N fertilizer
and increased legume production
led to a series of tests at the Sand
Mountain Substation at Crossville
and the Wiregrass Substation at
Headland. Crimson clover was se-
lected as a legume crop because of
its reseeding ability and potentially
high yields. Treatments included
continuous corn with no winter
crops, soybean-corn rotation with
no winter crops, continuous corn
with fall-planted crimson clover, and
soybeans with reseeding crimson
clover. Subplots were treated with
varying rates of commercial N fertil-
izer.
At Crossville, soybeans were more
effective in providing early-season
N, and clover was more effective in
providing late-season N. When
combined, the system resulted in an
even more effective contribution to
corn grain yield than that of continu-
ous corn, regardless of N fertilizer
rate.
At Headland, the benefits of crop-
ping systems were not as 
pro-
nounced, and the responses were
eliminated by N fertilizer. 
This sug-
gested that increased yields were
due to N and not to a rotation effect.
However, the clover and soybean
systems combined had an additive
effect on corn yield.
At both locations, reseeding crim-
son clover, in combination with a
soybean-corn rotation, consistently
produced the highest yields of the
systems studied. The two-year test
was conducted under both optimal
and inadequate rainfall conditions,
and inclusion of reseeding clover in
the rotation produced the highest
yields in both circumstances. 
By
adding reseeding crimson clover to
the soybean-corn rotation, research-
ers were able to provide from 
60 to
140 pounds of N per acre for corn.
Under inadequate rainfall condi-
tions, reseeded clover behind 
soy-
beans produced 33 percent more 
dry
matter and 31 percent more total N
than planted clover at the two loca-
tions. Under optimal rainfall condi-
tions, reseeded clover produced 73
percent more dry matter and 72
percent more total 
N. At Headland,
reseeded clover produced up to 140
percent more total N than planted
clover. When reseeding clover 
was
first established after corn, there were
no significant differences in either
whole-plant dry weights or N pro-
duction, which indicates the differ-
ences in subsequent years were due
to reseeded versus planted corn, and
not to the previous summer crop.
L.J. Oyer and J.T. Touchton
A study at
the Sand
Mountain
Substation in
Crossville
wasdesigned
to determine
the optimum
nitrogen rate
and applica-
Tropical Corn Grain Yiel
Clover and 
Fallow Syste
Yield/acre. bv I
System 
0 
45
Bu. Bu.
Clover................ 45 59
Fallow................ 11 39
tion time for tropical 
corn in a fallow
system and a system with reseeding
crimson clover. The late planting
date of tropical corn allows clover to
naturally reseed, eliminating 
the cost
of annual 
seeding.
Two hybrids, Dekalb X678C and
Pioneer X304C, were planted 
with a
no-till planter with in-row 
subsoil-
ers on June 28 at a seeding rate of
23,000 seed per acre. Yields were
reduced due to 
drought in July 
and
September, and to an early frost (the
earliest ever recorded). Grain 
yields
averaged 57 bushels per acre 
for the
Dekalb hybrid, regardless 
of N
application time. The Pioneer 
hy-
brid averaged 50 bushels per 
acre
when all N was 
applied at planting,
and 57bushelsper acre when 
N was
split applied (one-third at planting
and two-thirds when corn was 12
inches tall).
In the clover system, N applica-
tion time was 
not critical. Tropical
corn averaged 
60 and 62 bushels 
per
acre, respectively, when N was
applied at planting versus 
applied
in split applications. In the fallow
system, yields were reduced from 53
to 46 bushels per acre when 
N was
applied at planting rather than as a
split application. The beneficial ef-
fect of the clover mulch is shown 
in
the table.
1
The benefits of the clover mulch
are more striking considering the
system eliminates seed costs after
initial establishment. Preliminary
test results indicate that June 7-20
would be a good "window" for plant-
ing tropical corn in north Alabama,
and 7 to 14 days later for central and
south Alabama, respectively.
Based on the Auburn test, it ap-
pears that other nonreleased varie-
ties of tropical corn may per-
form better than the only
variety currently available
(Pioneer X304C). Planting
depth of Pioneer X304C is
180 critical. In the Auburn tests,
plant stands 
were erratic
Bu. when seed were planted
64 deeper than 1 inch.
