The Philippine Inland Fisheries Project
and Aquaculture Production Project-
Completion Report
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ACRONYMS USED IN REPORT
Acronym Complete title
APP............Aquaculture Production Project
BAC...........Brackishwater Aquaculture Center
BFAR..........Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources
CIF............College of Inland Fisheries (Central Luzon State
University)
CLSU..........Central Luzon State University
FAA Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures (Auburn Uni-
versity)
FAC...........Freshwater Aquaculture Center
GRP...........Government of the Republic of the Philippines
IFP............Inland Fisheries Project
NEDA......... National Economic Development Authority
NFAC ......... National Food and Agriculture Council
NSDB ......... National Science Development Board
PCARR ........ Philippines Councilfor Agriculture and Resources
Research
PL-480.........Public Law (U.S.) Number 480
RELCOM ..... Research-Extension Linkage Committee
SEAFDEC .... Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center
UP ............. University of the Philippines
UPCF ......... University of the Philippines College of Fisheries
USAID ........ United States Agency for International Develop-
ment
USDA ......... United States Department of Agriculture
SUMMARY
The Auburn University International Center for Aquacul-
ture, a unit of the Agricultural Experiment Station's Depart-
ment of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures, was involved
from 1971 to 1979 in two successive aquacultural develop-
ment projects, the Inland Fisheries Project and the Aquacul-
ture Production Project, as a contractor of the U.S. Agency for
International Development to the Republic of the Philip-
pines.
The goal of both projects was to improve the nutrition of the
Filipino people by helping the host country government 
to
develop the substantial potential that existed in the country
for increasing production of fish through aquaculture. The
strategy for the projects was to develop three institutional
capabilities postulated to be prerequisite to the progress of
aquaculture in the Philippines: research, manpower training,
and extension.
To accomplish these objectives, the Inland Fisheries Proj-
ect (1971 to 1974) concentrated on the establishment of two
research-training centers, the Freshwater Aquaculture Cen-
ter on the principal island, Luzon, and the Brackishwater
Aquaculture Center located centrally in the archipelago on
Panay Island. During the project, key staff members from
each center were sent to universities abroad for graduate
training. Meanwhile, limited research activities were begun
in facilities borrowed from the government fisheries agency
and private individuals, even before the centers were com-
pleted.
The Aquaculture Production Project (1974 to 1979) focused
on continued physical development of the centers; intensifi-
cation and expansion of research efforts; and establishment of
two training programs, one leading to an academic degree,
the other practical. The project also sought to institute an
effective extension program within the national Bureau of
Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, and to link this element
with the research centers.
When the projects ended in March 1979, they could be
credited with several accomplishments:
(1) Two aquacultural research centers, the first in the
Philippines, had been established.
(2) Staff members of the centers had developed into com-
petent, highly trained researchers through graduate study
plus the several years of practical experience gained during
the projects. Six had earned Ph.D. degrees and 10 had earned
M.S. degrees at Auburn University under project sponsor-
ship; an additional Ph.D. degree was earned at the University
of Washington.
(3) Research programs had been established and were
evolving into effective instruments for the development of
new technology. In fact, the Freshwater Aquaculture Center
was already gaining prominence for its efforts to re-introduce
the nearly abandoned practice of rice-cum-fish culture.
(4) Both centers had instituted academic programs 
leading
to degrees in aquaculture; the Brackishwater Aquaculture
Center was conducting the first, and only, graduate program
in fisheries in the Philippines. The centers had begun also 
to
offer short courses to extension agents and fish farmers.
(5) For the first time, an Extension Division, having formal
responsibility for design and implementation of an extension
program, had been established within the Bureau of
Fisheries and Aquatic Resources. This new division, with
assistance of technical advisors from Auburn University, di-
rected an intensive program in two pilot regions to improve
the effectiveness of extension activities to aquaculture. These
pilot projects are now serving as models for similar efforts
throughout the country.
Although many problems remain to be resolved, the proj-
ects were instrumental in assisting the Philippine 
govern-
ment to establish the institutional components fundamental
to the development of the country's aquacultural potential. 
It
remains the responsibility of the host country to carry forward
from this sound base. Recommendations relating to future
aquacultural development in the Philippines also are 
in-
cluded in this report.
CO0N TE NT S
Page
SUMMARY........................................................ 3
INTRODUCTION................................................... 5
RATIONALE AND BACKGROUND.................................... 5
PROJECT CONCEPT............................................... 6
ACCOMPLISHMENTS............................................... 7
THE FRESHWATER AQUACULTURE CENTER........................ 7
Physical Facilities..................................... 8
Personnel ............................................ 8
Activities............................................. 8
THE BRACKISHWATER AQUACULTURE CENTER.................... 10
Physical Facilities .................................... 11
Personnel............................................ 11
Activities ............................................ 11
Official Recognition of BAC Efforts ...................... 16
EXTENSION PROGRAM OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES
AND AQUATIC RESOURCES...................................... 16
RECOMMENDATIONS............................................. 17
APPENDIX 1 ............................................. 18
Participants Trained Under the 
IFP-APP ................. 18
APPENDIX 2 ............................................. 19
Reports Resulting from the APP ......................... 19
APPENDIX 3................ ............................. 19
IFP-APP Reports from 1971- 1976 with Titles of
Research Completed at the FAC and BAC from July 1,
1974, through December 31, 1976.................... 19
APPENDIX 4 ............................................. 21
Publications and Manuscripts Authored or Co-authored
by FAC and BAC Researchers....................... 21
APPENDIX 5................................... '' ...... 21
Theses and Dissertations by Filipino Participants
Who Received Graduate Degrees from Auburn
University under IFP-APP Sponsorship............... 21
APPENDIX 6 ............................................. 22
Courses Offered by Central Luzon State University,
College of Inland Fisheries .......................... 22
APPENDIX 7 ................................. ......... 22
Leaflets and Other Extension Literature Developed
during the IFP-APP................................ 22
APPENDIX 8.............................................. 22
Courses Offered by UP-SEAFDEC Graduate Program
and Undergraduate Courses Offered by UP
(Iloilo Branch)..................................... 22
APPENDIX 9......... .................................... 23
Theses Completed by Graduate Students and Graduate
Student Research Projects in Progress at the BAC
as of September 1978............................... 23
PUBLISHED 11/79-IM
The Philippine Inland Fisheries Project and
Aquaculture Production Project-Completion Report'
JOHNIE H. ORANGE and 
DANIEL F. LEARY
2
INTRODUCTION
T HIS REPORT COVERS the rationale, concept, and
major accomplishments of two aquacultural development
projects of the Government of the Republic of the Philippines
(GRP). The projects, entitled "Inland Fisheries Project"
(IFP) and "Aquaculture Production Project" (APP), ran con-
secutively (IFP, 1971-1974; APP, 1974-1979) and had 
similar
objectives. They were separated into two projects primarily
for administrative purposes.
The purpose of the IFP and APP was to improve the nutri-
tion of Filipinos through the establishment of institutions
with aquacultural research, teaching, and extension
capabilities to increase aquacultural fisheries production.
RATIONALE AND BACKGROUND
An important staple in the diet of Filipinos, fish plays a vital
role in the nutrition of the people. It is the principal 
animal
protein in the Filipino diet and ranks second only to rice as 
a
source of protein in general.
As important as fish is in the diet of Filipinos, however,
production (derived primarily from hunting and capturing
wild stocks) is not sufficient to meet the needs of the nation's
43 million people. Protein consumption in the Philippines is
estimated to be 7 percent below United Nations Required
Daily Allowance. Total fish production during 1975 (latest
annual statistics available) was about 1.3 million 
metric tons,
insufficient to meet national needs, table 1. The 
country's
demand for fish in the year 2000 is projected to be 4 million
metric tons, or about three times current production.
The GRP recognizes the essential need to increase
fisheries production by all feasible means, but this will 
be a
difficult undertaking. Many fisheries scientists feel 
that the
catch from marine stocks is already approaching 
maximum
sustainable yield. Furthermore, the costs of increasing 
the
units of effort required to catch more fish from the sea 
are
becoming prohibitive due to rising costs of energy, fishing
vessels, and gear. Nor is increased importation of fisheries
products an answer because the Philippines economy cannot
afford the high cost in foreign exchange.
Aquaculture has been practiced in the Philippines for 
cen-
turies. Nevertheless, production from this fisheries subsector
has lagged far behind its potential. Only about 106,000 
metric
1 Both projects were financed by the Government of the Republic
of the Philippines and the United States Agency for International
Development (USAID). Auburn University provided technical advi-
sory services to the project through contract AID/ea 180.
2 Respectively, Associate and Assistant Professor, Department of
Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures, International Center for Aquacul-
ture.
tons per year, or about 8 percent of the nation's total fish
production, was derived from aquaculture in 1975, table 
1.
Over 90 percent of the fish produced by aquaculture in the
Philippines is milkfish (Chanos chanos) grown in over
176,000 hectares of brackishwater ponds in the country. It is
estimated that an additional 400,000 hectares of coastal
swamplands could be developed into brackishwater
fishponds. Average production of milkfish per hectare in
existing brackishwater ponds is low (about 600 kilograms per
hectare), but technology is available that could double this
yield if it were applied effectively.
Essentially, there is no freshwater fisheries industry in the
Philippines. However, the potential for development of this
subsector is great. Over 1.4 million hectares of irrigated rice
paddies have potential for culture, and there are more than
126,000 hectares of swampland that could be developed into
freshwater fishponds.
In 1970 the GRP implemented a broad program to augment
national efforts aimed at achieving the goal of improved nutri-
tion for Filipinos. Increased production of fish was selected to
receive special emphasis as a principal source of protein. As
part of the national effort, proposals were developed for proj-
ects designed to increase production from all fisheries sub-
sectors. A significant part of the development program was
aimed at aquaculture. The high potential for increased
aquacultural production, the need for more animal protein to
supplement the diet of Filipinos, and the high priority as-
signed to fisheries development by the GRP provided the
basis for USAID assisting the GRP with the IFP-APP.
The IFP officially started in March 1971 when all
agreements pertaining to funding, personnel, administration,
TABLE 1. ACTUAL (1973-76) AND PROJECTED (1978 AND 1982)
PRODUCTION TARGETS AND DEMAND ESTIMATES FOR FISHERIES
PRODUCTS IN THE PHILIPPINES, METRIC TONS
Year
19735 
.
19745 
.
19755 
.
19765
19784
19824 
.
Production, actual and projected
Inland' Municipal
2 
Commercial
3  
Total
99,600 639,795 465,442 1,204,837
113,195 684,498 470,675 1,268,368
106,465 731,725 498,617 1,336,803
113,000 (data not available) -
173,800 814,800 582,700 1,571,300
252,800 973,100 720,700 1,946,600
Estimated
demand
4
1,442,000
1,581,100
1,910,900
1 Fish harvested from ponds, lakes, rivers, and streams. About 90
percent of total harvest is milkfish from brackishwater ponds.
2 Catch from vessels under 3 gross tons and other catch from water
controlled by municipalities. Catch is primarily from near-shore,
coastal waters.
3 Catch from marine waters by vessels over 3 gross tons.
4 Projected estimates for these years are from Fisheries Industry
Development Council. They are based on median population growth
rate projections and consumer demand growth rate of 4.1 percent
estimated by the National Economic Development Study.
5 Fisheries statistics of the Philippine Bureau of Fisheries and
Aquatic Resources.
TABLE 2. IFP-APP COSTS BY COMPONENT, 1971-79
Component
Freshwater Aquaculture Center
A. Capital improvements ..............
B. Commodities ......................
C. Technical advisory services
3 . . . . . .
..
D. Participant training
4  . . . . . . . . . . . . .
...
E. Operation & maintenance, salaries .
SUBTOTAL .........................
Brackishwater Aquaculture Center
A. Capital improvements ..............
B. Commodities ......................
C. Technical advisory services
3 . . . . . . .
.
D. Participant training
4  . . . . . . . . . . . .
....
E. Operation & maintenance, salaries .
SUBTOTAL .........................
Extension (BFAR)
A. Capital improvements ..............
B. Commodities ......................
C. Technical advisory services
3 . . . . . . .
.
D. Participant training4 ................
E. Operation & maintenance, salaries
SUBTOTAL .........................
T OTAL ............................
Costs (000's $U.S.)
U.S. GRP' Total
4692
136
290
100
995
6202
165
290
152
1,227
60
199
50
309
2,531
80
2
370
452
161
2
789
952
700
700
2,104
549
138
290
100
370
1,447
781
167
290
152
789
2,179
60
199
50
700
1,009
4,635
1 GRP costs are approximate. Exchange rate 1U.S.$ = P7.2 (pesos).
2 Peso funds generated under PL-480 Title 
I (total of P7,746 for
FAC and BAC).
3 Costs for housing and in-country travel by 
U.S. technical advisors
and USAID project management/administrative costs are not in-
cluded.
4 Costs for international travel by participants 
are not included.
and operations were signed. Funding for the IFP-APP was
provided by several GRP agencies, including the National
Science Development Board (NSDB), the National Eco-
nomic Development Authority (NEDA), the National Food
and Agriculture Council (NFAC), the University of Philip-
pines College of Fisheries (UPCF), Central Luzon State Uni-
versity (CLSU), the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Re-
sources (BFAR), and the Philippines Council for Agriculture
and Resources Research (PCARR).
The UPCF served as the primary proponent and lead
agency for the IFP and CLSU served as the co-proponent. In
the case of the APP, the UPCF, CLSU, and BFAR served as
co-proponents and shared responsibilities for supporting the
three primary components of the project: the Brackishwater
Aquaculture Center (BAC), the Freshwater Aquaculture Cen-
ter (FAC), and development of improved extension services,
respectively. The International Center for Aquaculture of
Auburn University's Department of Fisheries and Allied
Aquacultures (FAA) provided about 18 years of technical
advisory services to the two projects. Costs of the projects are
listed in table 2.
