t
Progress Report 
on
Fisheries Development
in Brazil
INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR AQUACULTURE
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION/AUBURN UNIVERSITY
R. DENNIS ROUSE, Director AUBURN, ALABAMA
DECEMBER 1974
CONTENTS
Pagre
IN TR O D U CTIO N ------------------------------ --- -------- 3
B A CK G R O U N D --- - --- -- ---- ----- -- --- --- --- --- ----- ----- - 3
INTENSIVE FISHCULTURE EXTENSION --------------------- 4
S tra te g y -------------------------------------------
P rivate F arm s----------- ----------------------- ----- 4
Fingerling Supply ----------------------------------- 5
DNOCS Irrigation Projects --------------------------- 5
E conom ic Study ------------------------------------- 6
Fisheulture M anual ----- ---------------------------- 6
Sao Francisco River Fishculture ----------------------- 7
MANAGEMENT OF SMALL, NATURAL IMPOUNDMENTS FOR
PRODUCTION OF FISH -------------------------------- 7
COUNTERPART TRAINING -------------------------------- 9
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -------------------- 10
Extenision Personnel ---------------------------------10
Fingerling Supply ------------------------------------ 10
COVER PHOTO. This day's catch from a local reservoir will
supply high quality fish protein to supplement the diets of
several families.
Auburn University is an equal opportunity employer.
Progress Report on Fisheries 
Development in Brazil
JOHN JENSEN'
INTRODUCTION
to thle l)NK jl-eiietoli ito 
of F~ishei es midl lislittltt Ic. 
all
ilgiTCC11clit XX 115 signedl lX SUiDEN E
M
, 1)NOCS, id 17 All)
li Mahai 1972 proi iii ig techii l assistance to 
l)N 0(7 for
ilteiisiXe fisbeutic Cxtcislimi.
I)CXeloiiig it filhilltuiC exteiisioi sCIXvice is paIrt 
of' this
pr1oject's purposeX its stated lin other intelrageiicy 
agreeCiii tX,
to -establish XX ithill i N)OCS the caiicit \ to earrxV 
ouit fisher ies
researe , iiipro(vXe aiid Cii cooraige extC!iiso XI v .~ XcIXIes, 
aid df"-
Xeo ChivkIC it te! fisheries resouirces.- DeXveliomeit (if' an 
ex-
te iisioii seric m C 0akes it possXible' ti, itdi th 
I pro1 jec t' goiJ
of "incrleasinig oveCrall produictioin of' 
iliilil Ipioteili ff01)) fisli
throuigh illldctIoii of flslieliltlrC 
to faill Ipoiil5."
Diiriiig tile ilithol 5 toul (If dititX frin\it 
NX 1972 to Iiiii
1974, substii ial priogress XXIIX made tI)XX 
id (hCXeloiliig a
V iable, iitoiioil)oiis flslcililtilCe Cxtellsioi 
seIXvlce XX Ithin
IeS~ili'dt Assoiaite, I)epai tiflit of FiIsli 
ai5lid Allied A(iliiti
Delip~tlin it of Woiks Aaaiiist thii fDloilit)
l'DWS. Also, iltit isiX 1 fislenltire XXXjits iroiiedi 
to) ftri
pilli t the Nor1tlheast its for eseei I it) the pr ojclt 
goal. Miall
ketabie fish oiriinai g from1 fiaitosMX 
far LIII)) )1(1Clltilic
sh~ould(, ill timell b1h1tilitiaillX1( cAlea fish p)iodlictioiI 
ill B13il
iil's Nor1thieast. T his. ill tliiii, %% ill improveiX 
thle getielii XX CII
beinig ot the people 1)X iiiereasilig the i1)II01lit 
of pi1oteiii
ai'l ilible foiliiin 1111a)collsliiptioII ill(1 f)X ci evtiiig 
iCXX ill-
I his1 ReI)01t XX\% Xill ummilrz and ev(1 aXIloalte 
US AID tchijcal
assistiiCC inl fislicnltnue exteisioiIi ilmed ot 
miider the Ali-
1)011 i UiX Ci sitv Contract All) e-sd -22() Task 
Or der 8. A
sItij~iXmn ofexni C~Cil)1i( tixitit 5 ill iiitt 
li(X C 81d( less jltelSX C
fisliciltuie XXiII bei foihJ,1\ i b\ 1t 
'Ii' 1ss101 of coiitei
1
)ri
BACKGROUND
BelowC theC dgiCeCIneit 1)1ovXi(Iilig tecCoi1cal 
assistanlce ill fish-
culturie (\tCei~sim to l)N(XS XXit as 
ilged lii 1972, the oilk
exteiIiOi piogla e111 xistilig XXitliin tile 
D\O( S oimi tio
WXas1 ill fishi teeh! ologs. Iiesilts of iliteiiXIX 
fisi lii ltir rIe-I
XelCII1 CIIlilchit, XIXlyliI ill 1969 alt 
theC IsO(S ( Iliter fori
Aerial view of the Intensive Fishculture Research 
Station in Pen-
tecoste, Ceara. Built in 1969, this station 
now has 56 research
ponds.