59
D.W. Reeves, P.L. Mask,
and J.T. Touchton
Managing N Fertilizer
On Winter Wheat
Nitrogen (N) is the most limiting
factor in the production of winter
wheat in the Southeast. Winter
wheat is planted in Alabama in late
October to mid-December. About
one-third of the fertilizer is applied
at planting
and the re- 
Whet
mainder in a
late win-teror
Nitrogen
early spring, applied,
when rapid 
Ib. /acre
plant growth
starts. Winter
rains will of- Brewton
ten delay the 6o ..................
application of 90 ----------------- -----------
application 
.. ............
N and this can 150........... .........
150 ............................
result in re-
duced yields, Monroeville
therefore it 
60 .............................
90 .............................
would be ad- 120 .............
vantageous to 
150 ........................
apply all of
'30 pounds per acr
the N in the 
2
All nitrogen appliec
fall. Unfortunately, fall-applied N
can be lost in some winters through
leaching and denitrification.
If nitrification inhibitors could be
used to prevent 
the loss of fall-ap-
plied nitrogen, all of the N could be
applied at planting and delayed
spring application due to wet fields
would not be a yield-reducing vari-
able. The objective of this study was
to determine if nitrification inhib-
itors (N-Serve and DCD) would
permit fall-only N application.
Wheatwasplanted inlateautumn
with N rates ranging from 60 to 150
pounds per acre. N treatments in-
cluded fall-spring split application
and fall application only with no
inhibitor (None), N-Serve (NS), and
DCD.
Wheat yields given in the table
indicate that the standard fall-spring
split application of N is superior to
fall-applied N, with or without an
inhibitor. With fall-spring split
applications, yields peaked with 120
pounds per acre N at Brewton and
90 pounds per acre at Monroeville.
At these optimum N rates, the inhib-
itors improved yields when com-
pared to the fall-only N application
at Brewton, but they resulted in infe-
rior yields when compared to the
fall-spring split application.
R.R. Sharpe and J.T. Touchton
at Yields as Affected by Nitrogen Treatments
nd Nitrification Inhibitors, 4-year Average
Fall-
spring
-
Bu.
Yield/acre, by N treatment
Fall Fall,
none
2
NS
Monitoring Nitrogen
in Wheat
Some states and private consult-
ants advocate intensive monitoring
of wheat during late winter and
spring growth to determine whether
supplemental nitrogen applications
are needed. However, interpreta-
tion of plant nitrogen concentrations
in wheat is difficult during this pe-
riod of rapid growth.
Tests at four locations in 1986
showed that conventional N fertili-
zation in late winter resulted in
slightly higher N concentrations but
considerably higher grain yields than
when fertilization was based on
weekly monitoring of plant N con-
centrations. Experiments at the E. V.
Smith Research Center in Shorter
since 1987 and at the Tennessee
Valley Substation in Belle Mina in
1989 have attempted to correlate
grain yield with plant N concentra-
tion during Feeke's growth stage
(GS) 6 to 10.1 (early jointing to grain
fill).
Regardless of the time or amount
of topdress N applied, N
concentration in wheat plants in-
creased rapidly in mid-February
(GS4) to mid-March (GS8). Highest
grain yields were associated with
DC
B
34
36
4;
44
.................... 34 30 30
.................... 42 31 36
................... 48 32 39
----------........ 49 42 42
.................... 49 47 49
.................... 56 55 44
- 56 53 56
................... 54 54 53
e applied at planting and the remainder applied in spring.
I at planting.
maximum plant N concen-
trations above 4.0 percent
during GS 6 through GS
10.1. Although plant nitro-
gen analyses can indicate
all, severe deficiencies, theyare
,D of 
little value 
in making
u. supplemental N recom-
mendations. These tests
4 indicate that applying all
6 of the topdress nitrogen at
or before rapid spring
growth begins (GS4),
which is the conventional
8 way of topdressing nitro-
gen on wheat in 
Alabama,
gives best results.
C.C. Mitchell and P.L. Mask
d In
ms
N rate
90
Bu.
60
51
Maximum Wheat
Yields Require Sulfur
Fertilization
A study to determine sources,
rates, and time of sulfur application
was conducted at the Brewton Ex-
periment Field and at the Wiregrass
Substation in Headland to investi-
gate ways of preventing and/or
correcting sulfur deficiencies on
wheat.