PROJECT CONCEPT
The basic concept of the two aquacultural development
projects was to develop a coordinated aquacultural produc-
tion program in the Philippines. It was recognized that the
GRP needed to provide four institutional services to the fish
farming industry to enable it to develop more rapidly: (1)
research to improve and generate aquacultural technology,
(2) manpower training (teaching) to provide trained, qualified
personnel to both the private and public sectors, (3) extension
services to transfer technology and assist fish farmers in put-
ting research results into practice, and (4) administrative or-
ganization and support to coordinate and implement aquacul-
tural programs effectively. Figure 1 depicts the conceptual
interrelationships of these services to each other and to the
clientele they collectively support. They were no different
FIG. 1. Conceptual interrelationships of the institutional services
essential for a coordinated aquacultural production 
program.
from those required for a coordinated aquacultural develop-
ment program in the United States or in any other country.
In 1970, when the GRP intensified efforts to increase fish
production, there did not exist in the Philippines an aquacul-
tural research center, an institution that granted degrees in
aquaculture, or a formally established aquacultural extension
agency. The IFP was designed to focus on the development of
two aquacultural centers, each with a trained staff actively
engaged in conducting aquacultural research, teaching, and
extension training programs. What followed was the construc-
tion and development of the FAC located on the campus of
CLSU at Munoz, Nueva Ecija, and the BAC located at
Leganes, Iloilo (see location map, figure 2).
While major facilities at the FAC and BAC were being
completed and equipped with essential commodities, a core
staff of Filipinos for each of the centers was trained at Auburn
University, Appendix 1. Also, during this initial construction
phase of the project, Auburn-FAA advisors assisted in con-
ducting practical research field trials in facilities belonging to
private fishpond owners, BFAR, CLSU, and the Iloilo Re-
gional School of Fisheries. The FAC was officially inaugu-
rated November 28, 1973, and pond research at the station
was initiated in early 1974. Research facilities at the BAC
became operational in early 1974 and limited research was
begun in some of the ponds.
The APP, which began in July 1974 and ended March 1979,
was a follow-on to the IFP. It focused on (1) completing and
equipping facilities at FAC and BAC, (2) establishing a formal
aquacultural extension program in the BFAR and training of
BFAR extension personnel, (3) intensifying research ac-
FIG. 2. IFP-APP location map.
tivities at the two centers and linking research programs with
the extension program in BFAR, and (4) continuing the train-
ing of Filipino staff members of the FAC, BAC, and BFAR
through the advisory services of Auburn University-FAA per-
sonnel.
ACCOMPLISHMENTS
The basic institutional framework for a coordinated
fisheries aquaculture production program has been success-
fully established in the Philippines as a result of the IFP-APP
(see Appendix table 2, Avault et al. 1978, USAID 1978). This
is not to say that there are no problems or needs remaining in
aquacultural development in the Philippines. However, in-
stitutions for resolving aquacultural research and extension
needs, the FAC, BAC, and the Extension Division of BFAR,
have been established and are functioning on a sound basis.
The FAC and BAC are now serving important institutional
functions for the GRP in aquacultural research, teaching, and
extension training. The physical plants of the two centers
include modern laboratories, classrooms, dormitory accom-
modations, and extensive research pond facilities. The core
staffs of the FAC and BAC were trained at Auburn in general
aquaculture and in specialized subject areas such as nutrition,
economics, parasites and diseases, fishpond engineering, and
fish processing. Researchers are now actively engaged in
freshwater and brackishwater aquacultural research, teach-
ing, administration, and extension training activities at the
respective centers. PCARR has included the FAC and BAC in
its network of research stations and has designated them
0
0
other buildings, however, was not completed until 1977.
0
national centers for research in freshwater and brackishwater
aquaculture, respectively.
The extension component of the IFP-APP has been devel-
oped in the BFAR of the Ministry of National Resources. An
Extension Division with an Aquaculture Section was for-
mally established in the BFAR in 1976, following a Presiden-
tial decree (704) which recognized the national importance of
aquaculture and the need to develop a stronger fisheries
extension program. In 1974, two regions were selected as
pilot areas for an intensified extension effort as part of the
APP, figure 2. In these areas, brackishwater aquacultural pro-
duction and interest in new and improved methods of
aquaculture have increased significantly. As a result of exten-
sion activity, the practice of growing fish in paddies with rice
is being adopted by scores of low-income families after
nationwide field trials demonstrated that this age-old
polyculture system is once again technically and econom-
ically feasible when modern technology is applied.
Throughout the IFP and APP, resident advisors from
Auburn-FAA were directly involved on a daily basis in assist-
ing host country personnel to design and implement pro-
grams in all three areas of project activities: research, training,
and extension. Significant activities of these advisors in-
cluded numerous lectures, seminars, and consultations to
private and public interests regarding the technical aspects of
aquaculture; demonstration trials in private ponds; initiation
of research on improved methods of rice-fish culture as well
as other aquacultural research; and teaching the first course
ever offered in fisheries at CLSU. A number of reports by
resident and short-term advisors to the IFP-APP also re-
sulted, Appendix 2.
In succeeding sections of this report, activities and ac-
complishments of the three primary components of the
projects-the FAC, BAC, and BFAR extension-will be dis-
cussed. Major efforts during the IFP, especially in the initial 2
years, were concentrated on the construction of research
ponds and buildings at the centers, the selection and training
of core staff members, and the planning and initiation of
research projects. Therefore, this report will focus on the
principal research, teaching, and extension activities com-
pleted during the APP, some of which were initiated during
the IFP.
THE FRESHWATER AQUACULTURE CENTER
The FAC is located in the central Luzon area of the Philip-
pines, on the campus of CLSU, Munoz, Nueva Ecija, figure 2.
The location is ideal because the Center has available the
resources of CLSU, a progressive agricultural university
which is developing rapidly and is oriented to teaching and
outreach programs for the 4.3 million residents of Central
Luzon-particularly the low-income rural families. Central
Luzon, commonly referred to as the rice bowl of the Philip-
pines, has 325,000 hectares of irrigated rice paddies suitable
for rice-fish polyculture. Pantabangan Reservoir, one of the
largest freshwater reservoirs in the country (8,000 hectares),
is located near the FAC. Also in this area are Candaba Swamp,
with an aggregate area of about 30,000 hectares during the
rainy season (June-November), other lands marginally suit-
able for traditional agricultural crops, and numerous streams.
Collectively, these resources have the potential to signifi-
cantly increase freshwater aquaculture in Central Luzon.
The FAC had its beginning as a component of the IFP.
Major construction of the physical plant began in March 1971.
Most of the ponds and buildings were completed by late 1973,
and the center was officially inaugurated during November
1973. Construction of the trainee dormitory and some of the
Problems caused by typhoons and contractors who did not
perform on schedule delayed completion of the facilities.
Development of the FAG facilities and its staff was initially
a responsibility of the UPCF. In July 1977, after the center
became fully operational, the UPCF and the NSDB relegated
all responsibilities for administration to CLSU by memoran-
dum of agreement.
The FAG now operates as an adjunct of CLSU. Its primary
purpose is to conduct freshwater fisheries research and train-
ing. Funding for the center appears to be adequate to provide
a firm basis for sustained operations. The budget for 1978 was
approximately $131,0003, which was derived from several
sources, including its mother institution (CLSU), NSDB,
PCARR, the International Foundation for Science, and the
International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Manage-
ment, Inc. USAID's assistance, which included the purchase
of commodities, funds for training participants, and technical
advisory services through contract AID/ea-180 with Auburn,
ended in March 1979, with the termination of the APP.
Physical Facilities
The physical plant at FAC is excellent and suitable for
comprehensive aquacultural research. Prior to the IFP-APP,
there were no physical facilities at the site. Seventy-four
research ponds with a total water area of 7.6 hectares were
constructed during the projects. These research units com-
prise one of the largest experimental pond systems in Asia.
The ponds were constructed in series to allow for proper
experimental design and statistical analysis of research data.
Water is supplied to the ponds from an irrigation canal, a well,
and a 1.1-hectare reservoir.
The main building complex at the FAC was completed
during the IFP-APP. It is located adjacent to the research
ponds and consists of the following:
Size, sq.
metersStructure
Laboratory-administrative building .................... 372
M aintenance shop ..................................... 165
Research laboratory .................................... 390
10-room dormitory (40 occupants) ...................... 707
Pond supervisor's residence .......................... 113
Elevated water tank ............................. 20
Three senior staff cottages (each 113 square meters) and a
fisheries building (1,072 square meters) with offices, class-
rooms, and laboratories are located on the main campus of
CLSU, about 1 kilometer from the FAC.
The buildings are supplied with basic equipment, such as
office fixtures, microscopes, balances, autoclave, spec-
trophotometer, chemicals and apparatus for water analysis,
equipment for making and analyzing fish feeds, aquaria, and
holding tanks. The dormitory is equipped with a kitchen,
beds, and a study room. Most of the commodities, such as
equipment, supplies, and vehicles for the project, were pro-
vided by USAID. Construction was financed primarily from
funds generated under PL-480, Title I. Auburn-FAA advisors
assisted Filipino staff in planning, designing, and equipping
the facilities.
Personnel
The FAG technical staff is adequately trained to administer
and carry out aquacultural research and training programs.
Six of the core staff, including the FAG Director and Assistant
Director, received graduate degrees from Auburn University.
a Excbange rate of $1 U.S. = -7.50.
CLSU-FAC staff members who attended Auburn are listed in
Appendix 1. The FAG staff consists of 40 personnel: 7 senior
and 5 junior technical staff and 27 support staff. Three of the
technical staff possess a Ph.D. degree (Auburn), three an M.S.
degree (Auburn), and six a B.S. degree.
Dr. John Grover, a technical advisor from Auburn-FAA,
resided at CLSU from 1972 to 1976 and provided technical
assistance to the FAC staff. Dr. Homer R. Schmittou, who
served as chief of party for the Auburn-FAA advisory team
from 1971 to 1976, and Johnie Crance, who served as chief of
party from 1976 to 1979, assisted with project logistics and
support, and with technical assistance as needed. Auburn-
FAA advisors on short-term assignments provided spe-
cialized technical assistance. Three U.S. Peace Corps Volun-
teers were assigned to the FAG for varying periods during the
APP and provided a total of about 20 work-months of assis-
tance.
Activities
Activities in which the staff of the FAC are involved can be
divided into three general subject areas: (1) research, (2)
training, and (3) extension. Activities during the period of
March 1971 through December 1977 were summarized in 12
successive reports. All are semi-annual (i.e., January to June
and July to December) except the first, which covers the
period from March 8, 1971, to June 30, 1972. The reports,
including titles of completed research reports written by the
FAG and BAC staffs during the APP, are listed in Appendix 3.
Publications authored or co-authored by FAC researchers at
the centers are listed in Appendix 4. The titles of theses and
dissertations written by FAC and BAC staff members who
completed graduate studies at Auburn University are listed in
Appendix 5.
Research. Research at the FAC focused on efforts to de-
velop and improve monoculture and polyculture systems of
freshwater aquaculture. The emphasis during the last 2 years
was on integration of fish farming with agricultural practices.
Research on rice-fish culture in particular has attracted inter-
national attention. The improvement and re-introduction of
this polyculture system by FAG researchers is probably the
center's most important accomplishment because the prac-
tice has great potential for helping, a large number of small-
scale rice farmers. Farm families who adopt rice-fish culture
benefit from improved nutrition as well as increased income.
Rice-fish polyculture involves the planting of pest-
resistant, high-yielding varieties of rice, and the simultane-
ous stocking of tilapia fingerlings in the same paddy. Tilapia
nilotica is the preferred species but other tilapias or common
carp (Cyprinus carpio) can be used. The procedures followed
at the FAC are generally those recommended by the GRP
Ministry of Agriculture for normal rice production. The pro-
cedure involves the construction of a dike slightly higher than
that normally used to grow rice so that the water depth in the
rice paddy can be maintained at 10-20 centimeters, and dig-
ging a 1.0 x 0.5-meter trench down the middle of the rice
paddy to provide a refuge for the fish. Fish are stocked at a rate
of 5,000 tilapia or 3,000 common carp plus 4,000 tilapia per
hectare. Screens are maintained at the water inlets and outlets
to prevent loss or introduction of fish. Normal fertilization
practices for rice farming are followed. Pesticides with low
toxicity to fish are used when needed, and prescribed
amounts and application procedures are followed. The fish
and rice are harvested after 90 to 120 days.
FAC researchers in cooperation with BFAR, Bureau of
Plant Industry, and the Bureau of Agricultural Extension
Rice-cum-fish field trials a, the [AC. Mote 'he central canal that servtes as a refuge tar the Vtsh.
XXorikers iax c ficici testedc theise ric('s t ul tuitre prll ue s'
itiatiolXicit. Ytieldis of fisih as h igh as 25(0 ki ogialll per' iht'ttaie
pl~ Ir 120C) ta\ t ci i I ae it't'o I) lilti d ill 10 ict' fi' I ili tria Is.
A,, t'lacg X it'cl (I (il'mr than 1,t) ki I ganlx ofi Fiih 11r1 ilttl
o11 dlii e'>tiliitt'tI Xai jut'9 1 pe )ckiiottira o11 fish>. (het re'tail
prilct' of tiip~ia is ciiiieuitix, P6 tol P8 per ki liltraill )
meiwl lalt I 'xxceltiaIill) 'o~l ch i~es iii r ice clituirail ractice'.
i'ei~gmng pay- ' o', 'e s. a vavt 'ornl a l'lem -'uc o rice-c~- sn
culture at the FAC.
tdapiaer i11(1 c-ort~ hicelosfo' tiaie a cr pid'eic' ast
rtrce theD ( reiP po 't ti ti a ci l bet'> sXtockV>ied.( 1A haciiic
atii( X iii cete a o elIix i)teon heJFPA,ei X ii tol bede tle'>e
loelIDe. The Ei"tilitioi wil the use ijttoX arouc handc iatribuitie
eti(h ma kicetish11 ctX 111 C ('ilial ol to liceidnet( ci AI
L. Vi . IeCA procc entIitleF'X\dcl "Feswae Fi 'iseiesi Pit th
tionii ilti h ile0 a f eiw-ii tiX I 1)1P will prX ideic the
I lililit. .1is'ti',ticti Ill ftil >t'iet'ti as base ,ti atiii oiilt'
fic t maltrkeiitill Fl' ill Cta1'ilti OXIO I'z l loiild lit( bi\t Dt.