Fishi tles Research ili Pet tecoxte, ( eatrit, hfad iilreatix clc'at'ix
lemootratt'd thatt itlttisixe fishbtitl'( 
'otldhe it' \ falble ig-
rictilturi al tilprise li the Northeist. Tusx there x all
ev ideot nee'd forit fislictltutl excteosio)1 setrvice. Bespot (li g
to this need, the U~SA~II) techi iclll dxxistiml pt r 1oject ol itel-
siv(' fishltuitte et'\eliisoll pri- il(d ilcalls ofI maiig~ ltes
INTENSIVE FISHCULTURE EXTENSION
No flshcuitilll tlditiool etlt i( /Il itx it dloes i10 ccl tl
Asizil 0r Ettt' eiijct coiti bux lt it \\ ax ltciex et that ho tili
cool d b e 0 (t ix tcdl to it mXc t ill xo ch ioll t'l itct prix if, it \\cie
deoo )1strated to be euc i lncaliv Souttnd. lTherefhotec cm pil dxi
fittelx I icuttite 1)1 ftsx, t'xJpetia ill u thet State of ,eia aItl
Bitili Notheast. ititetix ie fixhltilte wix dxocaix111 llt'\x
ixtetit itt tile Ntheltast, wxith thte Sttfe iif ('euioa hilluix io11111
2 x eats ii(Ttl
Strategy
B\x jutie I 97:4, resuxlts of, ecillix illicalt,'! t ilt till
tilfllt- TIu/ojn Itotitorioto 1111(1 tetale iU/Iia Itiliitica -"\\,ix
promtfiig etioigl to he t eco nt'ttdi~ed tot prliv ate lisxt tiitotigli
ii] exte'llol pt lgratt. DNO(:S pubhlicittd tis inthilit of' cui-
finIlets iti pitltitiill fixshfa tilleis \\exlli.
Crossing the female Tilapia niiotica (top) and the male Tilapia
hornorum (center) produces an all-male Tilapia hybrid affspring
( bottom)I.
tile i3NM(S fixflcill t' t'\ttelxiill xt'i t. 1acii iittetet
fat ol ix thlt xvixitetd. i liltol arleal ix extllit itd utiid atd
fcitmot III(cia
1 
xcilt ori l~ottil itt iixe fixlittiltitr ile it a xiixi
cot's fl otitftliliff ltals ori tol (eletl itte tio tillami iilioxx h\
Met (If thet most t'fft'ttix toi'uttx if i\tiiiii is tirlt h
ieiontitttttittt T o cr eatt' itiiterti it r uttix t x ilttittiig ct'tit'
xilttexx andt extalisxh titt tht prora tt l i it'xxxithil it iiix ext
trittt allIt ttchilit'i calpilcitx' of thei prospectixve lilt linclTh
S)\O('S extelxiltl xetrvice ix imleeittittlg tixix t's hiiciti-
1
ntxxililitit'x lil Success. Thesext projetst ate gixe I'llostte suiper-
x iti fbx i)NOS piittttei.
Shoudillt I ll ilt~'1)111 II i l ixliIti t Iles toI I'llit thll ii Itt lix(
Private Farms
f'or iiitt'tiix fixltcutite. Of thet'e 2~5 aitims. xxhc itititI ptt ill
atietittxtit tex ctill-s()S to xitppslxd tfiteti tigestl e gx.~
tatul mesixxltitxe l ttiiilth xoltv ft t ltx~tc'aidit a
"I ~ - , li-i, ("it
ttce,11 tll c l i l l fiex ol of I' tiltI I 'ito ~it 
gIil it tlixt t, Ie
cesxlt it pots ate le tlittiIt sti) e's. Etli i'\tios titi
oxtl (:itt m tSt at. clta
Th l'lth iltlti'e pi hybrcix is' \iali llgtoie ateix ii fx~
lillt t'fiitttt't x xx uTh a l -llr x''t i ltcxxve ('it t i~ t et il ttt
suiituxenttft ex titi tt tak pi-o ix tttegr ttl cr~ftottetsi \e iit
tilli im titx rtax oit D W cmtot etl k xiifaeiarc~ fieif 2lttttex
ifige eet whit' ilttillttix i.itxed thestittti'- }ttis. ott'
rottsift o t thit xx(, axi'tx tttit'tixoar xtt'ti xxaxti'sttti'i.e ltio pro
duc pure si g txx k it xx(I ' . Jjj(( I titl~ tttat'i ttd x ii tt xltt'i'd xx titl bi\
setxits xxi et e initr ltx~ r tfm ii g atto tSet'xi. t iahx is tIihci
the hihtat o tt 1ott't tcal be) t'reti i.1tt' littxle tix itet.