Although grain yields were low
on the sandy soils at both locations,
sulfur deficiencies were observed in
2 of the 3 years the test was con-
ducted. At least 20 pounds per acre
of topdress sulfate sulfur, such as
amnmonium sulfate or gypsum, was
necessary to consistently prevent
yield losses from sulfur deficiencies.
Fall-applied sulfate sulfur may be
leached out of the rooting zone by
the time rapid late-winter and spring
growth begins.
Elemental sulfur, such as wettable
sulfur powder, is not effective when
topdressed in late winter, but may
be applied at planting. Elemental
sulfur must be oxidized to the sul-
fate form by soil bacteria before it
can be taken up by plants, and bacte-
rial activity in soils is low in cool,
winter weather.
Sulfur deficiency is difficult to
correct once symptoms are observed.
Ammonium sulfate and gypsum
always resulted in near maximum
yields when topdressed at Feeke's
growth stage GS 4 (late tillering).
When application was delayed until
GS8 (late jointing), yields were about
the same as the check, where no
sulfur was applied. Deficiencies
were easily diagnosed with plant
analysis, but soil tests for sulfur were
difficult to interpret because of sul-
fur's mobility in the soil.
C.C. Mitchell and P.L. Mask
Hessian Fly Damage to Wheat
Hessian fly damage has been as-
sociated with poor wheat yields over
the past 10 years in Alabama. Prior
to 1980, out-
breaks of
Hessian fly
occurred
only every 7
or8years,but
during the
last decade
this species
has been a
regular pest
of small
grains.
Extensive
field collec-
tions of Hes-
sian fly in
many differ-
ent wheat va-
rieties were
taken during
April and
May 1989.
Most of the
damaging infestations of Hessian fly
occurred in central and south Ala-
bama. In wheat examined at
several locations in the Tennessee
Valley, infestations were low or
absent in both susceptible and resis-
tant cultivars. Wheat samples taken
from Tallassee,
Camden, Dothan,
and Fairhope were
heavily infested.
Commonly planted
varieties such as FL
301, FL 302, and
Hunter had 80 per-
cent to 93 percent of
the stems infested,
table 1. In many in-
stances the wheat
was a total loss.
A Hessian fly rear-
ing and testing pro-
cedure has now been
developed and Hes-
sian fly taken from
the variety collec-
tions are being tested in the labora-
tory for biotype. Heavy parasite in-
festation of Hessian fly reduced the
Cultivar
Central South
Stems Flies/ Stems Flies/
infested stem infested stem
Pct. No. Pct- No
Auburn .............................. 20.0
Caldwell .................... 26.7
Coker 916 .......................... 86.7
Coker 9766 ............................ 46.7
C om pton ................................ 0.0
F illm o re .................................. 20 .0
Florida 30 1 ............................. 93.3
Florida 301H ................. --
Florida 302 .................. 80.0
Hunter ....................... ..
M assey .............................. 13.3
M cNair 1003 .......................... 53.3
P ioneer 2548 ......................... ..
Pioneer 2550 ......................... 0.0
Saluda .................... 6.7
Stacy .................... 0.0
Terral 817 .......................... 66.7
Tyler ....................... 60.0
efficiency of biotype deter
during the winter of 1989
(1990) fly collections will b
the laboratory for biotype.
Results of insecticide scre
shown in Table 2.
1.0
2.6
2.9
1.7
0.1
4.4
7.6
0.3
5.5
3.5
0.2
0.9
7.5
0.1
0.3
0.0
mination
Spring
tested in
eningare
P.M. Estes
Table 2. Effects of Planting Date and Disulfoton
Treatment on Wheat Grain Yield, 1987
Cultivar Treatment'
FI 3022 ....... No
Yes
Terral 8172 ....... No
Yes
Masseys ............ No
Yes
Stacys
Yield/acre, by planting date
Sept. Oct. Nov. Av.
Bu. Bu. Bu. Bu.
...... No
Yes
'In-furrow treatment of disfuloton at 0.75 pound ai per acre
'Susceptible to Hessian fly.
'Some tolerance or resistance to Hessian fly.
Table 1. Hessian Fly Infestation of Selected Cultivars, 1989
Requests, by region of Alabama
Ryegrass control in
Wheat
Weed control is a primary concern
in wheat production. Annual
ryegrass is a common weed species
known to reduce wheat yield and
quality, and it infests some areas in
almost every county in the State.