'ca t'hiiig tio ac lofie \ lt Fo acnd tafi c i '
coact inthc Atib'iai Uniri t\ JckS13ad Vllil>iitilt'(it ade l i
F X ili 't'l)I>l IXt'' 0 Xxi tail Iw I c e i c i t 11010 ill) the
Researcher at the FAC stocking tilapia for an experiment in cage
cult'jre.
Dejiai tiietit oif Fishleries \Iaiiageilit iii tilt Cii". O)ther staff
ininbe-> of FA'C ailso Ilax( d'uail appioiintmtsit it fac aulty
illtiiiit't iof the CIF.
IDr. Jiihnt Groxver, tile Xuuioi tecica'l atdx isoar tii tilt F C,
x ear 1972-3. It xx as at .3-iiit electix e coursexc enltitlt't In1trii
tiuction to Inlandi Fisileries." As iiltcrcst inl tilt tii'x ci lllett
of tilnanti fishecries rexiititcex ol the Philipptinesx inicrt'asedt
atiit adiitiiinal staff i' iii Let> xxetce train1edi, aditionlti
fisilerIiexs Curses xc>xcrc' olici to. Ini Jtune 1974, a Dep'lartmenlt of'
hilato Fishies' xxs 'ix m'.ti'm ill tile College ill Agrim iliti'm'C
xc'it'icc'> of tlgiicmiitumt ii ani fish >11armiit, aiiit of') t e ti e-
gic Ba cht'elor ill Sciciicc in Agiriciture, i major iii Inilandl
Fixhet it . O f tile Ci iginial foiur tficutltN iileiiiers mf' the tic
partitti L thre Latijtit c'impilettetl tieiratixant't't traitimlig ill
fish1eries ait Xiluru. Tile firs xl i '[its >t iilts 1)1tiie tit'patmti't
gtfaitt'ti ini 1976.
To hlpt meitet the need'ii of' tilt cotlltix 'x imlaut
1
l lishing
iiltitu fur xxell trainedi iiaillixxci the Dt'pattmelt of' In-
lanid F'ishietries xx ax t'it'xatet ti) tile Ciiiic're, ofi Illanti
Fi('i it' itl jit' 1976. It ha> thlree tiepartmeit'st: AXiuatic
Biiii ugx ,mAuac'uiturt, atit F'ishieries Nlanagemeit. Tlc Coii-
legue xx\a> c'argc'd xxithl thie task ill iimpilt'enting a xx ork-
oieniitt't tutuic'iihii, ieaiiug tit Bacihelor of'Sie e di't ttgree
hIii Iniaiti Fisiheries. Tlt p ogi aiim oflcerx speciaiz ationi iil
'Xquacuit titie andt Inlandlt Fisxheries, xxith thexisx atuc fielti p~rac-
tic'e oiltfions.
Tlht pt esetteaciitg amd researtch cotllpeteit'x if tile Ciii
lege iii Iniilnd Fishlt'ies is aimoing tile ibest in Southieast Asia.
Thre ('iitile laeuit\ Laxve Phl.ID. tlegrees, txwo Laxve Ml.S. tde-
gti-ees ,itt lanid iix t'v B.S. teit'ttts. Tile fields of' xpeciaiatilii
otiltit facuilty mleimbiers inude aqut iitatic lliologx , ai tiactiittirc,
fisherit'> i iageniot, fish pond engineet ing Fish nlutrition,
aodt fish lI paiaitohogN 'I'lhe faculty of' CLSI'-C IF is eneoni-
aged to engage aetix ex il research. \\ ith their dul appoint-
meints ini the CIF and~ tilt FA-C, the laencilt niemberi Laxve
conttributed signifieantlx to the adxvancenent of' fiteshxwater
fishet tex.
III keepingu xxith CLSUL's eoiniiitinenit to rur al dexvelop-
meiit, the Collegue Las iociised its thrusts onl instrucetion, re-
search, anti the operation of eonimiit\ orieiittd prtoductioni
pr ojects. The newx cun ieuim, n Bathedor ol Seieiiee inlJInland
Fisiieries, is nows heiivr imiiplemoented. AS of j nie 15, 1977,
there wxere 52 thurd xeai and 70 xeeontl xeai stuiitt en-
rolled inl the College. E i liht other stunts iii the p ogri am
ieatiiiig, to at BachelorifSc iiSinei Agriculture xx itl i a iajot inl
101111(1 F'ixheriex aietoxx initht ir last xeiexteiof xtiid . Thix
(Jegi ee pr ogram in inilaini fisherijes.
AXui \M.S. tiegree cuirricuuiim inl aqtiaietltit hlax heni tie-
sigrlieti fur inlemn tation ill 1980. A list illi-t c> offere illi
the (11 F is presenteti iii Xppendix 6. Sti demits wor iiking fot at
tom emtitriute to the pive> of' the iindoxtix hx ielpine, tio
Simi c prilems01 ill prnt jtx areias. Sucitsa fish xi ( proiduiction
out
1 
imipromixtent of' fiih ctitie tchnLiues.
To pi mixide Iaciiities fiti its studlenits anid serice to the
eon imm tnity, the College oper ates thin te pi oleet : (1) Beet ea-
tiiiial Fi shing(, (2) Tilapia II atelmerx, anti (3) Fishi Prouc(~ etion.
Thiexe protects are ineated ill the L nix etxitx Park.
Training-extension. I iai ing antd exteni on aetux itie> h
the FXC statf'inctlode iiittetiiui at tii cenitcr, the xvillaige
lex el, aind iiationxx ide. Aui exaimple of aetix itie> lh\ F C staff'
iiieiliberx dluring the petriotl .1c 19771 tii \lit\ 1978 ineiiudes
tile iolloxxiiig:'.
I1 Six short eCourses coiinduictedi lii 139 fish xl r imet> andl
GHP
t 
technieianx. Siibjects tauight wxece tilapia cea culnture,
mie I ii cuiiture, andi iiatelherx ani euiti e niethoi> for
(2X tten dance and pmrticeipatioi h\ xtaff incimmetohm in '32
liital, iiatiOl.d anld imitet uatiimnall coiJC'meuutex >emiliuaix,
(3) Piirticipea~in inl natiouiii f ie ldt testi iigofiirite Ii xh Cu-
T\\xxii 3FA e1 cxte xsi ou' \ xxi rkems ait stati i Iieti ~it tI ite FA(. illtd
asxsist iii extenxionl aet~x iti(ex inifthe local atrca. FA st taldmm-
hens haxe prepared extensxion mate'rials anid x'rx d oil ('0m1
iiitttees that dex elmuped (cxte0>11)0 !itcratuiit. Leaflets andt
itliemextenii mnater ialis dex elopeti lunct tie 1FF XPP hx
diex aios i~goi7~t i x i iixeti iiclixtetin ii ppenix-.
THE BRA=KSHWATER AQUACULTURE CEN~TER
'I'lit' 13 C is locatet i t ialix inl the Piflippine to ehipela ~o
oil tle ixiai olf Pama\ . 1'lit' islanud is aim imortantl art-a lot fish
Ciiitii si >10 appriimai 'i 20) percent of all tht hi ac'kix1 xxa
tter pondst inl the Philiplmumt' art locatct hc'tt aint blecauise
ciihmate ii' arta in i tilt Ph11ilippinies xxur 1 tt 1ackisxixxatcl
ai aciattitire is practitei.
JT'e BA whx~ich ix adlmiistt'rt't lbx tilt t nix ('rxStx if tilt
Pllilililiiit'es ii xcii) tiiit of tilt UP( PF, xxax intiet bx the
UP1( F, ShDB iailt P(AiIH ioil tilt GRP xitie' anti b\ tilt
Unuiite't Statt's tilrotigil USA 1i ) anti P1. 48th fIuoix. Ill 1978, tile
lillit ii) gbudtget lilt tiit cetetiir xx ax apitl ll iattix $12)3,00t0.
Tii aiiiititt xxas suilltaiitialii morite than ii iii-\ t' in> x eat>
anti reflettetd tile f'act thltt lot the firtttime, tilt iiittgetaliic'a
tioni xxs base oixc ln estimaittes iiatiai nleetdx. Coniitinue i it'lxt of'
tit is I )its is is cXpecte (Ito be ad\ it I It ilg( o I I,,, for t I I c f I It I I I-c operit-
tioll ()ftll(, BAC.
Coostructioo of' till, ccotcr begim ill \lit 1972, itod b\
jillloifr 197 1 olost of' the origillill ph\sical plitilt hild beell
colopicted. At this tillic, I-c"cill-ch ioctkitics begall ill tll('
BA( :'s o\\ if f wilitius prc\ i0os to this, I cscitrch oil it limited
"Clilic liad Iw(Ill col)(111( tcd ill poods of the B FAH ilild pri\ ilte
MN I I CF,,.
Physical Facilities
Starting 1'rolo iiothiog, t1w BAC hits devo-doped itito oil(, of'
thc lilrl. est illid be"t c(plippcd c-coters for briwkish\\atcr I-(,-
search iiiAsiit. B\ thceodof t1w IFII( 1974),fliccentci Iiii(174
ea rt I w I I po I I (IS wIt] I it to tal\\ itter area ol'8.45 I wHiti-cs. I )uring
1978, suhdi\ isiou of' I ol'the origillill poilds alld colistilictioll
of 8 1w\\ olics broll'-dit the totill loollher of poods to 180, aild
tit(, \\ atcr iii-cit to iopproximittel\ 18 liectilres. As at t1w FAC,
BAC ponds \\ cre desigoed ioid litid otit to 1wrinit replicated
c\1wriments itod stilti"ticill iuial\ ,is of'results. 'I'll(, 40-licctare
sitc ()Itli(, BAC is "ituatcd oil it coitstill plitill holdelvd oil olic
side b\ all illlct fl-ool tit(, scil and oil the ()tll(,I- b\ it
Thcorcticall\.hoth \\iItclsoIII*(.csC.ioIhc lisedtofilliolddrilill
tll(' pood." b\ HICMIS Ol'tidill flilctkliltiolls lIo\\c\cI", ollIN tit(,
ildet hool thc sCil. \\its iletliall\ opelatiollill as it \\iltcr source
durio, thc I FP-APP.
lit additioo to t1w poods, thc BAC iiicludcs it wet Lill ( 110
squale Illetcl-'s) that \\ its built during tit(, AlT. It coinprised it
total ofapproxiolittel\ 100 tiulks alld ilquitria, fivshwittcr itild
I - aild 1-( -(
wif\ atcl* rescr\oirs, ,itlld-rit\el pre-filtel -(-it Illittilig,
filtel-s' itild clectricall\ opelated acrittioll.
B \ tit(, cod IFP, thc BAC colisisted ()ft\\ o buildings
ill additioll to the fiuld filcilities. Thc licild(joill-ters boildill",
(625 ,(juarc meteis) containcd it small lilborittor\ K)rbitsic soil
illid \\ilter itliitl\ sis, staff, offico,", itod the \\ ct lit]) dc"cribed
ilbo\c. The otilit , \ building (364 squitre iocters) sel-wd its it
"iffil"IC Ior "tiltioll \chicles, \\orksllop, '-'elleral stolitl'c areil,
and sheitui lot- t\\o 72KVA, diesel-operated lcociatons thitt
1)1.o\ ided po\\cr for t1w C'entcr.
I)III-ing tll(' fillid \cal ofthe APP, thc ph\"icid plitilt of thc
BAC \\as c\paodud _,rc itl\ b\ cowtroctioll I& it Ill,\% Iwad-
(join'ters coillpIcX iold dol-olitor\ ilt it cost ol, kppro\illlittcl\
8560,000 (PI 480 holds). 'I'll(, Illitill colliplex ( 1,168 squill-c
Illetcl-0 incloded officcs f,()I- the still f', t\\o clitso-oolos (118
s(loill-c loctcrs totilhawseitrdi Iitborittor\ (75squarc inetcrs),
it spcciill Illicrobiolot"icill Lill, librar\ , confoll'"KIC 1,00111, Wiilk-
ill (not operati0oal itt eod of'AIT), and it
dill-kroolli. 'I'lic dol-illitor\ 1660 squitre Illetcls) Ilits coloplete
li\ ill,, Licilitics lor 20 stildclits, illclodillL, it cafCteriii thilt call
ZICCOlooditte approxiloiltel\ 100 people.
\(,\\ coll"troctioll (1111-ilig, tit(' APP also illchided a 1,clleral
stora(,c huddiiig (84 ,quiuv locters), fCcd processillgralld stor-
itgc boddiog (200 s(loare metcrs), inid it (11.1plex house f'or tit('
pood lllitllill. cl itild offic-cr. Staff, liollsiog \\as ilot
pro\idc(l lot t1w le ',t ()f'tll(' pci-sollocl hccillise Illost ol'theill
owi fig to its i 'so] ated lociltioll.