xx bet. t ' fijttrsitx etri tFnit. riiaaii cmwt
5', 5'-
h~ ~'
A
II'
4
Top: A 6,000-square-meter, semi-natural fishpond on the "Fa-
zendo Joramatoia" with reservoir in background. Bottom: Inex-
pensive dam used to flood semi-natural fish ponds. The low in-
vestment costs result in higher profits for fish farmers.
it-iti se ot 51.5 kiltigi ihux ) ft th11de stockiuug xx tigiit of 85
ikilogt aills. i'i iectitig thetse iix tIi\ t ll tt's. fish producittioii per1
ti1littis. 'Fit', pttid xx'ias t'ilrtit'ti xxitf 1ttt kilogi am' of' tiple
suloci pliosphait iii txxo ii x t'kl\x applitiutioi betfiiie stot'kiiuug
fish., itilt t11iig ft'e culturie periodi titkei i 1tt ite xx jIS il)_
\hiiux' farnruli iii Miii atgiq p f'lilloxx et the protgr ess il tile'
tollt'it of fit
1 
ill ilexIlts xx ie lilt ipossile,' samiples that \vx ct
takeii jiitiC(l tlilt fixitelIltuIrIe xx ttliflltlililll 1111 hae ilel!
protfitalelt.
Seepage tiiioigii thet r'sets oi. thitii is xiifficieolt to ilititajol
the poiid xx dci cxcil A lio 5 ('t haiii xx as exeds attl hIeal the
draiii to facilitatte h arvext.
'Approxiiatel5 ' v 8,00 Ido'i p ix hhridx (10,0001 per lietaire)
sx tociikced iii the )1( p on ixr Apr il 19T4. Fisih are being
fed at moi)st xxhil t bit afIeed i 01ce ditilY T 7 dax s per xx cck at
i Cliditlated i I tc of I ilciccilt of tit(c stiliig clap;] of' fixsi.
III iadditioil i ill] ij at itiex of it to at tic. fcitiii, 4111 iiii
tal taiii le leilg pc ijodicails applied to tite poiil.
Fecediitg i atex ate idioxted ('dcii inittli Iv tikfiiig fish salts
l~ces to iliasilc xx (igilt gaitl. '1i'a cieage xx eighlt giiii per.
fish duiiito thet fiirxt 2~ mtit \its x9x S g'illilsx. Food coixc]rxiot
After a1111ioimlatex 4 niiottli gi oxxti, tile lix id it hoxuliid
ix ia~gc 209' gi-ais. [fatrxestinig xx ill ilegili at titit time' adi
is xc ted to ibe coltdill t' i t pi a eriodt of a pproi xiimately I
nmuth. Miost of the fish xxiii be ma~rketed iii the titxxii Of
\iar itoim~lpe. xx Iicit is i1t kilometers axx ax. If ietatil pi ices for-
fish remiii abouit the same (C'i84.()()' to Ci S5.00t per kilo-
gl'alo iii Mari tguipe ) inl ii('t this fariei xxiii ihave ie-
citsered hlis iix extoi tit o ('iS 4 ttttt paitl tpei atit ig coxts, atol
realizedia it t.
\iiix farmtetrx iii the \liii amtlitape area alre ,ixx iitig tue
r'eslults of, tile hlars't. If toliilioed tiiat ilittlisix t fishliiltur'
cii lbe pi oh t ibc a ixm oIf t 11(1) ic expected to b egioi cuii-
tuiau fixh ohl theii mox ai atl. Areat lariiiet , biiikers, aiid
teiioit iiid iiexxspikpel poti iialists xx\ill he itixitcd to xx'atcii
ti t(' firt tit s t at the l'azet tdi Passa gTent Fr iiicit.
