........... ....................: I~j ~
New Cotton
Herbicides Show
Promise
Cotton weed control across the
country will change significantly when
either of two new herbicides, bromo-
xynil and DPX-PE350, which are now
being tested in Alabama Agricultural
Experiment Station (AAES) trials, are
registered by the Environmental Pro-
tection Agency.
Bromoxynil, a contact herbicide
sold as Buctril for use in small grains,
was tested for over-the-top broadleaf
control in transgenic cotton during
1991 and 1992. This transgenic cotton
has been genetically modified to toler-
ate bromoxynil, which kills ordinary
cotton. DPX-PE350, being developed
under the trade name Staple, also pro-
vides postemergence over-the-top con-
trol of broadleaf weeds in cotton and
can be used on all cotton varieties. Full
registration of both products for cotton
is expected by the 1995 growing season.
Bromoxynil was tested on trans-
genic cotton plants that were grown
following USDA guidelines at the Ten-
nessee Valley Substation, Belle Mina.
Treatments were evaluated for crop in-
jury and weed control ability. DPX-
PE350 was evaluated from 1990
Continued on page 2
Reniform Nematodes - A New Threat to
Cotton Production in Alabama
Reniform nematode, a serious pest af-
fecting cotton, has become widespread in
Alabama. Alabama Agriculural Experi-
ment Station research (AAES) research
is helping determine populations and
identify controls for this pest.
Reniform nematodes 
pose a seri-
ous threat to cotton production in Ala-
bama because they spread from field
70%~ to field on farm equipment, readily
adapt to all soil types, and frequently
cause substantial damage to cotton
% without being detected. 
Reniform
nematodes were reported in 1959
5% fin an east Alabama cotton field
but a recent AAES survey 
identi-
fied reniform nematodes in almost
15 percent of the cotton fields
sampled statewide.
The highest and most damag-
.26A/ 
ing reniform nematode 
popula-
tions were found in cotton fields
% Cotton fields in central and south Alabama,
with > 900 reniform as shown in the figure. Seventy
/100 cc soil percent of the cotton 
fields sur-
veyed in Tuscaloosa County con-
Counties with damaging levels of reniform tained reniform 
populations
nematode. 
greater than 900 
per 100 cc of
soil, which is the level considered capable of reducing cotton yields.
Yield loss studies conducted in Escambia County in 1989 showed cotton yields
in fields containing high reniform nematode populations could be reduced by 75
Continued on page 2
ra
RESEARCH UPDATE
1993
COTTON
New Cotton Herbicides, continued
through 1992 at the Tennessee Valley
Substation and the Prattville Experiment
Field, Prattville.
Good to excellent annual morning-
glory and prickly sida control was ob-
tained with postemergence treatments
of both products. Buctril exhibited ex-
cellent postemergence activity, but no
significant soil-residual activity. Staple
demonstrated soil-residual activity
and foliar activity.
Little or no crop injury was ob-
served with postemergence treatments
of either product. Both herbicides also
provided postemergence control of
velvetleaf, common cocklebur, and
other broadleaf weeds that affect cot-
ton.
Neither product has annual grass
activity, therefore a grass herbicide will
be needed in a herbicide program using
these new products. One weakness that
both herbicides share is their failure to
control sicklepod postemergence.
M.G. Patterson, D.P. Moore, and B.E. Norris
Reniform Nematodes, continued
percent. Subsequent 
YIELD RESPONS
studies conducted in
this same field 
and in Treatment
a second field in 1990,
1991,and 1992 
showed 
Rate/acre
that the greatest yield 
Telone 112, 3 gal
losses from reniform Temik 
15G1, 10
occurred when 
cotton 1 Temik 
15
was subjected to un- 
0.6elone injeb.
favorable growing 3 Temik inco
conditions.