Personnel
'I'll rolighoot thc III), t1w rcscalch scctioll ()Itll(, BAC rc-
Illitillcd itt itcadn' lc\cl siocc tit(, f tcilitw' \\crc still
lindcl-colistructiou itild resuarch acti\ ities \Icrc hinited. Also),
dllrilll_ this period filture locollwi-S of tit(- rescill-ch stall wclv
Ill ldcr("oil 1'-' _radllatc tIiIiIIiIl(_'o\ crseiis. With till, I)egiollilli."(d
tit(. AIT, till-ce ,titf'f lllcilllwl. , it(,\\ I\ wturlwd ff'ool ilbroad
repoitcd to flic ceoWl" and it Icsidelit technicill ild\ isor, DI
Dim lwar\ , airk cd fi-oni Auhtiro-FAA. A \ ( ar litter all ilddi-
tiollitl stall loclober rctill-iled, briliging tit(- sciliol. staff to f'i\ c.
Ofdiese, olle had callied it PII.D. ilod t\\() had eilrocd M.S.
de,( ,rccs I' " ()fit Aiihorii UiJ\cI-sjt\ lilldcr pro , jcct spollsorship.
OlIc ol'tilu 1-cillaillill", two hild rec-ci\cd Lill M.S. dct lvc fi-oIll
flic (_,IIi\crsit\ of, IJ\(,Ij)ooI, Ellglitild, iold t1w other \\as it
fisheries 
traiiiing
injapitil. B\ (_'itilleddill-ing
4 \cars of iotcusi\c cXpelicocccolipled \\ith forillill t1ilillilig,
hild forged this staff illto o1w ol'the 11 lost coin petel it glollps of'
a(loaculturill scientists ill thc I'll il ippilies.
Dc\clopiocia ol'thc othrr cclicloos of'flic BAC staff took
placc coocort-ciitl\ (hiriog thc AIT. The number (djullior
I )iolm-rists iocreased I' '-()ill 4 to l5itod the support stiifTf'rooi 21
to :37. Bc,,,i([(,,, this Illul-Cit"(1 ill looldwrs. t1w stidf"_'r(,\\ ill their
itbilit\ to \\ork togcther its if temo o\(,i- thc com-se of the two
projccts.
1 11 i idditioll to the resident it(l\ kor, \\ Ito \\ its prcselit ilt the
BM I fi-om Septeinber 1974 through Am4nst 1978 to it""i"t the
host colliltr -\ stitH, ill da\ to (lit\ opcriltioll of thc ccliter, the
projcctpro\idcd short-tel-In tcdolicill assistiowc its licc(led ill
thc f'Orm of'coiisultimts f']'oiji Auburn-FAA and other oliker-
s i t i c ".
'I'lic BA(:\ isf'oi*tiiii tt(,toi*(,c (,i\(,tll('',Cl-\i(,(",off,()Ili-l,(, t(.(
Corps Voltioteers diirint. thc IFI) itod APP. Eitch I& t1wse
inialc I siloificitot contribution durmg bis iio'.C.Litioll \\ ith
theceiltel-b\ pro\i(liogtechnicill abilities that \\elv ]lot prcs-
Cot ill thc Filipiiio stall'.
Activities
ThC 1*01c 4the BA( : was thc ,imw fs that of'iti 
sistci station,
tit(, FAC: ( I ) rescaich, (22) triiioio(,,, itod (3) c\tcllsioll. As illdi-
ciotcd iII)o\(,, these il(.ti\ ities llil\e Iwco (Ics(.1-ibed ill it scrics
of, scoli-illilloal tedillicid I-cports, Appendix 2. B\ thc end oI'
tit(, APII tlw staff'o[the BAC had oot \ct pohli"hed iliticles ill
I.cfCl-ccd jollroills; I)o\\(-\(,I., Ow illiportillice of doilig, so \\its
C-1cill to tll(.Ili illid thc\ were ill thc process of prepalilig S('\-
cral papeis f'or puldicatioo, Appcii(lix 4.
Research. The priucipal focits of tit(, t\\() BAC wscitrell
A research biologist at BAC examining fry being reared in 'hapas"
(netting enclosures) as part of an experiment on reproduction of
Tlapia mossambica.
pro jeuts \\ Los incivitsi I i,,, tl w pro(hicti0ii of Ili I I k I isl 1, \\ If ich i's
b\ fill- thu [)lost illiportillit fish cliltill-cd ill tll(- Philippilics. Ill
the lattel. part of' tll(- APP, illcl-casing cillphilsis wils heilig
gi\cll to thc C-111tiliv oftilapiLt illso.
B N t I Ic ( 11 of ( d tl i c A 1) 1), rcscitr( -I i Lict i \ i ti c s ( d t I I c BA c( if I I d
be Clidled trilk it 1-csciii-ch progritill, blitthis \\as 
iiot alwa\ s the
citse. Wh c I I t I le ilew I\ it rri \ed i I I I of i I Ic X pe ri c I wc of scI I jor stifft,
first iiii(lertook tit(, rullitilig of'tll(- (vilter, r(IsCill-Ch 
C.ollsistcd
o I, ill I its'sol"t I I le I it of, I I I il-clate d expci-i I I Io' I Its t I I A ( o\ Civ d it \\ i d e
\ i I riet\ of, to I) ics. ( '.1 Lid I I it I I\ t I Ic ,tit If' c\ o 
k c of it s\ stelliatic
approach that foclised oil it hillitcd litilliher of, 
I'llildilliwiltal
problem arews. At prcscitt the celiter has idelitified IoIll- 
of'
these: ( I ) colliparitti\ e ('\ aluiltioll alld illipro\ ('111clit of'
]ill) lL11)4 111(1 plimktoii 
cultitre s\ steiw,, 
for fishpoilds, (2) iii\us-
tigiltioli oI'jj(.i(j Sjllf tt, oilS5 i
1 1) rclatioll to lidl productioll ill
brackisli\\Litcr fish poi0s, (3) impro\ed siii\ i\Ld of' milkhsh
fl-\ illid 1111L crlillgys, itild (4) litili/ittioll ofagricultill-ill \\ilstes
alldb\-prodlictsas slippIcillelitid I'Ceds fol-fish. All rescill-ch at
thu BAC focuses oil it step-b\-stcp attack oil these filli(Lillicil-
till (111c.stiolls, and it Lippears the (vilter is oil tit(' \c1ge of
inakint. it substantial contribution of, liew illforillatioll to thc
fish411-Illing coillinlinit\ ill thc Philippines.
A 1111111her of, ro-'scill-ch filldillf4s hil(jili("Ilt the pro'-fress that
\\,it,, lllild( APP. Foriiistioice, expcimiciits dcmon-
strilted thilt poNcliltorc of' milkVish with malc Tilapia mo,;-
Willibic(IlL ivskiltud ill "llbstillitiA illcreitscs ill _\ lield. W11cli
tilapiLt \\crc stocked Lit the raw of :2,000 to 1,000 pcr liectan,
illong, \\ ith t1w clistoillio-\ ilitililwi of milk-fish (3,00() per Iwo-
titiv), the totill \ icId of lish \\it,, ilicivitsed b\ pol ' \ cliltiliv froill
470 kilogrimis per licctiorc 
fit the case of'milkhsh 
itlotic to 680
kilogri-imis \\ licii -1,000 filapiLl per Ilectale \ (,rc illcllld( (I.
( ](m lpetitioll b('t\\o_.('lI flic t\\o spccies resulted ill it deciviisc
fit pro(hicti0ii ohnilkfish to :390 kilm"rimis pci, licetitic mider
pol , \C-Ill(lll(' collditiolls, hut \Lthic of' tit(' llill\cst ilicivits(ld
Holletheicss since thc dil'I'crell(v ill pricc beWecil flic t\\o
fisll(,s is sh'-dit W4 to P5 per kiloi_,rain for tilitpia 70 grimis of-
largei s. P5 to P6.5 per kilo,_,ritiii f )I- milkf' sh -50 (,,rimis ()I-
Iiii"cl The (11-1010"'icill eFficiclic\ :)f, poIN (.1,11tilre has hcell
delliollstratcd colichisi\ck ill (Ile (.its(, of fivshwittel. fidwill-
tilre alld illidollbw(lk \\ ill appl\ t.o hrackishwilter too \ hell
fill-ther Illdics ha\c (Ic\clopcd cIfC(.ti\c U-clilli(Illes.
AlMd)(11 Colitriblitioll ofthe BAC pertaillcd to
tll(, ililtillill prodlictioll of food ill ponds b\ illcleasill', the Lorca
oI, llIIdcr\\LItcI, substrate oil \\Ili(.]I fill) ]it]) colild gro\\ . This
\\LlS it(lColliplished b\ illstalliol-, pitoels of' if\ kill octtiiig (30
celitillicters \\ idc) itcross fishpollds like it selics of pitridlel
tennis (-()lilt iwits to incivasc siiif we itivik h\ 15, :30, or 60
pelcelit of dic polld hottoill ilicil. The sllrf fccs offlic pillicls
\ clv oliclited crticiill\ ifild thc\ \ocre I , ixc(I ill positioll \\ ith
tll(- lippci cdgcs.jIlst hclow flic \\Lttcr sllrl wc illid thc bottom
cdge ', appro\i1ilittel * \ :20 centillictels ilho\c the polid bottom.
I Iifcll pitilcl \\it', illocIlLitcd h\ 1-libbillglab ]ill) illtotlic 111c"lics
prior to illstillIatioll. 'I'llroughmit the e\pci-iment, milklish
were of )'scr\ ed bro\\ i fig flic ]ill) lith tl lilt grcw ()If t I wsc
pancls Lifter 120 of' cliltille, fish productioll sho\\cd it
4 T1 I (. Fi I I p I I lo tel-Ill to) I a co I I I plc\ cm 111111111 it\ of bc I I tI I 1( 11() 1 i I a I I of
i , 11111a that is one ofthe t\\ o lliost effC( tiN c iiatui if 10od souive.s kiio\N it
101- inilkfidi, thc othei bchio! planktoii.
I 'Hicsc if(, probicill Soils that (]('\('lot) hii. Il lc\cls of' millcrill
clCli of it \ ( 1 12Y )4) M I 0\1ditioll, 101- illstallce oil draillilig slibillel L cd
so )i I s fM i i so, f M w ri (-if It I I i a I or if( I Ilito, IlItillid The probIcIll is
bclic\ cd to bc colililloll ill brackisIm Litcr fi lipollds becall'se ()ft(-Ii
ccoloi yical conditions ill such arcas fit\ of tit(, f0riliatioll ofilcid 1111,ttc
soil.s.
tilapia \ crc liscd to 1cprodlictioll alid axoid mcl-
(lo\ dilig (d till' poild alld ( oliscy1clit sttliltiliv (alisud b\ (,\(cssi c
wpirodii(ti0ii b\ tilitpia.
~- ~''
Researchers at the BAC separating male Tilapia mossambica
fingerlings for stocking in a feeding trial using all-male fish (faster
growing than temale tilapia).
I 'ar reifti l l ll ipI tol tilt II ititi
1  
I ll XI II11 s ilbta '. \ cl p )11111It'
tiI lls' o s th ll kis \v111 111)1 liIIl ilmt' l Ill m t-d ie It'st05 tlt' Jcl It
ltil111111 ti (if t tll coI1io 11(1111 \\ I ll Illtilt" ()ISO 11 111(1 tit
pI . ett' totiv) IIt Iotht1 15 1percet k
11
d 30) XX Iti i
1 
(1(1111 Illh(I
I st t \\it itct ~ l lc c s l fs r ~ it~ it 0
kiill l114tlilt' It I ic-tItv Ish illhi \\it,,IIlt d1111 s i( t iti I t ll )I I
Ill t I I t' XtI ' 111111 It 11 I-II collS. oiI lctilt'-' s tll 111111 te I If
Schiitittmi, I All I) it I it- FAA, t I wit chic 1 1 cd it I icit I 1(1\ I sm to
t I to, I F P. S I I 11( '1 It k , tl w BA ( : ,titff I carl I( 'd tl ) at tl wse so )i I
itrc i I I )n dd ('I I I to \ i I I\ i I I g do, ,r( ( s I I I I i i s t I) rack i s I I \\ itt r
I i d 11)( )11( Is i I I the I )I I I I i ppi I Ics, ill id pro d )ill )I\ i I I ( it I I I r i I I-cits
I I( I-( s i I I I i lit]- it( 11 lacil It illc is practicc( I .
'I'lic I i .\ ( : " titf f A t i I( K( d t ho, so )i I s pro )h Ic Ill fi-mil t\\ () dircc-
t I ( )I I s , A p ro )p () ,,I I \\ it s sI I h I I I it t( ( I ( \\ i t I I ( )I Ik t it I I( I I I (r i Is,, I s tit I I(
f M I I I Pcilcc ( orps N'()l Ill Itcel , "Hwil I i Is P( it t ('I ) to 1, , S .\ I I ) ti
S:32 500 i I I it( I( I it i ( )I lit] I'tindi I I,_r to coild] ict it "'pecial rc, carcll
pro )jco- t m I ac I d sI I I I i It( -so )I Is. , 1111 s rcq I lo, s t \\ it', it p pro )\ ( 'd c\ ( I I -
t I I it I k , I) I It s I gri I I Ii ( it I It 1) , \X it s I I( )t I I lildc ill t Iw proicct
durill'-' flic A IT ()\\ ill(,' to lillt\ (mlithIc ( Ic I it\ i I I I ) I ( )( I I ]-I It t_1 it
t cd I I I icia I I to Ilead the ,,tll(]\ . Mcillj\\ 11i1c, the cclitc] also)
hcilll ill\ ("stit'ittim" practicid to Icsscli the (d
acid ,llllatC M)ik. B LWd ()It litclaturc swil-cc" itild cillpiricill
c\ i(Iclicc, the stilf] 101illed t1w It\ 1)()tlicsis that Ii itild
Iii,-,Ii le\ ('IS (d()rgrallic mitttel, to i(IIC(.tcd pm Id" \\ mild
Icssell the pi oblcill', call'sed 1).\ slich s()ik. Field tl ial's ilt t1w
BA( : tested thesc i(Icir'. I I i(Ol lc\ els (d ()i allic Ili'd Wl tolls
(dchick(,ii mimurc pci I coarc) aiid, to it I(Is"(11 dc("I cc, I i I I I I I I
ritt t s ( ) I I to 8 toils 1wr licctitre scemcd to hii\c it marked
Iwilefit (m Fish plmhlctiow II()\vc\cr, emititilliliat ioll (d tlic
('\peri I I wl )tal pmlds Illit(le it illilmssibIc to 101-111 dclillitc coil-
chisiow,. \\()i-k ()it th is impm-tillit problcill \\ ill contilllw ill thc
ficld alld lilboriktor\ ill 19 79.