Fingerling Supply
At pi esilt, I ilopia fIix id fiiigt'thogs ale bintg pirotducedl
it the Pet itt coste, Ctatra, liitetisix( i' slicitltiii cIlexeaiici Stit
Ilimi ioio A tile fish hatchets \ ilfettiliit 1"iaita iii \larani
'lpCear a. Ilie fiitget hugs It tita Pitecoste atec used pi
Ilatrilx ill I esel l ttt those fril 11 Wa\\,ldet'mar Ft iit'a for
I cxcri ii stockinig. Ilitxx el ixi. 1111titll itt tiit' fitgerliigx ft il
i'at' ixtaitii ii are 1Iio diigfistibu ltted free to ceirtain ii a t oxxiierx
Crosx ilig ititel ext ill fixsi pi tl tili xx\ill puixhitaiilili det-
itoitili loii fitiget iigs imuch lies tit the caplicits (If boith tit
Theirefoire, to mlalke adetiuate xstoik s otfi h gerioags aviiai 1111
xx ill reqirte e\
1
)oiiitg tltill beediiig pro~g imi tot othetr IJNOCS
tol'ttii fil)igci hug pi tltltittl k~ pus alt' t'ttt'prttiietirs, oir
trililg the fish fitrinets thtemslelv es tio nioiiti 111( tCroiss-
brt'e't gt'tltticl putte speci's of' ITi/l;ia Although theit' tter
m)ethodi~ xx ittlt p1ioithll lbe tile bettert fiu soltiiii. it tloist
he imlemen'litttedf xxitli ciittitlit to pi event IlloigI eliztliili
xxIIiti WI l 5 roiI Ieduittce thlt ('1,1itt's of prtoding iiiiii ilt' off-
DNOCS Irrigation Projects
tciibic feet iir mille ) itat the rt'sptliistllilitx iif iNOCS.
WXitliti the pasit x t'ears iV'OCS hlas t'iohairked il i avsigoroos
flilil iof fouls titili/itlg~ thte xx ltel rexsoutrces iif these t i'5tirsi'
ix bloiiig in igiitil xx tt's ill thei litxx' flat x llii'x' sittuatetd
fleioxx tile dfimis. Ili each x -uili'x xx ici ' xtuiliex xlittx that ir-
clearet'ti andii io ved us ii i tilufiIuu ii rigliiltllil 1111(S tlrai
tIrx xx -it(Iut of slippili liltiltl i id pe illi of10u fish Xx iit.It iii.
Wi1th ('l(iiA sxlit rC ~ d\ e1)0 it cool tox iriili li proje c a
lDN.O(S reserir l!\ would 1)e chtll~xl \\it it a Vidlex' blllow thati
is 'iitctl to fixhciiltiiio but xxic d1(1(oxs not offer soil mid wxater
('11 (itllloii suiable for terresxtrial crops.
tour mlitll ilotilel tocilmicl dxsistalice (clnt!ract 110m 11] 1v~
1974 to JoIx 1N75.
Economic Study
Fisheries Seric x~ a b(rx d ~olit to Bil /lldc the(1( liii' 1! xlt
coiitiact to assist ill all ecoii llloc tcaliblitx xtiidv lot the ill-
tiixiv 0 tit ii of te iilapio lox hiidx iii the \oithitcat xx itl
special atteiitioll to l)'O(.S iriittiii pojectx. 'Ili, ill],1)' is
at profit anid loss xtatteineiit elaboirated I)\ the toiixiItitiit lld
the I)NOCS fixheies econlomist for ('lilt!!! ilig I lioctollc of
fishl (10t,000t fingerings ) ool at 1)OCS iiiigatiii pi oject.
lictui i oil total inxvextmlent is projected( at :34 pecen t.
V'111 Ii xii) LOSS, S1I xii\!I I Poill Jil I)i it )ill ID
OCLi hiL OI\ I)\OCS 11I IOiiN PHI
1
! I i
Dam and 8,000-square-meter fish pond on the "Fazenda Passagem
Franco." Total annual fish production should be about 4,500
kilograms, worth more than Cr$1 8,000 at present retail prices
(U.S. $1.00 Cr$6.68).
m7ists.
the l)'OCS Diirectoirate' l lixli(riex im( 1'islicltlll C the 
ill-
corp joratioln oIf fixslcliltili ill tihese p7rojects \x 1( adtd coil-
oil1der tlix ((llt! act, ill (' cclil~lic fcillxiiilitx' xtoilx 
xxas dll)
rated for ioiteiv c hxiicuituii ili 1\O(S irrigaltioni 
proljects.
Alsxo. tilt exteni 'dlli xcr ice publ1
1
ixsh('d a simple 1)10 1)11 (11011!
Ilivix fixll(IliltlirCe i1llua1il fill it'( I)x lllist fixi 
fill (oier.
DNO( CS receixved fliial ) ltell) f rm SC 131 \ StT)EN 
E to
flii i thle ill) iiitatioll (If' fixht'iltlil t' ill iriitioll 
pro1ljects.
At the( tilme lof tilixs reporlt.,i'x iitI hod c b cii 
oxcii oil xxhijch
to Ilegil! olitI lictioni of tlie firxt illll that xx 
ill he Inlliagl'l
IliiitIN Ihx xlxciiia coloixt farmers, x,] il)\xill dxvide theo prolfitx.