Studies have shown that nem-
aticides are the most economical and
effective means for controlling exist-
ing reniform nematode populations in
cotton. Higher rates of aldicarb (Temik
15G9) and 1.3-dicloropropene (Telone
II?) produced profitable yields when
applied to cotton fields heavily in-
fested with reniform nematodes,see
tahle. A 1- t.o )-year crop rotation withi
nonhost crops, such as grain sorghum,
corn, and other grass crops, also effec-
tively controls this pest, but these rota-
tions are not always practical for Ala-
E TO NEMATICIDES IN TWO COTTON FIELDS, 1990-1991
Application
method
................ Injected
lb. ......... Band
Lint 
Profit
1
per acre
Lb./ac
149 $50
163 $70
G @ $2.80/lb.; Telone II @ $9.00/gal.; cotton
cted 2 weeks prior to planting.
rporated on a 6-inch band over the row at planting.
bama cotton producers. Peanut, a
nonhost, can be used as an effective
rotation crop by cotton producers who
also grow peanuts.
No commercial cotton varieties
have exhibited resistance to reniform
nematodes, but some cotton varieties
may have tolerance to the nematode.
In a variety test conducted this year in
a vIIY IInIteLsU reniform fiLdIV, 
Vtwo
cotton varieties, LARN and LA 887, pro-
duced good yields, despite maintain-
ing high reniform populations.
W.S. Gazaway and D.E. Rush
Bahiagrass and Soybean Rotations Help Manage
Nematodes in Cotton
Damage from nematodes is an im-
portant yield limiting factor for many
cotton fields in Alabama and other cot-
ton growing states. Finding a practical,
efficient management system for
nematodes can be difficult, but re-
search suggests that rotating cotton
with various other plants may be an
effective way to control these pests.
Cotton soils are often infested with
a variety of nematode species, several
of which cause damage to the roots
directly and in association with cotton-
wilt pathogens.
Management of nematodes has
typically focused on development of
resistant varieties and the use of
nematicides. While these methods
have been moderately effective, vari-
ous shortcomings with these controls
suggest there is a need for additional
management systems. For the past 5
years, researchers working in the Ala-
bama Agricultural Experiment Station
have been evaluating the use of several
crop rotations for
the control of nema-
todes.
One rotation
experiment was
conducted in an old
cotton field at the
E.V. Smith Research
Center, Shorter, in
soil that was heav-
ily infested with
root-knot, spiral,
and stubby root
nematodes and had
a serious wilt prob-
lem. Treatments in-
cluded seven culti-
vars planted with
and without the use
of a nematicide
(aldicarb).
Results clearly
showed the benefits
of rotation. Yields of
TABLE 1. YIELD RESPONSE OF SEVEN COTTON CULTIVARS TO A BAHIAGRASS-COTTON ROTATION
Seed cotton yield, lb./acre
Continuous cotton Bahiagrass - cotton
Cultivars Nontreated Nematicide Nontreated Nematicide
DPL 20 ...................... 872 1,897 1,809 2,071
DPL 50 .................... 937 1,939 2,136 2,245
Coker 320 .............. 850 1,548 1,613 2,071
Coker 315 .............. 676 1,351 1,635 1,940
Stoneville 453 ........ 523 1,591 1,722 2,049
DES 119 ................... 806 1,657 1,984 2,180
S -1001 ................... 1,134 1,918 1,831 2,332
TABLE 2. YIELD RESPONSE OF SEVEN COTTON CULTIVARS TO A SOYBEAN-COTTON ROTATION
Seed cotton yield, lb./acre
Continuous cotton
Cultivars Nontreated
D PL 20 ...................... 1,134
DPL 50 .... ............ 1,286
Coker320 ............... 1.417
Coker 315 ................. 1,199
Stoneville 453 ......... 676
DES 119 ................. 1,439
S -1001 ................... 1,417
Nematicide
2,507
2,747
2,638
2,747
2,245
2,616
2,703
Soybean - cotton
Nontreated
1,766
1,875
2,158
1,875
1,722
1,940
2,245
Nematicide
2.245
2,149
2,659
2,616
2,463
2,354
2,594
cotton grown following 2 years 
of Continued on page 3
Effects of Budworm/Bollworm Management Systems in
Early- and Late-Planted Cotton
Because of the potential for the to-
bacco budworm to develop resistance
to pyrethroid insecticides in 
Alabama,
as it has in other areas already, several
strategies have been proposed for man-
aging budworms and bollworms in cot-
ton. Most of these strategies are aimed
at reducing the number of pyrethroid
applications applied for worm control.
However, the effects of alternative
management tactics on profitability or
on outbreaks of secondary pests such
as aphids, whiteflies, loopers, and beet
armyworms, are generally unknown.