Ali impm-Lint limi titti0ii to (d milkh"ll
cliltill-c is thc totill dcp('lId('lIc_\ (d the illdllstr\ oil \\ ild fl-\
4
r-
Research assistants of BAG mixing supplemental feeds for fish
from agricultural by-products such as rice bran, rice mill sweepings,
distillery wastes, leaf meal from Leucaena trees, and rumen con-
tents from local slaughter houses.
l~tiIMii' it fix lic i'ikit 111h
1
Ii tilomtt t i iiltt'ti \\ r it t \ lc I' 111 li l
tt(- ii ~ti i it f 'O t ilt Iit'i- i tiw ili'l i' tilt, it ' iii b it t\ill' bte It iirsi
til 'A iIl t t t i l i ti iii i i Cit het t ril i , Ii' t ii i x (i( ) 11111 ca
p,11 xlic tilit td Iii tit \ i tit t0' tw \it t ' itt ,tiras f i i iiiti 11111 t'lipp \(
fix ts hii itit ii 111 l ittltt't liI till liiit', i place iiZ s lid t-\ i
1)57 iitpaititt 50 2 pcr iiit i',lthe, c hiic t' it'x pt'icixc
b\i fish tl s 11 ti ti ithe\t arc.111 lii N ,st 101i i dc l lit I )ii, li IhI
A)l ti ill(t' hel i' 'tiiltxd i l i~t ~t it r iixxlii ciiit j~iti' i
Researchers at the BAG sorting the harvest from an experiment on
the polyculture of milkfish and tilapia.
JAJ,4 4 W
4
*
Pig pen built over fishpond as part of experimel
nation culture at the BAG. Pig manure and uneat
the pond daily provide food for the fish and fertili
Icaebijig-academic. I fit t(t'f academi p 1IIIoiX.s both
dl76 i t 1 Xlt(I 1111 1111 the liii probab lvet the Illot i Ii I'' i t
f IX ttll ) e p114 ~i iI974, t ilt(: instiu lt a I gr1111tcl pro-
~t in pig-fish til i 1t11iligI ti lX t'1S c'-' l itilIlt to 41ac lt r . ltlif('i III. (i
en fed ash d ino 11 t X e ai i i til rt l 'tit l t'g ai t he fitt itX . fi ll.' I i X(' X t t'l-
zatioforthpond. tioll. T he iltigiiiiililX bc llt\of it' tiogit'11114tie tilou1il 
tit
tomparc \\11t'iX itil 41:2 kiim,,o i s lit IX It itti i li toltro t ( i ldsii.
\\ c fit I tilt APPi tiitit'ti a f0l -il l I) t'\ft' imitit XX IX ii Ititi\ XX \I
fiillit iX X t'l'iiaitt 1114 ft't'ti aXllr XXpe r t io aX e f~dci14 XX tet' litifo
'T11 If wI So iiltls Xs 11111 iIt 1 ici i~)\cIil eII i4~) C I II I afI 1111(1
hlt ittf lli libaull, Iloilo,1 ih litl llal\ a Ihli (Ill\(- tiliii tilt
BM \('
W
Dr. Arsenio Comacho, Director of the BAG, lecturing to students in the graduate program 
that is offered at the Center.
Af
Graduate students at the BAG preparing to measure primary pro-
ductivity in one of the experimental ponds by means of the light-dark
bottle method.
P I I i I i p p i I Ic I i .( . I i ( ) rt tg ( , ( ) f t 1- i. i I I(,( I I I I I I I I)()\\ r. 'I I I( s t i I ( I ( -I I t "
tlreitd\ 11;1\ e loadc a sit llificallt colltrihiltioll k s I I I ) s t I I I t i I I I N
it lcl eas i 11'-', tl I rol igh thei r thesi s p] ojccts, tile alooll 11 t of,
a(111 1cultill-al rescal-ch ill thc coulitl\ . Iii('Il pcrf (ol"", allc( is
expectcd 11-olo tlicili silice ill gellcral tl ', 1.\ Is I I I ) ( , I o r
1(1 tdcllli( recolds alld good llioti\ atioll also, the rcscarch \\ ill
bc "opci \ ised b\ s I I i c o f t I I c I ) I I i I i I ) I ) i I I ( , , S I ) ( " t t r i i I I ( ( I
a(limculturists. A list of stildcot rcscarcll projects ilppc lrs ill
Appcndj\ 9.
The qll olitN ()Itll(, "tildclit's is all illlport tllt, positi\c
bccallsc ill thc pil"'t hsllcri(' s col-ricola gcllcr lll\ did
ot attract the Illost ablc stildellts. Also, of dicto Ltll(,;td\
hax (, \\ orkiotr c\pericncc in (,()\ crilloclit al_'cllcics, acadclilic
illstitlltiolls or 1)1.i\ ate industr\ mid \\ ill altcr
tiol) to ol,_'allizatiolls \\ 11cre [licir ii(,\x k a( quired expcitisc
call be plit to '('ood lisc illillic(liatek . Ti)c cillphasis that the
BA( : stidf'placcd oil tit(, (_rl'adilatc pro'_'lalll \\as at thc e\pclls(
of 1-c"cal-ch to soloc extelit, hot it is c\pc(.tcd that a 111111tiplicl.
cffCct of tlic aqll lcultlllal scicottists that the pl-m-,nill) plo-
(111( cd \\ ill loor(, thall colopcir"ate ill the lolig, roll to]. the
tcloporal\ 1-c(Ilictiol) ill rcscarch acti\ itics oF thc ccoter.
Ill addition to the (-nadliatc prm-ontill, tit(' IW slaff1' tam-flit
coill-ses i I I the oliderlladilate flsllcric cill-ricull][11 of 1, , 1)
(Iloilo emoplis) fi-olll jocepti0ii ill \o\ einbci 197 1, Appcodi\
8. F llrolllllcllt has ilicicased ,illce tll(,Il from 10 to 109 stit-
dellts. (;ro\ ing local ilitcrest ill fislicrics led to tlic eshlb-
lisloocnt ill januar\ 1978 of*a I)i\ isimi of'Fisherics \vithill 111c
Iloilo brallch of (T to f wilitatc the e\pallsioll of c(Ilicatioll ill
this specialt\ . 'I'll(, I3A( director is chairloall ofthc (It\ isioll ill
additioll to ilis loall\ other 1-cspollsihilitics.
Trailling-extellsioll. I"Xtellsioll as ilitcoded to be ollc of,
tit(, main acti\ itics of the BA(:, but actualk this aspcct ol'the
proglalo leolaim'd quiW liolitcd throll'-diolit tlic I I'T and AIT
M\ iligy to limitatiolls ill little, pci-sollilcl, mid c'spccialk I'llod-
ing. ( \o filods \\ elc allocatcd to t1w celitcl lor till,, pillpose
tit(- proiccts.j
I,1\tciisioii acti\ itics of the IM' \xcrc limited prilllaril\ to
pro\ idill(-, lcsoorcc pelsolls Ior extellsioll traimm-, pro'-,lallis
i L
Peace Corps Volunteer of the BAC demonstrating the use of a pond water sampler that he designed to extension workers of the Bureau of
Fisheries and Aquatic Resources.
o" ". -
IQXfd
offered by SEAFDEC and BFAR, and for local national meet-
ings of fish farmers' federations. Occasionally, direct contacts
were made with fish farmers who sought assistance.
A special extension activity, made possible by funding from
the APP, was a 2-day seminar on aquacultural economics
given in 1977 by Dr. E. W. McCoy, an economist from Auburn
University. Approximately 70 persons representing the local
business, government, and academic communities attended.
The interest of fish farmers was particularly keen, as evi-
denced by their active exchanges with Dr. McCoy.
The BAC staff, recognizing the importance of a more effec-
tive extension program, initiated an attempt in January 1977
to establish linkage with the regional office of the BFAR for
improving communication between researchers and fish
farmers. Although the effort was not successful because of
resistance from the Director of the BFAR, it was instrumental
in part for the establishment later that year of an ad hoc
GRP-USAID committee, RELCOM (Research-Extension
Linkage Committee), to investigate the problem of research-
extension linkage and recommend ways to improve it.
As a result of the RELCOM report, the BAC and the re-
gional office of the BFAR began a joint extension project, for
the first time, in March 1978 when the BFAR assigned an
extension technician to work with the BAC full time. Under
BAC leadership, personnel of the two agencies developed a
"technology package" 
incorporating the 
best technology for
producing milkfish that was available from research reports
and commercial sources. At the end of the APP, this technol-
ogy was undergoing field tests in BAC ponds with joint fund-
ing and supervision by both organizations. Once effective-
ness of the methodology is demonstrated in a series of suc-
cessful trials, the BAC will assist in training BFAR extension
workers to disseminate it to fish farmers throughout the re-
gion. In the next step of the project, BAC and BFAR personnel
will develop extension literature on the technology package
for wider distribution.
Development of such a package will be a significant contri-
bution because, for the first time, consistent guidelines will
be available to extension workers and fish farmers to help
them manage ponds effectively. The initial package will need
updating frequently as improved techniques are developed,
and these continuing efforts can provide a sound basis for
further cooperation between the BAC and the BFAR.
Official Recognition of BAC Efforts
The fish farming industry was aware of the efforts of the
BAC staff to increase aquaculture production. In evidence,
the National Federation of Fish-farm Producers, the major
organization representing this industry in the Philippines,
awarded a commendation to the center at its annual conven-
tion in 1977. President Marcos presented the award to the
BAC Director, who received it in behalf of the center.
EXTENSION PROGRAM OF THE BUREAU OF
FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES
Prior to 1976 there was no GRP agency having a formally
established aquacultural extension program. Extension ac-
tivities were carried out by the BFAR on an ad hoc basis. The
development of an aquacultural extension program was a
major component of the IFP-APP. It was programmed to
follow the development of the research components consti-
tuted within the FAC and BAC. Auburn-FAA personnel as-
sisted the GRP in the conduct of extension-outreach activities
throughout the IFP-APP. They helped BFAR develop an
aquacultural extension plan, select and train extension per-
sonnel, determine equipment needs of extension workers,
and gave other technical advisory services pertaining to the
development of the aquacultural extension program in BFAR.
In May 1975, BFAR was given the responsibility for con-
ducting a National Fisheries Extension Program by virtue of
Presidential Decree No. 704. Subsequently, in 1976, an Ex-
tension Division was formally established within BFAR. The
Division has four sections: Inland Fisheries (Aquaculture),
Municipal Fisheries, Commercial Fisheries, and Fish Pro-
cessing.
When the BFAR Extension Division was established it was
faced with four primary constraints: (1) an insufficient
number of trained extension workers, (2) lack of transporta-
tion (vehicles) for extension workers, (3) lack of basic equip-
ment for extension workers, and (4) the lack of a well con-
ceived plan for phased implementation of extension ac-
tivities. The APP assisted the BFAR in eliminating these
deficiencies and developing stronger linkages between the
extension program of BFAR and the research programs of
FAC and BAC.
Two BFAR extension workers participated in training pro-
grams sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture
(USDA) at the University of Wisconsin and one participated
in a similar program at the University of Missouri. The partic-
ipants were taught extension concepts, principles, and
methods. They also observed fisheries extension programs in
Alabama and other states in the Southeastern United States.
Nine extension personnel received aquaculture training at
Auburn University, and two of the nine received an M.S.
degree in fisheries. The extension workers who participated
in training programs in the United States have returned to
BFAR and now occupy key positions in that agency, Appen-
dix 1.
Aquacultural extension activities were concentrated in two
pilot areas of the Philippines during the APP, figure 2. These
areas were Region V, the Bicol River Basin (the provinces of
Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Cantanduanes, Masbate
and Sorsogon), and Panay Island (the provinces of Iloilo,
Capiz, Alkan and Antique, all of which are in Region VI).
The Chiefofthe BFAR Extension Division, who serves as a
staff assistant to the director of the Bureau, monitors and
evaluates extension field activities in the regions and helps
solve logistical problems. Planned programs of work are im-
plemented in the provinces by the regional extension staffs
who serve under the respective regional directors.
The aquacultural extension program was implemented in
the two pilot regions beginning in 1975 and 1976 according to
the sequence given below.
Data gathering. Data were collected, compiled, and as-
sessed for use as benchmark information and for subsequent
evaluation of extension efforts. These data included the
number and size of fishponds, production inputs and outputs,
and locations of financial institutions, suppliers of fertilizer,
pesticides, and fry.
Training. New extension workers were hired and trained in
the technical aspects of aquaculture, oriented to work plans
and program objectives, briefed on aquacultural resources of
the area, and assigned to specific work locations.
Distribution of equipment. Jeeps provided by USAID were
distributed to 18 extension teams in the two pilot regions.
Additional equipment, such as cameras, projectors, and port-
able generators, was also made available to the regions for use
by extension workers.
Field implementation. Extension workers conducted
meetings with fish farmers, representatives of the private
16
sector and government agencies, and other concerned indi-
viduals. They discussed ways and means for increasing
aquacultural production, introduced the public to BFAR's
extension program, organized discussion groups, selected
cooperators for field trials and demonstrations, and began
direct assistance to fishpond owners.
Evaluation of results. An evaluation of individual field
trials was made. Production data for 1977 and 1978 are in-
complete. Therefore, a final evaluation of the overall program
using baseline data as a comparison could not be made at this
time.