If successful1 thle ro11 of1 fixlttii ill tilt 
iii igaltilil 1711olcctx
\\ll xo c e xiiid pii l cidii itr (' 
s! I '~illis i litcex oil
Sill liill' fis.tl 11 lli il~l OC ililno 
p11( oopos, it lddi
Itci
Fixerd cost
I)NoCS iiiixt dtuix n ii 11!g
ToitaIl fi\Cd ost
Variable cost
Opeato s0 labor
oid Variabl cost
' ill jocol Ii
(.3,8 1:3 kg4. ((' Ci8,6t) g.)
Pft'1
I I-111ilithl
c\ cit
Cr8 10)2
:321
1,388
1 W3
Cr8' 1,91-1
CiS 4,476
820)
571
510)
146
2863
42
'7357
117
220)
Ci-8 7,2.3
Cr8S 9,167
Ai I iiial
Cr8 lit
:350)
1,514
[ 12
Cr,$ 2,0)87
(3I$ 4,88:3
895
(62:3
589
159
:312
46
:38
128
240)
Cilo 7,91:3
Cr 1:3,72(3 Cr814,974
('rS 4,559 Ci' (11974
Fishculture Manual
As it tcachlilig too]~ allit inillis Ilf llixllillittili.a Id rexlilit
1of DNO( S fixiicuitoi 0 reerch, i1 xii71l' but clm
1
i-'ht'lxsix c
Iilapill lhx lrill xxit pulishexlid ill 19)74 xxithi I Ililti frolo
IPei x'," ix di rectedi tllxxa rt the lxx (I!ca tillai1 lve of1 mo1sI
talsill c ai esloi gie to( h el p iii miiexpe0ritiie 1(0(1 i' 11r tiinderi-
lexveix. I'ix iiiooiial sholdt b)e 0111' of till' illor' llx('fll lii ccl
ilog dbexvice'x used ill trililgii( coloistx ill fixliculturt Cii tic'
DNx (CS irrigation Ipirojects.
Top: Tilopia hybrid production tanks located 
at DNOCS Woldemar
de Franca fish hatchery in Moranguape, Ceara. 
Area of each tank
36 square meters. Center: Harvest of 7-hectare 
pond located
Annual profit reached Cr$2,466 
per hectare for this farmer.
Soo Francisco River Fisliculture
I XXII t IjIS55 te inatk' b\s thet aiithot 
to the low'er Sao
Fralici sco ivxci Val le \ iil ti e 
I cnoedlo Regioni to olbserve exist-
S iiig fislicoltore operatiows 
oil local farms. Fsliciilture was
beglii iii this regioli appi oxjm-atelv 
9 \cears ago lIN I farmer
allii \10 iticltitis at least 
1t0 others.
Lakes lateral to til m nargoti of 
the S ao Fra i csco Ili ver are
often uitilizedl as poiits b\s eoitrolliiig 
the eiitialce aiid exit
of wsater wxith gates col ostrocted 
ili thle watel wav liikiiig tile
Lake to the rixver. Other pondics 
ar e coiistrocted ini small wxa-
tersliecs usinig r-unoff or- smiall 
perioanenot streamrs for wxater
supplies.
Th'lree species of fish are coltored: 
the ei rimiata paeu.
(Prochl/odus no gelao s) , m aodi am iar elo ( Pimc (lo(/O. 
('far as)
5 ~aild pi a tixerdadeiro 
(ULpoini os p.). Of these three, 
the
toiiinata pacoi n akC Lop 80 peen0t 
of' tot al fish produtctiton
from these ponds.
Fislieolture sy stemis ire poorlx' 
dexveloped doec to laei. of
techloical ki ioxx-hoxs. Stockiiug 
rates are lows (90(0 fish per
hectar e ), siippleniental feedin g is 
almnost noo-Iexisteot, and
fertilize rs (eit her or1gan ie or- iii101gao 
ie) are oil IVset
1 
oeea-
11nal. l pr CseI t methods haxve heo learned 
thirough trial
Althuough the mnethods are rudimieitar\ 
, proufits are firpres-
sixe, m ai ox1 becautise oIf' the lii 
ghi price for 'xich fish '.1are sold
oil the local market allci the ci~oj),ratix 
elx' loxw cost of' pro-
duction. Deniaiof is high throoghout 
the xYear btut (leililaid
als Wxell as pric es ioci-ease dorii 
ig the Easter \Velk because
Hoioaii (Catlmlic traditioii reqirles 
the eai g(ffs r Iigti
entiire wxeek and thle popiilationi is 
heax ilv Catholic. Moist fish
farers therefore hlarxvest dloriwi Easter 
X\eek. Ili 1974. thle
lai-gest r egional fish farmner harv ested
1 
22 hectares of poolds
during Easter aiic realized at iiet profit 
(If Cr$2,46(i per bee-
~' ~ ~ 5'tare 
for- tie xYear.