In 1991 an Alabama Agricultural
Experiment Station study was initiated
at the Wiregrass Substation, Headland,
to compare the number of insecticide
applications required to control tobacco
budworms and bollworms in four man-
agement systems. Management sys-
tems were: (1) pyrethroids applied
against all three generations of bud-
worms/bollworms; (2) pyrethroids ap-
plied against the second generation of
worms, and carbamates and organo-
phosphates applied against first and
EFFECTS OF BUDWORM/BOLLWORM MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ON PERCENT WORM INFESTATIONS AND DAMAGE, NUMBER OF
INSECTICIDE APPLICATIONS, AND YIELDS OF COTTON PLANTED ON Two DATES
Insecticide Seed
applications cotton/acre
Lb.
April 18 planting
Pyrethroids all generations .....
Pyrethroids 2nd generation only
Ovicides 1st generation ..........
No pyrethroids .....................
All systems .......................
May 23 planting
Pyrethroids all generations.....
Pyrethroids 2nd generation only
Ovicides 1st generation ..........
No pyrethroids ....................
All systems .........................
third generations; (3) ovicidal rates of
thiodicarb applied when first genera-
tion egg numbers exceeded 50 eggs per
100 cotton terminals; and (4) only car-
bamates and organophosphates used
for all insect control. Secondary pest
population densities and cotton yields
also were determined for each system.
Because planting dates for cotton
in the Wiregrass region are variable,
Bahiagrass and Soybean Rotations, continued
bahiagrass were significantly greater
than those obtained with the cultivars
following 2 years of Deltapine 
50 cotton,
(Table 1). Yield response was greatest
for the nematicide-treated plots in the
continuous cotton treatments. Nem-
aticide application was of question-
able economic value for most cultivars
in the bahiagrass rotation.
In another experiment at the Cen-
ter, rotations with soybeans were con-
ducted to assess the value of root-knot
nematode-resistant soybeans (Kirby)
in rotation with cotton. This experi-
ment was conducted in a field infested
with the same nematodes found in the
previously mentioned study and
treatments included both nematicide
treated and nontreated plots.
After 2 years of planting Kirby
soybean, yields of the seven cotton
cultivars were significantly greater
than yields of the cultivars follow-
ing 2 years of Deltapine cotton, (Table
2). Again, yield response to the
nematicide treatment was most pro-
nounced in plots with continuous cot-
ton. However, in contrast with the
bahiagrass rotation, yield responses to
aldicarb in the soybean rotation were
highly significant. This suggests that a
rotation using Kirby soybeans with
cotton is not as effective as the bahia-
grass rotation in managing the nema-
tode-wilt problem present in many
Alabama fields.
Other rotation systems with forage
and row crops are being studied and
look promising for the management of
nematode problems.
R. Rodriguez-Kabana D G. Robertson, and
J.S. Bannon
usually timed around peanut planting
schedules, DES 119 cotton was planted
on two planting dates (April 18 and
May 23) for each management system.
Production practices, other than insect
management, were standard for the
area.
Both planting date and pest man-
agement system affected the number
of insecticide applications that were
required, (the table). Fewer insecticide
applications were needed to protect
the crop planted in May than for the
April planting. On both planting 
dates,
the fewest applications were required
in the ovicide-based system because of
the high treatment threshold used. The
most were required when no pyre-
throids were used.
The high treatment threshold used
for the first budworm/bollworm gen-
eration in the ovicide-based system re-
sulted in greater worm numbers and
damage when worm populations
peaked in June. Second generation
(July) worm populations and damage
were greatest in the no-pyrethroid sys-
tem for both planting dates. Third gen-
eration budworm/bollworm infesta-
tions were low in all treatments in 1991
and are not presented. Secondary pest
numbers were not affected by man-
agement systems and were low during
Continued on page 4
1st generation 2nd generation
Worms Damage Worms Damage
3,487
3,459
3,672
2.994
3,403
3,814
3.717
3,975
3,918
3,856
Cover Systems and Starter
Fertilizers Evaluated on
No-Till Cotton
Northern Alabama, an area of in-
tense cotton production, has many soil
types that are considered highly erod-
ible and therefore must have approved
soil conservation plans to meet require-
ments of the 1985 farm bill. One
method farmers can use to meet soil
erosion tolerances is to use no-tillage or
minimum-tillage cotton systems.