The BFAR aquacultural extension program was operational
in the two pilot regions in late 1976. By the end of September
1978, the number of inland fisheries extension workers as-
signed to regions V and VI were 30 and 26, respectively.
During FY 1977, the aquacultural extension workers in the
two pilot areas made a total of 1,066 individual visits to
fishpond operators and provided advisory services, assisted
in setting up four new rice-fish culture demonstration trials
and two milkfish demonstration trials, rendered assistance to
97 fish farmers who had ongoing demonstration trials, con-
ducted a survey of government-owned fishponds, and con-
ducted 36 meetings/seminars for fishpond operators.
Numerous milkfish farmers from the two pilot regions have
reported significant increases in production since adopting
new practices recommended by extension workers. It is too
early, however, to evaluate the extension efforts in terms of
overall increased aquacultural production for the two regions
because an inadequate supply of fish seedlings, shortages of
fertilizers, and difficulties in obtaining financing for aquacul-
tural activities have impeded the adoption of improved
aquacultural technology by some fish farmers. Furthermore,
the statistics available are not adequate to make such an
evaluation. An improved system for gathering accurate data
from the aquacultural subsector on a timely basis is needed.
Aquacultural extension programs are being developed in the
other 11 regions of the Philippines using as a model the
approach taken in regions V and VI during the APP. About
150 additional aquacultural extension workers were assigned
to the 11 other regions. However, there are a number of
obstacles to developing on a national scale an extension capa-
bility similar to those created in regions V and VI. For exam-
ple, considerably more transportation and communication
facilities are needed, along with improved training programs
for extension workers, including orientation and instruction
prior to field assignments, and periodic instruction in exten-
sion concepts, methods, and aquacultural technology.
Despite the problems and needs that still exist, an aquacul-
tural extension program has been developed within the
BFAR. The basic concept and program direction appear
sound. Linkages between the BFAR and researchers at FAC
and BAC have been established by assigning extension
workers to the centers to coordinate extension and research
programs. These relationships are expected to grow and
strengthen. Also, there is growing public awareness and
interest in aquacultural extension. The overall success of the
extension program in increasing aquacultural production and
improving the nutrition of Filipinos must be determined la-
ter, but it appears now that such efforts will help to ac-
complish these objectives.
RECOMMENDATIONS
The primary function of this publication is to report on the
progress and achievements, as well as various constraints,
experienced in this USAID and GOP supported aquacultural
development project. However, it seems appropriate to in-
clude recommendations based on the significant experience
and personal knowledge gained by the four ICA resident
advisors serving the project over a period of nearly 8 years-
approximately 15 man-years of day-to-day involvement with
Filipino fish farmers and GOP fisheries personnel under
local conditions.
Extension is the key element in a successful and progres-
sive aquacultural program at the farmer's level. Extension has
progressed well in regions V and VI where significant effort
has been expended in implementing effective extension pro-
grams. It is doubtful, however, that BFAR has the funds or
adequately trained extension workers to implement a mean-
ingful countrywide program. Hence it is recommended that
BFAR establish extension services in other regions gradually,
with due consideration to selecting regions that hold greatest
potential on a priority basis. Also, BFAR should make a con-
certed effort to improve research-extension linkages at the
national level. Presently it is on a regional basis.
The lack of fish seed and shortages of workers adequately
trained in hatchery management have been correctly as-
sessed as the major limiting factors in rice-fish 
culture and
freshwater aquaculture in general. The Fisheries Sector
Study for the Philippines (1977) documents this in detail.
Hence, the Freshwater Fisheries Development Project is
most timely and its implementation at the earliest possible
date is recommended.
The USAID should keep abreast of problems and opportu-
nities to assist the most disadvantaged fish farmer or segments
of the aquaculture industry. Specific examples in which
USAID assistance may be needed include (1) milkfish fry
collection and methods of reducing fry mortality, (2) clam,
oyster, and mussel culture, (3) tilapia production technology,
and (4) acid soil problems as encountered in brackishwater
fish ponds.
USAID's involvement in artisan fisheries (municipal
fisheries) with elements of marketing, improved quality, and
economics is also recommended.
17
APPENDIX 1
PARTICIPANTS TRAINED UNDER THE IFP-APP
Name of participant
Catalino de la Cruz
Rafael Guerrero
Emmanuel Cruz
Rodolfo Arce
Oscar Quines
Ruben Sevilleja
Renato Recometa
Arsenio Camacho
Romeo Fortes
Virgilio Dureza
Romulo Aure
Rodolfo Ventura
Gaudiosa Almazan
Joel Canlas
Jose Carreon
Florian Orejana
Ricardo Lim
Melchor Tayamen
Abraham Gaduang
Joemari Gerochi
Eduardo Clement
Billy Blanco
Rolando Edra
Avelino Sanico
Primitivo Clave
Apolonio Alapan
Jose Marquez
Katherine Apolinario
Amado C. Campos
Rogelio O. Juliano
Felix R. Gonzales
Francisco Pili
Catalino de la Cruz
Abraham Gaduang
GRP agency Training venue
CLSU-FAC Auburn University
CLSU-FAC Auburn University
CLSU-FAC Auburn University
CLSU-FAC
CLSU-FAC
CLSU-FAC
CLSU-FAC
UP-BAC
UP-BAC
UP-BAC
UP-BAC
UPCF
UPCF
UPCF
UPCF
UPCF
BFAR
BFAR
BFAR
BFAR
BFAR
BFAR
Auburn University
Auburn University
Auburn University
Auburn University
Auburn University
Auburn University
Auburn University
Auburn University
Auburn University
Auburn University
Auburn University
Auburn University
U. of Washington
Auburn University
Auburn University
U. of Wisconsin
U. of Wisconsin
Auburn University
Auburn University
BFAR U. of Missouri
BFAR
BFAR
BFAR
BFAR
Auburn University
Auburn University
Auburn University
Auburn University
BFAR Auburn University
CLSU
UPCF
BFAR
BFAR
CLSU
BFAR
Taiwan
Taiwan
Taiwan
Taiwan
Southeast Asia'
Southeast Asia'
No. Degree
months received
Present assignment
36 Ph.D. Dir. FAC; Asst. Dean, CLSU-CIF
28 Ph.D. Asst. Dir., FAC; Dean, CLSU-CIF
24 Ph.D Researcher, FAC; Chairman Aquaculture
Dept., CLSU-CIF
24 M.S. Researcher, FAC; Instructor, CLSU-CIF
26 M.S. Researcher, FAC; Asst. Prof. Vet Med., CLSU
25 M.S. Researcher, FAC; Instructor, CLSU-CIF
6 - Researcher, FAC; Instructor, CLSU-CIF
36 Ph.D. Director, BAC; Assoc. Prof., UPCF
36 M.S. Researcher, BAC; Asst. Prof., UPCF
18 M.S. Asst. Director, BAC; Asst. Prof., UPCF
6 - Pond Superintendent, BAC
40 M.S. Researcher, UPCF-Dilliman
40 Ph.D. Researcher, UPCF-Dilliman
40 M.S. Researcher, UPCF-Dilliman
36 Ph.D. Researcher, UPCF-Dilliman
36 Ph.D. Researcher, UPCF-Dilliman
21 M.S. Extension Div., BFAR, Manila
27 M.S. Extension Coordinator, Manila
4 - Chief Extension Div., BFAR, Manila
4 - Senior Executive Asst., BFAR, Manila
6 - Fisheries Extension Specialist, BFAR, Region VI
6 - Supervising Fisheries Extension Specialist,
BFAR, Manila
4 - Supervising Fisheries Extension Specialist,
Manila
24 - OIC, BFAR, Region X
6 - Reg. Director, BFAR, Region II
6 - Extension Specialist, II, BFAR
6 - Supervising Extension Specialist,
BFAR, Region X
6 M.S. Researcher, Nat. Inst. Science
and Technology, Manila
1 - President, CLSU
1 - Dean, UPCF
1 - Director, BFAR
1 - Director, BFAR, Region V
1 - Director, FAC; Asst. Dean, CLSU-CIF
1 - Chief Extension Div., BFAR, Manila
1Tour of four Southeast Asian countries: Malaysia, Thailand, Japan, and Taiwan.
18
APPENDIX 2
Reports Resulting from the APP
AVAULT, JAMES W. JR., WALLACE KLUSSMAN AND R. O'NEAL SMITHER-
MAN. 1978. End-of-project Evaluation of the Aquaculture Produc-
tion Project. Mimeo. Rept. 30 pp.
BARNHISEL, RICHARD I. 1976. Acid Problem at the Brackishwater
Aquaculture Center, Leganes, Iloilo, Philippines. Mimeo. Rept.
10 pp.
CRANCE, J. M. 1978. Aquaculture in Malaysia, Thailand, Japan, and
Taiwan. Auburn Univ., International Center for Aquaculture (to
be published).
GRANT, CHARLES J. 1976. Report on a Visit as Soil Consultant to the
Brackishwater Aquaculture Center at Leganes, the Philippines.
Mimeo. Rept. 7 pp.
McCoy, E. W., M. L. HOPKINS, AND R. C. SEVILLEJA. 1978. Fish
Marketing in Central Luzon, Philippines. A Study of the Existing
Demand and Supply Situation, 1978. Auburn Univ. International
Center for Aquaculture, Res. and Dev. Ser. No. 21 Proj. AID
ea/180. 58 pp.
SCHMITTOU, H. R. 1977. A study to Determine the Spawning Grounds
of Milkfish and Environmental Conditions that Influence Fry
Abundance and Collection along the Antique Coast of Panay
Island, Philippines. Proc. Eighth Ann. Meeting, World Maricul-
ture Society, Jan. 9-14, 1977. pp. 91-98.
SNOW, J. R. 1976. Recommendations for Development of a Freshwa-
ter Fish Hatchery Center in Central Luzon, Philippines. Mimeo.
Rept. 13 pp.
TRIMBLE, WILLIAM C. 1978. Suitability of Two Sites at Central Luzon
State University for Locating a Freshwater Fish Hatchery and
Extension Training Center. Mimeo. Rept. 12 pp.
TRIMBLE, WILLIAM C. 1978. A Multi-purpose Brackishwater Hatchery
for the Brackishwater Aquaculture Center, Leganes, Iloilo,
Philippines. 18 pp.
USAID. 1978. An Evaluation of Auburn University's Programs (Ann
Henshaw and Bruce Kimsey). Mimeo. Rept. 27 pp.
APPENDIX 3
IFP-APP Reports from 1971-1976 with Titles of
Research Completed at the FAC and BAC from July 1,
1974, through December 31, 19761
1. Inland Fisheries Project-Annual Technical Report FY 71-72
(March 8, 1971-June 31, 1972). 55 pp.
2. Inland Fisheries Project-Technical Report First Half of FY
72-73 (July 1, 1972-December 31, 1972). 100 pp.
3.- Inland Fisheries Project-Technical Report No. 3. Second
Half of FY 72-73 (January 1, 1973-June 30, 1973). 46 pp.
4. Inland Fisheries Project-Technical Report No. 4. First Half of
FY 74 (July 1, 1973-December 31, 1973). 83 pp.
5. Inland Fisheries Project-Technical Report No. 5. Second Half
of FY 74 (January 1, 1974-June 30, 1974), 96 pp.
6. Inland Fisheries Project
2
-Technical Report No. 6. First Half of
FY 75 (July 1, 1974-December 31, 1974). 100 pp.
A. Research Completed-Freshwater Aquaculture Center
(1) Carp Polyculture in Fertilized and Unfertilized Ponds.
(2) Rice-fish Culture: Production of Rice IR-26 and Tilapia.
avoid confusion.
(8) Monosex Culture of Male and Female Tilapia mossambica in
Ponds at Three Densities.
(9) Culture of Male Tilapia mossambica with Rice IR-26.
(10) Parasites and Diseases of Freshwater Fishes, Common Carp
Fingerlings.
(11) Production of Bangus in Combination with Common Carp
and Thai Hito in Fertilized Freshwater Ponds.
B. Research Completed-Brackishwater Center
(1) Bangus Production in Newly Constructed Ponds with
Plankton as a Food Base.
(2) The Rate of Growth of Bangus Fry/Fingerlings in Newly Con-
structed Brackishwater Ponds.
(3) Monoculture and Polyculture of Bangus and Shrimp Penaeus
sp. in Brackishwater Ponds.
7. Inland Fisheries Project Philippine s-Technical Report No. 7.
Second Half of FY 75 (January 1, 1975-June 30, 1975). 113 pp.
A. Research Completed-Freshwater Aquaculture Center
(1) Bioassay of Gusathion A on Some Common Freshwater
Fishes of the FAC.
(2) Polyculture Systems Utilizing Male Tilapia, Dalag, Thai Hito,
and Common Carp.
(3) Pond Evaluation of Tilapia mossambica Treated with
Methyltestosterone for Sex Reversal at Varying Duration and
Stocked at Different Rates.
(4) Use of Dalag for Biological Control of Tilapia Reproduction.
(5) Culture of Tilapia mossambica Treated with Methyltestos-
terone and Estrone for Sex Reversal.
(6) Culture of Freshwater Shrimps ini Fertilized Ponds with and
without Tilapia spp.
(7) Culture of Male Tilapia mossambica with Dalag in Fertilized
Ponds at Two Densities.
(8) Culture of Male Tilapia mossambica and Dalag in Fertilized
Ponds with Supplementary Feeding.
(9) Pond Evaluation of Tilapia nilotica.
(10) A Preliminary Study on the Culture of Common Carp and
Male Tilapia mossambica with Rice.
(11) Comparative Growth Rates and Competition Between
Clarias macrocephalus and Clarias batrachus at Two Densi-
ties.
(12) Production of Tilapia mossambica Fry for Sex Reversal
Treatment in Nylon Net Enclosures (Bitinan).