Two experiments were initiated in
the fall of 1988 to evaluate two rates
and four application timings of
Hoelon? (diclofop) for annual
ryegrass control. At the Prattville
Field, annual ryegrass seeds were
sown broadcast at 20 pounds per
acre to the surface of a prepared Lu-
cedale fine sandy loam soil. Saluda
wheat seeds were then planted at 70
pounds per acre in 7-inch rows.
Hoelon was applied preemergence
on September 23, and postemergence
on October 13, October 26, and No-
vember 11.
At Tallassee, planting was identi-
cal to that at Prattville except wheat
and ryegrass seeds were planted Oc-
tober 28 into a Norfolk sandy loam
soil. Preemergence treatments were
applied November 1. Postemergence
treatments were applied November
1 and December 8, 1988, and January
12,1989.
Ryegrass control on May 5, 
1989,
with Hoelon was good to excellent
(82 to 99 percent) with all applica-
tions. Wheat
yield was
good with all 
Wheat Yield as Affec
Hoelon treat- 
Application 
and
ments rang-
ing from 38 
to Rate 
and time' 
F
41 bushels 
a
per acre, see
thetable.
W here rye- 
1.5 pints, PRE ............
grass was not 3.0 pints, PRE ............
controlled, 1.5 pints, 
POT 2 .........
wheat yield 
3.0 pints, POT 
2 .........
1.5 pints, POT 4 .........
averaged 30 3 pints, POT 4 .........
bushels per 1.5 pints, POT 8 .........
acre, see 
the 3.0 
pints, POT 8 
.........
Hand weeded .............
table.
N ontreated .................
Tank mix-
ing Hoelon 'POT 2 = postemerg
with 2,4-D 
2
Hoelon 3 EC; 
2,4-D
resulted in less ryegrass 
control,
ranging from 53 to 87 percent. This
antagonism was reduced some by
increasing the Hoelon rate. Although
ryegrass control with Hoelon plus
2,4-D was considerably less, wheat
yield was only slightly less in some
instances.
Ryegrass control on May 
3, 1989,
was excellent (93 to 99 percent) for
all Hoelon treatments except for the
1.5 pints per acre rate applied post
to ryegrass at the 8-leaf stage (83
percent). Wheat yield for treat-
ments receiving only I-oelon ranged
from 22 to 31 bushels per acre. Yield
data indicate reduced yields three
out of four times when the higher
rate (3 pints per acre) was used. The
bestapplicationrate for Hoclon alone
was 1.5 pints per acre and the best
time for this application was when
the ryegrass had four leaves.
When Hoelon was tank mixed with
2,4-D, ryegrass control was gener-
ally reduced. Control was always
better with the higher rate of Hoelon,
and the larger the ryegrass was at
time of application the less control.
These data,like those from Prattville,
show that adding 2,4-D to Hoelon
causes antagonism. When 2,4-D was
tank mixed with Hoelon, wheat yield
was reduced by an average of 4 to 8
bushels per acre. This reduction was
related to less ryegrass control and a
moderate degree of 2,4-D injury.
Robert H. Walker
cted by Hoelon and Hoelon + 2,4-D Time of
Rate, Prattville and Tallassee, 1988-89
Prattville yield/acre
Hoelon Hoelon
ilone
2
+ 2,4-D
2
Tallassee yield/acre
Hoelon Hoelon
alone
2
+ 2,4-D
2
Bu. Bu. Bu. Bu.
..38
..38
..39
..40
..41
.40
41
.. 40
..38
..30
ence to ryegrass with two leaves, etc.
amine 3.8.
Heavy Midge
Infestation
Causes Greatest
Sorghum Damage
Sorghum midge is a frequent in-
sect pest of grain sorghum in Ala-
bama and causes serious yield re-
ductions if plants are infested dur-
ing critical growth periods. To de-
termine the relationship among dif-
ferent population densities of sor-
ghum midge and damage caused to
the crop, sorghum bloom stage was
monitored to better understand the
critical period for midge attack.
Seventy-five percent of the plants
(Northrup King Savanna 5 hybrid)
grown in the field required 17-18
days to finish flowering when plant
growth was uniform, and 65 percent
to 69 percent of the plants required
22 days to finish flowering when
crop growth was uneven or affected
by low temperatures. Flower pro-
duction was not affected by the in-
secticides (Lorsban or Sevin) used to
control sorghum midge.