Previous grower and researcher
experience indicated these systems
might reduce cotton growth and yield,
especially when cotton was no-tilled
into old cotton stubble, compared to
conventionally tilled cotton. A field
study was conducted in 1991 and 1992
to verify growth and yield limiting
factors with no-till cotton production
in northern Alabama.
The study, which was con-
ducted at the Tennessee Valley Substa-
tion, Belle Mina, compared cotton
growth and yields between the two
most commonly used no-till cover sx s-
tems and conven-
tionally tilled cot-
ton. Comparisons
between starter fer-
tilizer materials and
placement of those
materials also
were evaluated in
each tillage system.
The two no-till cover
systems e\ aluated
were old cotton
stubble or fall
seeded wheat,
killed 2 weeks prior
to planting. Starter
tertilizer treatments
consisted of liquid
fertilizers supplying
EFFECTS OF STARTER FERTILIZER PLACEMENT ON GROWTH: YIELD OF COTTON
Starter fertilizer treatment
Ib./A Placement Tillage
0-0
15-0
15-0
15-50
15-50
0-0
15-0
15-0
15-50
15-50
0-0
15-0
15-0
15-50
15-50
1
Heig
Height Seed cotton yield
1991 1992 1991 1992
- Conv. 24 
31
Band Conv. 25 32
2x2 Conv. 26 32
Band Conv. 27 31
2x2 Conv. 24 32
- Stubble 21 30
Band Stubble 21 28
2x2 Stubble 21 30
Band Stubble 21 30
2x2 Stubble 22 31
- Wheat 23 31
Band Wheat 24 31
2x2 Wheat 26 34
Band Wheat 27 35
2x2 VVfhltdi 26 35
hts were taken at early bloom each year.
N and P205 rates of 0-0, 15-0, and 15-
50 pounds per acre applied either in a
band 4 inches over the row or 2 x 2
placed.
Cotton yields at the test site were
Effects of Budworm/Bollworm Management Systems, continued
most of the season. However, in early
August, whitefly numbers were almost
10 times greater in the cotton planted in
April (28.7per terminal) than in the May
planting (2.7 per terminal). In contrast,
looper populations were slightly greater
in the cotton planted in May (46.2 per
row foot) than the April planting (29.4
per row foot).
Planting dates had more effect on
cotton yields than did managementsys-
tems. Seed cotton yields averaged about
450 pounds greater in the late planting
than in the early planting. Despite the
early season damage levels, the highest
yields were obtained in the high-thresh-
old, ovicide-based system, regardless of
planting date. When no pyrethroids
were used, yields were reduced in cot-
ton planted in April, but not in the cot-
ton planted in May.
Because of year-to-year variability
in pest numbers and weather condi-
tions, results of this experiment might
not be consistent every year. However,
this study demonstrated that in some
years in the Wiregrass region of Ala-
bama it is possible to sustain relatively
heavy early-season damage and still
produce good cotton yields, even in
cotton planted as late as the end of May.
Late planting does not necessarily lead
to the need for more insecticide appli-
cations.
The increased number of applica-
tions required, and the lower yields ex-
hibited by cotton that was never treated
with pyrethroids demonstrate the
value of this class of insecticides. A
management system based on high bud-
worm/bollworm thresholds inJune and
on the use of an ovicide when thresh-
olds are exceeded resulted in good
yields. If a similar system is adopted by
most growers, development of pyre-
throid resistance by the tobacco bud-
worm may be delayed in Alabama.
M.J Gaylor
only about one bale per acre due to a
drought in 1991. However, abundant
rainfall produced cotton yields of about
two bales per acre in 1992.
Both years cotton no-tilled into old
stubbie produced shorter, more com-
pact plants than cotton 
conventionally
tilled or no-tilled into wheat. Starter
fertilizers had little effect on conven-
tional cotton yield either year, while
starter fertilizers increased cotton yield
in the no-till covers in 1991 but not in
1992. Response to starter placement
treatments also varied greatly between
tillage treatments and years.