Fisliculttire iii the losser Sao Francisco 
River Valley is
iniqtue iii Brazil. Learninog miodern 
fishetllture techiiiques
would1( he greatlx heoeficial tt farroers 
of the area. Althouigh
l)NOCS is inlterested ill xx tkiog 
xxith fisli fariners ini this
4 area, 
it has im dlirect aiithoritx b~ecause the Peoeclo 
lRegioo is
I(Iot wxithino its j11 istlictioni. DN\OCS 
could assist fishi farmners
inl the Pei edo Rlegioni Iv offeriog in 
tei six e fisliculture traillilig
to regionial agricultur al exteilsiollists xwhot, 
ill turn0, couild keep
thle fishl fairmers abrieast of nexw 
methiods ats they ale (level-
uiped fby lNOC S r esearchers. A 
great fisheculture pottenltial
exists iii the Loxwei Sao Firancisco 
Rixer Vallex and shlotldt
iIot he left undevelopedc for lack of 
trained teelloical assis-
tanI ce.
MANAGEMENT OF SMALL, 
NATURAL
IMPOUNDMENTS FOR PRODUCTION 
OF FISH
'T'll(, culture (of fish i oil iiteu six( b hasis 
is expeeted to iii-
pulse the eco iltIl\ Of inxoxclfarmers 
aid itwxorkers, andt to
pw~xide a souirc e of' high pi oteiii f tood 
at a price most xvage
on riers and1( t ratdespeopl e ciiall ilod 
Sud i a pro(gram is hadlv
Ilcded becaiise a lairge segmeclt 
of tile p~opullationl of thce
Nor theast exists at a subsisteiice 
lexvel. Almrost all of their
loot) itil ( ote t~d to talt' Produtiedl Lx tloioxoix," o5il 
sitliall
plotx of Util o( il \\ lilt Ii tlt('x lixve. Fixsh, att xxliatt'x i loxi jptit.'
,ltc ttlm
1
)lt'tei) bllt )1( their mneiox. 'te lJ\O(S fixllitite
extctix bit xerxvlee hils x liii ted Ut 1)1 (grim to iliclei ase thit ' pro
ciiictioii ttl fixlh ill smnall iatoral itpoiiimeiits ltt ill eflttrt ttt
idlilate tbe plighit oft tiese pettple.
'itle olbjetivxe of' tis prog ram is tct prttxvido 10100 .l proteil i
at atimttst not cost bxv iitilizttt smiall hotbox of' xxater (bttl
Thiexe botdies ttt xx ite, Ioit 51)0111 test'x irs, blttrttx p)its, ori
ptttlx.s ]it\(' 0 alxx x protxidiecit a xinilli tIotttttitx oti fix]) t) rtii-
iaiti 4.xlt~ox xp. ) 0 ter thesxe pittix coitiig tit', ratt ix xcit-
si \\-]tec'ti ft(x o ot illttx iittt feropfxlat x rivers. Thet'x fish
.0t'e catptoret in tie villlageirx lsixtlix ititii the( cix\ xsoitl.
At titis timie ofi x ear tiicir tdietx are thle motst cieficentt ill staple
fodii tiic the( fishi, therefore, Utr' im imot1trtalt rtesottrce.
T) ittereaxe the fisht pi tdntititt of theise xx aterix a toekilii
irgrail xx\\xits it iia foci uiitig tbiO 1 1(1 T itt xpeis T00x 11)ilp .(
tti/ltitl, I it/ltl bitt tttt hu, itil ii p 111(1let 0 ll/i. Tilalpias xx etc
cel t' tot- stockilig b~ecaus isIt x\\,its thouttgh t thant thitiIr groxxthl
ill teitipi 11 pttici (thotse' tlttitttold xx ater lot at least 4
mtttlis tof tle x\car) xx itlti bc slifihi''tt tt etmpeniixlteor)
the Cttx cti ts tx pense0 iof it i xetrl stiekit tgx. Jol inort'
pc'rtitiicit fpit ci, ort thtoxt tihat cit ipl titi ill dlroughit cxlix
tt \\,axslbeliexvedi that li/up/a xxmilld fill giatigw ticlflex tot all
re',i filled I)n i ai~ilxe fish xpeces, theicref )x ittct t'.si ig picitlit'
tiitti. TliIt tthlsprot' Nox'otlti alsoi pi itxide 11111 ola foodic i
eil iix itiii fixli suchli ax tri ot..