Midge infestation was estimated
by sampling panicles throughout the
period of greatest flower produc-
tion (about 8 days for uniform sor-
ghum plots and 12 days for uneven
plots). Midge populations were not
abundant through the bloom period
in any of the four planting dates, but
the greatest damage occurred in plots
with the longest bloom period.
Obviously those sorghum plantings
were exposed to midgeattack longer.
Midge population densities varied
markedly in the field from one day
to another. The mean population
densities per sorghum head were
1.8, 2.6, 0.9, and 1.4 adult females in
the first, second, third, and fourth
plantings, respectively. Midge
sampling started 5 to 6 days after
sorghum began to flower or when
approximately 20-35 percent of the
plants were in full bloom.
Yield losses of 3.8 percent, 36.0
percent, 12.1 percent, and 23.7 per-
cent were apparently 
caused by 1.8,
2.6, 0.9, and 1.4 midges per 
panicle,
respectively. No significant correla-
tion was found between number of
ovipositing midges and damage
caused to sorghum in the field.
However, all plantings except the
first one exhibited the greatest yield
losses with higher midge densities.
Probably the great day-to-day dif-
ference in midge populations was
responsible for the large variation in
yield data.
A. Torres and P.M. Estes
Seeding Rates, Fertility
For Grain Sorghum
Grain sorghum is often grown in
Alabama as an alternative crop, and
is frequently planted in situations in
which environmental conditions
delay corn planting. Wide ranges in
seeding rates and N fertilizer rates
are commonly used 
for sorghum,
and research sought to determine if
the N fertilizer requirements are
related to seeding rates.
Pioneer B8516 grain sorghum was
planted on June 26, 1989, at seeding
rates ranging from 50,000 to 140,000
seed per acre. N fertilizer (prilled
ammonium nitrate) wasbanded next
to the row on July 24 at N rates
ranging from 0 to 120 pounds per
acre.
EDITOR'S NOTE
Mention of company or trade names
does not indicate endorsement by the
Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station
or Auburn University of one brand over
another. Any mention of non label uses or
applications in 
excess of labeled 
rates of
pesticides or other chemicals does not
constitute a recommendation. Such use in
research is simply part of the scientific in-
vestigation necessary to fully evaluate
materials and treatments.
Information contained herein is avail
able to all persons without regard to race,
color, sex, or national origin.
Funds provided by the Alabama
Legislature provide the major fi-
nancial support for Alabama Agri-
cultural Experiment Station re-
search. Hatch funds from the U.S.
government also represent an im-
portantfundingsource. Since these
funds are limited, however, many
areas of research would go unsup-
ported except for financial support
from various granting agencies,
commodity groups, and other
friends of the Experiment Station.
Contributions of these supporters
to AAES research programs are ac-
knowledged with gratitude.
Among these supporters of AAES
As shown in the table, grain
yields were relatively low, but
were in the expected range for
late June-planted sorghum in
south Alabama. Peak yields of 64
bushels per acre occurred with
the 80 pounds per acre 
N rate,
which is the recommended rate
for grain sorghum. Seeding rates
had no influence on yields or N
fertilizer requirements.
M. Abdoulkadri and J.T. Touchton
research, the following are recog-
nized and thanked for their contri-
butions to grain crops research:
Alfa Wheat and Feed Grain
Producers
Allied Signal Corporation
CIBA-GEIGY, Inc.
E. I. Dupont Inc.
Gustafson, Inc.
Mobay, Inc.
Rohm and Haas, Inc.
Tennessee Valley Authority
United States Agency for
International Development
United States Department
of Agriculture, Office of
International Cooperation
Yield of Late Planted Grain Sorghum as
Affected by Seeding Rate and N
N rate,
lb./acre 
5
0 ...... .........
4 0 ...............
80 ..............
120 ...........
Yield/acre, by seeding rate
50,000 80,000 110,000 140,000
Bu. Bu. Bu. Bu.
32 34 39 31
.56 55 59 54
.64 63 64 66
.48 64 63 65
-1T
Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station
Auburn University
Auburn University, Alabama 36849-0520
NON-PROFrr ORG.
POSTAGE & FEES PAID
PERMIT No. 9
AUBURN. ALA
March 1990 10M