B. Research Completed-Brackishwater Aquaculture Center
(1) Monoculture and Polyculture of Bangus and All-male Tilapia
in Brackishwater 
Ponds."
(2) Simultaneous Culture of Bangus Fry Inside Happas and Ban-
gus Fingerlings at Large in Same Ponds.
(3) Bangus Production in Newly Constructed Ponds with
Plankton and Lab-lab for Three Consecutive Cultures Using
Various Single and Combination Fertilizers.
(4) Bangus Production in a Newly Constructed Pond.
8. Inland Fisheries Project Philippine s-Technical Report No. 8.
First Half of FY 1976 (July 1, 1975-December 31, 1975). 111 pp.
A. Research Completed-Freshwater Aquaculture Center
(1) Cage Culture of Tilapia zillu at Two Densities with and
sambica in Rice Paddies.
19.
B. Research Completed-Brackishwater Aquaculture Center.
(1) Polyculture of Bangus and Shrimps.
(2) Mono and Polyculture of Bangus and All-male Tilapia mos-
sambica in Brackishwater Ponds (Trial II).
(3) Evaluation of the Use of Sub-divided Ponds Using Nets to
Increase Experimental Units.
(4) Bioassay of Two Fish Toxicants, Tuba (Jathropa sp.), a Lo-
cally Available Fish Poison, and Antimycin A.
9. Inland Fisheries Project Philippines-Technical Report No. 9.
First Half of FY 76 (January 1, 1976-June 30, 1976). 181 pp.
A. Research Completed-Freshwater Aquaculture Center
(1) Observations on the Rearing and Breeding of Macrobrachium
sp. in Aquaria.
(2) Observations on the Culture of Corbicula manilensis in Fer-
tilized Ponds with Tilapia nilotica.
(3) Polyculture of Freshwater Shrimps and Milkfish.
(4) A Survey of the Plankton in Fertilized Tilapia Ponds of the
FAC.
(5) A Study on the Food Habits of Clarias batrachus Fingerlings.
(6) Effects of Two Inorganic Fertilizers and Three Stocking Den-
sities on Bangus Production in Freshwater.
(7) Culture of Tilapia nilotica at Two Densities with Fertiliza-
tion and Supplemental Feeding.
(8) Pond Evaluation ofTilapia Hybrids Treated for Sex Reversal.
(9) Culture of Chlorella with Tilapia nilotica in Earthen Ponds.
(10) Pond Evaluation of Tilapia zillii Treated with Ethyltestos-
terone for Sex Reversal.
(11) Use of Estrone for the Production of Monosex Female Tilapia
mossambica.
(12) Preliminary Study on the Protein Requirements of Tilapia
mossambica.
(13) Preliminary Study on the Protein Requirements of Tilapia
mossambica Fry.
(14) Effects of Two levels of Ipil-ipil Leaf Meal as Supplemental
Feed on the Reproductive Performance of Tilapia mossam-
bica in Fertilized Ponds.
(15) Preliminary Study on the Protein Requirements of Clarias
batrachus.
(16) Value of Vitamin-mineral Supplement to Thai Hito Raised in
Concrete Tanks.
B. Research Completed-Brackishwater Aquaculture Center
(1) The Effectiveness of Leucaena Leaf Meal as a Supplemental
Feed for Bangus in Brackishwater Fishponds.
(2) Mixed Culture of Bangus Fry and Fingerlings in Brackishwa-
ter Ponds with Plankton.
(3) Evaluation of the Use of Subdivided Ponds Using Nets to
Increase Experimental Limits (Trial II).
(4) The Culture of Tilapia in Brackishwater Ponds Using Ten-
pounder to Control Reproduction (Trial II).
(5) Simultaneous Culture of Bangus Fry Inside Hapas and Ban-
gus Fingerlings Loose in Same Ponds (Trial II).
(6) Preliminary Study on the Artificial Reproduction of Bangus
(Sabalo).
10. Inland Fisheries Project Philippines-Technical Report No.
10. Second Half of FY 76 (July 1, 1976-December 31, 1976). 168 pp.
A. Research Completed-Freshwater Aquaculture Center
(1) Culture of Tilapia nilotica and Macrobrachium Species
Separately and in Combination in Fertilized Freshwater
Fishponds.
(2) Preliminary Study on the Protein Requirements of Common
Carp Fingerlings.
(3) Preliminary Study on the Protein Requirements of Nile
Tilapia (Tilapia nilotica) Fingerlings.
(4) Preliminary Study on the Protein Requirements of Tilapia
Brood Stock Raised in Hapas.
(5) Polyculture of Tilapia nilotica, T. ziUlii, and Cyprinus carpio.
(6) The Effect of Varying Levels of Chicken Manure Application
and Clipping of Pectoral Spines on the Production of Thai
Catfish.
(7) Bioassay of Nicotine Sulfate on Java Tilapia (Tilapia mos-
sambica) and Thai Catfish (Clarias batrachus).
(8) Production of Tilapia nilotica in Rice Paddies at Five Densi-
ties.
(9) Screening of Materials as Feed Supplement in a Polyculture
System Using Nile Tilapia and Common Carp. I. Supplemen-
tal Feeding of Rice Bran, Copra Meal, and Chicken Manure
vs. Organic Fertilizer.
(10) Culture ofTilapia nilotica in Ponds at 20,000 per hectare with
Supplemental Feeding and Different Fertilization Schemes.
(11) Bioassay of Synthetic Pyrethroid on Java 
Tilapia (Tilapia
mossambica) and Thai Catfish (Clarias batrachus).
B. Research Completed-Brackishwater Aquaculture Center
(1) Preliminary Study on the Use of Rice Straw-as an Additional
Substrate for Fishfood Organisms.
(2) Mass Culture of Food Organisms Using Different Fertilizers
and Nutrient Media.
(3) The Effect of Stock Manipulation on Growth and Production
of Milkfish in Ponds.
(4) Culture of Tilapia in Brackishwater Ponds using Tarpon to
Control Reproduction.
(5) Milkfish Trials on the Use of Chicken Manure, Shredded Rice
Straw, and Urea.
(6) Milkfish Production at Two Levels of Organic Matter Content
in Pond Soil.
(7) A Preliminary Investigation on Methods for Determining the
Suitability of Soils for Fishpond Development.
(8) A Comparison of Isonitrogenous Applications of Urea and
Ammonium Fertilizers in Brackishwater Fishponds.
(9) Production Response of Milkfish, Chanos chanos (Forskal), to
Additional Substrate for Fishfood in Brackishwater Ponds.
(10) Relationship between Primary Production and Milkfish Pro-
duction in Brackishwater Ponds Using Organic and Combina-
tion of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers.
11. Inland Fisheries Project Philippines-Technical Report No.
11. First Half of FY 1977.
A. Research Completed-Freshwater Aquaculture Center
(1) Pond Culture of Tilapia Hybrid (Male T. nilotica x Female T.
mossambica) at Two Densities.
(2) Polyculture of Tilapia nilotica, T. zillii, Cyprinus carpio, and
Macrobrachium sp. in Fertilized Ponds.
(3) Milkfish Rearing in Hapas Stationed in Feed-supplemented
Production Ponds.
(4) Production of Tilapia nilotica in Rice Paddies at Five Densi-
ties.
(5) Preliminary Study on the Culture of Common Carp (Cyprinus
carpio) and Male Tilapia mossambica with Rice.
(6) Production of Common Carp in Rice Fields at Three Stocking
Densities.
(7) Polyculture of Nile Tilapia and Common Carp in Paddy
Fields at Four Stocking Densities.
(8) Yield Comparison of Rice and Fish Grown Separately and
Combined Rice-fish Culture.
(9) Screening of Materials as Feed Supplement in a Polyculture
System Using Nile Tilapia and Common Carp. Phase II-
Supplemental Feeding of Rice Bran, Copra Meal, and
Chicken Manure in Fertilized Ponds.
(10) Screening of Materials as Feed Supplement in a Polyculture
System Using Nile Tilapia and Common Carp. Phase III-
Feeding Varying Levels of Rice Bran.
(11) Preliminary Study on the Protein Requirements of Tilapia
Hybrids.
12. Inland Fisheries Project Philippines-Technical Report No.
12. Second Half of FY 1977.
A. Research Completed-Freshwater Aquaculture Center
(1) Polyculture of Nile Tilapia, Common Carp, and Anodonta
woodiana in Fertilized Ponds.
(2) Polyculture of Milkfish (Chanos chanos Forskal), All-male
Nile Tilapia (Tilapia nilotica), and Snakehead (Ophicephalus
striatus) in Freshwater Ponds with Supplemental Feeding.
(3) Culture of Tilapia nilotica in Rice Paddy Fields with and
without Supplemental Feeding.
(4) Effect of Different Stocking Weight on the Culture of Tilapia
nilotica in Paddy Field.
(5) Effect of Varying Ratio on the Polyculture of Tilapia nilotica
and Cyprinus carpio under Rice Paddy Conditions.
20
(6) Effect of Carbofuran Placement on Fish Survival in Rice
Fields.
(7) Effect of Furadan Placement on Tilapia nilotica and Cyp-
rinus carpio Survival in Paddy Fields.
(8) Development of Fish-paddy Facility for Rotational Rice and
Fish Cropping.
(9) Screening of Feedstuffs as Ingredients in the Ration of
Freshwater Fishes. Phase I-Utilization of Fish Meal, Rice
Bran, Soybean Meal, Mulberry Leaf Meal, Ipil-ipil Leaf Meal,
Binlid, Sorghum, and Copra Meal in the Ration for Nile
Tilapia.
(10) Preliminary Study on the Protein Requirements of All-male
Java Tilapia (Tilapia mossambica) Stocked at Different Den-
sities in Hapas.
(11) Screening of Materials as Feed Supplement in a Polyculture
System Using Nile Tilapia, Common Carp, and Snakehead.
Phase IV-Feeding of Copra Meal at Varying Levels.
APPENDIX 4
Publications and Manuscripts Authored or
Co-authored by FAC and BAC Researchers
ARCE, RODOLFO G. 1976. An Overview of Agro-fish Farming in Cent-
ral Luzon. Paper presented at First Regional Agricultural Re-
sources System Research Congress for Central Luzon. El Grande
Hotel, Paranaque, Rizal. July 26-29, 1975. 6 pp.
ARCE, RODOLFO G. AND CATALINO R. DE LA CRUZ. 1977. Design Lay-
out Considerations in a Freshwater Rice-fish Culture Farm in the
Philippines. Paper presented at Joint South China Seas Project/
SEAFDEC Regional Workshop on Aquaculture Engineering.
SCCS Gen/77/15 SEAFDEC, Iloilo, Philippines. Nov. 27-Dec. 3,
1977. pp 335-346.
ARCE, RODOLFO G. AND CATALINO R. DE LA CRUZ. 1978. Improved
Rice-fish Culture in the Philippines. 15 pp. (In press).
CRuz, E. M. AND I. L. LAUDENCIA. 1977. Protein Requirements of
Tilapia mossambica Fingerlings. Phil. J. Biol. 6 (2):177-182.
CRUZ, E. M. AND I. L. LAUDENCIA. 1977. Preliminary Study on the
Protein Requirements of Clarias batrachus. Fish. Res. J. Phil. 1
(2):43-45.
GROVER, J. H. 1975. Production of Milkfish in Combination with
Common Carp and Thai Catfish in Fertilized Freshwater Ponds.
Phil. Fish. 11 (1 and 2):1-16.
GROVER, J. H. 1977. Rice-fish Culture and the Green Revolution.
FAO Technical Conference on Aquaculture, Kyoto, Japan. May
26-June 2, 1976. Experience Paper 17. 3 pp.
GROVER, J. H. AND G. T. BANAcIA. 1975. Preliminary Yield Trial with
Carp Polyculture in Fertilized and Unfertilized Ponds. Phil. J.
Fish. 11 (1 and 2):17-22.
GUERRERO, L. A. AND RAFAEL D. GUERRERO, III. 1976. Culture of
Freshwater Shrimps in Fertilized Ponds. Paper presented at FAO
Technical Conference on Aquaculture, Kyoto, Japan. May 26-
June 2, 1976. Experience Paper. 3 pp.
GUERRERO, RAFAEL D., III. 1975. Culture of Monosex Male Tilapia
mossambica and Ophicephalus striatus in Fertilized Ponds with
Supplementary Feeding. Phil. J. Fish. 12 (1 and 2):65-68.
GUERRERO, RAFAEL D., III. 1975. Use of Oral Androgens for the
Production of All-male Tilapia aurea (Steindachner). Trans.
Amer. Fish. Soc. 104 (2):342-348.
GUERRERO, RAFAEL D., III. 1976. Culture of Tilapia nilotica at Two
Densities with Fertilization and Supplemental Feeding. Fish.
Res. J. Phil. 1 (1):39-43.
GUERRERO, RAFAEL D., III. 1978. Cage Culture of Nile Tilapia.
Copyright 1978 by Agrix. Pub. Corp. E. P. Dev. Corp., Bldg. 79,
Dona Hemandy Ave. Corner 13th Street, Quezon City, Philip-
pines. 8 pp.
GUERRERO, RAFAEL D., III. 1978. Pond Culture of Nile Tilapia.
Copyright 1978 by Agrix Pub. Corp. Penthouse, Puzon Bldg.,
Gilmore Corner Rodriguez Blvd., Quezon City, Philippines. 4 pp.
GUERRERO, RAFAEL D., III, AND T. A. ABELLA. 1976. Induced Sex
Reversal of Tilapia nilotica with Methyltestosterone. Fish Res. J.
Phil. 1 (2):46-49.
GUERRERO, RAFAEL D., III, AND T. A. ABELLA. 1978. Culture of Tilapia
nilotica (male) X T. mossambica (female) Hybrid in Fertilized
Ponds at Two Densities. (Manuscript in preparation for publica-
tion.)