Although growth differences be-
tween the no-till cover systems and con-
ventionallv tilled cotton were noted,
cotton yields were similar in each tillage
systern for both years. Starter fertilizer
response was erratic, but these results
support previous findings starer fertil-
izer is more likely to elicit a response
from no-till cotton than conventionally
tilled cotton. Soil moisture and soil
compaction measurements were taken
in all tillage treatments in 1992. This
should supply additional information
on why no-till cotton growth may differ
from conventionally tilled cotton.
C.H Burmester and M.G. Patterson
Lb./a
1,440
1,550
1.450
1,410
1,560
1,350
1,460
1,650
1,530
1,650
1,450
1,670
1,670
1,620
1.770
Lb./a
3,310
3.380
3.550
3,720
3,320
3,130
3,310
3,270
3,310
3,390
3,180
2,840
3,190
3,400
3.420
Broiler Litter
on Cotton
Effects of Soil-Applied Organic Wastes
on Cotton
Three years of research at the Ten-
nessee Valley Substation and two years
at E. V. Smith Research Center has dem-
onstrated that broiler litter can be used
effectively as a source of nitrogen (N)
for cotton. However, total nitrogen in
the litter is not a reliable index of nitro-
gen availability compared to ammo-
nium nitrate fertilizer.
In some years, total N in broiler
litter was just as effective as the total N
in ammonium nitrate in increasing cot-
ton lint yields. In other years, more N as
broiler litter was needed. 
However,
rates as high as 4 tons per acre or 240
pounds N per acre as broiler litter had
no negative effects on cntton vyield. In
some cases, the higher broiler litter rate
enhanced yields over conventional fer-
tilizers.
Growers interested in us-
ing animal manures 
as a fertil- 
g/p
izer source are concerned that
excessive N applications may
result is excessive vegetative
1,2
growth and decreased yields
due to late maturity and boll 8
rot. This problem was ob-
served only 
at the Tennes- 
4
see Valley in 1992. How-
ever, PixTM (mepiquot chlo-
ride) applications were effec-
tive in controlling excessive
growth and enhancing yields
in1992. Pixresulted in aver-
age yields of 1,780 compared to
1,560 pounds lint per acre where no Pix
was applied.
Residual soil nitrate levels were
not greater to a depth of 3 feet when
broiler litter was used compared to 120
pounds N per acre as ammonium ni-
trate. However, yields indicated that
previous broiler litter applications can
result in significant carryover of re-
sidual organic N in the soil.
C.C. Mitchell, C.H. Burmester. and C.W. Wood
Disposal of organic wastes, such as
old newspapers and lawn waste, is be-
coming a big problem for municipali-
ties. Finding uses for these wastes in
agricultural production systems could
benefit the environment and agricul-
ture. Research underway through the
Alabama Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion indicates that certain wastes may
have potential value for cotton produc-
tion.
A field study was initiated in 1992
at the E.V. Smith Research 
Center,
Shorter, to evaluate the effects of sur-
face-applied, noncomposted organic
wastes (newsprint, wood products,
yard waste, and gin trash): nitrog en
sources to adjust carbon:nitrogen ra-
tios; and time of application on the seed
cotton yield, growth, maturity, and
lant/day (8 hrs.)
N = new
G = gin
00-
00-
added to the soil. This treatment also
provided some herbicidal effect on
large crabgrass seedlings in cotton.
The addition of noncomposted
newsprint and leaves, plus ammonium
nitrate as a nitrogen source produced
cotton plants that had smaller leaf ar-
eas, used less water, and produced
smaller seed cotton yields than the
standard control. Adding wood chips
or gin trash and using ammonium ni-
trate resulted in cotton plants that
were no different than the standard
with respect to leaf 
area, water use,
and seed cotton yield.
Adding broiler litter to the above
treatments increased cotton leaf area.
water use, and seed cotton yield. Ben-
eficial effects from the broiler litter
were greatest with newsprint, fol-
sprint, LV = leaves, W = woodchips
trash, L = broiler litter, STD = none
OLl
N GL STD
Organic waste 
material
Effect of waste materials on water usage by cotton plants.
weed control of cotton. The wastes
were thought to have potential to im-
prove soil qualities, such as organic
matter content, bulk density, soil aera-
tion, porosity, and 
water infiltration,
which could result in better control of
soil erosion and enhance soil produc-
tivity.