To text this li fttlexix txxo xrialf treserix s c wixxere elioset
for stti lg, on te lc's t iii hi1 eetirs itt surlae' atreat Ioited
ill LII til iml, Ceait, itici tte .ipploximtellti 
7 lieetitres itt sit-e
il Cratl Cc'atra. Btht ctioiititt' ill x Ilicli the resetrvohrs
tol itx of \xlel fitch at'sislctice filtiris.
'I 'lii' l'iririio trc'c'ixvoir 
is etotiilcreci piniil 
slite tilet
]its[t imc' it ilticdc wxits ill 19.8. 'I'll(, c'xixstiig fish ptt
1
lilitltill
is etomplotsed ttl thotse ittiiec species tlit ci metionte'c. The'
reserivxoiril t I( ttittil is ct tisici'cc tt hit tel)pitriirx i c'xcrx'ir
lbecausc' it ciriccd c'ofpli'tcl il 1972 .iil iii mtll-x pre'" lti
x ears. No Itilitix c fish popcililitixn wer fc ottic ill Ci iati 
resx
erv xoil it the time I i/o a ti w xetrc sttc'ked.
Befet iiitoekitig ( Jib/tia iti intititattig at eieel cetiti, Stuln-
lples xx cc takc'ti i tron tlic Unii li t csc'ix tir to c'stimaite 
tilec
sttnii n liig erop tf fI6i. Ftotr soct ito iwxxith knotxx isxrifate areas
x'erie c-lisci iaindi, cloim 1 tlic't tight, gtilli i ts tof 
i-ceeitimietei
strc'tc iti esl i xxci set to }t cit it tlic escaeti ott fish wxithiin
thle ait. TI'le titlltxxiiig moitt r iiii eii' wer'ie used to 
eciptiire
fish trtippeci xxitliti leli itrc'.. lFixsi sctieci titd g -ill tottet
iitsicic tilt areais xx\ete initistiiedcl lmitecl. iiti xxciglicti. 
A
st imioi c it1 rit P f ill15 kiitill)) ni ' pe iecttare xxits tile avxeralge
Itl l ite 1 972 I'i/op ia It rtiit)ti w xere? stocked 
iii k 011 rim)
reseri ir at i ti'i xi tx of 5)))00 1e hectaiie, aii icT1. 
iii/tul ic at
,30t) pc'r icttie wee ' de ti ictiit 197.3, F-'ishintg wa s suspe'nde'c
tiitil ApilI 197:3 thc't fixliiig xx\its tllowex eito 
iit creel c-eniis
itilititt'c. R~ecorcis xxr c'm'atdc' fbx speces', xx eights, Ut itT Cap9-
liirx cxl tuit c'lmitgc' itt spec tts)cimptsitiont xx c're hollotxxt'i
citixcl - . Ax ati itic-c'itix c tit reportt ealteiiex. hic hottkx 
itttl litit
\\,its ec'\ctlltt thu's thtc c iis isl cotliitc-tit 
tot Ib' liiglilx i-
Cutratc'.
For tilc I xc'tti peicl lbginiiiit4 lt April 197:3, 
ttal pro-
4 0
I'
r ~
'4 -'4
4'''
~
5;
4
Rural families supplement meager diets by eating fish captured
in drying borrow pits and small ponds. Boys fish with "choqus" or
thrust baskets.
dutiii \\iax 1,474 kilttgris, o1 .592 kiliti i pet' liett'tri
per x'etr, wxitih imost of thc' catct iclc' becdx''ci April 197:3
titnc 1.ituitrx 1974. letx x t, t-ilis ill the lasxt few oi)ttitls ( Jim-
Ir\Apil) iitc't tcrecl xxithi fi xiiriel efft o itrt s atd i rti dic'cic'd
this time of x r to. itc tiic iiic-c'itixe ftti pc'opie t) fish cli'
crieases. Ii(I/i(t o)lcie ill) 7.9 pet ci t ofi tilt' titil 
pi itctl l,
or 46 kiliograiis per hiectaire per x'ear.