GUERRERO, RAFAEL D., III, AND L. A. GUERRERO. 1975. Monosex
Culture of Male and Female Tilapia mossambica in Ponds at
Three Stocking Rates. Phil. J. Biol. 4 (2):30-34.
GUERRERO, RAFAEL D., III, AND L. A. GUERRERO. 1976. Culture of
Tilapia nilotica and Macrobrachium sp. Separately and in Com-
bination in Fertilized Fishponds. Phil. J. Biol. 14 (2):232-235.
GUERRERO, RAFAEL D., III, L. A. GUERRERO, AND JOHN H. GROVER.
1975. Notes on the Culture of Freshwater Shrimps in Central
Luzon. Paper presented at the International Conference on Prawn
Farming. Vung Tau, Vietnam. 7 pp.
GUERRERO, RAFAEL D., III, R. M. MAGANA, AND U. U. CARGADO, 1977.
Production of Tilapia Fry in Floating Net Enclosures. FAO Aqua.
Bull. 8 (3-4):4.
GUERRERO, RAFAEL D., III, AND E. P. VILLANUEVA. 1978. Notes on the
Pond Culture of Macrobrachium idella. (Manuscript in prepara-
tion for publication.)
HEINRICHS, E. A., G. B. AQUINO, J. A. MCMENNAMY, H. ARBOLEDA, N.
N. NAVASERO AND R. C. ARCE. Increasing Insecticide Efficiency
in Lowland Rice. Agricultural Mechanization in Asia. 1977. Farm
Machinery Industrial Research Corp. Vol. VIII, No. 3. pp. 41-47.
The following reports had been approved by the BAC Publications
Committee and manuscripts were in preparation for publication
when the APP ended.
CAMACHO, ARSENIO S. Use of Agricultural By-products as Feeds for
Tilapia in Brackishwater Fishponds.
CAMACHO, ARSENIO S. AND LOURDES A. DUREZA. Feeding Trial Using
Ipil-ipil Leaf Meal in Pelletized Feeds for Tilapia mossambica.
CHOLIK, FUAD AND ROMEO D. FORTES. The Effect of the Different
Densities of Artificial Shelters on the Growth and Survival of
Penaeus monodon Raised from Fry to Juveniles.
DUREZA, VIRGILIO A. AND CARMEN L. GEMPIS. Production Response of
Milkfish in Brackishwater Ponds with Added Substrates.
FORTES, NORMA R. AND CRISPINO SACLAUSO. An Evaluation of the
Effect of Fertilizer on Water and Soil-water System.
FORTES, ROMEO D. Mixed Culture of Milkfish and Tilapia in Brack-
ishwater Ponds with Tarpon as Biological Control for Tilapia
Reproduction.
FRITZ, LAWRENCE AND HERNANE J. GONZALES. Primary Productivity
and Fish Yield in Brackishwater Ponds.
LEARY, DANIEL F. AND CARLOS C. BAYLON. A Successful Method for
Establishing Grasses (Cynodon spp.) on Acidic Soils to Minimize
Erosion.
APPENDIX 5
Theses and Dissertations by Filipino Participants who
Received Graduate Degrees from Auburn University
Under IFP-APP Sponsorship
ALMAZAN, GAUDIOSA. 1974. Studies on Oxygen Consumption by Mi-
crobial Organisms during Decomposition of Aquatic Plants. M.S.
Thesis. December 11, 1974. 41 pp.
ALMAZAN, GAUDIOSA. 1977. Evaluation of the Secchi Disk as an Index
of Plankton Diversity in Fish Ponds. Ph.D. Dissertation. August
26, 1977. 49 pp.
APOLINARIO, KATHERINE MARTELINO. 1975. Recovery and Utilization
of Boneless Flesh Mechanically Separated from Tilapia (Tilapia
aurea), Buffalo fish (Setiolius cyprinellus x Ictiobus niger), and
Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). M.S. Thesis. August 26,
1975. 44 pp.
ARCE, RODOLFO G. 1974. Effects of Applications of Agricultural
Limestone on Water Chemistry, Phytoplankton Productivity, and
Tilapia Production in Soft-water Ponds. M.S. Thesis. December
11, 1974. 37 pp.
CAMACHO, ARSENIO SABANGAR. 1974. Characterization of Thiamine
Deficiency in Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus, Rafinesque)
Fed Heated and Non-heated Catfish Processing Waste. Ph.D.
Dissertation. August 27, 1974. 85 pp.
CANLAS, JOEL ROGUE. 1975. The Parasitic and Bacterial Loads of
Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, Raised in Two Farm
Ponds. M.S. Thesis. December 10, 1975. 45 pp.
CARREO*N, JOSE ASAHAN. 1978. Studies on the Culture of Larval
Striped Bass Morone saxatilis (Walbaum) in Closed Recirculating
Systems. Ph.D. Dissertation. June 6, 1978.
21
DE LA CRUZ, CATALINO DEL ROSARIO. 1974. The Effects of Water
Circulation and Aeration on Water Quality and Production of
Catfish in a Closed System. Ph.D. Dissertation. August 27, 1974.
139 pp.
CRUZ, EMMANUEL. 1975. Determination of Nutrient Digestibility in
Various Classes of Natural and Purified Feed Materials for Chan-
nel Catfish. Ph.D. Dissertation. December 1975.
DUREZA, VIRGILLo APURA. 1976. The Determination of the Efficiency
of Three Aeration Systems in the Production of Channel Catfish in
Earthen Ponds. M.S. Thesis. March 18, 1976. 43 pp.
FORTES,, ROMEO DINO. 1973. Studies on Chlorophyll in Pond Waters.
M.S. Thesis. August 24, 1973. 51 pp.
GUERRERO, RAFAEL DINEROS, 111. 1974. The Use of Synthetic Andro-
gens for the Production of Monosex Male Tilapia auree (Stein-
dachner). Ph.D. Dissertation. March 18, 1974. 112 pp.
Lim, RICARDO R. 1977. Growth, Survival, and Sexual Maturity of the
Initial Year Class of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) in West
Point Reservoir, Alabama and Georgia. M.S. Thesis. August 26,
1977. 29 pp.
QUINES, OSCAR DR. 1978. The Effect of Environmental Stress on
Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) Fingerlings Experimen-
tally Infected with Flexibacter Columnaris. M.S. Thesis. Decem-
ber 8, 1978. 31 pp.
SEvILLEJA, RUBEN CADIENTE. 1978. Fish Marketing in Central Luzon,
Philippines. M.S. Thesis. August 24, 1978. 83 pp.
TAYAMEN, MELCHOR MADARONG. 1977. The Inducement of Sex Re-
versal in Sarotherodon niloticus. M.S. Thesis. December 8, 1977.
40 pp.
VENTURA, RODOLFO FEIJo. 1974. A Survey of Methods in Artificial
Breeding of Grass Carp. M.S. Thesis. December 11, 1974. 41 pp.
APPENDIX 6
Courses offered by Central Luzon State University,
College of Inland Fisheries
Department-course Semester credits
I. Department of Aquatic Biology
A. Ichthyology ................................ 5
B. Aquatic Biology ............................. 5
C. Parasites and Diseases ....................... 4
D. Aquatic Invertebrates....................... 4
E. Aquatic Flora.............................. 4
F. Marine Fisheries ............................ 3
G. Estuarine Ecology.......................... 3
11. Department of Aquaculture
A. Aquaculture................................ 3
B. Fishpond Management...................... 4
C. Fish Processing ............................. 4
D. Hatchery Management...................... 4
E. Fish Nutrition.............................. 4
F. Research Methodology ....................... 2
III. Department of Fisheries Management
A. Fishpond Engineering ....................... 5
B. Limnology................................. 4
C. Fishery Laws........................ 2
D. Iniland Fisheries Management............... 3
E. Fishery Skills.............................. 3
IV. All Departments
Undergraduate Thesis or Field Practice ........... 2
Seminar ...................................... 1
Special Problems.............................. 3
APPENDIX 7
Leaflets and Other Extension Literature Developed
During the IFP-APP
1.
2.
Fishpond Fertilizers and Fertilization. IFP Fish Culture Leaf-
let (IFP FCL) No. 1. 4 pp.
Platform Method of Fishpond Fertilization. IFP FCL No. 2. 2
PP.
3. Plankton Method for Raising Bangus. IFP FCL No. 3. 1 p
4. Length-weight Table for Bangus. IFP FCL No. 4. 3 pp.
5. Bangus Transfer from one Salinity to Another. IFP FCL No. 5.
3 pp.
6. A Simple Salinometer. IFP FCL No. 6. 2 pp.
7. Problems of Freshwater Catfish Culture. IFP FCL No. 7.2 pp.
8. Primer on Paddy Culture of Rice. R. G. Arce. 7 pp.
9. Notes on Cage Culture of Nile Tilapia. R. D. Gurrero, 11I. 1 p.
10. Cage Culture of Nile Tilapia. R. D. Guerrero, 111. 8 pp.
11. Pond Culture of Nile Tilapia. R. D. Guerrero, 111. 4 pp.
12. The Philippines Recommends for Tilapia. PCARR, Tilapia
Commxiittee. 28 pp.
13. The Philippines Recommends for Bang-us. PCARR, Bangus
Committee.
14. Grow Lumut in your Fishpond. BFAR. 2 pp.
15. Standard Operating Procedure in the Issuance of 25-year
Lease Fishpond Agreement. BFAR. 2 pp.
16. Brief Life History of Bangus. BFAR. 1 p.
17. Determination of the Elevation of Swampland. BFAR. 2 pp.
18. Plankton. BFAR. 1 p.
19. Freshwater Aquaculture. CLSU (brochure).
20. College of Inland Fisheries. CLSU (brochure).
21. Fisheries Extension. BFAR (periodic newspaper).
22. Diseases and Parasites of Cultured Fish. E. M. Crux.
23. Know Your Tilapia. R. D. Guerrero, 111.
24. Seining, Segregation, and Maturity of Spawners. R. D. Recoin-
eta.
25. How to Grow Large Tilapia. R. D. Guerrero, 111.
26. Some Characteristics of Mangrove Soils which Influence their
Quality for Use in Fishponds. T. Potter. 6 pp.
APPENDIX 8
Courses Offered by UP-SEAFDEC Graduate Program
and Undergraduate Courses Offered by UP
(Iloilo Branch)
UP-SEAFDEC graduate program
Title
Advanced Aquaculture ........................
Hatchery Management ........................
Pond Construction...........................
Pond Limnology.............................
Fish Diseases ...............................
Pond Management...........................
Fish Nutrition ...............................
Fundamentals of Research Design.............
Special Problems ............................
Seminar ....................................
UP (Iloilo Branch) undergraduate courses
Title
General Fisheries............................
Aquaculture I ...............................
Aquaculture II...............................
Aquaculture III..............................
Fish Diseases ...............................
Limnology ..................................
Inland Fisheries Management.................
Ecology of Fishes............................
Fishing Gear .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ichthyology I................................
Ichthyology 11................................
Morphometry ...............................
Refrigeration ................................
Aquatic Invertebrates' ........................
Organic Chemistry for Fisheries'...............
Analytical Chemistry for Fisheries'.............
Aquatic Flora' ..............................
'BAC staff not involved in teaching these courses.,
Credits
Credits
3
5
5
4
3
5
3
2
5
3
3
3
3
4
5
3
22
APPENDIX 9
Theses Completed by Graduate Students and
Graduate Student Research Projects in Progress at
the BAC as of September 1978
Theses Completed
1. The Relationship between Primary Production in Brackishwa-
ter Ponds Using Organic and Combination Organic-inorganic
Fertilizers.
2. The Effect of Stock Manipulation on Growth and Production of
Milkfish in Brackishwater Fishponds.
3. Study of the Effect of the Number of Artificial Shelters on
Survival and Growth of Penaeus monodon fry in Ponds.
Research Projects In Progress
1. Phosphorus Dynamics in Brackishwater Fishponds.
2. Effects of Varying Salinities and Hormone Levels on Growth
and Survival and Sex Reversal of the Cichlid Fry Tilapia mos-
sambica Treated with Methyltestosterone.
3. Intensive Feeding of Milkfish Fry in Net Enclosures Using
Complete and Incomplete Diets at Various Protein Levels.
4. Histological Studies on Ovarian Development of Captive Ab-
lated and Unablated Penaeus monodon.
5. Study of the Quantitative Requirement for Dietary Protein of
Penaeus monodon Juveniles in a Controlled Environment.
6. Evaluation of Some Management Schemes Used in Mass Pro-
duction of Prawn Juveniles in a Controlled Environment.
7. Survival and Growth Rate of Transplanted Mussels and Evalu-
ation of Different Substrates and Binding Materials.
8. Food and Feeding Habits of Milkfish Fry Collected Along the
Coast of Antique.
9. The Effects of Age and Population Density of Phytoplankton
on Feeding and Survival Rates of Penaeus monodon larvae.
10. Growth and Survival of Milkfish Fry Fed with Lab-lab in
Nursery Boxes Maintained under Semi-controlled Conditions.
11. Formulation and Evaluation of a Feed for Penaeus mo-nodon in
Ponds.
12. Variations of Orthophosphate Concentration in Phosphorus
Enriched Soil-water Systems.
13. Comparative Study of Methods for Quantitative and Qualita-
tive Evaluation of Lab-lab in Ponds.
14. The Effect of Salinity and Manipulation of Milkfish 
Fry Stock-
ing Density.
15. The Meiofauna of Brackishwater Ponds and Their Relation to
Food Habits of Cultured Penaeus monodon.
16. Etiology, Histopathology, and Treatment of Experimentally
Induced Fin-rot in Marine Fishes.
17. Effects of Various Lipid Sources on the Growth and Survival
Rates of Penaeus monodon from Post Larvae to Juveniles in a
Controlled Environment.
18. Growth and Body Composition of Milkfish Fingerlings Fed
Various Sources of Protein in a Controlled Environment.
23