Results of the study have shown
that the first year of surface-applied
noncomposted organic waste reduced
seed cotton yields, (the table). News-
print had the greatest influence on seed
cotton yield, but this impact was
greatly reduced when broiler litter, an-
other abundant waste product, was
lowed by leaves, gin trash, and wood
chips. However, higher water use by
cotton plants 
does not necessarily
translate into higher yields, as was the
case here. Water use efficiency ap-
peared best with broiler litter and
leaves, followed by broiler litter and
wood chips, broiler 
litter and gin trash,
and lowest with broiler litter and
newsprint.
These results suggest that some of
these wastes used in combination with
broiler litter may benefit cotton pro-
duction.
J.H. Edwards. R.H. Walker. and C.C. Mitchell
Weeds in
Broiler Litter
Effect of Soil Test Potassium on Cotton
Response to Foliar Potassium Applications
When broiler litter is applied to
cotton fields, weed problems some-
times increase. Some cotton producers
fear that broiler litter is actually intro-
ducing problem weeds into the field.
Though logic suggests that the in-
creased weed growth is coming from
the fertilizing effect of the litter and not
from new weed seeds in the litter itself,
little research has been conducted on
this widespread concern.
An Alabama Agricultural Experi-
inent Station greenhouse incubation
study addressed this issue by evaluat-
ing 18 broiler litter samples collected
from houses throughout Alabama in
1992. The objectives were to see if any
weet: seed Vti Int iLLIUULCeI 
- 'Sl VI IILl:
was added to a sterilized soil and to
determine the effect of litter on growth
of weeds that were planted in the soil.
As expected, absolutely no weeds
came up during a 2-month incubation
period in the soil treated with any of the
broiler litter samples. The different lit-
ter samples did, however, affect the ger-
mination and growth of morningglory,
sicklepod, spiny amaranth, and crab-
grass seeds that were inoculated in the
soil.
These results suggest that cotton
producers should not be concerned
about introducing noxious weeds into
their cotton fields when broiler litter is
used as an alternative fertilizer source.
C.C. Mitchell and R.H. Walker
EDITOR'S \ U
Mention of com11 yI or trade names doesS
not indicate endorsement by the Alabanma
Agricultural Experiment Station or Auburn
ULiiiersity of one brand over another. Any
mention of Inonlabel uses or applications in
excess of labeled rates of pesticides or other
chemicals does not conlstitte a reconlllenda-
tion. Such use in research is simpli part ofthe
scient(fic icnvestigation necessary tofu lIyevalu-
ate materials and treatments.
Iniformaio tion con taiii'd herei iiis available to
all persons without regard to race, color, sex, or
national origin.
Foliar applications of potassium
(K) as KNO
3 
on cotton are becoming a
common practice in parts of the south-
eastern cotton belt. However, predict-
ing the probability of a yield response
to this practice has not been possible.
In 1992, long-term soil fertility ex-
periments at five Alabama locations
were used to measure cotton yield re-
sponse to foliar-applied 
KNO
3 
on treat-
ments where soil-test K concentrations
varied from low to high. For this Ala-
bama Agricultural Experiment Station
study, foliar KNO
3
, at a rate of 10
pounds per acre (1.3 pounds N and 4.4
pounds K
2
0 per acre), was applied
four times at weekly intervals begin-
ning the week after first bloom. The
other half of each plot received foliar-
applied urea at the same nitrogen rate.
Cotton at all locations responded to
increasing levels of soil-test K, indicat-
ing that K deficiencies existed at all
locations. In fact, sex ere K deficiencies
were observed at several locations.
However, foliar KNO
3 
increased cotton
yields at only two of the five loca-
tions- the Prattville Experiment Field
and the Monroeville Experiment Field,
both on Lucedale soils. The yield in-
crease was about the same whether soil
test K was low or high.
These results indicate that re-
sponse to foliar-applied K appears to
be soil related but not related to soil-test
K. Other soil and physiological factors
may influence the predictability of cot-
ton yield response to foliar-applied K.
While these data do not provide a de-
finitive answer about the effectiveness
of this technique, growers across the
cotton belt have reported increased
yields in about 40 percent of the fields
where foliar-applied K is used.
C.C. Mitchell, G.L. Mullins, and C.H. Burmester
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