/lt ia nitoi it rtxcie stoiekedi ill ( roait rest'oiir. 1This wxax ciii
loig thet Ititix se'asitn tiid tiht xxttet xxits risiing. A c-reel c-c'ttxix
total 1 'i/u1 ia prodclictt) ireaiclt c'i :30) kilogirtm s tor 1 20 kili-
gTi .iinx pet lic-titre per x etit bitt hegiii hallitig off xialtvl ;is
iicix x riitix ctiuiced it dceec itt lisliltg prsue 'I'lii' toitti
proticictioi fi gore rc-ordicec fotr t i 'a Il \ear i t r it' c'ir
becautse tli itri)or 'e ix cdiffictlt tio x1tiex ixc' titic' to it', latrger
size. 'F'lit' (:rottt filitrmet wee ailsit le'sx coortit't ei i' l re-
ut fishccltiiic projct such is this is ox idcit. lit xxii x"imtll
lbodiies tol xxte .ioivtxr 1,4))) kilograms oh' fish xx irc' litrixc'tedi
~l ~
No fish is too small for this group of young foshermen who display their catch.
hil1id1(d1 ofI tit t
11 
I XII(IS ofI XtLI 1id l boiitx of, XX LtlI ill till
"XIIItlicatI . I LII l l mosLIt oi tiltX XXel CCIlo llai4,i Nilliflarix
XIII s i~ lifIzoIt aLloli o1111( [ish 114 IloLt(' XtIlkildg tiex XXdi e t caNctllh
Ila\ ll sie XLIIIac Lx totIII I il th i t ofI I i th rura1il poor. LII
A tiiti lDltCil effCr iL~ll
1 4 
tillt area fwo ld beitelle Ion
telLX ll xx CII t a l i t ll It I lti)Il LI S I t ier l 1 i'll il t 111 iL lo llI
SVDFPE_- has ioed It imprac LI' ilillitheporib
Ilt lltlille th til )LX liI)IlLelt Ith ilitia It.satc
SOx e fi It i I It . 1 re. T i I b ilogist sIX lo~t III liv %\ ('ii (1 lalified ' it
tiit po)iXt oLII, he i i s~ li II lo\ ted ,ltltd Lh ll to ((oLII ll III(Lte
XX 1 \\ X it I II I ril lI larietI tILI llat ii x !e hi ( al jo olln lt1l ill
t 
LI tLI to
a tei fllloilg eaoxikild1111(1(1 tOlImb till.
Iol Itctilt lolthtili 1 l Iler ilittIexet ill filililill hasi ill-
CICIX((i toL tile extenit tilt tilt XX rkilnl is tool igl lit fl. i(,~
ptEIXIIII At tis tille, lio\%eer (XI )O(S is nolt lI I p)LLitiool
\itcr tiniiXIICCCXXli tflilts Ct Illilli to XeCIIC .Lttitjllll
iwelleiex . I )\O( .5 LIXi(w pal t tile l\tliIoll (iIltilXs to tw o
fisI hat1w?\1 ttIIit oi ll ixI tll)r V
1 
IX' wLill kI tI 111 111111
tel Xlii X 
1
k xi ilegil Ilc llt liXlaitatIlll IIX tole tLll Itil lltX t
rcordsll XIII kleaXXiili t I suil, CII lld cstrcll , INO( iliLi dL
stfi~ili Ill ishhsI.1 olpee 11drtesl~~~i f
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Technical assistance rendered under the Auburn University
Brazil Contract, AID/csd-2270, Task Order No. 8, provided
the initial impetus and training for forming an extension
service for intensive fishculture within the DNOCS Directorate
of Fisheries and Fishculture. This program put research re-
sults to practical use in intensive fishculture, which was in-
troduced for the first time to farms in Northeast Brazil. Also,
training personnel in basic extension methods was a major
accomplishment during the present contract.
For continued progress in forming an extension service
capable of satisfying the needs of farmers and for systematic
development of intensive fishculture to its fullest possibilities,
the following recommendations are presented:
Extension Personnel
Expansion of intensive fishculture will require more trained
extensionists to provide the necessary technical assistance
that farmers will need. Perhaps through agreements with the
state agricultural extension services, DNOCS will be able to
meet this manpower requirement. Other possibilities include
interagency agreements providing for the transfer of person-
nel from the State Secretary of Agriculture to DNOCS, which
has been done before, or by assigning current DNOCS em-
ployees to extension work.
New extension workers from whatever source will require
up to a year's training in fishculture and extension work. Per-
sonnel chosen should be those who appear to be motivated
for this type work and sensitive to the problems of the people
they are to assist.
In view of the greatly increased workload that is expected
in fisheries extension, DNOCS should begin its training pro-
gram as soon as possible.
Fingerling Supply
To date, DNOCS has had no problem providing sufficient
numbers of fingerlings to the few farmers involved. Within
perhaps 2 years, however, the presently existing DNOCS fish
hatcheries will not have the capacity to supply the fingerlings
that will be required.
To prepare for future fingerling requests, DNOCS should
initiate fingerling production in all hatcheries in areas where
intensive fishculture is to be introduced, increase the finger-
ling production capacity of all hatcheries by constructing
more spawning ponds, and authorize fingerling production by
a selected few private farmers or firms. The last method
should provide the most important permanent source of hy-
brid fingerlings in the years ahead.
10